WO2020226482A1

WO2020226482A1 - Synergistic compositions for controlling plant pathogens with chitinolytic microorganisms / organic acid combinations and method of use thereof

Info

Publication number: WO2020226482A1
Application number: PCT/MY2019/000015
Authority: WO
Inventors: Hong Heng Lai
Original assignee: Hong Heng Lai
Priority date: 2019-05-09
Filing date: 2019-05-17
Publication date: 2020-11-12

Abstract

The present invention relates to pesticidal compositions and methods for controlling plant pathogens, particularly basal stem rot in the oil palm primarily caused by Ganoderma species. The pesticidal compositions comprising, as active components: (A) Bioactive compound derived from a whole broth culture of an chitinolyic microorganisms, wherein the bioactive compound comprises any or any combination of: chitinolyic microorganism, whole cell broths, liquid cultures, spores, pure cultures, cell fraction, substances, suspensions, supernatants, filtrates, extract or a cell-free extract thereof or metabolite thereof or isolated compounds, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one chitinolyic microorganisms that degrade chitinous substrates. The said chitinolytic microorganism is bacteria belonging to genus Bacillus, Streptomyces and/or fungal genus Trichoderma; (B) at least one organic acid; and (C) at least one pesticide selected from chemical pesticides, microbial pesticides, plant defense activators, cuticle degrading enzymes, cell wall synthesis inhibitors, bacteriocins, antifungal peptides, antimicrobial preservatives, plant oil or plant extract. More specifically, this invention envisions the use of bioactive compounds and/or metabolites from chitinolyic microorganisms in combination essentially of organic acid and the compositions comprising them, in the use form as fungicides and/or insecticides, also be present as "booster" to other pesticides results in many cases in an expension of pesticidal spectrum of activity or in a prevention of pesticide resistance development. Furthermore, in many cases, synergistic effects are obtained. In various embodiments, the organic acid consists essentially of acetic acid, preferably acetic acid from a fermentation. The formulation is typically applied to agricultural soil or plant material. In a particular, the present invention can be used in combination with a carrier selected from the plant growth nutrient, organic fertilizer or inorganic/organic mixture fertilizer. Although the following description relates almost exclusively to managing basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm primarily caused by Gonoderma species. It will be appreciated by those skill in the art that the invention could be used to treat other diseases and pests of other plants, includes but is not limited to a fungus, bacteria, actinomycete, virus, insects, Acari and/or nematodes.

Description

TITLE. OF THE INVENTION: SYNERGISTIC COMPOSITIONS FOR CONTROLLING PLANT PATHOGENS WITH CHITINOLYTIC MICROORGANISMS / ORGANIC ACID COMBINATIONS AND METHOD OF USE THEREOF TECHNICAL FELD

The present invention relates generally to formulations and methods for controlling and suppressing plant pathogens. More specifically, this invention envisions the use of bioactive compounds and/or metabolites from chitinolytic microorganisms in combination essentially of organic acid and the compositions comprising them, in the use form as fungicides and/or insecticides, also be present as “booster” to other pesticides results in many cases in an expension of pesticidal spectrum of activity or in a prevention of pesticide resistance development.

Furthermore, in many cases, synergistic effects are obtained. In various

embodiments, the organic acid consists essentially of acetic acid, preferably acetic acid from a fermentation.

Although the following description relates almost exclusively to managing basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm primarily caused by Ganoderma species. It will be appreciated by those skill in the art that the invention could be used to treat other diseases and pests of other plants, includes but is not limited to a fungus, bacteria, actinomycete, virus, insects, Acari and/or nematodes,

BACKGROUND ART

Basal stem rat (BSR) is a disease of oil palms caused by species of the fungus Ganoderma , and in particular Ganoderma boninense, Ganoderma produces enzymes that degrade the oil palm tissue and affect the infected xylem, thus causing serious problems to the distribution of water and other nutrients to the top of the tree. It poses substantial yield and palm losses through unproductive diseased palms and casualty. BSR has been recognized as a serious disease causes severe economic losses to oil palm in Southeast Asia, especially Malaysia and Indonesia. This pathogenic organism is also prevalent on other major plantation plants including coconut, betel nut, tea, cacao, acacia and poplar.

Oil palm industry is currently under serious threat of BSR, where incidence increases progressively and appear to advance more quickly in subsequent generations of oil palm planting because of accumulation of inoculums, and the possibility of evolution of more virulent strains of the pathogen. The mating system of Ganoderma boninense strongly favours outcrossing and this provides a possible mechanism for the selection of pathogen virulence. Therefore, it is widely believed that the problem of basal stem rot of palm will become worse with successive generation of oil palm planted on the same land.

Although this deadly disease has long been discovered there is currently most methods known in the art are time consuming and inefficient. Cultural methods of disease control are largely inefficient in minimising inoculum pressure and in reducing the disease incidence. Attempts to control this disease with agrochemicals such as benomyl, triadimefon, cycloheximide and drazoxolone have not been very successful. This could be due to the fact that the disease escapes early detection and by the time fruiting bodies are detected, palms already possessed latent fungal infections and is too advanced to response to any chemical treatments. Chemical treatment with synthetic fungicide based on triazole group, such as bromoconazole and hexaconazole has been widely employed in oil palm. These two fungicides however are only able to prolong the life span of infected palm but have failed to inhibit Ganoderma fungus from growing and in preventing the infection from spreading. Another example relates to composition for use in treating, inhibiting or preventing the development of BSR disease caused by Ganoderma boninense is disclosed in prior art document 020101 15162. The composition comprises volatile organic compounds selected from a group consisting of isobutyric acid, methyl isobutyrate, isobutyric anhydride, ethyl isobutyrate, propyl isobutyrate, isobutyric acid-allyl ester, naphthalene, caryophyllene to inhibit the growth of Ganoderma boninense. This fungicide composition is effective in protecting oil palms from

Ganoderma infection. However, these chemical treatments are impractical for large scale application, primarily due to its high cost of implementation. Furthermore, growing international concern over the excessive use of fungicides and its detrimental effect on the environmental and mankind has forced researchers to evaluate

alternative control measures.

More recently, biological control agents have also been tried against

Ganoderma such as saprophytic organisms e.g. Trichoderma species. Although they appeared promising at first, but large scale implementation of any of the biological control agents, there were issues with sustainability and persistency in the field. According to Rustam (2016). at the level of in vitro. Bacillus subrilis BR2 able to suppress the growth of fungi Ganoderma ,*/?._» with percentage of 80% inhibition in a solid medium and 78-97% in a liquid medium. Nusatbah (2017) has reported, application of a mixture of Trichoderma harziznum and Bacillus cereus had the highest contribution to the vegetative growth of oil palm seedlings. However, single application of Bacillus cereus was found to be the most effective treatment in suppressing disease of oil palm with a disease reduction of 94.75% followed by single application of Trichoderma harzianum (78.98%) and mixture of both

Trochoderma harzianum and Bacillus cereus (68.49%).

One of the mechanisms of bacterial antagonism to fungi is antibiosis, which consists in the inhibition or destruction of one organism by a metabolic product of another. Antibiosis can occur by at least three distinct mechanisms. First, it can occur by way of hydrolytic cell wall-degrading enzymes such as xyianases, mannanases, cellulases, proteases, and cliitinases. Second, it can manifest as an enzyme that decreases fungal osmotoierance such as trehalase. Third, it can occur by the administration and activity of antibiotics.

US Patent Publication 8,518,428 discloses, inoculating antagonistic bacteria comprise Bacillus subrilis strain NJN-6 and Bacillus subrilis strain NJN- 11 , into pig manure compost and rapeseed cake compost to conduct solid-state fermentation to produce the microbial organic fertilizer. The said organic fertilizer can control the Fusarium wilt of banana wilt effectively if they are applied to soil in successive years. The results of experiment showed that the prevention rate of the Fusarium wilt of banana reached more than 80% and the incidence rate can be controlled to less than 5% even on the seriously diseased terraces (seasonal incidence rate of 15% or more). Another example in US Patent Publication 6,589.524 discloses, biological control composition comprising specific strains of Bacillus , which are selected from the group of Bacillus cereus NRRL B-30517 and NRRL B-30519, Bacillus

amylolique/aciens NRRL B-30518 and Bacillus suhtilis NRRL B-30520, to reduce or suppress the incidence or severity of fungal -induced diseases in plants. The

pathogenic fungi include varied Phytophihara species such as P capsici.

Recent study shows the potential of Bacillus as excellent fungal antagonists, in which these group Bacillus subrilis and Bacillus cereus are highlighted as interesting biological control agents. However, to date, the industry has not been provided with a proper documentation in term of the economic viability on method gives good control of Ganoderma infection in established plantations and some have technical limitations in application. With the development of increasing resistance to chemical fungicides, the spectrum of available fungicides is narrowing. In addition, nonnatural ly-occurring fungicides can have detrimental environmental effects.

Accordingly_* there is a need for new, naturally-occurring fungicides to which plant pathogens have not developed resistance, and which have minimal environmental effects. There exists a continuing need for alternative biocontrol compositions and methods.

The present invention provides a method for stabilizing and enhancing bioactive compositions and metabolites derived from cultures of chitinolytic microorganism which is different from the prior art biocontrol agents. The primary objective of the present invention is to alleviate some of the drawbacks of the prior art to make the present invention viable either for small medium scale or large scale application, environmental friendly yet cost-effective method to control the

Ganoderma infection in oil palm. In addition, microorganism-based methodologies do nor constitute a major source of pollution, and therefore, are preferred alternative for overcoming serious environmental problems, which arise from the conventional chemical methods.

In addition, present invention aims to provide a mass- producible organic compositions that is easy to use and do not require much skill or technique in applying such as can be admixed, blended, impregnated or encapsulated with organic or inorganic fertilizer to facilitate its application, handling, delivery, storage and maximum synergistic effect thereof. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an organic compositions that is effective in suppressing the growth of causative pathogen of BSR disease in oil palm. Moreover, present invention solves the problem of other plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungus.

One advantage of the invention is that root and stalk rot can be controlled with a composition that is not toxic to humans. Another advantage of the invention is that root and stalk rot can be controlled more economically than with chemical fungicides.

A further advantage of the present invention is that bioactive compounds and/or metabolites from chitinolytic microorganisms in combination with organic acid, in the use form as fungicides and/or insecticides, also be present as“booster’ to other pesticides results in many cases in an experts ion of pesticidal spectrum of activity or in a prevention of pesticide resistance development. Furthermore, in many cases, synergistic effects are obtained. The compositions disclosed herein may be integrated into integrated Pest Management (1PM) programs, the inventive compositions may be used in

combination with other management systems. As an alternative to synthetic agents, present invention offer the advantage of containing naturally derived constituents that are safe to both humans and the environment. Specifically, present invention offer such advantages as being inherently less toxic than conventional pesticides, generally affecting only the target pest and closely related organisms, and are often effective in very small quantities. For these reasons, present invention often decompose quickly and, therefore, are ideal for use as a component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention disclosed a method for providing pesticidal composition which solve the problems of reducing the dosage rate/or enhancing the spectrum of activity and/or combining knock-down activity with prolonged control and/or resistance management and/or promoting (improving) the health of plants.

The present invention relates to mixtures defined herein, comprising a bioactive compound derived from a whole broth culture of chitinolytic

microorganisms, wherein the bioactive compound comprises any or any combination of: chitinolytic microorganisms, spores, whole cell broths, a substantially pure culture, cell fraction, suspensions, supernatants, filtrates, extract or a cell-free extract thereof or at least one metabolite thereof or isolated substances or compounds derived from said chitinolytic microorganisms; at least one organic acid: and at least one pesticide. Thus, the present invention relates to mixtures comprising, as active components

(A) Bioactive compound derived from a whole broth culture of chitinolytic

microorganisms, wherein the bioactive compound comprises any or any combination of: chitinolytic microorganisms, whole cell broths, liquid cultures, spores, pure cultures, cell fraction, substances, suspensions, supernatants, filtrates, extract or a cell-free extract thereof or metabolite thereof or isolated compounds, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one chitinolytic microorganisms that degrade chitinous substrates, wherein the said chitinolytic microorganism is bacteria belonging to genus Bacillus : Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Bacillus subtilis var. antyloliquefaciens. Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus lichenformis. B. thuringiemis, Bacillus brevis , Bacillus pabuli Bacillus inegaterium. Bacillus

meihyloirophicus. Bacillus polymyxa; bacteria belonging to genus Streptomyces: Sireptomyces antibioiicus, Strepiomyces aweofaciens . Streptomyces avermitilis, Strepiomyces bikiniensis. Streptomyces cavourensis, Streptomyces costaricanus . Streptomyces grtseoviridis, Streptomyces griseus , Streptomyces halsiedii, Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Streptomyces lividans, Strepiomyces lydicus .

Streptomyces plicalus. Streptomyces rimosus. Streptomyces roseolus,

Sireptomyces sporovirgulis, Streptomyces tendae. Streptomyces

thermoviolaceus . Streptomyces venezuelae, Sireptomyces violaceusniger, Streptomyces viridodiasiicus ; and fungal genus Trichoderma: Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma fertile , Trichoderma gamsii, Trichoderma harziamm, Trichoderma pofysporum . Trichoderma stroma ticum. Trichoderma virens. Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma (ignorum, Trichoderma viridae, Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma konmgii Trichoderma pseudo konmgii, Trichoderma polysporum. Trichoderma hamaium and Trichoderma asperellum,

(13) at least one organic acid, wherein the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of a mono- or polycarboxylated C1 to CIO carboxylic acid and its derivatives, such as hydroxymonocarboxylic acids, hydroxydicarboxylic acids, lactones, salts, esters or the free adds or mixture thereof; and

(C) at least one pesticide selected from the groups / classes (C1 ) to (C62):

(C1 ) Demethylation inhibitor (DMJ) fungicides; (C2) phosphonate fungicides; (C3) methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicides; (C4) pbenylamide fungicides; (C5) amme/morpholine fungicides; (C6) phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor fungicides; (C7) carboxamide fungicides; (C8) hydroxy(2-amino- )pyrimidine fungicides; (C9) anilinopyrimidine fungicides; (C1O) N-phenyl carbamate fungicides;

quinone outside inhibitor (Qol) fungicides; (Cl 2) phenylpyrrole fungicides;

quinoline fungicides; (C14) lipid peroxidation inhibitor fungicides; (C15) melanin biosynthesis inhibitors -reductase (MBI-R) fungicides; (C16) melanin biosynthesis inhibitors-dehydratase (MB1-D) fungicides; (C17) hydroxyanilide fungicides; (C18) squalene-epoxidase inhibitor fungicides: (C19) poly ox in fungicides; (C20) phenylurea fungicides; (C21 ) quinone inside inhibitor (Oil) fUngicides; (C22) benzamide fungicides: (C23) enopyranuronic acid antibiotic fungicides; (C24) hexopyranosyl antibiotic fungicides; (C25) glucopyranosyl antibiotic: protein synthesis fungicides; (C26) glucopyranosyi antibiotic: tiehalase and inositol biosynthesis fungicides; (C27) cyanoacetamideoxime fungicides; (C28) carbamate fungicides; (C29) oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling fungicides; (C30) organo tin fungicides; (C3 1 ) carboxylic acid fungicides; (C32) heteroaromatic fungicides; (C33)

dicarboximide fungicides; (C34) phthalamic acid fungicides; (C35)

benzotriazine fungicides; (C36) benzene-sulfonamide fungicides; (C37) pyridazinone fungicides; (C3S) thiophene-carboxamide fungicides; (C39) pyrimidinamtde fungicides; (C40) carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides; (C41 ) tetracycline antibiotic fungicides; (C42) thiocarbamate fungicides; (C43) berxzamide fungicides; (C44) host plant defense induction fungicides: (C45) multi-site contact activity fungicides; (C46) fungicides other than classes (C1 ) through (C45); and salts of compounds of classes (C1) through (C46);

C47) Cuticle degrading enzyme: chitin hydrolase which able to degrade the glycosidic bonds that connect the ,beta.( M) M-acety {glucosamine bond units in a chitin substrate: endoehitinase, chitobiosidase, chitinase, chitosanase or lysozyme; mannanase; galactanase; protease; xylanase and combinations thereof;

C48) Cell wall synthesis inhibitors selected from the group comprising inhibitors of glucan synthesis: validamycin. polyoxm B; melanin synthesis inhibitors: pyroquilon, tricycJazole, carpropamid, dicydomet, fenoxanil;

C49) .Antimicrobial preservatives includes chemical preservatives: 4- hexyiresorcinof, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate, benzoates, benzoic acid, calcium ascorbate, calcium propionate, calcium sorbate, dutosan, citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides, dimethyl dicarbonate, erythorbic acid, ethyl laurayl arginate, formaldehyde releasers (dmdm hydantotn), gum guaiacum, glutaraldehyde, hydroxybenzoate and derivatives, iso-ascorbic acid, isothiazolinones (mit, emit, bit), lactic acid, l-cysteine, 1-cysteine hydrochloride, lecithin, lecithin citrate, leuconostoc cam osum 4010, methyl paraben, methyl-p- hydroxy benzoate, monoglyceride citrate, mono isopropyl citrate, natamycin, nisin, nitrate, nitrite, potassium acetate, potassium benzoate, potassium bisulphite, potassium diacetate, potassium lactate, potassium metabisulphite, potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, potassium sorbate, propionic acid, propyl gailate, propyl paraben, propyl-p-hydroxy benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium ascorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium bisulphite, sodium diacetate, sodium dithionite, sodium erythorbate, sodium iso-ascorbate, sodium lactate, sodium metabisulphite, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium propionate, sodium salt of methyl- p-hydroxy benzoic acid, sodium salt of propyl-p-hydroxy benzoic acid, sodium sorbate, sodium sulphite, sorbates, sorbic acid, sulphurous acid, tartaric acid, tertiary butyl hydroquinone, ethanol and methylchloroisothiazoiinone; antioxidants: ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, butylated hydroxy toluene (bht), butylated hydroxyanisole. gallic acid, sodium galiate, sulfur dioxide, sulfites (sulfur dioxide, sodium bisulfite, potassium hydrogen sulfite, etc.), tocopherols. disodium ethylenediaminetetTaacetic acid (edta), polyphosphates, phenol derivatives butylated hydroxyanisole (bha), butylated hydroxytoluene (bhr), tbhq; and natural compounds: b-complex vitamins, vitamin d, b vitamins, niacin, citric, ascorbic acids, vitamin e, tocopherol, rosemary, oregano extract, hops, salt, sugar, vinegar, alcohol, diatomaceous earth, castor oil;

€50) Bacteriocins: acidocin, actagardine, agrocin, alveicin, aureocin, aureocin A53, aureocin A70, bisin, camocin, camocyclin, caseicin, cerein, circularin A, colicin, curvaticin, divercin. duramycin, enterocin, enterolysin, epidermin'galVtdermin, erwiniocin, gardimycin, gassericin A, giycinecin, halocin, haloduracin, klebicin, lactocin S, lactococcin. lacticin, leucoccin, lysostaphin, macedocin, mersacidtn, mesentericin, microbisporicin, microcin S, mutaein, nisin, paenibacillm, planosporicin, pediocin, pentocin, planlaricin, pneumocyclicin, pyocin, reutericin 6, sakactn, salivaricin, sublancin, subtilin, sulfolobicin, tasmancin, thuricin 17, trifolitoxin, variacin, vibriocin, wamericin;

C51 ) Antifungal peptides: alboleutin, bacitracin, botrycidin, clorotetain, fengycin, iturins, rhizoctkins, bacillomycins, surfactin, mycosubtilin,

mycobacillin, fungistatin, subsporin, mycocerein, zwittennicin A;

€52) Plant defense activator: prohexadione-calcium (Apogee), Cropset (plant booster element complex), probenazole, potassium phosphate (e.g.,

ProPhyt.RTM., Helena Chemical Company), harpin protein (e.g.,

Messenger.RTM., Eden Biosciences Ltd, Bothell, Wash.), acibenzolar or acibenzolar-S-methyl (e.g., Actigard.TM., Syngenta Crop Production, inc.

Greensboro, N.C.), streptomycin sulfate, reyncmtria sachalinensis extract

(reysa). oxygen species (such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide), hydrogen peroxide producing enzymes (such as copper amine oxidases, flavin-containing amine oxidases), phytoalexins (such as geni stein, camalexin), antimicrobial proteins (such as defensins, thionins, PR- 1), antimicrobial enzymes (such as chitinases, beta-giucanases), peroxidases, reynoutria sachalinensis extract (such as reysa), protein kinases (such as calcium-dependent protein kinases, MAP kinases), structural defensive barrier (such as lignin, hydroxyproline-rich cell wall proteins), acibenzolar, isotianil, salicylic acid, jasmonates, nitric oxide, azelaic acid, brassinolide, forchlorfenuron, benzothiadiazole, prohexadione- calcium. probenazole, potassium phosphate, acibenzolar-S-methyl, tiadinil, phosphonates, fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminum, phosphorous acid and its salts, potassium or sodium bicarbonate;

C53) Microbes, or chemical compounds and peptides/protems (e.g., elicitors): plant peptide hormones (e.g. systemin, Phytosutfbkine), branched-. beta.- glucans, chitin oligomers, pectolytic enzymes, endoxylanase, elicnins, PaNie, avr gene products (e.g. AVR4, AVR9), viral proteins (e.g. vial coat protein, Karpins), flagelltn, protein or peptide toxin (e.g. victorin), glycoproteins, glycopeptide fragments of invertase, syringolids, Nod factors (lipochitooligo- sacchartdes), FACs (fatty acid amino acid conjugates), ergosterol, bacterial toxins (e.g, coronatme), and sphinganine analogue mycotoxias (e.g. fumonisin Bl );

C54 ) Plant oil or plant extract possessing fungicidal activity (e.g., Cafamintha nepeia , Cananga odorata, Cicuta virosa, Citrus . Commiphora myrrha,

Coriandrum sativum , Curcuma longa, Cymbopogon nardm, Eucalyptus, Hedychium spicatum . Hyssopus officinalis, Uticium verum, Lavandula

angustifolia, Matricaria ricvtita , Melaleuca atiernifolia, Melissa officinalis, Myristicafragrans, Myrihaceae, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum, Pelargonium graveolens, Piper nigrum, Salvia officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus vulgaris. Saturjeia hortensis, Viola odorata, carvacro ); effect on

membrane/wall (e.g., Cirmamomum, Citrus, Coriaria nepalensis, Coriandrum sativum, Juniperus communis, Litsea cubeba, Melaleuca altemifolia, Mentha piperita , Ocimum basilicum , Origanum, Salvia sclarea, Syzygium aromaticum , Thymus , anethole, benzyl benzoate, 1 ,8-cmeole, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, p- cymene, citral, citronellal, eugenol, limonene, linalool, 1 inalyl acetate, a-pinene. a-terpinene, terpinene-4-ol, thymol); Effect on fungal cell growth and

morphology (e.g., Eucalyptus, Thymus spp, carvacrol, a-pinene, 1,8-cineule, p- cymene, citronellal, a-terpinene, y-terpinene, terpinene-4-ol, thymol); Inhibition of efflux pump (e.g., Cinnamomum, Citrus, Eucalyptus . Melaleuca altemifolia, Mentha , Ocimum basilicum. Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol): Action on fungal mitochondria (e.g., Anethum graveolens, Artemisia herba alba, Cananga odorata , Cirmamomum camphora, Coriandrum sativum . Commiphora myrrha , Hedychium spicatum, Origanum compaetum. Origanum majorana, lupcoJ, tetraterpenoid); ROS production anti nitric oxide (e.g., Zaiharia muh (flora, carvacrol, p-cymene, famesol, thy mol): Inhibition of biofilm development (e.g., Coriandrum sativum, Croton cajucara . Cymbopogon . C\irus, Eucalyptus . Lauras nohifis, Liisea, Melaleuca

alternifolia, Mentha, Myrtus communis, Ocimum , Piper claussenianum,

Rosmarinus officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum , p-cymcne, p-cymenc. 1-8- cineole, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, terpinolene, a-terpineol. ucarobustol E, eugenol, a-terpinene. y-terpinene); Anti quorum sensing (e.g.. Citrus, Juniperus communis, Mentha piperita, Origanum, Salvia sclarea, limonene, linalool , a- pinene, terpinene-4-ol); Effect on micotoxins synthesis/production (e.g.,

Cinnamamum, Origanum vulgare, Cymbopogon, Cider, Citrus _t Eucalyptus, Mentha, Ocimum sanctum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureja kortensis, Thymus, Zataria multi/lara_f 2,3-dideoxyglucostdes, eugenol); and Synergistic / antagonistic effect (e.g., Citrus, Coriandrum sativum . Cymbopogon nardus, Eucalyptus. Jllidum verum, Lavandula angustifolia, Matricaria recutita, Melaleuca allemifolia, Myrihus, Ocimum basilicum. Origanum heracleoticum , Pelargonium graveolens, Rosa damascene, Satureja kortensis, Thymus vulgaris . Viola odorata. benzyl benzoate, carvacrol , 1,8-cineole, Citral, Citronellal, Eugenol, Linalool, linalyl acetate, thymol);

C55) Biochemical pesticides with insecticidal, acaricidal, molluscidal, pheromone and/or nematicidal activity: L-earvone, citral, (E.Z)- 7,9-dodecadien- l-yl acetate, ethyl formate, (E,Z)-2,4-ethyl decadienoate (pear ester), (Z.Z.E)- 7, 11 , 13-hexadecatrienaI, heptyl butyrate, isopropyl myristate, cis-jasmone.

lavanulyl senecioate, 2-methyl 1 -butanol, methyl eugenol, methyl jasmonate, (E,Z)-2, 13-octadecadien- 1 -ol, (E,Z)-2, 13-octadecadien- 1 -ol acetate, (E,Z>3, 13- octadecadien- 1 -ol, R-l -octen-3-ol, pentatermanone, potassium silicate, sorbitol actanoate, (E,Z,Z)~3,8,11 -tetradecatrienyl acetate, (Z,E)-9, 12-tetradecadien- 1 -yl acetate, Z-7-tetradecen-2-one, Z-9-tetradecen-l -yl acetate, Z- 11 -tetradecenal, Z- 1 1 -tetradecen- 1 -ol. Acacia negra extract, extract of grapefruit seeds and pulp, extract of Chenopodium ambrosiodes , Catnip oil, Neern oil, Quillay extract, Tagetes oil; C56) Biochemical pesticides with fungicidal, bactericidal, viricidal and/or plant defense activator activity: chitosan (hydrolysate), hatpin protein, laminaria, Menhaden fish oil natamycin, Plum pox virus coat protein, potassium bicarbonate, Reynoutria sachlinensis extract, salicylic acid, potassium or sodium bicarbonate, tea tree oil;

C57) Biochemical pesticides with plant stress reducing, plant growth regulator and/or plant yield enhancing activity: abscisic acid, amidochlor, ancymidol, aluminium silicate (kaolin), 3-decen-2-one, 6-benzylaminopurine, brassinolide. butralin, chlormequat (chlormequat chloride), choline chloride, cyclanilide, daminozide, dikegulac, dimethiptn, 2,6-dimethylpuridine, ethephon,

formononectin, flumetralin, flurprimidol, fluthiacet, forchlorfenuron, genistein, gibberellic acid, hesperetin, homobrassinlide, humates, inabentide, indole-3- acetic acid , maleic hydrazide, methyl jasmonate, cis-jasmone, lysophosphatidyl ethanlamine, mefluidide, mepiquat (mepiquat chloride), naringentn,

naphthaleneacetic acid. N-6-benzyladenine, polymeric polyhydroxy acid, paclobutrazol, prohexadione (prohexadione-calcium), prohydrojasmon, salicylic acid, thidiazuron, triapenthenol, tri butyl phosphorotrithioate, 2,3,5-tri- iodobenzoic acid, trinexapac-ethyl, uniconazole, Ascophyilum nodosum

(Norwegian kelp, Brown kelp) extract and Ecklonia maxima (kelp) extract;

Non-classified plant growth regulators: benzofluor, buminafos, carvOne, ciobutide, cloiencet, clofence-potassium, cloxyfonac, doxyfonac-Natrium, cyclanilide, cycloheximide, epocholeone, ethychlozate, ethylene, fenridazon, heptopargil, holosulf, inabenfide, karetazan, leadarsenate, methasulfocarb, prohexadione, prohexadione-Calcium, pydanon, sintofen, triapenthenol, trinexapac, trinexapac-ethyl, polyamines, monoeihanolamine, allopurinoJ, botanical extract from seaweed such as kelp and plant such as com cockle;

C58) Microbial pesticide with fungicidal, bactericidal, viricidal and/or plant defense activator activity: Ampelomyces quisqualis , Aspergillus flavus,

Aureobasidium puUulans. Brevibacillus brevis. Candida oleophila, Candida saitoana, Chromabacteriwn violaceum, Clavibacter michiganensis

i bacteriophages ), Cionostachys rosea f. catenulate (also named Glioctadium CQtenulatum), Conioihyrium minitans, Cryphaneeiria parasitica, Cryptocaccus albidus , Dibphosphora alapecuri , Fusarium oxysporum, Glioctadium roseum, Hirsuteih rhossitiensis , Lachnum pap yraceum, Lampteromyces japonicas, Lysobacter antibioticus, Lysobacter capsid, Lysobacter enzymogenes, iysobacfer gumnwsus, Metschnihrwia jructicola, Microdochium dimerum, Microsphaeropsis ochracea , Muscodor albus, Muscodor roseus,

Muscodor vitigenus, Omphaloius olearim, Paenibacillus polymyxa, Pantoea vagans, Pasteuria penetrans, Phlebiopsis gigantea _t Pichia anomala , Pleurotus ostreatus, Pockonia chlamydosporia, Pseudomonas chhraphis . Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas maliophilia. Pseudomonas sp.. Pseudozyma fiocculosa . Pythium oligandrum , Sphaerodes mycoparasiiica. Talaromyces flavus , Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma atraviride, Trichoderma fertile. Trichoderma gamsU, Trichoderma hamatum. Trichoderma harzianum,

Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma lignorum . Trichoderma polysporum, Trichoderma pseudo kon ingi i, Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma stromaticum, Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma viridae , Trichoderma viride. Typhu!a phaeorrhiza, Ulocladium oudemansii. Verticillium chlamydosporium,

Verticillium dahlia , Verticiliium suchlasporium , zucchini yellow mosaic virus (avirulent strain);

C$9) Microbial pesticide with plant growth regulator, plant growth promoting and/or yield enhancing activity: Azospirillum amazonense , Azospiriilum hrasilense , Azospirillum halopraeferens, Azospirillum irakense. Azospirillum lipoferum. Bradyrhizohium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium liaoningense,

Bradyrhizobium lupmi . Bradyrhizobium spp., Delftia acidovoram, Glomus intra radices . Mesorhizobium spp.. Paenibacillus alvei, Peniciliium bilaiae,

Rhizobium leguminosarum bv\ phaseoli, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv, trifolii, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv, viciae. Simrhizobium meliloti;

C60) Microbial pesticide with insecticidal, acaricidal, molluscidal and/or nematicidal activity: Agrobacterium radiobacter, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus firmus , Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. galleriae. Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensi^'s , Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. tenebrionis. Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana. Burkholderia spp., Chromobacterium subtsugae, Cryptophlebia leucotreta granuto virus (CrleGV), Cydia pomonella granulosis virus,

Flavohacterium spp., Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Isaria fumosorosea, Lecanicillmm longisporum. Lecanicillium muscarium (formerly Verticillium lecanti), Metarhizium

anisopliae var, acridum , Metarhizium anisopliae, Nomuraea rileyi,

Paecilomyces fitmosoroseus, Paecihmyces lilacinus, Paenibacillus poppiliae . Pasteuria nishizawae, Pasteuria penetrans , Pasteuria ramose, Pasteuria renefortnis, Pasteuria spp., Pasteuria usgae, Pseudomonas fluorescens,

Spodoptera iittoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV), Steinemema

carpocapsae, Steinemema feltiae. Steinemema kraussei, Strepiomces galbus,

S Streptomces micrqf!avus;

C61 ) Herbicides

~ acetamides; acetochior, aiachlor, butachlor. dimethachlor, dimethenamid, flufenacet, mefenacet metoiachior, raetazachlor, napropamide. naproanilide, pethoxamid, pretiiachlor, propachior. thenylchlor;

- amino acid derivatives: bilanafos, glyphosate, glufosinale, sulfosate;

- ary'loxyphenoxyprapionates: ciodinafop, cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, metamifop, propaquizafop, quizalofbp, quizalofop-P- tefuiyi;

- Bipyridyts: diquat, paraquat;

- (thio)carbamates: asuJam, butylate, carbelamide, desmedipham, dimepiperate, eptam (EPTC). esprocarb, molinate, otbencarb. phenmedipham, prosulfocarb, pyributicarb, thiobencarb, triallate;

- cyclohexanediones : butroxydim, clethodim, cycloxydim, pro foxy dim, sethoxydim. tepraioxydim, tralkoxydim;

- dinitroanilines; benfluralin, ethaifluraiin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamtne. trifluraiin; diphenyl ethers: acifluorfen, aclonifen, bifenox, diclofop. ethoxyfen, fomesafen, lactofen, oxyfluorfen;

- hydroxybenzomtriles: bomoxyml, dichlobenil ioxynil;

- imidazolinones: imazaniethabenz, imazamox, imazapic. imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr; phenoxy acetic acids: clomeprop, 2,4-dichiorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4-DB. dichlor- prop, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB.

Mecoprop;

- pyrazines: chioridazon, llufenpyr-ethyl, fluthiacet, norilurazon, pyridate;

- pyridines: aminopyraiid, clopyralid, diflufenican, dithiopyr, fluridone,

fluroxypyr_> picloram, picolinafen, thiazopyr;

- sultbnyl ureas: amidosuifuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, chiorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, cyclosulfamuron, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flucetosulturon, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, metazosulfuron. metsu I fumn-methy I. nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfirron, prosulfuron, pyrazosuifuron, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron, triasulfuron, tribenuron. irifloxysulfttron, triflusulfuron, tritosulfuron, 1 -f(2-chloro-6- propyl-imidazo[l,2-b]pyridazin-3 yl)sulfonyl)- 3-(4 , 6-dimethoxy-pyri midin-2-yl ) urea;

triazines: amelryn, atrazme. cyanazine, dimethametryn, ethiozin, hexazinone. metamitron, metribuzin, prometryn, simazine, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, triaziflam;

- ureas: chiorotoluron, daimuron, diuron, fluometuron, isoproturon, linuron, metha- benzthiazuron,tebulhiuron;

- other acelolactate synthase inhibitors: bispyribac-sodium, cloransulam- methyl, diclosulam, florasulam, flucarbazone, fliimetsulani, metosulam, ortho-sulfamuron, penoxsulam, propoxycarbazone, pyribambenz-propyl, pyribenzoxim, pyriftalid. pyriminobac-methyL, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac, pyroxasuifone, pyroxsulam:

- others: amicarbazone, aminolriazole, anilofos. beflubutaniid. benazolin, bencarbazone, benfluresate. benzofenap, bentazone, benzobicyclon, bicydopyrone. bromacil, bromobutide. bulafenacil butamifos, cafenstrole, carfentrazone. cinidon-ethyl, chlorthal, cinmethylin, clomazone. cumyluron, cyprosulfamide, dicamba, difenzoquat, diflufenzopyr;

- Drechslera monoceras, endothal, ethofumesate, etobenzanid, fenoxasulfone, fentrazaniide. flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, flupoxam, flurochloridone, flurtamone, indanofan, isoxaben, isoxaflutole, lenacil, propan il. propyzamide, quinciorac, quinmerac, mesotrione, methyl arsonic acid, naptalam,

oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxaziclomefone, pentoxazone, pinoxaden, pyraclonil, pyraflufcn-ethyJ, pyrastilfotole. pyrazoxyfen, pyrazolynate, quinodamine, saflufeiiacil, sulcotrione, sulfentrazone. terbadl, tefuryitrione, tembotrione, thiencarbazone, lopramezone, (3-[2-chloro-4-tluoro-5-(3-methyl-2 6-dioxo-4- trifluoromethyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-l-y))-phenoxyl-p>Tidin-2-y]oxy)- acetic acid ethyl ester, 6-amino-5-chloro-2- cyclopropyl -pyrimidine-4 - carboxylic acid methyl ester, 6-chIoro-3-(2-cyclopropyl-6-methyi- phenoxy)- pyridazin-4-ol, 4-amino-3 -chloro-6-(4-ch laro-phenyl^S-fluoro-pyridine-l- carboxylic acid, 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3 -methoxy-phenyl)- pyridine- 2-car boxylic acid methyl ester, and 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3- dimethylamino-2-fluoro-phenyl)-pyridine-2_'Carboxyjic acid methyl ester.

C62) Insecticides

- organo(thio)phosphates: acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-methy),

chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, dichlorvos. dicrotophos. dimethoate, disulfoton. ethion, fenitrothion. fenthion. isoxathion, malathion, methamidophos, methidathion, methyl -parathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos. oxydemeton-methyl, paraoxon, parathton, phenthoate, phosalone. phosmel, phosphamidon, phorate, phoxim, pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos, prothiofos, sulprophos, tetrachlorvinphos, lerbufos, triazophos, trichlorfon;

- carbamates: alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb. benfuracarb, carbaryL

carbofuran, carbosullan. fenoxycarb, furathiocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl. pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, triazamate;

- pyrethroids: ailethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cyphenothrin.

cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrm, zeta-cypermethrin, dcltamethrin. esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate,

imiprothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, prallethrin, pyretbrin I and II, resmethrin, si ia duo fen. tau-fiuvalinate. tefluthrin, tetramethrin. tralomethrin. transfluthrin, profluthrin, dimefluthrin;

- insect growth regulators: a) chitin synthesis inhibitors: benzoylureas:

chlorfluazuron, cyramazin, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron; buprofezin, diofenolan, hexythiazox, etoxazole. clofentazine; b) ecdysone antagonists: halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, azadirachtin; c) juvenoids: pyriproxyfen, methoprene, fenoxycarb: d) lipid biosynthesis inhibitors:

spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat;

- nicotinic receptor agonists/antagonists compounds: clothianidin, dinotefuran. flupyradi- furone, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram. acetamiprid, thiacloprid, l~2-chloro-thiazol-5-yimethyl)-2-ninimino-3,5'dimethyl-[ l 3,5]triazinane;

- GABA antagonist compounds: endosulfan, ethiprole, fipronil, vaniliprole, pyrafluprole, pyriprote. 5-amino-l-(2,6-dichIoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-4- suliinamoyl-l H-pyrazole-3-carbothioic acid amide;

- macrocyclic lactone insecticides: abamectin, emamectin, milbemectin, lepimectin, spinosad, spinetoram;

- mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor (METI) l acaricides: fenazaquin, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad, flufenerim;

- MET! P and III compounds: acequinocyl, fluacyprim, hydramethylnon;

- Uncouplers: chlotfenapyr;

- oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors: cyhexatin, diafenthiuron, fenbutatin oxide, propargite; moulting disruptor compounds: cryomazine: - mixed function oxidase inhibitors: piperonyl butoxide;

- sodium channel blockers: indoxacarb, metaflumizone;

- ryanodine receptor inhibitors: chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole,

flubendiamide, N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4- sul fanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl)-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl )-5- (mfluoromethyl)pyrazole~3-carboxamide; N-{4-chloro-2-((diethyMambda-4- sulfanyHdene)carbamoyl]-6-methyl-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide; N-[4-chloro-2-[(di-2-propyl- lambda^-sulfanylidenejcarbamoylj-b-methyl-phenylj-l-C^-chloro-l-pyridyl)- 5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-earboxamide; N-[4,6-dichloro- 2-[(di-2-propyl- lambda-4-sulfanyjidene)carbamoyl3-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5_' (trifluoromethyl)pyrazoIe-3-carboxamide; N-[4.6-dichloro~2-[(diethyl- lambda- 4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl>5- (difluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide; N-(4,6-dibromo-2-{(di-2-propy)- iambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]_’phenylj_'2_’(3-chloro-2-pYridyl)-5- (trifluorometliyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide; N-f4-chloro-2-f(di-2-propyl- lambda-4-sulfany I idene)carbamoy l ]-6-cyano-phenyl ]-2-( 3-chloro-2-pyridyl)~ 5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide; N-(4 ,6-dibromo-2-[(diethyl- lambda-4-suifanylidene)carbamoylj-phenyl]-2~(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3- carboxamide;

- others: benclothiaz, bifenazate, cartap, tlonicamid, pyridaiyl, pymetrozine, sulfur, thiocyclam, cyenopyrafen, flupyrazofos, cyflumetofen, amidoflumet imicyafos, bistrifluron, pyriflu- quinazon and 1 ,i «

[(3S,4R,4aR,6S,6aS, 12R, 12aS, 12bS)-4-([(2- cydopropylacetyl)oxy]methyl}- 1 .3, 4, 4a, 5, 6,6a, 12, 12a, l2b-decahydro l2 hydroxy-4,6a, .l2brtrimethyl-l l- oxo-9-(3-pyridinyl)-2H, 1 1 H-naphtho[2,l-b]pyra«o[3,4-<i]pyran-3,6-diyl3 cyclo- propaneacetic acid ester.

In particular embodiments, the bioactive compound or by product of a

fermentation of chitinolytic microorganisms, wherein the said bioactive compound comprises any or any combination of:

(a) whole broth culture

(b) filtrate from a whole broth culture

(c) a pure culture of the said chitinolytic microorganisms,

(d)a cell fraction of the said chitinolytic microorganisms,

(e) a supernatant derived from the said chitinolytic microorganisms, (f) an extract of any of (a), (b) or (c),

(g) cell-free extracts of the said chitinolytic microorganisms,

(h)a metabolite of the said chitinolytic microorganisms,

(i) spores

(j) chitinolytic microorganisms

According to one embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the composition comprises a mixture of component (A): bioactive substances, or a cell- tree extract thereof or at least one metabolite thereof of the chitinolytic

microorganisms; and component (B): at least one organic acid thereof according to the invention can, in the use form as fungicides and/or insecticides, also be present as “booster^*’ to other pesticides in component (C): herbicides, insecticides, growth regulators, fungicides or else with fertilizers, as pre-mix or, if appropriate, not until immediately prior to use (tank mix).

In one embodiment of the present invention, the pesticidal composition comprises bioactive compound derived from microorganisms that degrade chitinous substrates, wherein the said microbes are referred to collectively herein as chitinolytic microorganisms. More preferably, the said chitinolytic microorganisms is selected from bacteria belonging to genus Bacillus , Example of Bacillus spp. include, but not limited to Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciem , Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumilis, Bacillus methyloirophicus. Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus polymyxa. In some embodiments the invention comprises plurality of chitinolytic microorganisms combining of any or any combination of Bacillus subtilis with Bacillus amyloliquefaciem , Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium . Bacillus pumilis , Bacillus methyloirophicus, Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus polymyxa .

According to one embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one chitinolytic microorganism, wherein the chitinolytic microorganism is a chitinase-produdng bacteria.

According to one embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one chitinolytic microorganism, wherein the chitinolytic microorganism is a chitinase-producing fungi.

According to one embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one chitinolytic microorganisms selected from genus Bacillus . in particular Bacillus subtilis , According to one embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one cbitinolytic microorganisms selected from genus Bacillus , in particular Bacillus cereus.

According to one embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one cbitinolytic microorganisms selected from genus Bacillus, in particular Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.

According to one embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one cbitinolytic microorganisms selected from genus Bacillus, in particular Bacillus thuringiensis.

According to a further embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one chitinotytic microorganisms selected from genus Streptomyces . Example of Streptomyces spp. include, but not limited to Streptomyces antibioticus, Streptomyces aureofaciens, Streptomyces avermitilis, Streptomyces bikiniensis, Streptomyces cavourensis , Strepiomyces costaricanus, Streptomyces griseoviridis. Streptomyces griseus , Streptomyces halstedii,

Strepiomyces hygroscopicus, Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces lydicus,

Streptomyces plicatus, Streptomyces rimasus, Streptomyces roseolus _t Streptomyces sporovirgulis, Streptomyces tendae, Streptomyces ihermoviolaceus. Streptomyces venezuelae, Streptomyces violaceusniger and Streptomyces viridodiasticus.

According to a further embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from plurality of cbitinolytic microorganisms combining of any or any combination of Bacillus subtilis with Streptomyces antibioticus. Streptomyces aureofaciens. Streptomyces avermitilis, Streptomyces bUdniejisis , Streptomyces cavourensis, Streptomyces costaricanus. Streptomyces griseoviridis, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces halstedii. Streptomyces

hygroscopicus, Streptomyces lividans , Streptomyces lydicus. Streptomyces plicatus, Streptomyces rimosus, Streptomyces roseolus, Streptomyces sporovirgulis ,

Streptomyces tendae. Streptomyces ihermoviolaceus, Streptomyces venezuelae, Streptomyces violaceusniger and Streptomyces viridodiasticus.

According to a further embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one cbitinolytic microorganisms selected from genus Trichoderma. Trichoderma is a genus of soil-dwelling fungi found worldwide. They release chitinases, specific enzymes that denature chitin, to break down the cell wall of fungal pathogens in the soil. The holes in the cell wall created by the enzymes turn the pathogenic fungi into prey for other soil microorganisms. Example of Trichoderma spp. include, but not limited to Trichoderma asperelium. Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma fertile , Trichoderma gamsii . Trichoderma harzianum . Trichoderma potysporum, Trichoderma stromaticum . Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma asperelium, Trichoderma lignorum,

Trichoderma viridae, Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma komngii, Trichoderma pseudokomngii, Trichoderma pofysporum , Trichoderma hamatum and Trichoderma asperelium.

In an embodiment, the at least one pesticide may consists Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (SBI fungicides) selected from the group 04 demethylase inhibitors (DMI fungicides): triazoles: azaconazole. bitenanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole, dmiconazole-M, epoxiconazole, fenbuconazole.

fiuquinconazole, tlusilazole, flutriafoi, hexaconazole, imibenconazole, ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, oxpoconazole, paclobutrazole, penconazole,

propiconazole, prothioconazole, simeconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazoie.

triadimefon, triadimenol, triticonazole, uniconazole,

1-[ml-(2S:3R)-3-(2~chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-diiluorophenyI)-oxiranylmethyl]-5- thiocyanato-1 H- ( l ,2,4]triazole, 2-[rel~(2S;3R)-3-(2-chIoropheny])-2-(2_i4- dif1uorophenyl)-oxiranylmethy1]_“ 2H-[ 1 ,2,4]triazole-3 -thiol , 2-[2-chloro-4-(4- chlorophenoxy )phenyl] - 1 -(1 ,2.4-triazoi- 1 - yi)pentan-2-ol, 1 -[4 -( 4-chlorophenoxy >2-

(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- 1 -cyclopropyl-2-( 1 ,2,4- triazol-1 -yl)ethanol. 2-[4-(4- chlorophenoxy)-2-(tri.fluoromethyl)phenyl]- l-(l ,2,4-triazol- 1 - yi)butan-2-ol, 2-[2- chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]

2,4-triazol- 1 -yl)butan~2-oI, 2- [4- (4- chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyi]-3-meth>i- l-(l ,2,4-triazol- 1 -yl)butan-2- ol, 2-[4- (4-chlorophenoxy )-2-(trifluororneihyl)phenyl]- 1 -( l ,2,4 _'triazol- 1 -yl)propan-

2-ol, 2-[2-chloro-4 -(4 -chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-3 -methyl- 1 -(1 ,2,4-triazol- 1 -yl)butan-2- ol, 2-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenylj-] -(1 ,2,4- triazol-I -yl)pen tan-2- ₀1, 2-[4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-(trifIuoromethyl)phenyl]-l-(1 ,2,4-triazol -1 -yl)propan- 2-ol, 2-[2-chioro-4 -(4-chlorophenoxy )phenyl] - 1 -( 1 ,2,4-triazol- l-yl)pent~3-yn-2-ol; imidazoles: imazalil, pefurazoatc, prochloraz, triflumizol; pyrimidines, pyridines and piperazines: fenarimol, nuarimol, pyri- fenox, triforine, [3-(4-chloro-2-fluoro- phenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl )isoxazol-4-yl]-(3 - pyridy Dmethanol;

Deltal 4-reductase inhibitors: aldimorph, dodemorph, dodemorph-acetate,

fenpropimorph, tridemorph, fenpropidin, piperalin, spiroxamine;

Inhibitors of 3-keto reductase: fenhexamid; In yet a further embodiment, the at least one pesticide is selected from phosphonate fungicides: fosetyi, fosetyl-aluminum, phosphorous acid and its salts.

In yet a further embodiment, the at least one pesticide is a cuticle degrading enzyme include both naturally occurring (wild-type) enzymes and variant (modified by humans) enzymes. Examples of cuticle degrading enzymes include proteases, peptidases, chitinases, chitosanase, cutinases, and lipases. In an embodiment, the at least cuticle degrading enzymes is selected from the group consisting of protease, peptidase, chitinase, chitosanase, lipase, cutinase and any combination thereof. In an embodiment the cuticle degrading enzyme is a prolease. In an embodiment the cuticle degrading enzyme is a chitinase. In an embodiment the cuticle degrading enzyme is a lipase. In an embodiment the cuticle degrading enzyme is a cutinase.

In yet another embodiment, the cuticle degrading enzyme is a chitinolytic or glucanolytic enzyme. The chitinolytic enzymes include endochitinases, which randomly cleave chitin; chitobiosidases (chitin l,4-p-chitobiosidase) which cleave dimeric units from one end of chitin; chitinase; and chitosanase or lysozyme.

Chitinolytic enzymes are able to degrade the giycosidic bonds in the chitin substrate may be added. Any enzyme enable enhancement of weakening, e.g. disrupting or interfering with or modulating the structure of a chitin substrate or enhance chitin degradation by hydrolysis of the giycosidic bonds that connect the .beta.(l -4) M - acetylglucosaminc bond units in a chitin substrate are referred to collectively herein as chitin hydrolases. The advantage of chitin hydrolase is to improve or enhance chitin degradation or to weaken chitin, it should therefore be possible to combat plant fungal infections and diseases in plants caused by chitin containing pathogens.

Examples of Chitinases include, but not limited to chitodextrinase, 1,4-beta-poly-N- acetylglucosaminidase, poly-heta-glucosaminidase, beta- 1,4-poly-N-acetyl glucosamidinase, poly(l ,4-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide)] glycanohydrolase,

( 1 ,4)-2-acetamidO-2-deoxy-bera-D-gIucan glycanohydrolase). The glucanolytic enzymes include l,3-p-glucanases (glucan- 1 ,3 -b-glucosidase), which cleave 1,3-b- glucans; glucosaminidase (N-acetyi-p-D-glucosaminidase), which cleave monomeric units from one end of chitin and have N-acetyl-P-glucosaminidase activity. The sources for these enzymes are typically the same as the sources for chitinolytic enzymes and are preferably microorganisms from the genera Trichoderma and Gliociadium.

In a particular embodiment, the cuticle degrading enzymes is a combination of at least two cuticle degrading enzy mes, such as, two cuticle degrading enzyme, three cuticle degrading enzymes, four cuticle degrading enzymes, five cuticle degrading enzymes, etc.

In yet a further embodiment, the at least one pesticide is bacteriocins, wherein bacteriocins are proteinaceous or peptidic toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strain(s). Examples of bacteriocins include but are not limited to: acidocin, actagardine, agrocin, aiveicin, aureocin, aureocin A53, aureocin A70, bisin, camocin, camocycHn, caseicin, cerein, circularin A, colicin. curvaticin, divercin, duramycin, enterocin, enterolysin,

epidermin/galiidermin, erwiniocin, gardimycin, gassericin A, glycinecin, haiocin, haloduracin, klebicin, lactocin S, lactococcin, iacticin, ieucoccin, iysostaphin, macedodn, mersacidm, mesentericin, microbisporicin, microcin S, mutacin, nisin, paenibacillin, planosporicin, pediocin, pentocin, plantaricin, pneumocycltcin, pyocin. reutericin 6, sakacin, salivarkin, sublancin, subtilin, sulfolobicin, tasmancin, thuricin 17, trifolitoxin, variacin, vibriocin, wamericin, wamerin.

In yet a further embodiment, the at least one pesticide is bicarbonate: sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate as alkaiinising agent or ami-phytopathogenic agent,

In one embodiment, bioactive compound is produced by liquid fermentation processes (batch, continuous and fed-batch fermentation). Generally, the growth media have high carbon and nitrogen concentrations, which are necessary for high yields. In another embodiment, the growth media for chitinoiyiic microorganism comprise chitinous and proteinaceous substrates as a nitrogen source. Suitable carbon sources include, but are not limited to carbohydrates, including glucose, fructose, and sucrose, and glycerol.

Further provided are examples of proteinaceous materia) utilised for preparing microbial fermentation media include, but not limited to soybean meal and fish powder, wherein the fish powder is obtained from fish silage and fish processing wastes (solid waste and wastewater).

Also provided are examples of chitinous material utilised for preparing microbial fermentation media include, but not limited to shrimp shell powder, squid pen powder, chitin flake of shrimp shell, chitin flake of crab shell, shrimp and crab shell powder.

Depending on the particular application desired, the type of organic acid or mixture of organic acid required for effective control will depend on such factors as the particular pest species to be controlled, the pest life stage, the extent of disease, and the like.

In any aspect of the invention in which organic acid is utilized, in a particular embodiment, the organic acid is an acetic acid. In the preferred embodiment, said acetic acid is from a fermentation process to produce a vinegar.

In an embodiment the at least one organic acid is sorbic acid. In an

embodiment the at least one organic acid is citric acid. In an embodiment the at least one organic acid is lactic acid. In an embodiment the at least one organic acid is butyric acid. In an embodiment the at least one organic acid is malic acid. In an embodiment the at least one organic acid is formic acid.

In another particular embodiment, the at least one organic acid is a

combination of at least two organic acids, such as, two organic acids, three organic acids, four organic acids, five organic acids, etc. In a particular embodiment, the at least two organic acid comprising acetic acid and citric acid, wherein the ratio of acetic acid to citric acid being in the range of 10: 1 to 1 :1 on a weight basis, in yet another embodiment, the at least two organic acid comprising acetic acid and lactic acid, wherein the ratio of acetic acid to lactic acid being in the range of 10: 1 to I : 1 on a weight basis. In further embodiment, wherein the at least one organic acid is include its various salts or derivative thereof, or a mixture thereof.

The formulations according to various embodiments, wherein component (A), component (B) and component (C) are present in a synergistically effective amount.

For embodiments where of various mixing components (A), component (B) and component (C) are used, the weight ratio of these various mixing components (in total) to a solid material (dry weight) of component (A) is from 100: 1 to 1 : 100.

In yet another preferred embodiment, where of various mixing components (A), component (B) and component (C) are used, the volume ratio of these various mixing components (in total) to a culture volume of component (A) is from 100:1 to 1:100.

A method for modulating pest infestation in a plant comprising applying to agricultural soil or plant material an amount of said pesticidal composition that is effective to modulate said pest infestation; in some embodiments, provide for the pesticidal composition to be applied to the vicinity or a plant, such as around the roots, stems, trunk, seed, or leaves of the plant, applied onto such parts of the plant, or injected into such parts of the plant. In other embodiments, the composition can be used to treat or sterilize the soil or plant growth medium, by direct contact the soil or plant growth medium with an effective amount of an invention composition.

Further provided is a method for promoting plant growth, wherein the methods comprise applying to the plant thereof and/or substrate used for growing said plant an amount of said pesticidal composition that is effective to promote plant growth.

The present invention provides methods and formulations for controlling or suppressing plant pathogens. In a particular embodiment, the pathogen is Ganoderma boninense, a causative agent of basal stem rot disease in oil palm; in one

embodiment, the host plants are oil palm species. The group of plant pathogens that can be controlled using formulations made in accordance with various embodiments include, but are not limited to Fusarium , Phythium, Phytophthora, Pemcillium, Aspergillus , Curvularia, Aliernaria. Premia, Sphaerotheca, Giomereila, Cercospora . Puccinia, Venturia. Ustilago, Erysiphe, Momlinia , Colletatrichum, Verticillium . Botryns, Scteraiinia. Scleroiium , Rhizoctoma and Bipoiaris.

in the context of the invention, a carrier is an inert, organic or mineral, natural or synthetic substance with which the active ingredients is associated to facilitate its application, handling, delivery, storage and maximum fungicidal activity thereof. The carrier can be solid or liquid conventionally employed in the art of f ormulation, many of which are known from the Manual on Development and Use of F AO

Specifications for Plant Protection Products, 5th Edition, 1999.

In one embodiment, the present invention comprises a carrier selected from the plant growth nutrient, organic fertilizer or inorganic/organic mixture fertilizer; that aid in the delivery or contacting of the pesticidal composition to the recipient plant or vicinity of the plant to be protected. In yet a further embodiment, the present invention may be formulated or mixed with both organic and inorganic fertilizer that not only aid in the delivery, supplies nutrients, but also complements the alkalinity, wherein the neutralizing is with a base from organic compost comprising an ammonia-generating component to neutralize the mixture. Combining the invention composition with plant nutrients should be applied in the immediate vicinity of the plant to be protected through granular, slow release, liquid or soluble fertilizers, or a combination thereof, so the ability to provide supplemental nutrition without having to make an additional application can save both time and money. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG, l a & FIG I b depict the appearance of a five year old oil palm, fallen due to severely infected by basal stem rot disease with rotting of internal tissues.

FIG.2 illustrates the said fallen plant that had been elected again after leaf trimming. FIG.3 depicts the appearance of the aforesaid fallen plant at 2.5-month after treatment with the composition of the present invention.

FlG.4 depicts the appearance of the aforesaid fallen plant at 7-month after treatment with the composition of the present invention.

FIG.5 depicts the aforesaid fallen plant at 8-month after treatment with the

composition of the present invention, wherein the palm has recovered and is vigorous.

FIG.6 depicts the aforesaid fallen plant at 8-month after treatment with the

composition of the present invention, wherein them is a notable incidence of new' root formation surrounding the trunk base. FIG.7 depicts the aforesaid fallen plant at 5.4-year after treatment with the

composition of the present invention, wherein the palm has fully recovered and is healthy.

FIG.8 depicts the appearance of a five year old oil palm with mild symptom of basal stem rot disease. FIG -9 depicts the appearance of aforesaid plant with mild symptom of basal stem rot disease at 1.5-month after treatment with the composition of the present invention.

FIG.10 depicts the appearance of aforesaid plant with mild symptom of basal stem rot disease at 4.8-year after treatment with the composition of the present invention, wherein the plant has fully recovered and is healthy.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

While the compositions and methods disclosed herein are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, exemplary embodiments will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims, indeed, various

modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. In the case of conflict, the present disclosure including definitions will control.

The discussion of the general methods given herein is intended for illustrative purposes only. Other alternative methods and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this disclosure.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is included therein. Smaller ranges are also included. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges are also included therein, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary' skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms“a,” and“the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

As defined herein,“derived from’^* means directly isolated or obtained from a particular source or alternatively having identifying characteristics of a substance or organism isolated or obtained from a particular source. In the event that the“source^*’ is an organism,“derived from” means that it may be isolated or obtained from the organism itself or medium used to culture or grow said organism.

As defined herein,“whole broth culture” refers to a liquid culture containing both cells and media. If bacteria are grown on a solid or semi-solid media plate the cells can be harvested in water or other liquid, to provide a whole broth culture.

The term“supernatant” refers to the liquid broth remaining when cells grown in broth are removed by settling, precipitation, centrifugation, filtration,

sedimentation, or other means well known in the art. As defined herein,“filtrate'^* refers to liquid from a whole broth culture that has been passed through a membrane by any of various mechanical, phx'sical. biological operations or other method known in the art.

As defined herein,“extract” refers to removing the active constituents or liquid substance from cells by a solvent and separated from the cells by suitable menstruum, evaporation, centrifugation, filtration or other method known in the an.

As defined herein,“metabolite” refers to any component, compound, substance or by product (including but not limited to small molecule secondary metabolites, polyketides, fatty add synthase products, non-ribosomal peptides, ribosomal peptides, proteins and enzymes) of a fermentation of a microorganism, or

supernatant, filtrate, or extract obtained from a microorganism that has fungicidal activity. As defined herein, an“isolated compound^*’ is essentially free of other compounds or substances, e.g., at least about 10% pure, preferably at least about 40% pure, more preferably about 60% pure, even more preferably about 80% pure, most preferably about 90% pure, and even most preferably about 95% pure, as determined by analytical methods, including but not limited to chromatographic and

electrophoretic methods. The terms“metabolite” and“compound” may be used interchangeably.

As used herein, "cell-free extract¹’ refers to an extract of the vegetative cells, spores and/or the whole culture broth of a microorganism comprising cellular metabolites produced by the respective microorganism obtainable by cell disruption methods known in the art such as solvent- based (e, g. organic solvents such as alcohols sometimes in combination with suitable salts), temperature-based,

application of shear forces, cell disruption with an ultrasonicator. The desired extract may be concentrated by conventional concentration techniques such as drying, evaporation, and centrifugation or alike. Certain washing steps using organic solvents and/or water- based media may also be applied to the crude extract preferably prior to use.

The term“modulate” as defined herein is used to mean to alter the amount of pest infestation or rate of spread of pest infestation.

The term“pest infestation” as defined herein, is the presence of a pest in an amount that causes a harmful effect including a disease or infection in a host population or emergence of an undesired week in a growth system.

A“fungicide” as defined herein, is a substance derived from a biological product or chemical substance that increase mortality or inhibits the growth rare of plant pathogenic fungus. The term "cuticle degrading enzyme" is used herein to mean enzyme that effects lysis of fungal or insect cell walls.

As used herein, "strain" refers to isolate or a group of isolates exhibiting phenotypic and/or genotypic traits belonging to the same lineage, distinct from those of other isolates or strains of the same species.

As used herein, "isolate" refers to a pure microbial culture separated from its natural origin, such an isolate obtained by culturing a single microbial colony. An isolate is a pure culture derived from a heterogeneous, wild population of

microorganisms.

The term "mutant" refers a microorganism obtained by direct mutant selection but also includes microorganisms that have been further mutagenized or otherwise manipulated (e.g., via the introduction of a plasmid). Accordingly, embodiments include mutants, variants, and or derivatives of the respective microorganism, both naturally occurring and artificially induced mutants. For example, mutants may be induced by subjecting the microorganism to known mutagens, such as N-methyi- nitrosoguanidine, using conventional methods.

Advantage of the invention is that, the composition includes mixing of bioactive substances, or a cell-free extract thereof or at least one metabolite thereof of the chitinolytic microorganisms and at least one organic acid and the compositions comprising them, in the use form as fungicides and/or insecticides, also be present as “booster” to other pesticides results in many cases in an expension of pesticide l spectrum of activity or in a prevention of pesticide resistance development.

Furthermore, in many cases, synergistic effects are obtained. Thus, the invention provides an easy-to-use, effective means of controlling plant pathogens. A further advantage of the invention is that its use produces more consistent results than the use of pesticide alone.

microorganisms, wherein the bioactive compound comprises any or any combination of: chitinolytic microorganisms, spores, whole ceil broths, a substantially pure culture, cell fraction, suspensions, supernatants, filtrates, extract or a cell-free extract thereof or at least one metabolite thereof or isolated substances or compounds derived from said chitinolytic microorganisms: at least one organic acid; and at least one pesticide. Thus_* the present invention relates to mixtures comprising, as active components

(A) Bioactive compound derived from a whole broth culture of an chirinolytic microorganisms, wherein the bioactive compound comprises any or any combination of: chitinolytic microorganism, whole cel) broths, liquid cultures, spores, pure cultures, coll fraction, substances, suspensions, supernatants, filtrates, extract or a cell· free extract thereof or metabolite thereof or isolated compounds, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one chitinolytic microorganisms that degrade chitinous substrates, wherein the said chitinolytic microorganism is bacteria belonging to genus Bacillus'. Bacillus subtiUs, Bacillus amyloliquefadem, Bacillus subtilis vur amyloliquefaciens , Bacillus cereus. Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus lichenformis, B. thuringiensis. Bacillus brevis, Bacillus pabuli. Bacillus megaterium , Bacillus

methyhtrophicus. Bacillus polymyxa; bacteria belonging to genus

Streptomyces: Streptomyces antibioiicus, Sireptomyces aureofaciens,

Streptomyces avermitilis , Streptomyces bikiniensis, Streptomyces cavourensis. Streptomyces costaricanus, Sireptomyces griseoviridis. Streptomyces griseus, Sireptomyces halstedii, Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Streptomyces Ihidans, Streptomyces lydicus , Streptomyces pitcatus, Streptomyces rimosus,

Streptomyces roseolus, Streptomyces sporavirgulis, Streptomyces rendae, Streptomyces ihermaviolaceus, Streptomyces venezuehe, Streptomyces violaceusniger, Streptomyces viridodiasticus, and fungal genus Trichoderma: Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma atroviride„ Trichoderma fertile, Trichoderma gamsii. Trichoderma haniamm, Trichoderma polysporum , Trichoderma stromaiicum, Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma viride.

Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma lignorum, Trichoderma viridae, Trichoderma reesci, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma pseudokoningii Trichoderma polysporum, Trichoderma hamatum and Trichoderma

asperelium;

(B) at least one organic acid, wherein the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of a mono- or polycarboxylated Cl to CI O carboxylic add and its derivatives, such as hydroxymonocarboxylic acids, hydroxydicarboxylic acids, lactones, salts, esters or the free acids or mixture thereof; and (C) at least one pesticide selected from the groups / classes (C1) to (C62): (C1) Dcmethylation inhibitor (DM1) fungicides; (C2) phosphonate fungicides; (C3) methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicides; (C4) phenylamide fungicides; (C5) amine/morpholi ne fungicides; (C6) phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor fungicides; (C7) carboxamide fungicides; (C8) hydroxy(2-amino- )pyrimidine fungicides: (C9) aniltnopyrimidine fungicides; (CIO) N-phenyl carbamate fungicides; (C11 ) quinone outside inhibitor (Qol) fungicides; (C12) phenyipyrrole fungicides; (C13) quinoline fungicides; (C14) lipid peroxidation inhibitor fungicides; (C15) melanin biosynthesis inhibitors-reductase (MBI-R) fungicides;

melanin biosynthesis inhibitors -dehydratase (MBl-D) fungicides; (C17) hydroxyanilide fungicides;

squalene-epoxidase inhibitor fungicides; (C19) polyoxin fungicides; (C20) phenylurea fungicides: (C2I) quinone inside inhibitor (Oil) fungicides; (C22) benzamide fungicides; (C23) enopyranuronic acid antibiotic fungicides; (C24) hexopyranosyl antibiotic fungicides; (C25) glucopyranosy] antibiotic: protein synthesis fungicides; (C26) glucopyranosyl antibiotic: trehalose and inositol biosynthesis fungicides; (C27) cyanoacetami deoxime fungicides; (C28) carbamate fungicides: (C29) oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling fungicides; (C30) organo tin fungicides; (C31) carboxylic acid fungicides; (C32) heteroaromatic fungicides; (C33)

dicarboximide fungicides: (C34) phthalamic arid fungicides; (C35)

benzotriazine fungicides; (C36) benzene-sulfonamide fungicides; (C37) pyridazinone fungicides; (C38) thiophene-carboxamide fungicides; (C39) pyrimidinamide fungicides; (C40> carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides; tetracycline antibiotic fungicides; (C42) thiocarbamate fungicides: (C43) benzamide fungicides; (C44) host plant defense induction fungicides; (C45) multi-site contact activity fungicides; (C46) fungicides other than classes (C1 ) through (C45); and salts of compounds of classes (C1) through (C46);

C47) Cuticle degrading enzyme: chitin hydrolase which able to degrade the glycostdic bonds that connect the .beta„(l-4) N-acetylgiucosamine bond units in a chitin substrate: endochitinase, chitobiosidase, chitinase, chitosanase or lysozyme; mannanase; galactanase; protease; xyianase and combinations thereof:

C48) Cell wall synthesis inhibitors selected from the group comprising inhibitors of glucan synthesis: vaiidamyrin, polyoxin B; melanin synthesis inhibitors: pyroquilon, tricyclazole, carpropamid, dicyclometi fenoxanil; C49) Antimicrobial preservatives includes chemical preservatives: 4- hexylresorcinol, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate, benzoates, benzoic acid, calcium ascorbate, calcium propionate, calcium sorbate, chitosan, citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides, dimethyl dicarbonate, erythorbic acid, ethyl lauroyl arginate, formaldehyde releasers (dmdm hydantoin), gum guaiacum. glutaraldehyde, hydroxybenzoate and derivatives, iso-ascorbic acid, isothiazolinones (mit, emit bit), lactic acid, 1-cysteine, 1-cysteine hydrochloride, lecithin, lecithin citrate, leuconostoc camosum 4010, methyl paraben, methyl-p- hydroxy benzoate, monoglyceride citrate, monoisopropyl citrate, natamycin, nisin. nitrate, nitrite, potassium acetate, potassium benzoate, potassium

bisulphite, potassium diacetate, potassium lactate, potassium metabisulphite, potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, potassium sorbate, propionic acid, propyl gal late, propyl paraben, propyl-p-hydroxy benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium ascorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium bisulphite, sodium diacetate, sodium dithionite, sodium erythorbate, sodium iso-ascorbate, sodium lactate, sodium metabisulphite, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium propionate, sodium salt of methyl-p-hydroxy benzoic acid, sodium salt of propyl-p-hydroxy benzoic add. sodium sorbate, sodium sulphite, sorbates, sorbic acid, sulphurous acid, tartaric acid, tertiary butyl hydroquinone, ethanol and methylchloroisothiazolinone; antioxidants: ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, butylated hydroxytoluene (bht), butylated hydroxyanisole, gallic acid, sodium gallate, sulfur dioxide, sulfites (sulfur dioxide, sodium bisulfite, potassium hydrogen sulfite. etc.)_> tocopherols, disodium ethylenediamineteiraacetic acid (edta), polyphosphates, phenol derivatives butylated hydroxyanisole (bha), butylated hydroxytoluene (bht), tbhq; and natural compounds: b-complex vitamias, vitamin d, b vitamins, niacin, citric, ascorbic adds, vitamin e, tocopherol, rosemary, oregano extract, hops, salt, sugar, vinegar, alcohol, diatomaceous earth, castor oil:

C50) Bacteriocins: acidocin, actagardine, agrocin, alveicin, aureodn, aureocin A53, aureodn A70, bistn, camocin, camocyclin, caseicin, cerein, circularin A, coiicin, curvaticin, dtvercin, duramycin, enterocin, enter olysin, epidermin/gallidermin, erwiniocin, gardimycin, gassericin A, glycinecin, halocin, haloduracin, klebicin. lactodn S, iactococcin, lactic in, leucoccin, lysostaphin, macedocin, mersacidin, mesentericin, mtcrobisporicin, microcin S, mutacin, nisin, paentbacillin, planosporicin, pediocin, pentocin, plantaricin, pneumocyclicin, pyocin, reutericin 6, sakacin, salivaricin, sublanctn, subtilin. sulfolobicin, tasmancin, thuricin 17, trifolitoxin, variacin. vibriocin, wamericin; C51 ) Antifungal peptides: alboleutin, bacitracin, botrycidin. clorotetain, fengycin, iturins, rhizocticins, baciUomycins, surfactin, mycosubtilin, mycobacillin, fungistatin, subsporin, mycocerein, zwittermicin A;

C52) Plant defense activator: prohexadione-calcium (Apogee), Cropset (plant booster element complex), probenazole, potassium phosphate (e.g.,

ProPhyt.RTM., Helena Chemical Company), harpin protein (e.g.,

Messenger ,RTM._< Eden Biosciences Ltd, Bothell, Wash.), aci benzol ar or acibenzolar-S-melhyl (e.g.. Actigard.TM., Syngenta Crop Production, Inc, Greensboro, N.C.), streptomycin sulfate, reynoutria sachalinensis extract (rcysa), oxygen species (such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide), hydrogen peroxide producing enzymes (such as copper amine oxidases, flavin-containing amine oxidases), phytoalexins (such as gentstein, camaiexin), antimicrobial proteins (such as defensins, thionins. PR-1), antimicrobial enzymes (such as chitinases, beta-glucanases). peroxidases, reynoutria sachalinensis extract (such as reysa). protein kinases (such as calcium-dependent protein kinases, MAP kinases), structural defensive barrier (such as lignin, hydroxyproline-rich cell wall proteins), acibenzolar, isotianil, salicylic acid, jasmonates, nitric oxide, azelaic acid, brassinolide, torch lorfenuron, benzothiadiazoie, prohexadione- calcium, probenazole, potassium phosphate, acibenzolar-S-methyl, tiadinil, phosphonates, fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminum, phosphorous acid and its salts, potassium or sodium bicarbonate;

C53) Microbes, or chemical compounds and peptides/proteins (e.g., elicitors): plant peptide hormones (e.g. systemin, Phytosulfokine), branched-.beta.- glucans, chitin oligomers, pectoiytic enzymes, endoxylanase, elicitins, PalNie, avr gene products (e.g. AVR4, AVR9), viral proteins (e.g. vial coat protein, Harpins), flagellin, protein or peptide toxin (e.g. victorin), glycoproteins, glycopeptide fragments of invertase, syringolids, Nod factors (lipochitooligo- saccharides), FACs (fatty acid amino acid conjugates), ergosterol, bacterial toxins (e.g. coronatine), and sphinganine analogue mycotoxins (e.g. fumonisin Bl);

C54) Plant oil or plant extract possessing fungicidal activity (e.g., Calamintha nepeta , Cananga odorata, Cicuta virosa, Citrus, Commiphora myrrha,

Cariandrum sativum, Curcuma langa. Cymbopogon nardus, Eucalyptus, Hedychium spicatum, Hyssopus officinalis, Hlicium verum. Lavandula angustifolia, Matricaria ricutita, Melaleuca altemifalia, Melissa officinalis, Myristica fragrans, Myrthaceae, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum, Pelargonium graveolens, Piper nigrum. Salvia officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus vulgaris, Saturjeia hortensis , Viola odarata , carvacro ); effect on

mem bran e/wall (e.g., Cinnamomum. Citrus. Coriaria nepaiensis, Coriandrum sativum, Juniperus communis, Litsea cubeha. Melaleuca akemifolia, Meniha piperita, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum, Salvia sclarea, Syzygium aromaticum , Thymus , anethole , benzyl benzoate, 1.8-cineole, carvacrol. cirmamaldehyde, p- cymene, citral, citronellal, eugenol, limonene, linalooi, linajyl acetate, a-pinene, a-terpinene, terpinene-4-ol, thymol); Effect on fungal cell growth and

morphology (e.g.. Eucalyptus, Thymus spp.. carvacrol , a-pinene, 1,8-cineole, p- cymene, citronellal, a-terpinene, g-terpinene. terpinene-4-ol, thymol); Inhibition of efflux pump (e.g., Cinnamomum, Citrus, Eucalyptus. Melaleuca alternifolia, Mentha, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde. thymol ); Action on fungal mitochondria (e.g., Anethum graveolens. Artemisia herba alba, Cananga odorata, Cinnamomum camphora. Coriandrum sativum, Commiphora myrrha, Hedychium spicatum, Origanum compactum, Origanum majorana, lupeol, tetraterpenoidy, ROS production anti nitric oxide (e.g., Zatharia multiflora , carvacrol, p-cymene, famesol, thymol); Inhibition of biofilm development (e.g., Coriandrum sativum. Croton cajucara , Cymbopogon, Cytrus, Eucalyptus, Laurus nobitis, Litsea, Melaleuca

alternifolia, Mentha. Myrtus communis, Ocimum, Piper claussenianum,

Rosmarinus officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum , p-cymene, p-cymene, 1-8- cineole, linalooi, teipinen-4-ol, terpinolene, a-terpineol, ucarobustol E, eugenol, a-terpinene, g-terpinene); Anti quorum sensing (e.g., Citrus, Juniperus communis, Mentha piperita. Origanum. Salvia sclarea, limonene, linalooi, a- pinene, ierpinene-4-oi); Effect on micotoxins synthesis/production (e

Cinnamomum, Origanum vulgare, Cymbopogon, Cider , Citrus, Euca

Mentha, Ocimum sanctum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureja hortensis

Zataria multiflora , 2,3-dideoxyglucosides, eugenol); and Synergistic

antagonistic effect (e.g., Citrus. Coriandrum sativum , Cymbopogon n

Eucalyptus, lllicium verum. Lavandula angustifolia, Matricaria recut

Melaleuca alternifolia, Myrthus. Ocimum basilicum, Origanum hera

Pelargonium graveolens. Rosa damascene, Satureja hortensis. Thym

Viola odorata, benzyl benzoate, carvacrol, 1 ,8-cineole, Citral, Citronellal, Eugenol, Linalooi, linalyi acetate, thymol); C55) Biochemical pesticides with insecticidal, acaricidai, molluscidal, pheromone and/or nematicidal activity: L-carvone, citral, (E,Z)-7.9-dodecadien-

I-yl acetate, ethyl formate, (E,Z)-2, 4-ethyl decadienoate (pear ester), (Z,Z,E)-7,l

1 .13-hexadecatrienal, heptyl butyrate, isopropyl myristate, cis-jasmone, lavanuiyl senecioate, 2-methyl 1 -butanol, methyl eugenol, methyl jasmonate. (E,Z)-2,13- octadecadien- 1 -of, (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-l-ol acetate, (E\Z)-

3.13-octadecadien-l-ol, R-l-octen-3-oI, pen tatermanone, potassium silicate, sorbitol actanoate, (E,Z,Z)-3,8,1 1 -tetmdecatrienyl acetate, (Z,EV9_<l2- tetradecadien- l-yl acetate, Z-7-tetradecen-2-one, Z-9-tetradecen- 1 -yl acetate, Z-

I I-tetradecenal, Z-l l-tetradecen-l-ol, Acacia negra extract, extract of grapefruit seeds and pulp, extract of Chempodium ambrosiodes , Catnip oil, Neem oil, Quillay extract, Tagetes oil;

C56) Biochemical pesticides with fungicidal, bactericidal, viricidal and/or plant defense activator activity: chitosan (hydrolysate), harpin protein, laminarin, Menhaden fish oil, nalamycin, Plum pox virus coat protein, potassium bicarbonate, Reynoulria sachltnensis extract, salicylic acid, potassium or sodium bicarbonate, tea tree oil;

C57) Biochemical pesticides with plant stress reducing, plant growth regulator and/or plant yield enhancing activity: abscisic acid, amidochlor, ancymidol, aluminium silicate (kaolin), 3-decen-2-one, 6-benzylaminopurtne, brassinolide, butralin. chlormequat (chlormequat chloride), choline chloride, cycianilide, daminozide, dikegulac, dimethipin, 2,6-dimethylpuridine, ethephon,

fonnononectin, flumetralin, flurprimidol, fluthiacel, forchlorfenuron, genistein, gibberelUc acid, hespcretin, homobrassinlide, humates, inabenfide, indole-3- acetic acid , maleic hydrazide, methyl jasmonate, cis-jasmone, lysophosphatidyl ethanlamine, mefluidide, mepiquat (mepiquat chloride), naringenin,

naphthaleneacetic acid. N-6-benzyladenine, polymeric polyhydroxy acid, paclobutrazol, prohexadione (prohexadicme-calcium), prohydrojasmon, salicylic acid, thidiazuron, triapenthenol, tri butyl phosphorotrithioate. 2,3.5-tri- iodobenzoic acid, trinexapac-ethyl, uniconazole, Ascophyllum nodosum

(Norwegian kelp, Brown kelp) extract and Ecklonia maxima (kelp) extract.;

Non-classified plant growth regulators: benzofluor, buminafos, carvone, ciobutide, clofencet, clofence-potassium, cloxyfonac, doxyfonac-Natrium, cycianilide, cycloheximide, epocholeone, ethychlozate, ethylene, fenridazon, heptopargil, holosulf, inabenfide. karetazan, leadarsenate, meihasulfocarb, prohexadione, prohexadione-Calcium, pydanon. sintofen, triapenthenol, trinexapac, trinexapaoethyl, polyamines, monoethanolamine, ailopurinoL botanical extract from seaweed such as kelp and plant such as com cockle;

CSS) Microbial pesticide with fungicidal, bactericidal, viricidal and/or plant defense activator activity: Ampelomyces quisquaiis. Aspergillus flavus,

Aureobosidium pulluUim, Brevibacillus brevis , Candida oleophiia, Candida saiioana. Chromobacterium violaceum, Clavibacter michiganensis

(bacteriophages), Clonostachys rosea f. carenuJate /also named GUocladium catenulatum), Comothyrium minitans, Cryphonectria parasitica, Cryptococcus albidus, Diiophosphora alopecuri, Fusarium oxysporum, GUocladium roseum. Hirsuwlla rhossiliemis, Lachnum pap yraceum, Lampteromyces japonicas , Lysobacter antibioticus, Lysobacter capsid, Lysohacter enzymogenes,

Lysobacter gummosus, Metschmkowiafructicola. Microdochium dimentm. Microsphaeropsis ochracea, Muscodor albus , Muscodor roseus,

Muscodor virigenus , Omphalotus olearius. Paenibacillus polymyxa, Pantoea vagans. Pasteuria penetram, Phlebiopsis gigantea, Pichia anomala, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pochonia chlamydosporia, Pseudomonas chloraphis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas sp. , Pseudozyma fioccuhsa , Pythium oligandrum, Sphaerodes mycoparasitica, Talaromyces flavus, Trichoderma aspereUwn, Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma fertile Trichoderma gamsii, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma harzianum,

Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma lignorum, Trichoderma polysporum.

Trichoderma pseudokoningii, Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma stromaticum. Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma viridae, Trichoderma viride, Typhula phacorrhtza, XJlodadium oudemansii. VerticiJUum chlamydosporium.

Verticillium dahlia , Verticillium suchlasporium, zucchini yellow mosaic virus (avimient strain);

059) Microbial pesticide with plant growth regulator, plant growth promoting and'or yield enhancing activity: Azospirilium amazonense, Azospirillum brasilense, Azospirilium ha!opraeferens, Azospirilium irakeme, Azospirilium lipoferum. Bradyrhizobium japonicum . Bradyrhizobium liaoningense,

Bradyrhizobium lupini, Bradyrhizobium spp. , Delftia acidovorans. Glomus intra radices . Mesorhizobium spp., Paenibacillus alvei, PeniciUium bilaiae,

Rhizobium leguminosarum bv, phaseoli, Rhkobitmt leguminosarum bv. trifoUi. Rhizobium leguminosarum bv, viciae, Sinorhizobhm meliloti ; C60) Microbial pesticide with insecticidal, acaricidal, molluscidal and/or nematicidal activity: Agrobacterium radiabacter, Baciilus cereus, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus thuringiemis ssp. aizawai , Bacillus thuringiemis ssp. galleriae, Bacillus thuringiemis ssp. israelensis, Bacillus thuringiemis ssp. Kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiemis ssp. ienebrionis, Bacillus thuringiemis, Beaitxeria hassiana, Burkholderia spp,, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Cryptophlebia leucotreia granulovirus (CrleCV), Cydia pomoneila granulosis virus,

Flavohacterium spp., Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV), Heterorhabditis bacteriophara. Isaria fumosorosea, Lecanicillium longisporum, Lecanicillium muscarium (formerly Verticillium lecanii), Metarhizium

anisopliae var. acridum, Metarhizium anisopliae, Namuraea rileyi,

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Paecilomyces lilacinus , Paembacillus jToppiliae . Pasteuria nishizawae, Pasteur ia penetrans, Pasteuria ramose, Pasteuria reneformis, Pasteuria spp., Pasteuria usgae, Pseudomonas fluorescens,

Spodoptera littoralis nucieopolyhedrovims (SpliNPV ), Stetmntema

carpocapsae, Steinernemafeltiae, Steinemema kraussei, Streptomces gal bus, Streptomces microflavus;

C61 ) Herbicides

acetamides: acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, flufenacet, mefenacet, metolachlor, metazachlor, napropamide, naproanilide, pethoxamid. pretilachior, propachlor. thenylchlor;

- amino acid derivatives: bilaoafos, glyphosatc, glufosinate, sulfosate;

- aryloxyphenoxypropionates: dodinafop, cyhalofopbutyl, fenoxaprop.

fluazifop, baloxyfop, metamifop, propaquizafop, quizaiofop..quizalofop-P- tefuryl;

- Bipyridyls; diquat. paraquat;

- (thio)carbamates: asulam, butyl ate, carbetamide, desmedipham, dimepiperate, eptam (EPTC), esprocarb. molinate, orbencarb, phenmedipham, prosulfbcarb, pyributicarb, thiobencarb, triallave;

- cyclohexanediones: butroxydim, clethodim, cycloxydim, profoxydim,

sethoxydim, teptaloxydim, tralkoxydim;

- dinitroanilines: benfluralin, ethalfluralin, oryzalin, pendimethalm, prodiamine, trifluralin; diphenyl ethers: acifluorfen, aclonifen, bifenox. diclofop, elhoxyten, fomesafen, laetofen, oxyfluorfen;

- hydroxybenzomtriles: bomoxynil, dichlobenil. ioxynil; - imidazolinones: imazamethabenz, imazamox. imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr; phcnoxy acetic acids: clomeprop, 2 ,4 -dichlorophcnoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4-DB, dichlor- prop, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyi, MCPB_>

Me coprop;

- pyrazines: chloridazon, flufenpyr-ethyi, fluthiacet, norflurazon, pyridate;

- pyridines: aminopyralid, clopyralid, diflufenican, dithiopyr, fluridone,

fluraxypyr, piclorarti, picolmafen, thiazopyr;

- sulfonyl ureas: amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensuifuron, chlorimuron -ethyl, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfiiron, cyclosulfamuron, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron. ilucetosulfuron, flupyTSulfuron, foramsulfhron, halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron. metazosulfuron, metsuifuron -methyl,

nicosulfuron, oxasulftiron, primisulfuron, prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuran, thifensulfuron, triasulfuron, tribenuron, trifloxysulfu- ron. triflusulfuron, tritosulfuron, l-((2-chloro-6- propyl-imidazo[l ,2-b]pyridazin-3-yI)suIfonyl)- 3 -(4 , 6-dimethoxy pyri mtdin-2-yi ) urea;

- triazines: amefryn. atrazine. cyanazine, dimethametryn, ethiozin, hexazinone, metamitron, metribuzin, prometryn, simazine, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, triad flam:

- ureas: chlorotoluron, daimurcm, diuron, iluometuron, tsoproturon, Hnuron, metha- benzthiazuron,tebuthiuron;

- other acetolactate synthase inhibitors: bispyribac-sodium, cloransuiam- methyl, diclosulam, florasulam, flucarbazone, flumetsulam, metosulatn, ortho-sul famuron. penoxsulam, propoxycarbazone, pyribambenz-propyl, pyribenzoxim. pyriftalid, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac. pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam:

- others: amicarbazone, aminolriazole, ani lotos, beflubutamid, benazolin, beticarbazone, benfluresate, benzofenap, bentazone, benzobicyclon, bicyclopyrone, bromacil, bromobutide, butafenacil, butamifos, cafenstrole, carfentrazone, cinidon-ethyl, chlorthal, cinmethylin, clomazone, cumyluron, cyprosutfamide, dicamba, difenzoquat, diflufenzopyr,

- Drechslera monoceras, endothal, ethofumesate, ctobenzanid, fenoxasulfone, fentrazamide, flumic lorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, flupoxam, flurochloridone, flurtamone, indanofan, isoxaben, isoxaflutole, lenacil, propanil, propyzamide, quinclorac, quinmerac, mesotrione, methyl arsonic acid, naptalam,

oxadiargyl, oxadiazon. oxaziclomefone, pentoxazone. pinoxaden, pyraclonil, pyraflufen-elhyl, pyrasultbtole, pyrazoxyfen, pyrazolynate, quinoclamine. saflufenacil. sulcotrione, sulfentrazone. terbacil. tefuryltrione, tembotrione, thiencarbazone, topramezone, (3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(3-methyl-2 6-dioxo~4~ trifluoromethyi-3 ,6-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin- 1_’V l)-phenoxy J -p>Tid in-2-y loxy)- acetic acid ethyl ester, 6-amino-5-chIoro-2- cydopropyl-pyrimid ine-4- carboxyiic acid methyl ester, 6-chloro-3-(2-cyclopropy]-6~methyl- phenoxy)- pyridazin-4-ol, 4-aimno-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro phenyl)-5-fluoro-pyridine-2- carboxylic acid, 4-ammo-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-flu<>ro-3-methoxy-phenyl)~ pyridine-2 -carboxylic acid methyl ester, and 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3- dimethylamino-2-fluoro-phenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxyIic acid methyl ester.

C62) Insecticides

- organo(thio)phosphates: acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-methyl,

chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyi, chlorfenvinplios, diazinon, dichlorvos, dicrotophos, dimethoate, disulfbton, ethion, fenitrothion, fenthion, isoxalhion, malathion, methamidophos, metlndathion, methyl -parathion. mevinphos, monocrotophos, oxydemeton-methyl, paraoxon, parathion, phenthoate, phosalone, phosmet, phospliamidon, phorate, phoxim, pirimiphos-methyj. profenofos. prothiofos, sulprophos, tetrachlorvinphos, terbufos, triazophos, trichlorfon:

- carbamates: alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, carbatyl,

carbofiiran, carbosulfan, tenoxycarb, furathiocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl, pirimicarb. propoxur, thiodicarb, triazamate;

- pyrethroids: allethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cyphenothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin. zeta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvaierate, etofenprax, fenpropatfirin, fenvalerate,

imiprothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, prallethrin, pyrethrin i and II, resmethrin, stlafluofen, tau-fluvalinate, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin, transfluthrin, profluthrin, dimeiluthrin;

- insect growth regulators: a) chitln synthesis inhibitors: benzoylureas:

cbiorfluazuron, cyramazin, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron; buprofezin, diofenolan, hexythiazox, etox azole, clofentazine; b) ecdysone antagonists: halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, azadirachtin; c) juvenoids: pyriproxyfen, methoprene, fenoxycarb; d) lipid biosynthesis inhibitors:

spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat;

- nicotinic receptor agonists/antagonists compounds: clothianidin, dinotefuran, flupyradi- furone, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, I -2-chloro-thiazol- 5-ylmethyl )-2-nitrimino-3,5-dimethyl-[ I ,3,5]triazinane;

- GABA antagonist compounds: endosulfan, ethiprole, fipronil, vaniiiprole, pyrafluprolc, pyri prole, 5-amino-l~(2,6-dichloro-4-methyl-phenyl)-4- sulfinamoyl-l H-pyrazole-3-carbothioic acid amide;

- macrocyclic lactone insecticides: abamectin, emamectin, milbemectin,

Jepimectin, spinosad, spinetoram;

- mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor (MEΊΊ) 1 acaricides: fenazaquin, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad, flufenerim;

- METI P and III compounds: acequinocyl, fluacyprim, hydramethylnon;

- Uncouplers: chlorfenapyr:

- oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors: cyhexatin, diafenthiuron, fenbutatin oxide, propargite; moulting disrupter compounds: cryomazine;

- mixed function oxidase inhibitors: piperonyl butoxide;

- sodium channel blockers: indoxacarb, metatlumizone;

- ryanodine receptor inhibitors: ehiorantranil iprole, cyantraniliprole,

fiubendiamide, M-[4,6- dichloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4- sulfanylidene)carbamoylJ-pheny1]-2-(3-chloro-2-pytidyl)-5- (tniluoromethyl)pyTazo}e-3-carboxamide: N-(4-chloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4- sulfanylidene)carbamoyi]-6-methyl-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-p>Tidyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3 carboxamide; N-[4-chloro-2-[(di -2 -propyl - lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl3-6-meihyl_'phenyl3-2-(3-chloro-2_'pyridyl)- 5-(tTifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3 -carboxamide: N-[4 ,6-dichloro- 2-[(di-2-propyl- lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoylj-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyi)-5-

(trifl uoromethyl )pyrazole -3 -carboxami de : N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(diethyl- lambda- 4-su lfanylidene)carbamoyl}-phenyi]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridy] )- 5- (difluoromethyl)pyrazole-3- carboxamide; N-[4,6-dibromo-2-f(di-2-propyl- lambda-4-sulfanylidene}carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyrtdyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide: N-[4-chloro-2-l(di-2-propyl- lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoylj-6-cyano-phenyl]-2-(3-chIoro-2-pyridyl)- 5- (triiluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide: N-[4,6-dibromo-2-[(diethyl- iambda-4- sui(anylidene)carbamoyl3-phenyi]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazole -3- carboxamide;

- others: benclolhiaz, bifenazate, cartap, tlonicamid, pyridalyl, pymetrozine, sulfur, thiocy- clam, cyenopyrafen, flupyrazofos, cyflumetofen, amidoflumet, imicyafos, bistrifiuron, pyrifluquinazon and 1 .1 '-

[(3S,4R,4aR,6S.6aS,l 2R, 12aS, 12bS)-4-[[(2- cyclopropylacetyl)oxy]methyl]- 1 ,3 _x4,42,5,6.6a, 12, 12a, 12h-decahydro 12 -hydroxy-4, 6a, 12b-trimethyl- 11 - oxo-9-(3-pyridinyl)-2H, 1 1 H-naphtbo[2, 1 -b]pyrano[3 ,4-e jpyran-3,6-d iyl] cyclo- propaneacetic acid ester.

According to one embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the composition comprises a mixture of component (A): bioactive substances, or a cell- free extract thereof or at least one metabolite thereof of the chitinolytic

microorganisms; and component (B): at least one organic acid thereof according to the invention can, in the use fonn as fungicides and'or insecticides, also be present as “booster” to other pesticides in component (C): herbicides, insecticides, growth regulators, fungicides or else with fertilizers, as pre-mix or, if appropriate, not until immediately prior to use (tank mix).

in yet a further embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the mixture comprises of component (A): bioactive substances, or a cell-free extract thereof or at least one metabolite thereof of the chitinolytic microorganisms; and component (B): at least one organic acid and the compositions comprising them, result in an advantageous of synergistic effect when present together with oilier fungicides in component (C) as defined herein and/or a persistency of the fungicidal action is expected. They are distinguished by an outstanding effectiveness against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic fungi, including soil-borne fungi, which derive especially from the classes of the Plasmodiopho-romycetes, Peronosporomycetes (syn. Oomycetes), Chytridiomycctes, Zygomycetes, Ascomy-cetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes (syn. Fungi imperfecti). Some are systemically effective and they can be used in crop protection as foliar fungicides, fungicides for seed dressing and soil fungicides. Moreover, they are suitable for controlling harmful fungi, which inter alia occur in wood or roots of plants. Preferably the inventive mixtures and compositions are used for controlling a multitude of fungi on field crops, such as potatoes sugar beets, tobacco, wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, com, cotton, soybeans, rape, legumes, sunflowers, coffee or sugar cane; fruits: vines; ornamentals; or vegetables, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, beans or squashes.

In yet a further embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the mixture comprises of component (A): bioactive substances, or a cell-free extract thereof or at least one metabolite thereof of the chitinolytic microorganisms; and component (B): at least one organic acid and the compositions comprising them, result in an advantageous of synergistic effect when present together with other insecticides in component (C). In particular, the inventive mixtures are suitable in controlling multitude of phytopathogenic insects or pests of the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera, Homoptera, fsoptera, and Orthoptera on various cultivated plants, such as cereals, e. g. wheat, rye, barley, iriticale, oats or rice; beet, e. g. sugar beet or fodder beet; fruits, such as pomes, stone fruits or soft fruits, e, g. apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries or gooseberries.

In yet a further embodiment of die inventive mixtures, wherein the mixture comprises of component (A): bioactive substances, or a cell-free extract thereof or at least one metabolite thereof of the chitinolytic microorganisms: and component (B): at least one organic acid and the compositions comprising them, result in an

advantageous of synergistic effect when present together with other bactericides in component (C). They are distinguished by an outstanding effectiveness against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic bacteria, including soil-borne bacteria, which derive especially from the genera of Agro-bacterium, C1avibacter, Corynebacterium, Erwinia, Leifsonia, Pectobacterium, Pseudomonas, Raistonia, Xanthomonas (e.g. Xanthomonas oryzae causing bacterial blight on rice) and Xylella; preferably

Erwinia: even more preferably Erwinia amylovora causing fire blight on apples, pears and other member of the family Rosaceae.

In yet a further embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the mixture comprises of component (A): bioactive substances, or a cell-free extract thereof or at least one metabolite thereof of the chitinolytic microorganisms; and component (B): at least one organic acid and the compositions comprising them, result in an

advantageous of synergistic effect when present together with other nematicides in component (C). They are distinguished by an outstanding effectiveness against a broad spectrum of plant parasitic nematodes such as Meloidogyne, Globodera,

Heterodera, Radopholus, Rotylenchulus, Pratylenchus and other genera. The inventive mixtures are particularly suitable for controlling the following plant parasitic nematodes such as root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne arenaria,

Meloidogyne chitwoodi, Meloidogyne exigua, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica and other Meloidogyne species; cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensh, GJohodera jmllida, Globodera tabacum and other

Globodera species, Heterodera avenae, Heterodera glycines, Heterodera schachiii, Heterodera trifolii, and other Heterodera species: seed gall nematodes, Anguina fwiesta, Anguina tritici and other Anguina species: stem and foliar nematodes,

Aphelenchoides besseyi, Aphelenchoides fragerriae, Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi and other Aphelenchoides species; sting nematodes, Belonolaimus longicaudatus and other Belonolaimus species; pine nematodes, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and other Bursaphelenchus species; ring nematodes, Criconema species, Criconemella species, Criconemaides species, and Mesocriconema species: stem and bulb nematodes, Ditylenchus destructor, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Ditylenchus myceliophagtts and other Ditylenchus species; awl nematodes, Dolichodorus species; spiral nematodes. Helicotylenchus dihystera , Helicotylenchus multicinclus and other Helicotylenchm species, Rotylenchus robustm and other RotyJenchm species: sheath nematodes, HemicycUophora species and Hemicriconemoides species: Hirshmanniella species; lance nematodes. Hoplolaimus columbus, Hoplolaimus galeatus and other

Hoplofaimus species; false root-knot nematodes, Nacobbus aberrant and other Nacobbus species; needle nematodes, Langidorus elongates and other Longidorm species: pin nematodes. Paratylenchm species; lesion nematodes, Pratylenchm brachyurm , Pratylenchm cojfeae, Pratylenchm curvitatus, Pratylenchm goodeyi, Pratylencus neglectm, Pratylenchm penetrans , Pratylenchm scribneri, Pratylenchm vulnus , Pratylenchm zeae and other Pratylenchm species; Radinaphelenchm cocophilm and other Radinaphelenchm species; burrowing nematodes, Radopholus similis and other Radopholus species; reniform nematodes, Rotylenchulm reniformis and other Rotylenchulm species; Scutellonema species: stubby root nematodes.

Trichodorus primitivm and other Trichodorus species: Paratrichodorus minor and other Paratrichodorm species; stunt nematodes. Tylenchorhynchm claytanU

Tylenchorhynchm dubius and other Tylenchorhynchm species and Merlinim species; citrus nematodes, Tytenchulm semipenetrans and other Tylenchulm species; dagger nematodes, Xiphinema americanum, Xiphinema index , Xiphinema diversi -caudatum and other Xiphinema species; and other plant parasitic nematode species.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the chitinolytic microorganisms of component (A) is a chitinase-producing bacteria, in yet another embodiment, the chitinolytic microorganisms of component (A) is a chitinase-producing fungi.

According to one embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one chitinolytic microorganisms selected from genus Bacillus, in particular Bacillus subtilis.

According to a further embodiment, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one chitinolytic microorganisms selected from genus Bacillm . Example of Bacillus spp. include, but not limited to Bacillm subtilis, Bacillm amyloUquefaciem , Bacillus cerem . Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumilis. Bacillus methyhtrophicm, Bacillus mycoides and Bacillm polymyxa. In some embodiments the invention comprises plurality of chitinolytic microorganisms combining of any or any combination of Bacillus subiilis with Bacillus amyloHquefaciens, Bacillm cerem, Bacillm megaterium, Bacillm pumilis . Bacillm methyhtrophicus, Bacillus mycoides and Bacillm polymyxa.

According to a further embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one chitinolytic microorganisms selected from genus Streptomyces. Example of Streptomyces spp. include, but not limited to Streptomyces antibioticus, Streptomyces aureofaciens , Streptomyces uvermililis, Streptomyces biktruensis_f Streptomyces cavourensis, Streptomyces costaricanus, Streptomyces griseovirtdis, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces halstedii,

Streptomyces hygroscopic us, Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces iydicus,

Streptomyces plicotus, Streptomyces ritnosus, Streptomyces roseolus , Streptomyces sporovirgulis. Streptomyces tertdae, Streptomyces thermoviolaceus , Streptomyces venezttelae, Streptomyces violaceusniger and Streptomyces viridodiasticus

According to a further embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from plurality of chitinolytic microorganisms combining of any or any combination of Bacillus subtilis with Streptomyces antibioticus ·, Streptomyces aureofaciens, Streptomyces avermitilis, Streptomyces bikiniensis , Streptomyces cavourensis , Streptomyces costaricamts, Streptomyces griseoviridis. Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces halstedii, Streptomyces

hygroscopicus. Streptomyces lividam, Streptomyces Iydicus, Streptomyces plicatus, Streptomyces rimosus, Streptomyces roseolus , Streptomyces sporovirgulis,

Streptomyces tendae, Streptomyces thermoviolaceus, Streptomyces venezuelae, Streptomyces violaceusniger and Streptomyces viridodiasticus

According to a further embodiment of the inventive mixtures, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one chitinolytic microorganisms selected from genus Trichoderma. Example of Trichoderma spp. include, but not limited to Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma fertile, Trichoderma gamsii, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma po/ysporvm , Trichoderma

stromaticum , Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma asperellum , Trichoderma iignorum, Trichoderma viridae, Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma kaningii, Trichoderma pseudokoningii, Trichoderma polyspontm. Trichoderma hamatum and Trichoderma asperellum.

Depending on tbe particular application desired, other such suitable species of Bacillus include, but are not limited to Bacillus alropheus, Bacillus mojavensis, Bacillus spizizertii, Bacillus simplex, Bacillus lichenifbrmis. Bacillus sonorensis, Bacillus viemamensis, Bacillus acidicola. Bacillus oleromus. Bacillus circulans, Bacillus coagulans. Bacillus macetans, Bacillus solisalsi , Bacillus subtilis var.

amyloUquefaciens, Bacillus lentimorbus , Bacillus oryzicola, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus anthracis. Bacillus pseudomycoides, Bacillus weihenstephanesis. Bacillus pasteurii. Bacillus thracis and Bacillus sphaericus. The particular species and/or strains selected are noil-pathogenic for the purposes of the particular application; and include natural and/or modified strains. For the purposes of the invention, as used herein, by“modified’^* is intended a strain harboring a plasmid, or recombinant strains in which heterologous nucleic acid is integrated into the bacterial genome by recombinant methods.

In an embodiment, the at least one pesticide may consists Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (SBl fungicides) selected from the group C14 demethylase inhibitors (DMI fungicides): triazoles: azaconazole, bitermnol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole, dimconazole-M, epoxiconazoie, tenbuconazole.

fiuquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole, imibenconazole, ipconazoie, metconazole, myclobutanil, oxpoconazole, paclobutrazole, penconazole,

propicon azole, prothioconazole, simeconazole, tebuconazole, telraconazoie.

triadimefon, triadimenol. triticonazole, uniconazole,

1-(rel-(2S;3R)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-oxiranylmethyl |-5- thiocyanato-1 H- [l ,2,4]triazole, 2-[rel-(2S:3R)-3-(2~chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4- diiluorophenyl)-oxiranytmethyl)- 2H-[l ,2,4]triazole-3-lhiol, 2-[2-chloro-4-(4- ch1orophenoxy)phenyl)- 1 -(1,2,4-triazol-l - y{)pentan-2-ol, l-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2- (trifluoromethyl )phenyl]- 1 -cyclopropy 1-2 -( 1 ,2,4- triazol-1 -yi)ethanol, 2-[4-(4- chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethy1)phenyI]-l-(l ,2,4-triazol-l - yI)butan-2-oi. 2-[2~ chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]- 1 -(1 ,2,4-tria2ol-l -yl)butan-2-ol, 2- [4- (4- chlorophenoxy)-2-(tTifiuoromethyl)phenyl]-3-methyl-l-(l ,2,4-triazol-l -yl)butan-2- ol, 2-[4- (4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl Jphenylj- 1 -(1,2,4-triazol- l-yl)propan-

2-o1, 2-[2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phcnyl3-3-methyl-l-(l ,2,4-triazo)- 1 -yt)butan-2- ol, 2-(4-(4-ch)orophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- 1 -( 1 ,2,4-triazol- 1 -y l)pentan-2- oL 2- [4~(4 · fluorophenoxy)-2-(triiluorometliyl)pheny l ]- l-(l ,2.4-triazol- 1 -yl)propan~

2-ol, 2-[2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-V( l,2,4-triazol-l-y))pent-3-yn-2-ol; imidazoles: imazalil, pefurazoate, prochloraz, triflumizol; pyrimidines, pyridines and piperazines: fenarimol, nuarimol, pyri- fenox, triforine, [3-(4-chloro-2-fluoro- pheny l )-5 -( 2,4-difluotophenyl)isoxazol-4-y j]-(3- pyridyl)methanol ;

Deltal 4-reductase inhibitors: aldimorph, dodemorph, dodemorph-acetate,

tenpropimorph, tridemorph, fenpropidin, piperalin, spiroxaminc;

Inhibitors of 3-keto reductase: tenhexamid;

in yet a further embodiment, the at least one pesticide is selected from phosphonate fungicides: fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminum, phosphorous acid and its salts. in yet a further embodiment, the at least one pesticide is cuticle degrading enzymes include both naturally occurring (wild-type) enzymes and variant (modified by humans) enzymes. Examples of cuticle degrading enzymes include proteases, peptidases, chitinases, chitosanase, cutinases, and lipases. In an embodiment, the at least cuticle degrading enzymes is selected from the group consisting of protease, peptidase, chitmase, chitosanase, lipase, cutinase and any combination thereof, in an embodiment the cuticle degrading enzyme is a protease, in an embodiment the cuticle degrading enzyme is a chiiinase. In an embodiment the cuticle degrading enzyme is a lipase. In an embodiment the cuticle degrading enzyme is a cutinase.

In yet another embodiment, the cuticle degrading enzyme is a chitinolytic or glucanolytic enzyme. The chitinolytic enzymes include endochitinases, which randomly cleave chitin; chitobiosidases (chitin J,4-p~chitobiosidase) which cleave dimeric units from one end of chitin; chitinase; and chitosanase or lysozyme.

Chitinolytic enzymes are able to degrade the glycosidic bonds in the chitin substrate may be added. Any enzyme enable enhancement of weakening, e.g. disrupting or interfering with or modulating the structure of a chitin substrate or enhance chitin degradation by hydrolysis of the glycosidic bonds that connect the .beta.( 1 -4) N- acetylglucosamine bond units in a chitin substrate are referred to collectively herein as chitin hydrolases. Hie advantage of chitin hydrolase is to improve or enhance chitin degradation or to weaken chitin. it should therefore be possible to combat plant fungal infections and diseases in plants caused by chi i in containing pathogens.

Examples of Chitinases include, but not limited to chitodextrinase, 1,4- beta- poly-N- acetyjgl ucosamini dase, poiy-beta-glucosaminidase. beta- 1 ,4-poly-N-acetyl glucosamidinase, poiyf 1 ,4-(N-acctyi-beta-D-glucosaniinide)] glycanohydrolase, (l,4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucan glycanohydrolase). The glucanolytic enzymes include l ,3-P-glucanases (glucan- l .3 P-glucosidase), which cleave 1,3-b- glueans; glucosaminidase (N-aeetyl-p-D-glucosaminidase), which cleave monomeric units from one end of chitin and have N -accty I-b-glucosaminidase activity. The sources for these enzymes are typically the same as the sources for chitinolytic enzymes and are preferably microorganisms from the genera Trichoderma and Gliocladium.

In yet a further embodiment, the cuticle degrading enzymes is p-l,3-glucanase, which is therefore a preferred cell wall degrading enzyme for use in the compositions according to the invention. However, b-l j-glucanase may also break down plant cell walls and therefore the amount of this enzyme should be limited to 500,000 U/J (or kg), preferably 50,000 U/1 (or kg), more preferably 10,000 U/1 (or kg). Its

effectiveness, even in small amounts, can be maintained by using a combination of different cell wall degrading enzymes, such as a combination of b-13-giucanase and an enzyme which breaks down ihe components of fungal cell walls not present in plant cell walls. Such enzymes are for instance chitinase or mannanase. However, other enzymes may also be used, either alone or in combination. Useful enzymes, some of which have already been mentioned, include but are not limited to:

celluloses, in particular exo/endoglucanases, such as b-l J-glucanase or b-1,4- giucanase; exo/endochitinases; mannanases; galactanases and proteases.

These enzymes are found in fungi, bacteria and higher plants. They can be used in natural form. i.e.. not separated from the source, e.g., by utilizing source

microorganisms in the composition herein, or they may be used in partially purified form, i.e, purified compared to natural form but with other protein present. As indicated above, the enzyme component of the composition herein is preferably used in biologically pure form. Fungal cell wall degrading enzymes are readily obtained in biologically pure form from source microorganisms by culturing the source microorganism, concentrating the culture filtrate, fractionating by gel filtration chromatography, concentrating and further purifying by chromatofocusing followed, if necessary, by isoelectrofocusing in a Rotofor cell (BioRad, Richmond, CA) . These can be obtained from fungi (e.g. from the genera Tnchoderma, Gliorfadium,

Lycoperdon and Cahatia ), bacteria (e.g. from the genera Streptamyces, Vibrio, Serratia and Bacillus) and higher plants (e.g. Nicotiana, Cucumis and Pkaesolus).

Combinations of chitinolytic and glucanolytic enzymes have been shown to be very effective in improving the fungicidal activity of the fungicides. Synergistic effects of fungicides and fungal cell wall degrading enzymes such as chitinase and b- 1 ,3-glucanase result in the decrease of the necessaiy dose and can improve the price: performance ratio significantly.

In a particular embodiment, the cuticle degrading enzymes is a combination of at least two cuticle degrading enzymes, such ELS, two cuticle degrading enzyme, three cuticle degrading enzymes, four cuticle degrading enzymes, five cuticle degrading enzymes, etc.

In yet a further embodiment, the at least one pesticide is bacteriocins, wherein bacteriocins are proteinaceous or peptidic toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial stram(s). Examples of bacteriocins include but are not limited to: acidocin, actagardine, agrocin, alveicin, aureocin, aureocin A53, aureocin A70, bisin, camocin, camocyclin, caseicin, cerein. circularin A, colicin, curvaticin, divercin, duramycin, enterocin. enterolysin,

epidermin/gallidermin, erwiniodn, gardimycm, gassericin A, glycinecin, halocin, haloduracin, klebicin, lactocin S, lactococcin, lacdcin, leucoccin, lysostaphin, macedocin, mersacidin, mesentericin, microbisporicin, microcin S, mutacin, nism, paenibacilHn, planosporictn, pediocln, pentocin, piantaricin. pneumocydicm, pyocin. reutericin 6, sakacin, salivaridn, subiancin, subtilin, sulfolobicin, tasmancin. thuricin 17. rrifoli toxin, yariacin, vibriocin, warnericin, warnerin.

In yet a further embodiment, the at least one pesticide is bicarbonate: sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate as alkalinising agent or anti-phytopathogenic agent.

The invention composition disclosed herein can be used in combination with other growth promoting agents such as abscisic acid, amidochlor, ancymidol, aluminium silicate (kaolin), 3-decen-2-one, 6-benzyiaminopurine, brassinoiide, butralin, chlormequat (chlormequat chloride), choline chloride, cyclanilide, damtnozide, dikegulac, dimetliipin, 2,6-dtmethyipuridine. ethephon, formononectin, flumetralin, rturprimidol, fluthiacet, forchlorfenuron, genistein, gibberellic acid, hesperetin, homobrassinlide, humates, inabenftdc, indole-3-acetic acid , maleic hydrazide, methyl jasmonate, cis-jasmone, lysophosphatidyl ethanlamine, mefluidide, mepiquat (mepiquat chloride), naringenin, naphthaleneacetic acid, N-6- benzyladenine. polymeric polyhydroxy acid, padobutrazol. prohex adione

(prohexadtone-calcium), prohydrojasmon, salicylic acid, tbidiazuron, triapenihenol, tributyl phosphorotrithioate, trinexapac-ethyl, uniconazole, Ascophyllum nodosum (Norwegian kelp, Brown kelp) extract and Ecklonia maxima (kelp) extract, synthetic fertilizer, organic fertilizers, compost teas, seaweed extracts, antiauxins such as clofibric acid, 2,3,5 -tri-iodobenzoic acid: auxins such as 4 -CPA (4- chlorophenoxyacettc acid). 2,4 -D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic add), 2,4-DB, 2,4- DEP, dichiorprop, fenoprop, l.AA (,beta.-indoleacefic acid), GBA (4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid), naphthaleneacetamide, .alpha. -naphthaleneacetic acid. 1 -naphthol.

naphthoxyacetic acid, potassium naphthenate, sodium naphthenate, 2,4,5 -T;

cytokinins such as 2iP, benzyladenine, kinetin, zeatin: defoliants such as calcium cyanamide, dimethipin, endothal. ethephon, merphos, metoxuron, pentachlorophenol, tbidiazuron, tribufos; ethylene releasers such as ACC (1 -amtnoeyclopropancarboxylic acid), etaceiastl, ethephon, glyoxime; gibbere) lines such as gibberellines Al, A4, A7, gibberellinic acid (-gibberellin A3); morphactins such as chlortluren, chlorilurenol, dichlorflurenol, flurenol; growth stimulators such as brassinoiide, forchlorfenuron, hymexazol, 2 -amino-6-oxy purine derivatives, indolinone derivates. 3,4-disubstituted maieimide derivatives and fused azepinone derivatives.

Non-classitled plant growth regulators, such as benzoiluor, buminafos, carvone, ciobutide, clofencet, clofence-potassium, cloxyfonac. cloxyfonac-Natriutn, cyclanilidc, cycloheximide, epocholeone, ethychlozate, ethylene, fenridazon, heptopargil. holosulf, inabenfide, karetazan, ieadatsenate, methasulfocarb, prohexadione, prohexadione-Calcium, pydanon, sintofen, triapenthenoh trinexapac, trinexapac -ethyl, polyamines, nionoethanolamine, allopurinol, botanical extract from seaweed such as kelp and plant such as com cockle. Again, this listing is without limitation and other suitable known growth regulators not listed herein might also be used.

In any aspect of the invention in which organic acid is utilized, in a particular embodiment, the organic acid is an acetic acid. In another embodiment, the organic acid is a derivatives or a salt of acetic acid. In further embodiments, the acetic acid is from a 20 percent acetic acid vinegar. Suitable industrial vinegar preparations for use in the methods and compositions of the invention include, for example, distilled white vinegar concentrate which is available as a 20% concentrate. In yet another embodiments, the acetic acid is derived from dilution of concentrated anhydrous acetic acid or glacial acetic acid.

In an embodiment the at least one organic acid is sorbic acid. In an

embodiment the at least one organic acid is citric acid. In an embodiment the at least one organic acid is lactic acid. In an embodiment the at leas! one organic acid is butyric acid. In an embodiment the at least one organic acid is malic add. In an embodiment the at least one organic acid is formic acid.

In another particular embodiment, the at leastone organic acid is a

combination of at least two organic acids, such as, two organic acids, three organic acids, four organic acids, five organic acids, etc. In a particular embodiment, the at least two organic acid comprising acetic acid and citric acid, wherein the ratio of acetic acid to citric acid being in the range of 10:1 to 1 : 1 on a weight basis. In yet another embodiment, the at least two organic acid comprising acetic acid and lactic acid, wherein the ratio of acetic acid to lactic acid being in the range of 10; 1 to 1 : 1 on a weight basis. In further embodiment, wherein the at least one organic acid is include its various salts or derivative thereof, or a mixture thereof.

The acetic acid component is conveniently provided by distilled white vinegar while the citric acid is conveniently provided by lemon juice or juices of other citrus fruits. It is understood, however, that industrial sources of either or both of these components may be used. For instance, the composition may be formulated using glacial acetic acid.

Organic acids are well known in the art, and include both naturally occurring (wild-type) organic acids and variant (modified by humans) organic acids, in further embodiment, wherein the at least one organic acid is include its salts or derivatives thereof, or a mixture thereof.

In particular embodiment, other organic acids suitable for the purposes of the methods and compositions of the invention include other water soluble organic acids. Preferably such water soluble organic acids have a carbon chain length often or less; or seven or less. In particular a mono- or polycarboxylated C1 to CIO carboxylic acid and its derivatives, such as hydroxymonocarboxylic acids, hydroxydicarboxylic acids, or the free acids. The lactones, salts, esters and the like being derived therefrom may also be used according to the invention. The said organic acids can also be used in the form of their salts such as, for example but are not limited to sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium salts. It is recognized that the suitable organic acid for the purposes of the invention be of a chain length to have favourable solubility in water. Examples of such suitable organic acids include lactic-, citric-, succinic-, malic-, and formic acid, and the like. Particularly preferred organic acids are aliphatic carboxylic acid, formic acid, lactic acid or citric acid, preferably lactic acid. In particular embodiments of the invention, one or more suitable organic acids are substituted for, or used in combination with acetic acid according to the methods of the invention. Such suitable organic acids are non-tox ic for the purposes of the invention; with respect to the particular intended application.

In addition, the pestiddal composition may be formulated such that the concentration of organic acid is such that the composition does not exhibit herbicidal properties with respect to a particular plant, especially herbicidal properties with respect to vegetables, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, cabbage and peppers, broad leaf plants and/or other vegetation. According to one embodiment, the mixtures comprise component (A), component (B) and component (C) in a synergistically effective amount.

According to a further embodiment, the present invention relates to mixtures comprising, as active components (A) Bioactive compound derived from a whole broth culture of an chitinolytic

microorganisms, wherein the bioactive compound comprises any or any combination of: chitinolytic microorganisms, whole cell broths, liquid cultures, spores, pure cultures, cell fraction, substances, suspensions, supernatants, filtrates, extract or a cell-free extract thereof or metabolite thereof or isolated compounds, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one chitinolytic microorganisms that degrade chitinous substrates, wherein the said chitinolytic microorganism is bacteria belonging to genus Bacillus: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens accession No. CCTCC NO: M2010129, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (strains include those having the following ATCC accession numbers: 23842, 23843, 23844, 23845, 31592, 49763, 53495 and BAA-390), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AG1, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AP- 136 (NRRL B-50614). Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AP- 188 (NRRL B- 50615), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AP-218 (NRRL B-S0618), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AP-2 I9 (NRRL B-50619), Bacillus

amyloliquefaciens AP-295 (NRRL B-50620), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B94, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 , Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IN937a, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IT-45 (CNCM 1-3800), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NJN-6, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NRRL B-30518, Bacillus

amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum MBI600 (NRRL B-S0595), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BLB369, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain NRRL B- 50349. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain WG6-14, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains CM-2, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains T-S, Bacillus

amyloliquefaciens SYBC H47, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJI000, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens V656, Bacillus cereus ATCC 53522, Bacillus cereus BGl, Bacillus cereus 108, Bacillus cereus NRRL B-30517, Bacillus cereus NRRL B-30519, Bacillus cereus TKU006, Bacillus cereus TKU018, Bacillus cereus YQQ308, Bacillus cereus ATCC 55675, Bacillus licheniformis TH- l, Bacillus Hchenifarmis. strain SR3086, Bacillus megaterium C116, Bacillus megaterium KL39, Bacillus megaterium pv. cerealis RAB7, Bacillus megaterium strain H491 (NRRL Accession No. B-50769), Bacillus megaterium strain J142 (NRRL Accession No, B-50771), Bacillus megaterium strain M018 (NRRL Accession No. B-50770), Bacillus megaterium ATCC 55000, Bacillus methylotrophicus 9912, Bacillus methylotrophicus 8C79. Bacillus

methylotrophicus C14, Bacillus methylotrophicus C412, Bacillus

methylotrophicus CBMB2Q5, Bacillus methylotrophicus FKJM10, Bacillus methylotrophicus K26, Bacillus methylotrophicus KACC 13015 T, Bacillus methylotrophicus NKG-1 , Bacillus methylotrophicus Strain B25, Bacillus methylotrophicm strain BC79, Bacillus methylotrophicus Strain SM47, Bacillus methylotrophicus Strain NKG-1, Bacillus methylotrophicus UCP16I6, Bacillus methylotrophicus UPMC 1166, Bacillus methylotrophicus SCS2012, Bacillus pabuli Kl, Bacillus paivnnoca (BP1 ), Bacillus pumilis CL 45. Bacillus pumilus GHA 180. Bacillus pumilus INR-7 (NRRL B50153: NRRL B-50l 85) , Bacillus pumilus KFP9F, Bacillus pumilus QST 2808 (NRRL B-30087), Bacillus pumilus SG2, Bacillus sp. 13.26, Bacillus sp. AB89, Bacillus sp. BG- 1 1, Bacillus sp. strain F727, Bacillus sp. TKU004, Bacillus subtilis (strains 3A-P4 ATCC Accession No. PTA-6506. 22C-P1 ATCC Accession No. PTA- 6508, and LSSA01 NRRL Accession No. NRRL B- 50104), Bacillus subtilis ATCC 55422, Bacillus subtilis All 195, Bacillus subtilis B25, Bacillus subtilis B-3, Bacillus subtilis BSF4. Bacillus subtilis CAS 15, Bacillus subtilis CL27. Bacillus subtilis CPA-8, Bacillus subtilis CX-9060, Bacillus subtilis CY5, Bacillus subtilis DJM-51. Bacillus subtilis F29--3, Bacillus subtilis FB 17, Bacillus subtilis PERM BP-3418, Bacillus subtilis G8. Bacillus subtilis GB03, Bacillus subtilis GB07, Bacillus subtilis KP 172548, Bacillus subtilis NOB 12375, Bacillus subtilis NCIB 12376, Bacillus subtilis NCIB 12616, Bacillus subtilis NJN-11, Bacillus subtilis NJN-6, Bacillus subtilis NPU 001 , Bacillus subtilis NRRL B-30520, Bacillus subtilis QST-713 (NRRL B-21661), Bacillus subtilis R14, Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC No. 55614, Bacillus subtilis strain B-348, Bacillus subtilis strain BLB277, Bacillus subtilis strain GM2. Bacillus subtilis Strain SG6, Bacillus subtilis strain Z-14, Bacillus subtilis strains B- 310, Bacillus subtilis strains B-322, Bacillus subtilis strains B-338, Bacillus Subtilis SY1, Bacillus subtilis TKU007, Bacillus subtilis TV-125, Bacillus subtilis var. amyhliquefaciens D747, Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciem FZB24, Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciem strain ATCC BAA-390, Bacillus subtilis W-l 18, Bacillus subtilis XL62 1, Bacillus thuringiensis

NMI01-19, Bacillus thuringiensis strain AQ52, NRRL Accession No. B21619, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. colmeri 15 A3; bacteria belonging to genus Streptomyces. Strepfomyces aniibwticus AZ-7J\ 0, Streptomyces aureofaciens CMUAcl.30, Streptomyces cavourensis SY224, Streptomyces griseoviridis K6I, Streptomyces griseus HUT6037, Streptomyces griseus MTCC 9723, Streptomyces halstedii AJ-7, Streptomyces Hygroscopicus BOS-013,

Streptomyces Imdans 7X7 , Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108, Streptomyces lydicus WYEC108, Streptomyces plicatus

(strain 101 ), Streptomyces rimosus MY02, Streptomyces roseolus DH,

Streptomyces sp. 385, Streptomyces sp. DAI 1, Streptomyces sp. TH-1 1, Streptomyces sporovirgulis strain TGNBSA5 JQ654447, Streptomyces tendae TK-VL 333, Streptomyces thermoviolaceus NT1 , Streptomyces

thermoviolaceus OPC-520, Streptomyces venezuelae P10; and fungal genus Trichoderma : Trichoderma asperellum T34. Trichoderma asperellum SK I - 1 , Trichoderma asperellum ICC 012, Trichoderma atroviride LC52, Trichoderma atroviride CNCM 1- 1237, Trichoderma fertile JM41 R, Trichoderma gamsii ICC 080. Trichoderma harmaium TH 382, Trichoderma harzianum TH-35, Trichoderma harzianum T-22. Trichoderma harzianum T-39: mixture of Trichoderma polysporum and Trichoderma harzianum ; Trichoderma

stromaticum (L.1.66), Trichoderma virens G-41, Trichoderma virens GL-21. Trichoderma viride T\ \, Trichoderma harzianum TSTh20-l, Trichoderma harzianum KRL-AG2 (ATCC 20847), Trichoderma {Gliocladium) virens Gl- 21. Trichoderma virens G 1 -3 (ATCC 58678), Trichoderma harzianum SK-5-S, Trichoderma harzianum Ri (ATCC 66869), Gliocladium vivirde Matru (ATCC 32912). Trichoderma harzianum TH (ATCC PTA-3701), Trichoderma haizianum TH (ATCC PTA-1920), Trichoderma harzianum Ri (ATCC No. 6089), Gliocladium virens GV (ATCC PTA-2710), Trichoderma harziamm PTA-3701. Trichoderma harzianum Rifa T77, Trichoderma harzianum

(Hypocrea lixii) NBR1 0716 (MTCC 5659), Trichoderma harzianum

(Hypocrea lixii)( MTCC 5660), Trichoderma viride (MTCC 5661),

Trichoderma harzianum (MTCC 5659), Trichoderma atroviride-Stmn Tl, Trichoderma harzianum Rifai (TH-1), Trichoderma harzianum Rifai (TH-2), Trichoderma harzianum IMI 352940, Trichoderma harzianum IMI 352941 , Trichoderma harzianum CECT 20179, Trichoderma viride CECT 20178, Trichoderma polysporum Rifai ATCC 20,475_> Trichoderma viride scnsu Bisby ATCC 20,476, Trichoderma viride sensu Bisby strain CG B1NAB.1NRA T 030(Pasteur institute, Paris), Trichoderma harzianum EMPA 720.

Trichoderma koningiopsis EMPA 723, Trichoderma asperellum 734(2) CECT No. 20417, Trichoderma atroviride SCI , CBS ri⁵122089, Trichoderma virens strains include those having the following ATCC accession numbers: 10043, 10044. 10045, 13213, 13362. 204067, 204443. 204444, 204445, 20903, 20904_» 20906, 24290, 42955, 44327, 44734, 48179, 52045, 52199, 58676, 58677, 58678, 62399, 64271 , 74180, 9645, MYA-297, MYA-298, MYA-649 and MYA-650:

(B) at least one organic acid, wherein the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of a mono- or polycarboxylated C1 to CIO carboxylic acid and its derivatives, such as hydroxymonocarboxy I ic acids, hydroxydicarboxylic acids, lactones, salts, esters or the free acids or mixture thereof:

and

(C) at least one pesticide selected from the groups / classes (C1 ) to (C62):

(C1 ) Demethyiation inhibitor (DMl) fungicides; (C2) phosphonaie tungicides; (C3) methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicides; (C4) phenylamide fungicides; (C5) amine/morpholine fungicides: (C6) phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor fungicides; (C7) carboxamide fungicides; (C8) hydroxy(2-amino- )pyrimidine fungicides; (C9) anilinopyrimidine fungicides; (CI O) N -phenyl carbamate fungicides; (Cl 1) quinone outside inhibitor (Qol) fungicides; (C12) phenylpyrrole fungicides; (C13) quinoline fungicides; (C14) lipid peroxidation inhibitor fungicides; (C15) melanin biosynthesis inhibitors-reductase (MB1-R) fungicides; (C16) melanin biosynthesis inhibitors-dehydratase (MBI-D) fungicides; (C17) hydroxyanilide fungicides; (CIS) squalene-epoxidase inhibitor fungicides; (C19) polyoxin fungicides; (C20) pbenylurea fungicides; (C21 ) quinone inside inhibitor (Oil) fungicides; (C22) benzamide fungicides; (C23) enopyranutonic acid antibiotic fungicides; (C24) hexopyranosyl antibiotic fungicides; (C25) glucopyranosyl antibiotic: protein synthesis fungicides; (C26) glucopyranosyl antibiotic; trehaiase and inositol biosynthesis fungicides; (C27) cyanoacetamideoxime fungicides; (C28) carbamate fungicides: (C29) oxidative phosphotylation uncoupling fungicides; (C30) organo tin fungicides; (C31) carboxylic acid fungicides; (C32) heteroaromatic fungicides; (C33) dicarboximide fungicides; (C34) phthalamic acid fungicides; (C35) benzotriazine fungicides; (C36) benzene- sulfonamide fungicides: (C37) pyridazinone fungicides; (C38) thiophene-carboxamide fungicides; (C39) pyrimtdinamide fungicides; (C40) carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides; (C41) tetracycline antibiotic fungicides; (C42) thiocarbamate fungicides; (C43) benzamide fungicides; (C44) host plant defense induction fungicides: (C45) multi-site contact activity fungicides; (C46) fungicides other than classes (C1) through (C45): and salts of compounds of classes (C1) through (C46);

C47) Cuticle degrading enzyme: chifin hydrolase which able to degrade the glycosidic bonds that connect the .beta.(l-4) N-aeetylglucosaroine bond units in a chitin substrate: endochitinase, chitobiosidase, chitinase, chitosanase or lysozyme; mannanase; galactanase; protease; xylanase and combinations thereof;

C4S) Cell wall synthesis inhibitors selected from the group comprising inhibitors of glucan synthesis: validamycin, polyoxin B; melanin synthesis inhibitors: pyroquilon, tricyclazole, carpropamid, dicyclomet, fenoxanil;

C49) Antimicrobial preservatives includes chemical preservatives: 4- hexylresordnol, ascorbic acid, ascorbyi palmitate. ascorbyl stearate, benzoates, benzoic acid, calcium ascorbate, calcium propionate, calcium sorbate, chitosan, citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides, dimethyl dicarbonate, erythorbic acid, ethyl lauroyl arginate, formaldehyde re leasers (dmdm hydantoin). gum guaiacum, glutaraldehyde, hydroxybenzoate and derivatives, iso-ascorbic acid, isothiazolinones (mit, emit, bit), lactic acid, 1-cysteine, l~cysleine

hydrochloride, lecithin, lecithin citrate, leuconostoc camosum 4010, methyl paraben, methyl -p-hydroxy benzoate, monoglyceride citrate, monoisopropyl citrate, natamycin, nisin, nitrate, nitrite, potassium acetate, potassium benzoate, potassium bisulphite, potassium diacetate, potassium lactate, potassium metabisulphite, potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, potassium sorbate, propionic acid, propyl gallate, propyl paraben, propyl-p-hydroxy benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium ascorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium bisulphite, sodium diacetate, sodium dithionite, sodium erythorbate, sodium iso-ascorbate, sodium lactate, sodium metabisulphite, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium

propionate, sodium salt of methyl-p-hydroxy benzoic acid, sodium salt of propyl-p-hydroxy benzoic acid, sodium sorbate, sodium sulphite, sorbates, sorbic acid, sulphurous acid, tartaric acid, tertiary butyl hydroquinone, ethanol and methylchloroisothiazolinoiie; antioxidants: ascorbic acid, sodium

ascorbate, bulylated hydroxytoiuene (bht), butylated hydroxyanisole, gallic acid, sodium gallate, sulfur dioxide, sulfites (sulfur dioxide, sodium bisulfite, potassium hydrogen sulfite, etc.), tocopherols, disodimn

ethylenediamineletraacetic acid (edta), polyphosphates, phenol derivatives butylated hydroxyanisole (bha), butylated hydroxytoiuene (bht), tbhq; and natural compounds: b-complex vitamins, vitamin d, b vitamins, niacin, citric, ascorbic acids, vitamin e, tocopherol, rosemary, oregano extract, hops, salt, sugar, vinegar, alcohol, diatomaeeous earth, castor oil;

C50) Bacteriocins: acidocin, actagardine. agrocin, alveicln, aureocin.

aureocin A53, aureocin A70, bisin, carnocin, eamocyclin, caseicin, cerein, circularin A, coiicin, curvaticin, divercin, duramycin, enterocin, enterolystn, epidermin/galHdennin, erwiniocin, gardimyein, gassericin A, glycinecin.

halocin, haloduracin, klebicin, lactocin S, lactococcin, lactidn, leucocdn, lysostaphin, macedocin, mersacidin, mesentcriem, microbisporicin, microdn S, mutacin, nisin, paenibacillin, planosporicin, pediocin, pentocin, plantaridn, pneumocyclicin, pyocin, reutericin 6, sakacin, salivaricin, sublanctn, subtilin, sulfolobicin, tasmancin, thuricin 17, trifolitoxin, variacin, vibriocin,

wamericin; C51) Antifungal peptides: alboleutin, bacitracin, botrycidin, clorotetain, fengyein, iturins, rhizocticins, bacillomycins, surfactin, mycosubtilin, mycobactllin, fungi statin, subsporin, mycocerem, zwittermicin A;

ProPhyt.RTM., Helena Chemical Company), harpin protein (e.g.,

Messenger. RTM., Eden Biosciences Ltd, Bothell. Wash.), actbenzolar or acibenzolar-S-methyl (e.g., Actigard.TM., Syngenta Crop Production, Inc, Greensboro, N.C.), streptomycin sulfate, reynoutria sachalinensis extract (reysa). oxygen species (such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide), hydrogen peroxide producing enzymes (such as copper amine oxidases, flavin-containing amine oxidases), phytoalexins (such as genistein, camalexin), antimicrobial proteins (such as defensins, thionins, PR- 1 ), antimicrobial enzymes (such as chitinases, beta-glucanases), peroxidases, reynoutria sachalinensis extract (such as rey sa), protein kinases (such as calcium-dependent protein kinases, MAP kinases), structural defensive barrier (such as lignin, hydroxyproiine-rich cell wall proteins), acibenzolar, isotianil, salicylic acid, jasmonates, nitric oxide, azelaic acid, brassinolide, forchlorfenuron, benzothiadiazole, prohexadione- calcium, probenazole, potassium phosphate, acibenzolar-S-methyl, tiadinil, phosphonates. fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminum, phosphorous acid and its salts, potassium or Sodium bicarbonate;

C53) Microbes, or chemical compounds and peptides/proteins (e.g., elicitors): plant peptide hormones (e.g. systemin, Phytosulfokine), branched-. beta.- glucans, chitin oligomers, pectolytic enzymes, endoxylanase, elicitins, PaNie, avr gene products (e.g. A VR4, AVR9), viral proteins (e.g. vial coat protein, Harpins), flagellin, protein or peptide toxin (e.g. victorin), glycoproteins, glycopeptide fragments of invertase, syringolids, Nod factors (lipochitooligo- saccharides), FACs (fatty acid amino acid conjugates), ergosterol, bacterial toxins (e.g. coronattne), and sphinganine analogue mycotoxins (e.g. fumonisin B i);

C54) Plant oil or plant extract possessing fungicidal activity (e.g., Calamintha nepeta, Cananga odorata . Cicuta virosa, Citrus, Commiphora myrrha,

Coriandrum sativum, Curcuma longa, Cymbopogon nardus, Eucalyptus , Hedychium spicatum, tfyssopus officinalis, JUicium verum, Lavandula angustifolia, Matricaria ricutita, Melaleuca alternifolia, Melissa officinalis. Myristica flagrans. Myrthaceae. Ocimum basilicum, Origanum, Pelargonium graveohns, Piper nigrum, Salvia officinalis. Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus vulgaris. Saturjeia hortensis, Viola odorata, carvacro); effect on

membrane/wail (e.g., Cinnamomum, Citrus, Coriaria nepalensis, Coriandrum sativum. Juniperus communis, Litsea cuheba, Melaleuca alternifoUa, Mentha piperita , Ocimum basilicum. Origanum, Salvia sclarea, Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus , anethole, benzyl benzoate, 1,8-cineole, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, p- cymene, citral, citroneltaL eugenol, limonene, linalool, linalyl acetate, a- pinene, a-terpinene, terpinene-4-oL thymol): Effect on fungal cell growth and morphology (e.g., Eucalyptus, Thymus spp., carvacrol, a-pinene, 1 ,8-cineole, p-cymene, citronellaL a-terpinene, y-terpinene, terpinene-4-ol, thymol):

Inhibition of efflux pump (e.g., Cinnamomum, Citrus, Eucalyptus, Melaleuca alternifoUa, Mentha, Ocimum basilicum , Origanum vulgare . Thymus vulgum. carvacrol, cumamaldehyde, thymol ); Action on fungal mitochondria (e.g., Aneihum gyaveolens, Artemisia herba alba, Cananga odorata. Cinnamomum camphora, Coriandrum sativum, Commiphora myrrha, Hedychium spicatum, Origanum compactum , Origanum majorana. lupeol. tetraterpenoid); ROS production anti nitric oxide (e.g., Zatharia multiflora, carvacrol, p-cymene, farnesol, thymol); inhibition of bio film development (e.g., Coriandrum sativum, Croton cajucara, Cymbopogon, Cytrus, Eucalyptus . baurus nobilis. Litsea, Melaleuca alternifoUa , Mentha. Myrtus communis, Ocimum , Piper c!ausxenianum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum. p-cymene, p- cymene, 1-8-cineoie, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, terpinolene, a-terpineol, ucarobustol E, eugenol, a-terpinene, v-terpinene); Anti quorum sensing (e.g.. Citrus, Juniperus communis. Mentha piperita , Origanum, Salvia sclarea , limonene, linalool , a-pinene, terpinene-4-ol); Effect on micotoxins

synthesis/production (e.g., Cinnamomum, Origanum vulgare, Cymbopogon, Cider, Citrus, Eucalyptus, Mentha, Ocimum sanctum, Rosmarinus officinalis. Satureja hortensis, Thymus, Zataria multiflora , 2,3-dideoxygtucosides, eugenol); and Synergistic / antagonistic effect fe.g., Citrus, Coriandrum sativum. Cymbopogon nardus, Eucalyptus , lllicium verum, Lavandula angustifolia, Matricaria recutita, Melaleuca alternifoUa, Myrthus, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum heracleaticum, Pelargonium graveolens, Rosa

damascene. Satureja hortensis, Thymus vulgaris. Viola odorata, benzyl benzoate, carvacrol, 1 ,8-cineole, Citral, CitronellaL Eugenol, Linalool, linalyl acetate, thymol); C$5) Biochemical pesticides with insecticidal, acaricidal, molluscidal, pheromone and/or nematicidal activity; L-carvone, citral. (E,Z)-7,9- dodecadien-l -yl acetate, ethyl formate, (E,Z)-2,4-ethyJ decadienoate (pear ester), (Z,Z,E)-7,1 1 , 13 -hexadecatricnal, heptyl butyrate, isopropyl myristate, cis-jasmone, lavanulyl senecioale, 2-methyl l -butanol, methyl eugenol, methyl jasmonate, (E.Z)-2,I3- octadecadien-1 -oh (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-l-ol acetate, (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien- l -ol, R-l-octen-3-ol, pentatermanone, potassium silicate, sorbitol actanoate, (E,Z,Z)-3,8,1 1-tetradecatrienyl acetate, (Z,E)-9, 12-tetradecadien- 1-y l acetate, Z-7-tetradecen-2-one, Z-9-tetradccen-l- yl acetate, Z-I 1 -tetradecenal, Z- 11 -tetradecen-l-ol, Acacia negra extract, extract of grapefruit seeds and pulp, extract of Chenapodium ambrosiodes , Catnip oil, Neem oil, Quillay extract, Tagetes oil;

C56) Biochemical pesticides with fungicidal, bactericidal, viricidal and/or plant defense activator activity: chjtosan (hydrolysate), harpin protein, iaminarin. Menhaden fish oil, natamydn. Plum pox virus coat protein, potassium bicarbonate, Reynoutria sachlinensis extract, salicylic acid, potassium or sodium bicarbonate, tea tree oil;

C37) Biochemical pestirides with plant stress reducing, plant growth regulator and/or plant yield enhancing activity: abscisic acid, amidochlor, ancymidol, aluminium silicate (kaolin), 3-decen-2-one, 6-benzylaminopurine, brassinolide, butralin, chlormequat (chlomiequal chloride), choline chloride, cyclanilide, daminozide. dikegulac, dimethipin. 2.6-dimethylpuridine, ethephon,

formononectin, flumetralin, flurprimidol, fluthiacet, forchlorfenuron, genistein, gibberellic acid, hesperetin, homobrassinlide, humates, inabenirde, indole-3 - acetic acid , maleic hydrazide, methyl jasmonate, cis-jasmone,

lysophosphatidyl ethanlamine, mefiuidide, mepiquat (mepiquat chloride), naringenin, naphthaleneacetic acid, N -6- benzyl adenine, polymeric

polyhydroxy acid, padobutrazol, prohexadione (prohexadione-cakium), prohydrojasmon, salicylic acid, thidiazuron, triapenthenol, tri butyl

phosphorotrithioate, 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid, trjnexapac-ethyl. uniconazole, Ascophylium nodosum (Norwegian kelp. Brown kelp) extract and Ecklonia maxima (kelp) extract; Non-classified plant growth regulators: benzofluor, buminafos. carvone, ciobutide, clofencet, clofence-potassium, cloxyfonac, cioxyfonac-Natrium, cyclanilide, cycloheximide, epocholeone, ethychlozate, ethylene, fenridazon. heptopargil, holosulf, inabenfide, karetazan, leadarsenate. methastilfocarb, prohexadione, prohexadione-Calcium, pydanon, sintofen, triapenthenol, irinexapac, trmexapac-ethyl, polyamines, monoethanolamine, allopurinol, botanical extract from seaweed such as kelp and plant: such as com cockle;

C58) Microbial pesticide with fungicidal, bactericidal, viricidal and/or plant defense activator activity: Ampelomyces quisqualis M- 10, Aspergillusflavus NRRL 21882, Aureobasidium pullulam DSM 14940, Aureobasidium pullulam DSM 14941. Candida oleophila I 82, Candida oleophila O, Candida saitoana . Clavibacter michiganemis (bacteriophages). Coniothyrium minitans CON/M/91 -08, Cryphonectria parasitica, Cryptococcus albidus ,

Dilophosphora alopecuri, Fusarium oxysporum . Cionostachys roseaf.

catenulata J1446, Gliocladium roseum 321 U, Lysobacfer emymogenes strain C3 (erroneously identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ), Metschnikowia fructicola NRjRL Y-30752, Microdochium dimerum, Microsphaeropsis ochracea PI 30 A, Muscodor albus QST 20799, Paenibacillus polymyxa PKBl (ATCC 202127), Pantoea vagans C9-1, Phlebiopsis gfgantea, Pichia anomala WRL-76, Pseudozyma flocculosa PF-A22 UL Pythium oligandrum DV 74, Sphaerodes mycoparasitica lDAC 301008-01, Streptomyces griseoriridis K61, Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108, Streptomyces violaceusniger XL-2,

Streptomyces violaceusmgerY CED-9, Talaromyces flavus Vl l Tb, Ulocladium oudemansii HRU3, VerticiUium dahlia , zucchini yellow mosaic virus

(avirulent strain);

C59) Microbial pesticide with plant growth regulator, plant growth promoting and/or yield enhancing activity: Azospirillum amazonense BR 11 140 (SpY2T), Azospirillum brasilense strains Ab-VS and Ab-V6, Azospirillwn brasileme AZ39, Azospirillwn brasileme XOH. Azospirillum brasileme BR 1 1005 (Sp245), Azospirillwn brasileme BR 1 1002, Azospirillum lipoferum BR 1 1646 (Sp31 ), Azospirillum irakeme , Azospirillum halopraeferem,

Braefyrhizobium sp. PNL0. Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) CB1015.

Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) USD A 3446, Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) SEMI A 6144, Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) SEMI A 6462, Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) SEMIA 6464, Bradyrhizobium sp. (Vigna), Bradyrhizobium elkanii SEMJA 587, Bradyrhizobium elkanii SEMIA 5019, Bradyrhizobium elkanii U- 1301, Bradyrhizobium elkanii U-1302, Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA 74, Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA 76, Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA 94, Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA 3254, Bradyrhizobium japonicum 532c , Bradyrhizobium japonicum CPAC 15_» Bradyrhizobium japonicum E-109, Bradyrhizobium japonicum G49, Bradyrhizobium japonicum TA-1 1,

Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 3. Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 31, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 76, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110, Bradyrhizobium jajxtnicum USDA 121, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 123, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 136, Bradyrhizobium japonicum SEMIA 566, Bradyrhizobium japonicum SEMIA 5079, Bradyrhizobium japonicum SEM IA 5080, Bradyrhizobium japonicum WB74, Bradyrhizobium iiaoningeme_y Bradyrhizobium lupini LL13, Bradyrhizobium iupini WU425, Bradyrhizobium lupini WSM471, Bradyrhizobium lupini WSM4024, Glomus intraradices RTI-801, Mesorhizobium sp. WSM 1271, Mesorhizobium sp. WSM 1497, Mesorhizobium ciceri CC1 192, Mesorhizobium huakii ,

Paenibacillus alvei NAS6G6, Penicillium bilaiae ATCC 22348, Rhizohium Ieguminosarum b v.pnaseoli RG-B10, Rhizohium Ieguminosarum bv. trifolii RP1 13-7, Rhizohium Ieguminosarum bv. trifolii 095, Rhizohium

Ieguminosarum bv. trifolii TA I , Rhizohium Ieguminosarum bv. trifolii

CC283b, Rhizohium Ieguminosarum bv. trifolii CC275e, Rhizohium

legiuninosarum bv. trifolii CB782, Rhizobiwn Ieguminosarum bv. trifolii CO 099, Rhizohium Ieguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM 1325, Rhizohium

Ieguminosarum bv. viciae SU303, Rhizohium Ieguminosarum bv. viciae WSM 1455, Rhizohium Ieguminosarum bv. viciae P IN PSCst, Rhizohium

Ieguminosarum bv. viciae RG-P2, Rhizohium tropici SEMIA 4080, Rhizohium tropici SEMIA 4077, Rhizohium tropici CC51 1. Sinorhizobium meliioti MSDJ0848, Sinorhizobium meliioti N RG185, Sinorhizobium meliioti RRI128;

C60) Microbial pesticide with insecticidal, acaricidal, molluscidal and/or nematicidal activity: Agrohacterium radiobacter K 1026, Agrobacterium radiobacter K84, Bacillus firmus 1-1582; B. Bacillus thuringiensis ssp.

aizawai strains: ABTS-1857, SAN 401 1, ABG-6305 and ABG-6346 ; Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis AM65-52, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis SUM-6218, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. galleriae SDS-502, Bacillus

thuringiensis ssp, kurstaki EG 2348, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki SB4, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki ABTS-351

Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040, Beauveria bassiana GHA, Beauveria bassiana HI 23, Beauveria bassiana DSM 12256, Beauveria bassiana PPRI 5339, Beauveria brongniartii. Burkholderia sp. A396, Chromobacterium subtsugae PRAA4-1, Cydia pomonella granulosis virus V22, Cydia pomonella granulosis virus V], Cryptophlebia ieucotreta granuiovirus (CrleGV), Flavabacterium sp. H492, Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV), Isaria fumosorosea Apopka-97, Lecanicillium longisporum KV42, Lecanicillium longisporum K.V71, lecanicillium muscarium KVOl, Metarhizium anisopliae FI-985.

Metarhizium anisopliae FI- 1045, Metarhirium anisopliae F52, Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 69, Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum IMI 330189 ;

Nomuraea rileyi strains: SA86101, GU87401, SR86151, CG128 and VA9101 ; Paeeilomyces fitmosoroseus FE 9901, Paeeilomyces lilacinus 251 ,

Paecilomyces lilacinus OSM 15169 , Paeeilomyces lilacinus BCP2,

Paenibacillus popiUiae Dutky-1940 (NRRL B-2309 - ATCC 14706),

Paenibadllus popiUiae Dutky I, Paenibacillus popiUiae KLN 3. Pasteuria sp. Ph3, Pasteuria sp. ATCC PTA-9643, Pasteuria sp. ATCC SD-5832, Pasteuria nishizawae Pnl, Pasteuria penetrans, Pasteuria ramose , Pasteuria reneformis Pr-3, Pasteuria thornea , Pasteuria usgae , Pseudomonas fluorescens CL 145A, Spodoptera litforalis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV), Steinemema

carpocapsae, Steinemema fehiae _< Steinemema kraussei L I 37;

C61) Herbicides

- acetamides: acelochlor, alachlor, buiachJor, dimethachlor. dimethenamid, flufenacet, mefenacet metolachlor, metazachlor, napropamide, naproanilide, pethoxamid, pretilachlor, propachlor, thenylchlor;

- amino acid derivatives: bilanafos, giyphosate, glufosinate. sulfosate;

- aryloxyphenoxypropionates: ciodinafop, cyhalofbp-butyl, fenoxaprop.

fluazifop, haloxyfop, metamifop. propaquizafop, quizalofop, quizalofop-P- tefuryl;

- Bipyridyls: diquat, paraquat;

- (thio)carbamates: asulam, butylate, carbetamide, desmedipham, dimepiperate, eptam (EPTC), esprocarb, molinate, orbencarb, phenmedipham. prosulfocarb, pyributicarb, thiobencarb, triallate;

- cyclohexaned iones: butroxydim, dethodim, cycloxydim, profoxydim,

sethoxydim, tepraloxydim. tralkoxydim;

- dinitroani lines: benfluralin, ethalfluralin, oryzaiin, pendimethaiin, prodiamine, trifluralin; diphenyl ethers: acifiuorfen, aclonifen, bifenox. diclofop, ethoxy fen, fomesafen, lactofen, oxyfluorfen;

- hydroxybenzonitriles: bomoxynil, dichiobenil, ioxynil; - imidazoiinones: imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr; pbenoxy acetic acids: clomeprop, 2,4-dichiorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4 -DB, dichlor- prop, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, Mecoprop;

- pyrazines: chloridazon, flufenpyr-ethyl, fluthiacet, norflurazon, pyridate:

- pyridines: aminopyraiid. ciopyralid, diflufenican, dithiopyr, flurtdone,

fluroxypyr. picloram, ptcolinafen, thiazopyr;

- sulfonyl ureas: amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorsulfuron, cinosuifirron, cyclosulfamuron, ethoxysulfuron, fiazasulfuron, flucetosulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfuron. halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, iodostilfuron, mesosulfurtm, metazosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl,

nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron, prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, rimsulfuron, suifometuron, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron, triasulfuron, tribenuron, trifloxysulfuron, triflusuifuron, tritosulfuron, 1 -((2-diioro-6- propyl-i.midazo( i^ bjpyridazin-S-y^sulfonyl)- 3-(4 , 6-dimethoxy-pyri midin-2-yl ) urea;

- triazines; ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine. dimethametryn, etbiozin, hexazinone, metamitron, metribuzin, prometryn, simazine, terbuthylazine. terbutryn.

Iriaziflam;

- ureas: chlorotoluron, daimuron, diuron, tluometuron, isoproturon, linuron, methabenzthiazuron, tebuthiuron;

- other acetolaciate synthase inhibitors: bispyribac -sodium, cloransulam- methyl, diclosuJam, florasulam, ilucarbazone, flumetsuiam, metosuiam, ortho-sulfamuron, penoxsulam, propoxycarbazone, pyri bambenz- propyl , pyribenzoxim, pyrifialid, pyrimlnobac-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac. pyroxasuifone, pyroxsuiam;

- others: amicarbazone, aminotriazole, anilofos, beflubutamid, benazolin, bencarbazone, benfluresate, benzofenap, bentazone, benzobicyclon, bicyclopyrone, bromacil, bromobutide, butafenacil, butamifos, cafenstrole, carfentrazone. cinidon-ethyl, chiorthal, dnmethylin, ciomazone, cumyluron, cyprosulfamide, dicamba, difenzoquat, difiufenzopyr,

- Drechslera monoceras, endothal, ethofumesate, etobenzanid. fenoxasulfone, fentrazamide, tlumiclorac-pentyL tlumioxazin, flupoxam, ilurochlortdone, flurtamone, indanofan, isoxaben, isoxafiutoie, ienacii, propanii, propyzamide,. quinclorac, quinmerac, mesotrione, methyl arsonic acid, naptalam.

oxadiargyl, oxadiazon. oxaziclomefone. pentoxazone, pinoxaden, pyraclonil, pyraflu fen-ethyl, pyrasulfotole, pyrazoxyfen, pyrazolynate, quinoclamine, saflufenacil, sulcotrione. sulfentrazone, terbacil, lefuryitrione, tembotrione, thiencarbazone, topramezone, (3-j2-ch)oro-4-fluoro-5-(3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4- trifluoromethyl-3 ,6-dihydro-2H-pyrirnidin- 1 -yl)-phenoxy3-pyridin-2-yloxy)- acetic acid ethyl ester, 6-amino-5-cbIoro-2- cyclopropyl-pyrimidine-4- carboxylic acid methyl ester, 6 chloro-3-(2-cyclopropy 1-6-methyl- phenoxy)- pyridazin-4-oI, 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-phenyt)-5-f]uoro-pyridine-2- carboxylic add, 4-amino-3 chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fl uoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)- pyridine-2 -carboxylic acid methyl ester, and 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chJoro-3- dimethylamino-2-tluoro-phenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic add methyl ester.

C62) Insecticides

- organo(thio)phosphates : acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-methyl,

chlorpyrifos. chiorpyrifos-methyi, chlorfenvinphos, dtazinon, dichlorvos, dicrotophos, dimethoate, disulfoton, ethion. fenitrothion, fenthion, isoxathion, malathion, methamidophos. methidathion, methyl -parathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, oxydemeton-methyl, paraoxon, parathion, phenthoate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phorate, phoxim, pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos, prothiofbs, sulprophos, tetrachlorvinphos. terbufos, trrazophos, trichlorfon;

- carbamates: alaiiycarb. aldicarb, bendiocarb, benfiiracarb, carbaryl,

carbofuran, carbosulfan, fenoxycarb, furathiocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, triazamate;

- pyrethroids: alleihrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cyphenothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cleltamethrin, esfenvaierate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate,

imiprothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin. prallethrin, pyrethrin i and IL resmethrin, silafluofen, laufluvalinate, teiluthrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin, transfluthrin, proiluthrin, dimefluthrin;

- insect growth regulators: a) chitin synthesis inhibitors: benzoylureas:

chlorfluazuron, cyramazin, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, fiufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, teflubenzuron. triflumuron; buprofezin, diofenolan, hexythiazox, etoxazole, clofentazine; b) ecdysone antagonists: halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, azadirachtin: c) juvenoids: pyriproxyfen, methoprene, fenoxycarb; d) lipid biosynthesis inliibitors:

spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat;

- nicotinic receptor agonists/antagonists compounds: dothianidin, dinotefuran, flupyradifurone, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, acetamiprid, thiacioprid, 1 -2-chloro-thiaz.ol- 5-ylmethyl)-2~nitrimino-3,5-dimethyl-[l ,3,5]triazmane;

- GABA antagonist compounds: endosulfan, ethi prole, fipronil, vamliprole, pyrafluprole, pyriprole, 5-amino-l-(2,6-dtchIoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-4- sulfinamoyi-1 H-pyrazole-3-carbothioic add amide;

macrocyclic lactone insecticides: abamectin, emamectin, milbemectin, lepimectin, spinosad, spinetoram;

- mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor (METl) I acaricides: fenazaquin, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad. tolfenpyrad, flufenerim;

- METl P and III compounds; acequinocyl, fluacyprim. hydramethylnon;

- Uncouplers: chlorfenapyr;

- oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors: cyhexatin, diafenthiumn, fenbutatin oxide, prapargite; moulting disrupior compounds: cryomazine;

- mixed function oxidase inhibitors: piperonyl butoxide;

- sodium channel blockers: indoxacarb. metaflumizone;

- ryanodine receptor inhibitors: chiorantraniliprole, cyanrraniliprole,

flubendiamide, N-[4_>6-dichloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4- sulfanylidene)carbamoyt]-phenylJ-2-{3-chloro-2-pyridyJ)~5- (trifluoromethy1)pyrazole-3-carboxamide; N-[4-chloro-2-[(diethyl~lambda-4- sulfanylidene)carbamoylj-6-methyl-phenylj-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyi)-5- (trifluorometliyl)pyrazole-3-cartK)xamide; N-[4-chloro-2-[(di-2-propyl· lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-methyl-phenylj-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyI)- 5 -(trii1uoromethyl)pyrazoIe-3 -carboxamide; N-(4,6-dichloro- 2-|(di-2-propyl- lainbda-4-sulfanylidene)carfcamoylj-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazolc-3 -carboxamide; N-[4,6-dichioro-2-[(diethyl- lambda- 4-sulfanyHdene)carbamoy i j -phenyl]-2-(3 -chloro-2 -pyridyl)- 5- (difluoromethyl)pyrazole-3~ carboxamide; N-{4,6~dtbromo-2-((di-2-propyl- lambda-4-suifany lidcne)carbamoyi) -phenyl]- 2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl )-5 - (trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide; N-[4-chloro-2-[(di-2-propyl- lambda-4-sulfanylid€ne)carbamoyl]-6-cyano-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)- 5- (trifluoromethyl)p\Tazole-3-carboxamide; N-[4.6-dibromo-2-[(dielhyl- lambda-4- sul fanyIidene)carbamoyll-phenyl]-2-(3 -chloro-2-pyridyl)-5- (triiluoromethyl)pyrazole-3- carboxamide;

- otlieis: bendothiaz, bifenazate, caitap, flonicamid, pyridalyl, pymetrozine, sulfur, thiocy- clam, cyenopyrafen, flupyrazofos, cytlumetofen. amidoflumet. imicyafos, bistrifluron, pyriflu- quinazon and 1 ,1 -

[(3SAR,4aR,6S,6aS,12R,l 2aS, l2bS)-4-[[(2- cyclopropylacetyl)oxy]methyl)-l ,3,4.4a,5 ,6,6a, 12, 12a, 12b-decahydro- l2-hydroxy-4,6a, I2b-trimeihyl-l 1- oxo-9-(3-pyridmyl)-2¾ 1 1 H-naphtho[2, 1 -b]pyrano(3,4-e]pyran-3,6-diyj] cyclo- propaneacetic acid ester.

The microbial pesticide / biopesticides, their preparation and their biological activity e.g. against harmful fungi, pests is known (e-Pesticide Manual V 5.2 (ISBN 978 1 901396 85 0) (2008-201 1 >; http:// www.epa.gov/oppOOOO 1 /biopesticides/, see product lists therein:

http.V/ww'w.omri.org-'omri-lists. see lists therein: Bio- Pesticides Database BPDB h np://^'s item.herts.ac.uk/aeru/bpdb/, see A to Z link therein).

Many of these microbial pesticide / biopesticides are registered and/or are commercially available for preparation of the mixture of present invention.

Strains can be sourced from genetic resource and deposition centers: American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va. 201 10-2209, USA (strains with ATCC prefic); CABI Europe— International Mycological Institute, Bakcham Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9TYNRRL, UK (strains with prefices CABI and 1MJ); Centraalbureau voor Schimmeicultures, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalaan 8, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht. Netherlands (strains with prefic CBS); Division of Plant Industry, CSI.RO, Canberra, Australia (strains with prefix CC); Collection Nationaie de Cultures de Microorganismes, fnstitut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, F-7S724 PARIS Cedex 15 (strains with prefix CNCM); Leibniz- !nstitut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkuituren GmbH, InhoftenstraRe 7 B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany (strains with prefix DSM);

International Depositary Authority of Canada Collection, Canada (strains with prefix 1DAC); International Collection of Micro-organisms from Plants, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand (strains with prefix ICMP); 1ITA, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria (strains with prefix I IT A); The National Collections of Industrial and Marine Bacteria Ltd., Torry Research Station, P.O. Box 31 , 135 Abbey Road, Aberdeen, AB9 8DG, Scotland (strains with prefix NCIMB); ARS Culture Collection of the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Ill. 61604, USA (strains with prefix NRRL);

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Culture Collection, Applied

Biochemistry Division, Palmerston North. New Zealand (strains with prefix NZP); FEPAGRO-Fundacao Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Rua Gonsalves Dias, 570, Bairro Menino Deus. Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil (strains with prefix SEMJA); SARD!, Adelaide. South Australia (strains with prefix SRDl): U.S. Department of

Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service, Soybean and Alfalfa Research

Laboratory, B ARC- West, 10300 Baltimore Boulevard, Building Oi l, Room 19-9, Beltsville, Md. 20705, USA (strains with prefix USDA: Beltsville Rhizobium Culture Collection Catalog March 1987 USDA-ARS ARS-30:

http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAA W891.pdf); and Murdoch University, Perth. Western Australia (strains with prefix WSM), Further strains may be found at the Global catalogue of Microorganisms; http://gcm.wfcc, infh/and

httpV./www'.iandcareresearch.co.uZ'resources/coIlections/icmp and further references to strain collections and their prefixes at http:/7refs. wdcm.org/collections.htm.

Further descriptions of these classes of pesticides are provided below.

(C 1 ) "Demethylation inhibitor (DMJ) fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 3) inhibit C14-demethylase, which plays a role in sterol production. Sterols, such as ergosterol. are needed for membrane structure and function, making them essential for the development of functional cell walls.

Therefore, exposure to these fungicides results in abnormal growth and eventually death of sensitive fungi. DMJ. fungicides are divided between several chemical classes: azoles (including triazoles and imidazoles), pyrimidines, piperazines and pyridines. The triazoles include azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole.

cyproconazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole (including diniconazole-M),

epoxiconazoie, fenbuconazole, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole, imibenconazole, ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil. penconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole, simeconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triadimefon,

triadimenol, triticonazole and uniconazole. The imidazoles include clotrimazole, imazalil, oxpoconazole, prochloraz. pefurazoate and triflumizole. The pyrimidines include fenarimol and nuarimol. The piperazines include triforine. The pyridines include pyrifenox. Biochemical investigations have shown that all of the above mentioned fungicides are DMJ fungicides as described by K. H. Kuck et ai. in

Modem Selective Fungicides-Properties, Applications and Mechanisms of Action,

H. Lyr (Ed.), Gustav Fischer Verlag: New York, 1995, 205-258.

(C2) "Phosphonate fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 33) include phosphorous acid and its various salts, including fosetyl-aluminum,

(C3) "Methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 1 ) inhibit mitosis by binding to .beta.-tubulin during microtubule assembly. Inhibition of microtubule assembly can disrupt cell division, transport within the cell and cell structure. Methyl benzimidazole carbamate fungicides include benzimidazole and thiophanate fungicides. The benzimidazoles include benomyl, carbendazim, fuberidazole and thiabendazole. The thiophanates include thiophanate and thtophanate-methyl.

(C4) "Phenylamide fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 4) are specific inhibitors of RNA polymerase in Oomycete fungi. Sensitive fungi exposed to these fungicides show a reduced capacity to incorporate uridine into rRNA. Growth and development in sensitive fungi is prevented by exposure to this class of fungicide, Phenylamide fungicides include acylalanine, oxazofidinone and butyrolactone fungicides. The acylalanines include benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, furalaxyl, metalaxyj and metalaxyl-M/mefenoxam. The oxazolidinones include oxadixyl. The butyrolactones include ofurace.

(C5) ¹¹ A mine/ morpholine fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 5) inhibit two target sites within the sterol biosynthetic pathway, DELTA.. sup.8.fwdarw..DELTA..sup.7 isomerase and .DELTA, .sup.14 reductase. Sterols, such as ergosteral. are needed for membrane structure and function, making them essential for the development of functional cell walls. Therefore, exposure to these fungicides results in abnonnal growth and eventually death of sensitive fungi. Amine/morpholine fungicides (also known as non-DMf sterol biosynthesis inhibitors) include morpholine, piperidine and spiroketai -amine fungicides. The morpholines include aldimorph, dodemorph, fenpropimorph, tridcmorph and trimorphamide. The piperidines include fenpropidin and piperaiin. The spiroketal-amjnes include spiroxamine. (C6) "Phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action

Committee (FRAC) code 6) inhibit growth of fungi by affecting phospholipid biosynthesis. Phospholipid biosynthesis fungicides include phosphorothiolate and tiithioiane fungicides. The phosphorothiolates include edifenphos, iprobenfos and pyrazophos. The dithiolanes include isoprothiolane.

(C7) "Carboxamide fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 7) inhibit Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) fungal respiration by

disrupting a key enzyme in the Krebs Cycle (TCA cycle) named succinate

dehydrogenase. Inhibiting respiration prevents the fungus from making ATP, and thus inhibits growth and reproduction. Carboxamide fungicides include benzamides, furan carboxamides, oxathiin carboxamides, thiazole carboxamides, pyrazoie carboxamides and pyridine carboxamides. The benzamides include benodanil, flutoJanil and meprontl. The furan carboxamides include fenfuram. The oxathiin carboxamides include carboxin and oxycarboxin. The thiazole carboxamides include thifluzamide. The pyrazole carboxamides include furametpyr, penthiopyrad. bixafen, isopyrazam, N-[2-( IS, 2R)-[LV-bicyclopropylj-2-ylphenylj-3-(difluoro methyl)-l · methyl- i H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide and penflufen (N-[2-(l ,3-dimethyl- butyl)phenyj]-5-fluoro- 1 ,3 dimethyl· 1 H-pyrazole-4-car- boxamide). The pyridine carboxamides include boscalid.

(C8) "Hydroxy(2-amino-)pyrimidine fungicides” (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 8) inhibit nucleic acid synthesis by interfering with adenosine deaminase. Examples include bupirimate, dimethirimol and ethirimol

(C9) "Anilinopyrimidine fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 9) are proposed to inhibit biosynthesis of the amino acid methionine and to disrupt tiie secretion of hydrolytic enzymes that lyse plant cells during infection. Examples include cyprodinil, mepanipyrim and pyrimethanil,

(CIO)”N-Phenyl carbamate fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 10) inhibit mitosis by binding to .beta.-tubulin and disrupting microtubule assembly. Inhibition of microtubule assembly can disrupt cell division, transport within the cell and cell structure. Examples include diethofencarb.

(Cl 1 ) "Quinone outside inhibitor (Qol) fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 11) inhibit Complex 1P mitochondrial respiration in fungi by affecting ubiquino) oxidase. Oxidation of ubiquinol is blocked at the "quinone outside" (Q.sub.O) site of the cytochrome bc.sub. l complex, which is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of fungi. Inhibiting mitochondrial respiration prevents normal fungal growth and development. Quinone outside inhibitor fungicides (also known as strobilurin fungicides) include methoxyacrylale, methoxycarbamate, oximinoacetate. oximinoacetamlde, oxazolidinedione, dihydrodioxazine,

imidazolinone and benzylcarbamate fungicides. The methoxyacrylates include azoxystrobin. enestroburin (SYP-Z071), picoxystrobin andpyraoxysirobin (SYP- 3343). The methoxycarbamates include pyraclostrobin and pyrametostrobin (SYP-

4155). The oximinoacetatcs include kresoxim-methyl and trifloxystrobin. The oximinoacetamides include dimoxystrobin, metominostrobin, orysastrobin, .alpha [methoxytmino]-N-methy]-2~[[[ l-[3-(trifiuoromethyl)phenyl]ethoxy]-imino]- methyl]benzeneacetamide and 2-[[(3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-l -methyl-2-propen- 1 ~ ylidene] -ami no joxy]methy 1 - j-.alpha. (methoxyimino )-N-methyl benzeneacet amide. The oxazolidinediones include famoxadone. The dihydrodioxazines include fluoxastrobin. The imidazolinones include fenamidone. The benzylcarbamates include pyribencarb.

(C12) "Phenylpyrrole fungicides” (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 12) inhibit a MAP protein kinase associated with osmotic signal transduction in fungi. Fcnpiclonit and fludioxonil are examples of this fungicide class.

(C13)’’Quinoline fungicides” (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 13) are proposed to inhibit signal transduction by affecting G-proteins in early cell signaling. They have been shown to interfere with germination and/or appressorium formation in fungi that cause powder mildew diseases. Quinoxyfen and tebufloquin are examples of this class of fungicide.

(C14) "Lipid peroxidation inhibitor fungicides” (Fungicide Resistance Action

Committee (FRAC) code 14) are proposed to inhibit lipid peroxidation which affects membrane synthesis in fungi. Members of this class, such as etridiazole. may also affect other biological processes such as respiration and melanin biosynthesis. Lipid peroxidation fungicides include aromatic carbon and 1 ,2,4-thiadtazoIe fungicides.

The aromatic carbon fungicides include biphenyl, chloroneb, dicloran, quintoiene. tecnazene and tolclofos- methyl. The 1,2.4-thiadi azole fungicides include etridiazole. "Melanin biosynthesis inhibltors-reductase (MBf-R) fungicides'’ (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 16.1) inhibit the naphthal reduction step in melanin biosynthesis. Melanin is required for host plant infection by some fungi. Melanin biosynthesis inh ibitors-reductase fungicides include isobenzofuranone. pyrroioquinolinone and triazolobenzothiazole fungicides. The isobenzoliiranones include flhalide. The pyrroloquinolinones include pyroquiion. The

triazoiobenzothiazoles include tricydazole.

(C16) "Melanin biosynthesis inhibitors-dehydratase (MBI-D) fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 16.2) Inhibit scytaione dehydratase in melanin biosynthesis. Melanin in required for host plant infection by some fungi. Melanin biosynthesis inhibitors-dehydratase fungicides include

cyclopropanecarboxam^’rde, carboxamide and propionamide fungicides. The cyclopropanecarboxamides include carpropamid. The carboxamides include diclocymet. The propionamides include fenoxanil. (C17) "Hydroxyanilide fungicides (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 17) inhibit C4-demethylase which plays a role in sterol production. Examples include fenhexamid.

qualene-epoxidase inhibitor fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 18) inhibit squalene-epoxidase in ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. Sterols such as ergosterol are needed for membrane structure and function, making them essential for the development of functional cell walls. Therefore exposure to these fungicides results in abnormal growth and eventually death of sensitive fungi. Squalene-epoxidase inhibitor fungicides include thiocarbamate and allylamine fungicides. The thiocarbamates include pyributicarb. The allylamines include naftifine and terbinafine.

(C19) "Polyoxin fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 19) inhibit chitin synthase. Examples include polyoxin.

(C20) "Phenylurea fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 20) are proposed to affect cell division. Examples include pencycuron.

) "Quinone inside inhibitor (Oil) fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 21 ) inhibit Complex 111 mitochondrial respiration in fungi by affecting ubiquinol reductase. Reduction of ubiquinol is blocked at the "quinone inside" (Q.sub.i) site of the cytochrome bc.sub. l complex, which is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of fungi. Inhibiting mitochondrial respiration prevents normal fungal growth and development. Quinone inside inhibitor fungicides include cyanoimidazole and sulfamoyltriazole fungicides. The cyanoimidazoles include cyazofamid. The sulfamoyltriazoles Include amisulbrom.

(C22) "Benzamide fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 22) inhibit mitosis by binding to .beta.-tubulin and disrupting microtubule assembly. Inhibition of microtubule assembly can disrupt cell division, transport within the cell and cell structure. Examples include zoxamide.

(C23) "Enopyranuronic acid antibiotic fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 23) inhibit growth of fungi by affecting protein

biosynthesis. Examples include blasticidin-S.

(C24) "Hexopyranosyl antibiotic fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action

Committee (FRAC) code 24) inhibit growth of fungi by affecting protein

biosynthesis. Examples include kasugamycin. (C25) "Glucopyranosyl antibiotic: protein synthesis fungicides” (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 25 ) inhibit growth of fungi by affecting protein biosynthesis. Examples include streptomycin.

(C26) "Glucopyranosyl antibiotic; trehalase and inositol biosynthesis fungicides'^* (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 26) inhibit trehalase in inositol biosynthesis pathway. Examples include validamycin.

(C27) "Cyanoacetamideoxime fungicides (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 27) include cymoxanil.

(C28) "Carbamate fungicides^*’ (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 28) are considered multi-site inhibitors of fungal growth. They are proposed to interfere with the synthesis of fatty acids in cell membranes, which then disrupts cell membrane permeability. Propamacarb, propamacarb-hydroch loride, iodocarb, and prothiocarb are examples of this fungicide class,

(C29) 'Oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 29) inhibit fungal respiration by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibiting respiration prevents normal fungal growth and development. Tins class includes 2,6~dinitroanilines such as fluazinam.

pyrimidonehydrazones such as fcrimzone and dinitrophenyl crotanates such as dinocap, meptyldinocap and binapacryl.

(C30) "Organo tin fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 30) inhibit adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase in oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Examples include fentin acetate, fentin chloride and fentin hydroxide.

(C31 ) "Carboxylic acid fungicides^*’ (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee

(FRAC) code 31 ) inhibit growth of fungi by affecting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) topoisomerase type If (gyrase). Examples include oxolinic acid.

(C32) "Heteroaromatic fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 32) are proposed to affect DNA/ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis.

Heteroaromatic fungicides include isoxazole and isothiazolone fungicides. The isoxazoles include hymexazole and the isothiazolones include oethilinone.

(C33) "Dicarboximide fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 2) are proposed to inhibit a lipid peroxidation in fungi through interference with NADH cytochrome c reductase. Examples include chlozolinate, iprodione, procymidone and vinclozolin. (C34) "Phthalamic acid fungicide" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee

(FRAC) code 34) include teclofthalam.

(C35) "Benzotriazine fungicides'^* (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 35) include triazoxide. (C36) "Benzehe-sulfonamide fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 36) indude flusulfamide.

(C37) "Pyridazinone fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 37) include diclomezine.

(C38) "Thiophene-carboxamide fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 38) are proposed to affect ATP production. Examples include sikhiofam.

(C39) "Pyrimidmamide fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee

(FRAC) code 39) inhibit growth of fungi by affecting phospholipid biosynthesis and include diflumetorim.

(C40) "Carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action

Committee (FRAC) code 40) are proposed to inhibit phospholipid biosynthesis and cell wall deposition. Inhibition of these processes prevents growth and leads to death of the target fungus. Carboxylic acid amide fungicides include cinnamic acid amide, val inamide carbamate and mandelic acid amide fungicides. The cinnamic acid amides include dimethomorph and Oumorph. The valinamide carbamates include

benthiavalicarb, benthiavalicarb- isopropyl, iprovalicarb, valifenalate and valiphenal. The mandelic acid amides include mandipropamid, N-[2-[4-j [3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2- propyn- 1 -yljoxy] -3-meihoxyphenyl ]ethyl]-3-methy I -2-

[(methylsulfonyl)amino]butanamide and N-(2-[4~{[3-(4-chloropheny])-2-propyn- l - yl)oxyj-3-methoxyphenyI)ethyl)-3--methyi-2-[(ethylsulfonyi}amino]butanamide.

(C41) "Tetracycline antibiotic fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 41 ) inhibit growth of fungi by affecting complex i nicotinamide adenine dinudeolide (NADH) oxidoreductase. Examples include oxytetracycline.

(C42) "Thiocarbamatc fungicides (b42)" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 42) indude methasuifocarb. (C43) "Benzamide fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 43) inhibit growth of fungi by delocalization of spectrin-like proteins. Examples include acylpicolide fungicides such as fluopiooiide and fluopyram.

(C44) "Host plant defense induction fungicides” (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code P) induce host plant defense mechanisms. Host plant defense induction fungicides include benzo-thiadiazole, benzisothiazole and ihiadiazole-carboxamide fungicides. The benzo-thiadiazoies include acibenzolar-S- methyl. The benzisothiazoJes include probenazoie. The thiadiazole-carboxamides include tiadinil and isoiianil. (C45) "Multi-site contact fungicides" inhibit fungal growth through multiple sites of action and have contact/preventive activity. This class of fungicides includes: (45.1) "copper fungicides” (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code Ml)”, (45.2) "sulfur fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code M2). (45,3) "dithiocarbamate fungicides" (Fungicide. Resistance Action Committee (F RAC) code M3 ), (45.4) "phthal imide fungicides " (Fungicide Resistance Action

Committee (FRAC) code M4), <45.5) "cbloronitrilc fungicides" (Fungicide

Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code M5)„ (45.6) "sulfamide fungicides” (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code M6), (45,7) "guanidine fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code M7), (45.8) "triaztne fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code M8) and (45.9) "quinone fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code M9). "Copper fungicides" are inorganic compounds containing copper, typically in the copper oxidation stale; examples include copper oxychloride, copper sulfate and copper hydroxide, including compositions such as Bordeaux mixture (tribasic copper sulfate). "Sulfur fungicides" are inorganic chemicals containing rings or chains of sulfur atoms; examples include elemental sulfur.“Dithiocarbamate fungicides" contain a dithiocarbamate molecular moiety; examples include

mancozeb, metiram, propineb, ferbam, maneb, thiram, zineb and ziram. "Phthalimide fungicides" contain a phthalimide molecular moiety; examples include folpct, captan and captafol. "Chloronitriie fungicides" contain an aromatic ring substituted with chloro and cyano; examples include chlorothalonil. "Sulfamide fungicides" include dichloiluanid and tolyfluanid. "Guanidine fungicides" include dodine, guazatine, iminoctadine albesilate and iminoctadine triacetate. "Triazine fungicides" include anilazine. "Quinone fungicides" include difhianon. (C46) "Fungicides other than fungicides of classes (1 ) through (45)" include certain fungicides whose mode of action may be unknown. These include: (46.1 ) "thiazoie carboxamide fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code U5). (46.2) "phenyl -acetamide fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code U6), (46.3) "quinazolinone fungicides" (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code U7), (46.4) "benzophenone fungicides" (Fungicide

Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code U8) and (46.5) "triazolopyrimidine fungicides". The thiazoie carboxamides include ethaboxam. The phenyl-acetamides include cyflufenamid and N-[[(cyclopropylniethoxy)amino][6-(difluoromethoxy)- 2,3-difluorophenyl}-me-thylene)benzeneacetamide. ^'Die quinazoHnones include proquinazid and 2-butoxy-6-iodo-3 -propyl -4H- 1 -benzopyran-4-one. The

benzophenones include metrafenone. The triazolopyrimidines include ametoctradin. The (b46) class also includes bethoxazin, neo-asozin (ferric methanearsonate), pyrrolnitrin, quinomethionate, N-[2-[4-[(3-(4-chlora-phenyl)-2-propyn-1 -yl]oxyj-3- methoxyphenyl]ethyl |-3- -methyl-2-((methylsulfonyl)ammo]~butanarnide, N-[2-(4- [[3-(4-chiorophenyl)-2-propyn-l-yl]oxy]-3-methoxyphenyljethyl]-3-meth>'l-2- [(ethylsulfonyl)amino]butanamide, 2-([2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyI)phenyl]thio)-2-[3- (2-methoxyphenyl)-2-thi- azoHdinylideneJacetonitrile, 3-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3- dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinyl]pyridine, 4-fluoraphenyl N-( 1

cyanophenyl)ethy I jsulfony Ijmethy l]-propy IJcarbamate, 5 -chloro-6-{2,4,6- trifluorophenyl )- 7 -(4-methy Ipiperidi n- 1 -yl)[ 1 ,2,4}-tria-zolo[ 1 ,5~a]pyrimidine, N-(4- chIoro-2-nitrophenyl)-N-ethyl-4-methylbenzenesul fonamide, N- [( (cyclopropylmethoxy )amtno] ( 6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3 -difluoropheny 11 met-hy lene j- benzeneacetamide, N^*- [4- [4 -chloro-3- (tri fluoromethy l)phenoxy ]-2,5- dimethylphenylj-N-ethyl-N-methylmethanimidamide. I -[(2-propenyltliio)carbonyi]-

2-( I -methylethyl)-4-(2-methylphenyl)-5-amino- 1 H-pyrazol-3 -one, N-[9- (dichloromethylene)- 1 , 2, 3,4 -tetridtydro- 1 ,4-methanonaphthalen-5-y l j-3 - (difiuoromethyl)-l -methyl- 1 H-pyrazoIe-4-carboxamide, 3-(di-iluoromethyl)-N-[9- (difluoromethylene)-l ,2,3.4-tetrahydro~1 ,4- metiia-nonaphthalen- 5-ylJ- 1 -methyl - 111- pyrazole-4-carboxamide. N-[9-(dibromomethylene)- 1 ,2.3,4-tetrahydro- 1.4- methanonaphthalen-5-yl]-3-(dilluoromethyj)-l -methyi-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxaimde, N-{9-(dibromomethylene)-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydro- 1.4-methanonaphthalen-5 -y 1 J- 1 -methyl-

3-(tri fl uoromethyl)- 1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, N-(9-(difluoromethylene)- 1 ,2,3,4' tetrahydro-l,4-methanonaphthalen-5-yl]-l -methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazole- 4-carboxamide and N-f9-(dichiorometbylene)- 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-l ,4- methanonaphthalen-5-ylj- 1 -methy l-3-(trifl uoromethyl)- 1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide. In particular embodiments, the bioactive compound or by product of a fermentation of chitinolytic microorganisms, wherein the said bioaolive compound comprises any or any combination of:

(a) hole broth culture

(b) filtrate from a whole broth culture

(c) a pure culture of the said chitinolytic microorganisms,

(d) a ceil fraction of the said chitinolytic microorganisms,

(e) a supernatant derived from the said chitinolytic microorganisms.

(f) an extract of any of (a), (b) or (c),

(g) cell-free extracts of the said chitinolytic microorganisms,

(h)a metabolite of the said chitinolytic microorganisms,

(i) spores

(j) chitinolytic microorganisms

In one embodiment, chitinolytic microorganisms may be used as bioactive compound directly from the culture medium or subject to purification and/or further processing steps, such as, a drying process. In one embodiment, following

fermentation, the chitinolytic microorganisms may be recovered using conventional techniques, such as by filtration or centrifugation. The chitinolytic microorganisms may alternatively be dried, such as by air-drying, freeze drying or spray drying, to a low moisture level, and stored at a suitable temperature (e.g., room temperature). In another embodiment, the bioactive compound is present in the composition in the form of a stable spore.

In particular embodiments, said chitinolytic microorganisms produces bioactive compound is selected from the group:

(a) possesses at least one of:

I, antifungal antibiotic biosynthetic genes produce one or more antifungal compound belongs to peptide antifungal antibiotic group;

ii. cuticle degrading enzymes; and

(b) is non-pathogenic to vertebrate animals.

In a particular embodiment, wherein the stud antifungal antibiotic biosynthetic genes produce antifungal peptides not only limited to the group consisting of:

alboleutin, bacitracin, botrycidin, clorotetain, fengycin, iturins, rhizocticins, bacillomycins, surfactin, mycosubtilin, mycobacillin, fimgistatin, subsporin, mycocerein and zwittermicin A. In one embodiment of the present invention, the pesticidal composition comprises bioactive compound derived from cbitinoiytic microorganisms, wherein the said chitinolytic microorganism is selected from genus Bacillus. Example of Bacillus spp. include, but not limited to Bacillus amyloUquefaciens T3 1000, Bacillus amyloliquefaciem accession No. CCTCC NO: M2010129. Bacillus

amyloUquefaciens (strains include those having the following ATCC accession numbers: 23842, 23843, 23844, 23845, 31592, 49763, 53495 and BAA-390),

Bacillus amyloUquefaciens AG l , Bacillus amyloUquefaciens AP- 136 (NRRL B- 50614), Bacillus amyloUquefaciens AP- 188 (NKRL B-50615), Bacillus

amyloUquefaciens AP-218 (NRRL B-50618), Bacillus amyloliquefaciem AP-219 (NRRL B-50619), Bacillus amyloUquefaciens AP-295 (NRRL B-50620), Bacillus amyloUquefaciens B94, Bacillus amyloUquefaciens FZB42 , Bacillus

amyloliquefaciem IN937a, Bacillus amyloliquefaciem IT-45 (CNCM 1-3800), Bacillus amyloUquefaciens NJN-6, Bacillus amyloliquefaciem NRRL B-30518, Bacillus amyloliquefaciem ssp. plantamm MBI600 (NRRL B-S0595), Bacillus amyloliquefaciem strain BLB369, Bacillus amyloUquefaciens strain NRRL B- 50349, Bacillus amyloUquefaciens strain WG6- 14, Bacillus amyloliquefaciem strains CM-2, Bacillus amyloliquefaciem strains T-5, Bacillus amyloUquefaciens SYBC H47, Bacillus amyloliquefaciem TJ 1000, Bacillus amyloliquefaciem V656, Bacillus cereus ATCC 53522, Bacillus cereus BG1, Bacillus cereus 108, Bacillus cereus

NRRL B-30517, Bacillus cereus NRRL B-30519, Bacillus cereus TKU006, Bacillus cereus TKU018, Bacillus cereus YQQ308, Bacillus cereus ATCC 55675, Bacillus licheniformis Tll-l, Bacillus Ucheniformis, strain SB3086, Bacillus megaierium C1 16, Bacillus megaierium KL39, Bacillus megaierium pv. cerealis RAB7, Bacillus megaierium strain H491 (NRRL Accession No. B-50769), Bacillus meguterium strain J 142 (NRRL Accession No. B-50771 ), Bacillus megaierium strain M018 (NRRL Accession No. B-50770), Bacillus megaierium ATCC 55000, Bacillus

methylotrophicus 9912, Bacillus mefhylotrophicus BC79, Bacillus methylotrophicvs Cl 4, Bacillus methylotrophicus C412, Bacillus methylotrophicus CBMB205,

Bacillus methylotrophicus FKM 10, Bacillus methylotrophicus K26, Bacillus methylotrophicus KACC 13015 T, Bacillus methylotrophicus NKG- 1 , Bacillus methylotrophicus Strain B25, Bacillus methylotrophicus strain BC79, Bacillus methylotrophicus Strain BM47, Bacillus methylotrophicus Strain NKG-1, Bacillus methylotrophicus UCP1616, Bacillus methylotrophicus UPMC 1 166, Bacillus methylotrophicus SCS2012, Bacillus pabuli K 1 , Bacillus po!ymyxa (BP 1 ), Bacillus pumilis CL 45, Bacillus pumilus GHA 180, Bacillus pumilus 1NR-7 (NRRL B50153; NRRL B-50185) , Bacillus pumilus KFP9F, Bacillus pumilus QST 2808 (NRRL B- 30087). Bacillus pumilus SG2, Bacillus sp. 13.26, Bacillus sp. AB89, Bacillus sp. BG-1 1, Bacillus sp. strain F727, Bacillus sp TKU004, Bacillus subtilis (strains 3A- P4 ATCC Accession No. PTA-6506, 22C-P1 ATCC Accession No. PTA-6508. and LSSA01 NRRL Accession No. NRRL B-50104). Bacillus subtilis ATCC 55422, Bacillus subtilis AU 195, Bacillus subtilis B25, Bacillus subtilis B-3, Bacillus subtilis BSF4, Bacillus subtilis CAS 15, Bacillus subtilis CL27, Bacillus subtilis CPA-8, Bacillus subtilis CX-9060, Bacillus subtilis CY5, Bacillus subtilis DJM-51, Bacillus subtilis F29-3, Bacillus subtilis FBI 7, Bacillus subtilis FERM BP-3418, Bacillus subtilis G8, Bacillus subtilis GB03, Bacillus subtilis GB07, Bacillus subtilis

KP172548, Bacillus subtilis NC!B 12375, Bacillus subtilis NC1B 12376, Bacillus subtilis NCIB 12616, Bacillus subtilis NJN-1 1, Bacillus subtilis NJN-6, Bacillus subtilis NPU 001 , Bacillus subtilis NRRL B-30520, Bacillus subtilis QST-713 (NRRL B-21661), Bacillus subtilis R14, Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC No. 55614, Bacillus subtilis strain B-348, Bacillus subtilis strain B1.B277, Bacillus subtilis strain GM2, Bacillus subtilis Strain SG6, Bacillus subtilis strain Z-14, Bacillus subtilis strains B-310, Bacillus subtilis strains B-322. Bacillus subtilis strains B-338. Bacillus Subtilis SY1, Bacillus subtilis TKU007, Bacillus subtilis TV- 125, Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens D747, Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens FZB24,

Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain ATCC BAA-390, Bacillus subtilis W- 1 18, Bacillus subtilis XL62 1, Bacillus thuringiensis NMl 01-19, Bacillus

thuringiensis strain AQ52, NRRL Accession No. B21619, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. colmeri 15 A3

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantamm MB1600 (NRRL B-50595) is deposited under accession number NRRL B-50595 with the strain designation

Bacillus subtilis 1430 (and identical to NCIMB 1237). Recently, MBl 600 has been re-classified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantamm based on polyphasic testing which combines classical microbiological methods relying on a mixture of traditional tools (such as culture- based methods) and molecular tools (such as genotyping and fatty acids analysis). Thus, Bacillus subtilis MBI600 (or MBl 600 or MB1-600) is identical to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantamm MB1600.

formerly Bacillus subtilis MBI600. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MB 1600 is known as plant growth -promoting rice seed treatment from lot. J. Microbiol. Res.3(2) (2011 ),

120- 130 and farther described e.g. in US 2012/0149571 A 1. This strain MB1600 is e.g. commercially available as liquid formulation product INTEGRAL.RTM.

(Becker-Underwood Inc., USA). Bacillus subtilis strain FBI 7 was originally isolated from red beet roots in North America (System Appl. Microbiol 27 (2004) 372-379). This B. subtilis strain promotes plant health (US 2010/0260735 Ai ; WO 201 1/109395 A2). B, subtilis FBI 7 has also been deposited at ATCC under number PTA-11857 on Apr. 26, 201 1. Bacillus subtilis strain FB17 may be referred elsewhere to as UD 1022 or UD 10-22.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AIM 36 (NKRL B-50614), B. amyloliquefaciens AP-I 88 (NRRL B-50615), B. amyloliquefaciens AP-218 (NRRL B-506I8), // atnyloliquefaciens AP-219 (NRRL B-50619), B. amyloliquefaciens AP-295 (NRRL B-50620), B. japonicum SEMIA 5079 (e.g. Gelftx 5 or Adhere 60 from Nitral Urbana Laoboratories, Brazil, a BASF Company), B.japonicum SF.M1A 5080 (e.g. GEL FIX 5 or ADHERE 60 from Nitral Urbana Laoboratories, Brazil, a BASF Company), B. mojavensis AP -209 (NRRL B-50616), B. solisalsi AP-217 (NRRL B-50617), B. pumi!us strain INR-7 (otherwise referred to as BU-F22 (NRRL B-50153) and BU- F33 (NRRL B-50185)), B. simplex ABU 288 (NRRL B-50340) and B.

atnyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum MBI600 (NRRL B-50595) have been mentioned i.a. in US patent appl. 20120149571 , U.S. Pat No. 8,445,255, WO 2012/079073.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the pesticide l composition comprises bioactive compound derived from chitinolytic microorganisms, wherein the said chitinolytic microorganism is selected from genus Sireptomyces. Example of Streptomyces spp. include, but not limited to Sireptomyces aniibioticus AZ-Z710, Sireptomyces aureofaciens CMUAcBO, Streptomyces cavourensis SY224,

Streptomyces griseoviridis K61 , Streptomyces grisern HUT6037, Streptomyces griseus MTCC 9723, Streptomyces halstedii AJ-7, Streptomyces Hygroscopicus BOS-013, Streptomyces lividans ZX7, Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108, Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108, Streptomyces plicatus (strain 101), Streptomyces rimosus MY02, Streptomyces roseolas DH, Streptomyces sp. 385, Streptomyces sp. DAI 1, Streptomyces sp. TTΪ-1 1 , Streptomyces sporovirgulis strain TGNBSA5 JQ654447, Streptomyces tendae TK-VL_333, Streptomyces

thermoviolaceus NT1, Streptomyces fhermoviolaceus OPC-520 and Streptomyces venezuelae P10.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the pesticidal composition comprises bioactive compound derived from chitinolytic microorganisms selected from genus Trichoderma . Example of Trichoderma spp. include, but not limited to Trickodemui asperellum T34, Trichoderma asperellum SKT-1 , Trichoderma asperellum ICC 012, Trichoderma atroviride LC52, Trichoderma atraviride CNCM l- 1237, Trichoderma fertile JM4J R, Trichoderma gamsit^' ICC 080, Trichoderma harmatum TH 382, Trichoderma harzianum TH-35, Trichoderma harzianum T-22, Trichoderma harzianum T-39; mixture of Trichoderma polysporum and Trichoderma harzianum\ Trichoderma slrornaricum (L.1.66), Trichoderma virens G-41.

Trichoderma virens GL-2L Trichoderma viride TV 1 , Trichoderma harzianum TSTh20-l, Trichoderma harzianum KRL-AG2 (ATCC 20847). Trichoderma

(Giiociadium) virens Gl-21, Trichoderma virens Gl-3 (ATCC 58678), Trichoderma harzianum SK-5-S, Trichoderma harzianum Ri (ATCC 66869), Giiociadium vivirde Matru (ATCC 32912). Trichoderma harzianum TH (ATCC PTA-3701 ).

Trichoderma harzianum TH (ATCC PTA-1920), Trichoderma harzianum Ri (ATCC No. 6089), Giiociadium virens GV (ATCC PTA-27I0), Trichoderma harzianum PTA-3701 , Trichoderma harzianum Rifa Ϊ77, Trichoderma harzianum (Hypocrea lixii) NBRI 0716 (MTCC 5659), Trichoderma harzianum (Hypocrea Iicϋc MTCC 5660), Trichoderma viride (MTCC 5661), Trichoderma harzianum (MTCC 5659), Trichoderma atroviride- Strain Tl, Trichoderma harzianum Rifai (TH- 1),

Trichoderma harzianum Rifai (TH-2), Trichoderma harzianum 1M.I .352940,

Trichoderma harzianum IMI 352941 . Trichoderma harzianum CECT 20179,

Trichoderma viride CECT 20178, Trichoderma polysporum Rifai ATCC 20,475, Trichoderma viride sensu Bisby ATCC 20,476, Trichoderma viride sensu Bisby strain CG BINAB.1NRA T 030(Pasteur Institute. Paris), Trichoderma harzianum EMPA 720, Trichoderma koningiopsis EMPA 723, Trichoderma asperellum T34(2) CECT No. 20417, Trichoderma atroviride SCI, CBS n° 122089, Trichoderma virerts strains include those having the following ATCC accession numbers: 10043, 10044, 10045, 13213, 13362, 204067, 204443, 204444, 204445, 20903. 20904, 20906,

24290. 42955, 44327. 44734, 48179, 52045, 52199, 58676, 58677, 58678, 62399, 64271 , 74180, 9645, MYA-297, MY A- 298, MYA-649 and MYA-650.

In one embodiment the antagonistic Bacillus sp. in the product are substantially dead. In an alternative embodiment the antagonistic Bacillus sp. in the product are live.

In a further embodiment the growth medium is filtered to remove the bacteria. As the secondary metabolites are present in the medium, the bacteria may be considered to be superfluous to the disease control.

In one embodiment, bioactive compound is produced by liquid fermentation processes (batch, continuous and fed-batch fermentation). Generally, the growth media have high carbon and nitrogen concentrations, which are necessary for high yields. In another embodiment, the growth media for chitinolytic microorganism comprise chit^'mous and proteinaceous substrates as a nitrogen source. Suitable carbon sources include, but are not limited to carbohydrates, including glucose, fructose, and sucrose, and glycerol.

Further provided are examples of proteinaceous material utilised for preparing microbial fermentation media include, but not limited to soybean meal and fish powder, wherein the fish powder is obtained from fish silage and fish processing wastes (solid waste and wastewater). Also provided are examples of chitinous material utilised for preparing microbial fermentation media include, but not limited to shrimp shell powder, squid pen powder, chitin flake of shrimp shell, chitin flake of crab shell, shrimp and crab shell powder. It is understood, however, that a chitinous substrates which is acted upon by the at least one chitinolytic microorganisms to produce cuticle degrading enzymes, especially to breaks down the components of fungal cell walls. Examples of cuticle degrading enzymes include proteases, peptidases, chitinases, chitosanase, cutinases, and lipases.

Therefore of note is a mixture (i.e. composition) is, in certain embodiments, greater than the sum of each individual component's effect. Hence, the effect is enhanced by synergism between these three components, and the risk for the development of pesticide resistance among the plant pathogenic strains is reduced, More specifically, this invention envisions the use of bioactive compounds and/or metabolites from chitinolytic microorganisms in combination essentially of organic acid and the compositions comprising them, in the use form as fungicides and/or insecticides, also be present as“booster” to other pesticides results in many cases in an expension of pesticidal spectrum of activity or in a prevention of pesticide resistance development.

The term "synergistically effective amount’^* is used herein to mean component (A), component (B) and component (C) is in an amount effective to expand the spectrum of pest controlled beyond the spectrum controlled by each component alone. Such control can comprise a complete killing action, eradication, arresting in growth, reduction in number, prevention of infestation or any combination of these actions, collectively referred to herein as "efficacy. ^** Thus, it will be evident that these mixing components can improve the efficacy of pesticide to protect a habitat (e.g., plants, soil or water) from pests, includes but is not limited to a fungus, bacteria, actinomycete, vims, insects, Acari and/or nematodes. Further provided is a method for promoting plant growth, wherein the methods comprise applying to the plant thereof and/or substrate used for growing said plant an amount of said invention compositions that is effective to promote plant growth.

For embodiments where of various mixing components, i,e. compositions according to the invention comprising the component (A) and component (B) and a component (C), the weight ratio of these various mixing components (in total ) to a solid material (dry weight) of component (A) is from 100: l to 1 : 100. One skilled in the art can easily determine through simple experimentation the biologically effective amounts of active ingredients necessary for the desired spectrum of biological activity.

In yet another preferred embodiment, where of various mixing components, i.e. compositions according to the invention comprising the component (A) and

component (B) and a component (C), the volume ratio of these various mixing components (in total) to a culture volume of component (A) is from 100:1 to 1 : 100.

For agronomic applications, the rate of application required for effective control will depend on such factors as the particular pest species to be controlled, the pest life stage, the extent of disease, location, time of year, host crop, ambient moisture, temperature, and the like. One skilled in the art can easily determine the rate of application necessary for the desired level of pest control.

The compositions of the present invention can be used for modulating pest infestations by applying an effective amount of the composition or a formulation thereof, either at one point in time or throughout the plant/crop cycle via multiple applications. A method for modulating pest infestation in a plant comprising applying to agricultural soil or plant material an amount of said invention compositions that is effective to modulate said pest infestation; in some embodiments, provide for the invention composition to be applied to the vicinity, whole plants, or plant parts (including, but not limited to, roots, trunk, seed, tubers, stems, flowers or leaves) of the plant, applied onto such parts of the plant, or injected into such parts of the plant. In other embodiments, the composition can be used to treat or sterilize the soil or plant growth medium, by direct contact the soil or plant growth medium with an effective amount of an invention composition, The dosage of the pesticidai

composition(s) applied may be dependent upon factors such as the type of pest, the carrier used, the method of application (e.g., seed, plant application or soil delivery') and climate conditions for application (e.g., indoors, arid, humid, windy, cold, hot, controlled), or the type of formulation (e.g.. aerosol, liquid, or solid). The abovementioned bioactive compound may be isolated or substantially punfied. The terms "isolated" or "substantially purified" refers to bioactive

compound that have been removed from a natural environment and have been isolated or separated, and are at least 60% free, preferably at least 75% free, and more preferably at least 90% free, ev en more preferably at least 95% free, and most preferably at least 100% free from other components with which they' were naturally associated. An“isolated culture” refers to a culture of chitinolytic microorganisms that does not include significant amounts of other materials such as other materials which normally are found in natural habitat in which the bacteria grows and/or from which the bioactive compound normally may be obtained. An "isolated culture" may be a culture that does not include any other biological, microorganism, and/or bacterial species in quantities sufficient to interfere with the replication of the

"isolated culture." Isolated cultures of bacteria may be combined to prepare a mixed culture of bacteria.

The mixtures and compositions thereof according to the invention can, in the use form as fungicides, also be present together with other active substances, e. g. with insecticides, herbicides, growth regulators or with plant growth nutrient, organic fertilizer or inorganic-organic mixture fertilizers, as pre-mix or, if appropriate, not until immeadiately prior to use (tank mix).

Mixing bioactive substances, or a cell-free extract thereof or at least one metabolite thereof ofthe chitinolytic microorganisms and at least one organic acid and the compositions comprising them, in the use form as fungicides and/or insecticides, also be present as‘‘booster” to other pesticides results in many cases in an expansion of the pesticidal spectrum of activity or in a prevention of pesticide resistance development. Furthermore, in many cases, synergistic effects are obtained.

Regardless ofthe order in which contacting the pesticidal composition in a formulation containing fertilizer to plant, seed, or other plant material is carried out, the following are ail suitable methods in accord with the present invention for bringing the pesticidal composition and plant material of choice in contact. Non limiting examples of these methods include broadcast application, drop application, rotary application, liquid or dry in-furrow application, direct incorporation into soils or greenhouse planting mixes, spray application, irrigation, injection, dusting, pelleting, or coaling of the plant or the plant seed or the planting medium with the pesticidal composition. It also is possible to produce a granular formulation suitable for drop or broadcast spreading, a powdered formulation for addition to potting mixes or directly in field applications, or a liquid fertilizer using the systems described herein. The plant, plant seed, or other plant material can be established (propagated) in any suitable planting media, as described supra, without limitation, as well as in any suitable environment, for example, a greenhouse or field environment

In one embodiment the present invention comprises a carrier selected from the plant growth nutrient, organic fertilizer or inorganic/organic mixture fertilizer; that aid in the delivery or contacting of the pesticidal composition io the recipient plant or vicinity of the plant to be protected. In yet a further embodiment, the present invention may be formulated or mixed with both organic and inorganic fertilizer that not only aid in the delivery, supplies nutrients, but also complements the alkalinity, wherein the neutralizing is with a base from organic compost, wherein the organic compost comprising an ammonia-generating component to neutralize the mixture.

^'Hie present invention in a formulation containing fertilizer may be applied in the same manner as conventional fertilizers. As known to those skilled in the relevant art, many methods and appliances may be used. In one embodiment, a mixture of die present invention are applied directly to soil or plants. In another embodiment, dried powders of the present invention are applied to soil or plants. The present in vention in a formulation containing fertilizer may be applied to soil, by spreaders, sprayers, and other mechanized means which may be automated. Such application may be made periodically, such as once per year, or per growing season, or more frequently as desired. Although not necessary, the present invention can also be used in conjunction or in rotation with other types of fertilizers.

The present invention provides methods and formulations for controlling or suppressing plant pathogens. In a particular embodiment, the pathogen is Gcmoderma bonm&ae, a causative agent of basal stem rot disease in oil palm; in one

embodiment, the host plants are oil palm species. Although the composition of this invention is directed in particular for treating, inhibiting and preventing Gcmoderma disease in oil palm however, other plants may be applicable for example but not limited to dates, betel nuts, banana, coconut, rice, pine and many more other types of plants including vegetables and flowering plants, as well as on trees.

The group of plant pathogens that can be controlled using formulations made in accordance with various embodiments include, but are not limited to Fwmrium, Phythium, Phytophthora , Pemcillium. Aspergillus, Curvularia, Ahernaria, Bremia„ Sphaerotheca, Ghmerella, Cercospora. Puccinia, Venturia, Vstilagp , Erysiphe, Monilinia, Colletotrichum, Verticillium, Botrytis , Sclerotinia, Scleroiium,

Rhizocionia and Bipolaris. Methods of Production

The present invention relates to mixtures defined herein, comprising a bioactive compound derived from a whole broth culture of an chitinoiytic

microorganisms, wherein the bioactive compound comprises any or any' combination of: chitinoiytic microorganisms, spores, whole cell broths, a substantially pure culture, cell fraction, suspensions, supernatants, filtrates, extract or a cell-free extract thereof or at least one metabolite thereof or isolated substances or compounds derived from said chitinoiytic microorganisms; at least one organic acid; and at least one fungicide.

Methods of production, comprise cultivating chitino lytic microorganisms and obtaining the bioactive compounds and/or metabolites by isolating these compounds from the culture of these organisms. Example of production of the bioactive compound may be done in a liquid culture media or a solid culture media

fermentation process. In particular, the organisms are cultivated in nutrient medium using methods known in the art.

The chitinoiytic microorganisms can be cultivated using conventional fermentation processes, such as, aerobic liquid-culture techniques, shake flask cultivation, small-scale or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed- batch, or solid state fermentation) in laboratory or industrial fermentors, and such processes are well known in the art. The cultivation can take place in suitable nutrient medium comprising carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using

procedures known in the art,

In one embodiment, bioactive compound is produced by liquid fermentation processes (batch, continuous and fed -batch fermentation). Generally, the growth media have high carixm and nitrogen concentrations, which are necessary for high yields. In another embodiment, the growth media for chitinoiytic microorganisms comprise chitinous and proteinaceous substrates as a nitrogen source. Examples of proteinaceous substrates include, but not limited to fish meal, fish extract or fish powder, wherein the fish powder is obtained from fish by-products, fish waste (whole waste fish, fish head, viscera, skin, bones, blood, flame liver, gonads, guts, some muscle tissue, fish meat wastes, wastewater, etc), soybean meal, hydrolyzed casein, yeast extract, hydrolyzed soy protein, hydrolyzed cottonseed protein, hydrolyzed com gluten protein, and combinations thereof. Further provided are examples of chitinous waste materials include, but not limited to various crustacean chitinous materials from marine sources (shrimp, shrimp shell powder, squid pen powder, chitin flake of shrimp shell, chitin flake of crab shell, crab shell powder, shrimp extract, shellfish or extract). Suitable carbon sources include, but are not limited to carbohydrates, including glucose, fructose, and sucrose, and glycerol. Suitable media are available from commercial sources or can be prepared according to published compositions.

The chitinolytic microorganisms may be used as bioactive compound from the culture medium or subject to purification and/or further processing steps, such as, a drying process. In one embodiment, following fermentation, the chitinolytic microorganisms may be recovered using conventional techniques, such as by filtration or centrifugation. The chitinolytic microorganisms may alternatively be dried, such as by air-drying, freeze drying or spray drying, to a low moisture level, and stored at a suitable temperature (e,g., room temperature).

In another embodiment, after cultivation, a supernatant, suspensions, filtrate and/or extract of or derived from said chitinolytic microorganisms (e.g., Bacillus subtilis) can be used as bioactive compound. Alternatively, after cultivation, the whole cell broth, liquid cultures, the compounds and/or metabolites can be extracted, enriched and/or purified from the culture broth before mixed with at least one organic acid, consist essentially of acetic acid.

In any aspect of the invention in which organic acid is utilized, in a particular embodiment, the organic acid is an acetic acid. In one embodiment, the acetic acid is from a fermentation process to produce vinegar. In further embodiments, the acetic acid is from a 20 percent acetic acid vinegar. Suitable industrial vinegar preparations for use in the methods and compositions of the invention include, for example, distilled white vinegar concentrate which is available as a 20% concentrate. In yet another embodiments, the acetic acid is derived from dilution of concentrated anhydrous acetic acid or glacial acetic acid. In another embodiment, the organic acid is a derivatives or a salt of acetic acid.

In an embodiment the at least one organic acid is sorbic acid. In an

In another particular embodiment the at least one organic acid is a

combination of at least two organic acids_* such as, two organic acids, three organic acids, four organic acids, five organic acids, etc,. Accordingly, in a particular embodiment, the at least two organic acid comprising acetic acid and citric acid in combination. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the ratio of acetic acid to citric acid being in the range of 10:1 to 1 :l on a weight basis. In yet another embodiments, the at least two organic acid comprising acetic acid and lactic acid, wherein the ratio of acetic acid to citric acid acid being in the range of 10:1 to l ; 1 on a weight basis.

The acetic acid component is conveniently provided by distilled white vinegar while the citric acid is conveniently provided by lemon juice or juices of other citrus fruits. It is understood, however, that industrial sources of either or both of these components may be used . For instance, the composition may be formulated using glacial acetic acid.Organic acids are well known in the art, and include both naturally occurring (wild-type) organic acids and variant (modified by humans) organic acids. In further embodiment, wherein the at least one organic acid is include its various salts or derivative thereof, or a mixture thereof.

The pesticidal composition according to the invention comprises formulation auxiliaries, the choice of the auxiliaries usually depending on the specific

embodiment and/or the active substance, form of formulation, the treatment method and the like, in order to reinforce the effect of the invention compositions, these auxiliaries may be used singly or in combinations thereof. These auxiliaries include, but are not limited to, (this is a non-exhaustive and non-mutualiy exclusive list) aikaiinising agent, penetration enhancer, permeation enhancer, compatibilizing agents, sequestering agents, neutralizing agents, buffers, dyes, odorants, spreading agents, freezing point depressants, preservatives, wetting agent, suspending agent, solubilizing agents, gelling agents, suitable oligomers or polymers, dispersants, tackifiers, protective colloids, adhesives, thickeners, thixotropic agents, penetration agents, water repellents, UV stabilisers, colorants, pigments, defoamers, stabilizers, welters, viscosity regulators, binders, surfactants, emulsifiers, deposition aids, antidrift components, antioxidants, antifreezing agents, spreaders, stickers, penetrants, reduction agents, cleaning agents, viscosity regulators, anti-settling agents and the like. A few components are described forthwith. Alkalinising agent selected from the group consisting of sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, alkaline soil, sodium phosphate (dibasic salt), a glycine salt, ammonium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonium carbonate and combinations thereof;

Permeation enhancers include inorganic salts: sodium chloride (NaCI), magnesium chloride (Mg.sub.2C1), potassium chloride (KC1) and the like; Quaternary ammonium compounds such as benzalkontum chloride (BAC), cetylpyridium chloride. 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride; Buffer solutions: Tris/EDTA (TE) buffer, NaC1/Tris/EDTA (STE) buffer,

glucose/Tri s/E DT A (GTE) buffer; Others: CHAPS(3-[(3~cholamidopropyl)- dimethyl-ammonioj- 1 -propanesulfonate) electrophoresis reagent, .Horeq.lO mM (Sigma cat #C-9426), lactic acid, sodium hexametaphosphate (sodium

polyphosphate) (chelating agent); Natural peptide: cecropins (cationic peptides), melittin (cationic peptide), bactenecin, magainins (frog host defense peptides), tachyplesins (cationic peptides), polyphemusins (cationic peptides), and synthetic peptides and the like.

Penetration enhancer: glycerol (glycerin), propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol n-alkanols, terpenes. di-terpenes, tri-terpenes, terpen-ols, limonene, terpene-ol, l-menthol, dioxolane, ethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, other glycols, sulfoxides (such as dimethylsuJfoxide (DMSOV),

dimethyl formanide. methyl dodecyi sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide,

dimethylisosorbide, monooleate of ethoxylated glycerides (with 8 to 10 ethylene oxide units), azone ( 1 -dodecylazacyclohepran-2-one), 2-(n-nonyl> 1 ,3-dioxolane, esters, such as isopropyl myristate/palmitate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl proprionate, caprtc/capiylic triglycerides, octylmyristate, dodecyl-myristate, myristyj alcohol, lauryl alcohol, lauric acid, lauryl lactate ketones, amides, various alkanoic acids (such as caprylic acid), lactam compounds (such as azone), alkanols (such as dialkylamino acetates), polyethylene glycol (PEG), alkali metal alkyl sulfate, glycerin, a bile acid or bile salt, lecithin, hyaluronic acid,

octylphenoxypoiyethoxyethanol, glycolic acid, lactic acid, chamomile extract, cucumber extract, oleic acid, linolenic acid, borage oil, evening primrose oil, polyglycerin, lysine, polylysine, triolein, monoolein, monooleates, monolaurates, menthol, poiidocanoi alkyl ethers, chenodeoxycholate. deoxyeholate, acetone, acyl lactyiates, acyl peptides, acylsarcosinates, alkanolamine salts of fatty acids, alkyl benzene sulphonates, alkyl ether sulphates, alkyl sulphates, anionic surface-active agents, benzyl benzoate, benzyl salicylate. butan-l ,4-diol, butyl benzoate, butyl laurate, butyl myristate, butyl stearate, cationic surface-active agents, citric acid, cocoamidopropylbetaine, decyl methyl sulfoxide, decyl oieate, dibutyj azelate, dibutyl phthalate, dibenzyl sebacate, dibutyl sebacate, dibutyl su berate, dibutyl succinate, dicapryi adipate, didecyl phthaiate, diethylene glycol, diethyl sebacate, diethyl-m-toluamide, di(2-hydroxypropyl)ether, diisopropyl adipate, diisopropyl sebacate, N,N~dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl azelate, N,N-dimethyl formamide, 1 ,5- di methyl- 2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sebacate, dimethyl sulphoxide, dioctyi adipate, dioctyl azelate, dioctyl sebacate, 1,4 dtoxane, 1 -dodecylazacyioheptan-2-one, dodecyl dimethyl amine oxides, ethyl caprate, ethyl caproate, ethyl capryiate, 2-ethyl-hexyl pelargonate, ethyl-2-hydroxypropanoate, ethyl laurate, ethyl myristate, 1 -ethyi-2- pyrrolidone, ethyl salicylate, hexyl laurate, 2 -hydroxyoctanoic acid, 2- hydroxypropanoic acid, 2-hydroxypropionic acid isethionates, isopropyl isostearate, isopropyl paimitate, guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, hexan-2,5-dioI, khellin, lamepons, iauryl alcohol, maypons, metal salts of fatly acids, methyl nicotinate, 2- inethyl propan-2-ol, l-methyl-2-pyrroltdone, 5-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. methyl taurides, miranol, nonionic surface-active agents, octyl alcohol, octylphenoxy polyethoxyethanol, oleic etbanolamide, pleyl alcohol, pentan-2,4-diol,

phenoxyethanol, phosphatidyl choline, phosphine oxides, polyalkoxylated ether glycollates, polytdiallylpiperidinium chloride >, poly(dipropyldiallylammonium chloride), polyglycerol esters, polyoxyethylene Iauryl ether, polyoxyrpolyoxyethylene stearate, polyoxypropylene 15 steaiyl ether, poly(vinyl pyridmium chloride), propan- l-ol, propan-2-ol, propylene glycol dipelargonate. pyroglutamic acids, 2-pyrrolidone, pyruvic acids, Quatemium 5. Quaternium 18, Quaternium 19, Quatemium 23, Quaternium 31 , Quatemium 40, Quatemium 57, quartenary amine salts, quatemised poly (dimethylaminoethylmethacryl-ate), quatemised poly (vinyl alcohol), sapamin hydrochloride, sodium cocaminopropionate, sodium dioctyl sulphonsuccinate, sodium laurate, sodium Iauryl ether sulphate, sodium iauryl sulphate, sugar esters, sulphosuccinate, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrofurfural alcohol, transcutol,

triethanolamine dodecyl benzene sulphonate, triethanolamine oleate, urea and derivatives, esters, salts and mixtures or analogues thereof.

The invention compositions set forth can be formulated in any manner.

Exemplary formulations include but are not limited to emulsiiiable concentrates (EC), wettable powders (WP), soluble liquids (SL), aerosols, ultra-low volume concentrate solutions (ULY), soluble powders <SP), microencapsulates, nanoemulsions (NE), dustable powders, water soluble granules, water dispersible granules, encapsulated granule, granules (slow, controlled or fast release), soluble concentrates, dusts, gels, tablets, pills, pastes, capsules (including a formulation packaged by a water soluble film), oil miscible liquids, ultra-low volume liquids, dispersible concentrates, water-based suspensions, oil-based suspensions,

encapsulated suspension, emulsions (both oil in water and water in oil), microemulsions, suspension concentrates, suspo-emuisions, capsule suspensions, and also encapsulations e.g. in polymeric substances. Preferred formulations include, granules with organic or inorganic fertilizer carrier such as ammonium nitrate, urea and the like blended, impregnated or encapsulated with the pesticidal compositions, etc. The skilled artisan would realize that the inventive compositions may be applied in combination with nutrients (fertilizers), or may form part of a formulation comprising the inventive composition in combination with a fertilizer. Such a formulation may be manufactured in the form of a liquid, a coating, a pellet or in any format known in the art. For further information on formulation types see "Catalogue of Pesticide

Formulation Types and International Coding System" Technical Monograph no. 2,

5lh Edition by CropLife International (2002). In any formulation described herein, percent of the pesticidal composition is within a range of 0.01% to 99.99%. Some areas may additionally require that the invention provide for slow-release materials such that the agent is designed to have an extended release period.

The various embodiments of die invention will be described in further detail with reference to foe examples. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these examples are for illustrative purpose only and are not construed to limit the scope of the present invention.

Example 1 : In a field trial, one set of five years old oil palms were selected showing severe symptoms of basal stem rot (BSR) disease such as wilting of young leaves, rotting of internal tissues at the stem base or root bole. Meanwhile, the other set of five years old plants were selected showing mild symptoms of basal stem rot (BSR) disease such as multiple unopen spears, older fronds withering, drooping and turning brown. To treat the infected plants, the present invention was diluted with water to 5% (v/v) concentration and drenched around the circumference of the trunk base. Treatments were repeated every 2 weeks at foe rate of 4 to 5 1/plant for 3 months.

FIG. 1 -7 shows the result of foe treatment wherein the appearance of severely- infected fallen plant before treatment (FIG. la, FIG. lb and FIG.2), at 2.5-monfo after treatment (F1G.3) and at 7-month after treatment (FIG.4). The treated plant show healthy growth (FJG.5) and regeneration of new roots at 8-month after treatment (FIG6), The said severely infected fallen plant at 5.4-year after treatment, wherein the plant has fully recovered and is healthy (FIG.7).

FIG. 8 shows the appearance of mild infected plants before treatment. Depending on the severity of BSR. recovery of the mild diseased trees could be observed at 1 ,5 months after beginning of treatment (FIG.9) and remain healthy at 4.8-year after treatment (FIG.10).

The antifungal activity of the present invention was studied via in vitro antimicrobial assay against Ganoderma boninen.se. ^'fhe radial mycelial growth of Ganoderma bonimme on potato dextrose agar (PDA) mediums incorporated with three different concentrations of present invention in % (v/v) were tested: control (0%), 0.25% and 1.00%. Each mean obtained from 3 replicates. For inoculation, 6 mm diameter agar plugs were cut from one week actively growing culture of the fungus with the help of sterilized cork borer. The plug containing micelia of

Ganoderma boninense was placed in the middle of each petri plate and incubated at 28° C.

Each concentration was assayed in triplicates and the mean values of linear radial growth rate of mycelial at day 5 recorded were near about 1 .82. 0.57 and 0 cm for control (0%), 0.25% and 1 .00% respectively. The effect of three different concentrations indicated that with an increase in concentration of present invention, a retarding effect on colony production was observed. The effect was greatest when medium was amended with 1.00% (v/v) of present invention and the mycelial growth was totally checked. The inhibition of Ganoderma growth was projected as inhibition of radial growth (RG):

RG = RC-RI; where RC= micelial radius in pern plate measured from the centre of agar plug and RI- micelial radius of agar plug.

Statistical analysis indicated that fimgal growth treated with both the present invention at 0,25% and 1.00% were significantly lower (p<0,05) as compared to control.

Claims

CLAIMS: What is claimed is:

1. A mixture comprising, as active components:

(A) Bioactive compound derived from a whole broth culture of chitinolytic

microorganisms, wherein the bioactive compound comprises any or any combination of: chitinolytic microorganisms, whole cell broths, liquid cultures, spores, pure cultures, cell fraction, substances, suspensions, supernatants, filtrates, extract or a cell-free extract thereof or metabolite thereof or isolated compounds, wherein the bioactive compound is derived from at least one chitinolytic microorganisms that degrade chitinous substrates, wherein the said chitinolytic microorganism is bacteria belonging to genus Bacillus : Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus lichenformis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus pabuli, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus methylotrophicus, Bacillus polymyxa ; bacteria belonging to genus Streptomyces : Streptomyces antibioticus, Streptomyces aureofaciens, Streptomyces avermililis, Streptomyces bikiniensis,

Streptomyces cavourensis, Streptomyces costaricanus, Streptomyces griseoviridis, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces halstedii, Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces tydicus , Streptomyces plicatus, Streptomyces rimosus, Streptomyces roseolus, Streptomyces sporovirgulis, Streptomyces tendae, Streptomyces thermoviolaceus,

Streptomyces venezuelae, Streptomyces violaceusniger, Streptomyces viridodiasticus; and fungal genus Trichoderma: Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma fertile, Trichoderma gamsii,

Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma polysporum, Trichoderma

stromaticum, Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma lignorum, Trichoderma viridae, Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma pseudokoningii, Trichoderma polysporum, Trichoderma hamatum and Trichoderma asperellum.

(B) at least one organic acid, wherein the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of a mono- or polycarboxylated C1 to CIO carboxylic acid and its derivatives, such as hydroxymonocarboxylic acids, hydroxydicarboxylic acids, lactones, salts, esters or the free acids or mixture thereof; and (C) at least one active compound is selected from the groups / classes (C1 ) to (C62):

(C 1 ) Demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides; (C2) phosphonate fungicides; (C3) methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicides; (C4) phenylamide fungicides; (C5) amine/morpholine fungicides; (C6) phospholipid

biosynthesis inhibitor fungicides; (C7) carboxamide fungicides; (C8) hydroxy(2-amino-)pyrimidine fungicides; (C9) anilinopyrimidine fungicides; (CIO) N-phenyl carbamate fungicides; (C11) quinone outside inhibitor (Qol) fungicides; (C12) phenylpyrrole fungicides; (C13) quinoline fungicides;

(C14) lipid peroxidation inhibitor fungicides; (C15) melanin biosynthesis inhibitors-reductase (MBJ-R) fungicides; (C16) melanin biosynthesis inhibitors-dehydratase (MB1-D) fungicides; (C17) hydroxyanilide fungicides; (C18) squalene-epoxidase inhibitor fungicides; (C19) polyoxin fungicides; (C20) phenylurea fungicides; (C21 ) quinone inside inhibitor (Oil) fungicides; (C22) benzamide fungicides; (C23) enopyranuronic acid antibiotic fungicides; (C24) hexopyranosyl antibiotic fungicides; (C25) glucopyranosyl antibiotic: protein synthesis fungicides; (C26) glucopyranosyl antibiotic: trehalase and inositol biosynthesis fungicides; (C27) cyanoacetamideoxime fungicides; (C28) carbamate fungicides; (C29) oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling fungicides; (C30) organo tin fungicides; (C31 ) carboxylic acid fungicides; (C32) heteroaromatic fungicides; (C33) dicarboximide fungicides; (C34) phthalamic acid fungicides; (C35) benzotriazine fungicides; (C36) benzene- sulfonamide fungicides; (C37) pyridazinone fungicides; (C38) thiophene- carboxamide fungicides; (C39) pyrimidinamide fungicides; (C40) carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides; (C41 ) tetracycline antibiotic fungicides; (C42) thiocarbamate fungicides; (C43) benzamide fungicides; (C44) host plant defense induction fungicides; (C45) multi-site contact activity fungicides; (C46) fungicides other than classes (C1) through (C45); and salts of

compounds of classes (C1 ) through (C46);

C47) Cuticle degrading enzyme: chitin hydrolase which able to degrade the glycosidic bonds that connect the .beta.(l-4) N-acetylglucosamine bond units in a chitin substrate: endochitinase, chitobiosidase, chitinase, chitosanase or lysozyme; mannanase; galactanase; protease; xylanase and combinations thereof; C48) Cell wall synthesis inhibitors selected from the group comprising inhibitors of glucan synthesis: validamycin, polyoxin B; melanin synthesis inhibitors: pyroquilon, tricyclazole, carpropamid, dicyclomet, fenoxanil;

C49) Antimicrobial preservatives includes chemical preservatives: 4- hexylresorcinol, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate, benzoates, benzoic acid, calcium ascorbate, calcium propionate, calcium sorbate, chitosan, citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides, dimethyl dicarbonate, erythorbic acid, ethyl lauroyl arginate, formaldehyde releasers (dmdm hydantoin), gum guaiacum, glutaraldehyde, hydroxybenzoate and derivatives, iso-ascorbic acid, isothiazolinones (mit, emit, bit), lactic acid, 1- cysteine, 1-cysteine hydrochloride, lecithin, lecithin citrate, leuconostoc camosum 4010, methyl paraben, methyl-p-hydroxy benzoate, monoglyceride citrate, monoisopropyl citrate, natamycin, nisin, nitrate, nitrite, potassium acetate, potassium benzoate, potassium bisulphite, potassium diacetate, potassium lactate, potassium metabisulphite, potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, potassium sorbate, propionic acid, propyl gallate, propyl paraben, propyl-p-hydroxy benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium ascorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium bisulphite, sodium diacetate, sodium dithionite, sodium erythorbate, sodium iso-ascorbate, sodium lactate, sodium metabisulphite, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium propionate, sodium salt of methyl-p- hydroxy benzoic acid, sodium salt of propyl-p-hydroxy benzoic acid, sodium sorbate, sodium sulphite, sorbates, sorbic acid, sulphurous acid, tartaric acid, tertiary butyl hydroquinone, ethanol and methylchloroisothiazolinone;

antioxidants: ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, butylated hydroxytoluene (bht), butylated hydroxyanisole, gallic acid, sodium gallate, sulfur dioxide, sulfites (sulfur dioxide, sodium bisulfite, potassium hydrogen sulfite, etc.),

tocopherols, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta), polyphosphates, phenol derivatives butylated hydroxyanisole (bha), butylated hydroxytoluene (bht), tbhq; and natural compounds: b-complex vitamins, vitamin d, b vitamins, niacin, citric, ascorbic acids, vitamin e, tocopherol, rosemary, oregano extract, hops, salt, sugar, vinegar, alcohol, diatomaceous earth, castor oil;

C50) Bacteriocins: acidocin, actagardine, agrocin, alveicin, aureocin, aureocin A53, aureocin A70, bisin, camocin, camocyclin, caseicin, cerein, circularin A, colicin, curvaticin, divercin, duramycin, enterocin, enterolysin, epidermin/gallidermin, erwiniocin, gardimycin, gassericin A, glycinecin, halocin, haloduracin. klebicin, lactocin S, lactococcin, lacticin, leucoccin, lysostaphin, macedocin, mersacidin, mesentericin, microbisporicin. microcin S, mutacin, nisin, paenibacillin, planosporicin, pediocin, pentocin, plantaricin, pneumocyclicin, pyocin, reutericin 6, sakacin, salivaricin, sublancin, subtilin, sulfolobicin, tasmancin, thuricin 17, trifolitoxin, variacin, vibriocin, wamericin;

C51) Antifungal peptides: alboleutin, bacitracin, botrycidin, clorotetain, fengycin, iturins, rhizocticins, bacillomycins, surfactin, mycosubtilin, mycobacillin, fungistatin, subsporin, mycocerein, zwittermicin A;

ProPhyt.RTM., Helena Chemical Company), harpin protein (e.g.,

Messenger.RTM., Eden Biosciences Ltd, Bothell, Wash.), acibenzolar or acibenzolar-S-methyl (e.g., Actigard.TM., Syngenta Crop Production. Inc, Greensboro, N.C.), streptomycin sulfate, reynoutria sachalinensis extract (reysa), oxygen species (such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide), hydrogen peroxide producing enzymes (such as copper amine oxidases, flavin- containing amine oxidases), phytoalexins (such as genistein, camalexin), antimicrobial proteins (such as defensins, thionins, PR-1), antimicrobial enzymes (such as chitinases, beta-glucanases), peroxidases, reynoutria sachalinensis extract (such as reysa), protein kinases (such as calcium- dependent protein kinases, MAP kinases), structural defensive barrier (such as lignin, hydroxyproline-rich cell wall proteins), acibenzolar, isotianil, salicylic acid, jasmonates, nitric oxide, azelaic acid, brassinolide, forchlorfenuron, benzothiadiazole, prohexadione-calcium, probenazole, potassium phosphate, acibenzolar-S-methyl, tiadinil, phosphonates, fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminum, phosphorous acid and its salts, potassium or sodium bicarbonate;

C53) Microbes, or chemical compounds and peptides/proteins (e.g., elicitors): plant peptide hormones (e.g. systemin, Phytosulfokine), branched-.beta.- glucans, chitin oligomers, pectolytic enzymes, endoxylanase, elicitins, PaNie, avr gene products (e.g. A VR4, AVR9), viral proteins (e.g. vial coat protein, Harpins), flageliin, protein or peptide toxin (e.g. victorin), glycoproteins, glycopeptide fragments of invertase, syringolids, Nod factors (lipochitooligo- saccharides), FACs (fatty' acid amino acid conjugates), ergosterol, bacterial toxins (e.g. coronatine), and sphinganine analogue mycotoxins (e.g.

fumonisin Bl);

C54) Plant oil or plant extract possessing fungicidal activity (e.g.,

Calamintha nepeta, Cananga odorata, Cicuta virosa, Citrus, Commiphora myrrha, Coriandrum sativum, Curcuma longa, Cymbopogon nardus,

Eucalyptus, Hedychium spicatum, Hyssopus officinalis, Illicium verum, Lavandula angustifolia, Matricaria ricutita, Melaleuca aJternifolia, Melissa officinalis, Myristica fragrans, Myrthaceae, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum, Pelargonium graveolens, Piper nigrum, Salvia officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus vulgaris, Saturjeia hortensis, Viola odorata, carvacro ); effect on membrane/wall (e.g., Cinnamomum, Citrus, Coriaria nepalensis, Coriandrum sativum, Juniperus communis, Litsea cubeba, Melaleuca alternifolia, Mentha piperita, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum, Salvia sclarea, Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus , anethole, benzyl benzoate, 1,8-cineole, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, p-cymene, citral, citronellal, eugenol, limonene, linalool, linalyl acetate, a-pinene, a-terpinene, terpinene-4-ol, thymol); Effect on fungal cell growth and morphology (e.g.. Eucalyptus, Thymus spp., carvacrol, a-pinene, 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, citronellal, a-terpinene, y- terpinene, terpinene-4-ol, thymol); Inhibition of efflux pump (e.g.,

Cinnamomum , Citrus, Eucalyptus, Melaleuca alternifolia, Mentha, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol ); Action on fungal mitochondria (e.g., Anethum graveolens, Artemisia herba alba, Cananga odorata, Cinnamomum camphora, Coriandrum sativum, . Commiphora myrrha, Hedychium spicatum. Origanum compactum. Origanum majorana, lupeol, tetraterpenoid); ROS production anti nitric oxide (e.g., Zatharia multiflora , carvacrol, p-cymene, famesol, thymol); Inhibition of biofilm development (e.g., Coriandrum sativum, Croton cajucara,

Cymbopogon, Cytrus, Eucalyptus, Laurus nobilis, Litsea, Melaleuca alternifolia, Mentha, Myrtus communis, Ocimum, Piper claussenianum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum , p-cymene, p-cymene, 1 -8- cineole, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, terpinolene, a-terpmeol, ucarobustol E, eugenol, a-terpinene, y-terpinene); Anti quorum sensing (e.g.. Citrus,

Juniperus communis, Mentha piperita, Origanum, Salvia sclarea, limonene, linalool, a-pinene, terpinene-4-ol); Effect on micotoxins synthesis/production (e.g., Cinnamomum, Origanum vulgare, Cymbopogon, Cider, Citrus,

Eucalyptus, Mentha, Ocimum sanctum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureja hortensis, Thymus, Zataria multiflora, 2,3-dideoxyglucosides, eugenol): and Synergistic / antagonistic effect (e.g., Citrus, Coriandrum sativum,

Cymbopogon nardus, Eucalyptus , Illicium verum, Lavandula angustifolia, Matricaria recutita, Melaleuca altemifolia, Myrthus, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum heracleoticum. Pelargonium graveolens, Rosa damascene,

Satureja hortensis, Thymus vulgaris, Viola odorata, benzyl benzoate, carvacrol, 1 ,8-cineole, Citral, Citronellal, Eugenol, Linalool, linalyl acetate, thymol);

C55) Biochemical pesticides with insecticidal, acaricidal, molluscidal, pheromone and/or nematicidal activity: L-carvone, citral, (E,Z)-7,9- dodecadien-l-yl acetate, ethyl formate, (E,Z)-2, 4-ethyl decadienoate (pear ester), (Z,Z,E)-7,1 1 ,13-hexadecatrienal, heptyl butyrate, isopropyl myristate, cis-jasmone, lavanulyl senecioate, 2-methyl 1 -butanol, methyl eugenol, methyl jasmonate, (E,Z)-2,13- octadecadien-1 -ol, (E,Z)-2, 13 -octadecadien- 1 - ol acetate, (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-l-ol, R-l-octen-3-ol, pentatermanone, potassium silicate, sorbitol actanoate, (E,Z,Z)-3,8,1 1-tetradecatrienyl acetate, (Z,E)-9, 12-tetradecadien- 1 -yl acetate, Z-7-tetradecen-2-one, Z-9-tetradecen- 1-yl acetate, Z-l 1-tetradecenal, Z-l 1-tetradecen-l-ol, Acacia negra extract, extract of grapefruit seeds and pulp, extract of Chenopodium ambrosiodes , Catnip oil, Neem oil, Quillay extract, Tagetes oil;

C56) Biochemical pesticides with fungicidal, bactericidal, viricidal and/or plant defense activator activity: chitosan (hydrolysate), harpin protein, laminarin, Menhaden fish oil, natamycin, Plum pox virus coat protein, potassium bicarbonate, Reynoutria sachlinensis extract, salicylic acid, potassium or sodium bicarbonate, tea tree oil;

C57) Biochemical pesticides with plant stress reducing, plant growth regulator and/or plant yield enhancing activity: abscisic acid, amidochlor, ancymidol, aluminium silicate (kaolin), 3-decen-2-one, 6-benzylaminopurine, brassinolide, butralin, chlormequat (chlormequat chloride), choline chloride, cyclanilide, daminozide, dike- gulac, dimethipin, 2,6-dimethylpuridine, ethephon, formononectin, flumetralin, flurprimidol, fluthiacet,

forchlorfenuron, genistein, gibberellic acid, hesperetin, homobrassinlide, humates, inabenfide, indole-3-acetic acid , maleic hydrazide, methyl jasmonate, cis-jasmone, lysophosphatidyl ethanlamine, mefluidide, mepiquat (mepiquat chloride), naringenin, naphthaleneacctic acid, N-6-benzyladenine, polymeric polyhydroxy acid, paclobutrazol, prohexadione (prohexadione- calcium), prohydrojasmon, salicylic acid, thidiazuron, triapenthenol, tributyl phosphorotrithioate, 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid, trinexapac-ethyl, uniconazole, Ascophyllum nodosum (Norwegian kelp, Brown kelp) extract and Eck Ionia maxima (kelp) extract; Non-classified plant growth regulators: benzofluor, buminafos, carvone, ciobutide, clofencet, clofence-potassium, cloxyfonac, cloxyfonac-Natrium, cyclanilide, cycloheximide, epocholeone, ethychlozate, ethylene, fenridazon, heptopargil, holosulf, inabenfide, karetazan,

leadarsenate, methasulfocarb, prohexadione, prohexadione-Calcium, pydanon, sintofen, triapenthenol, trinexapac, trinexapac-ethyl, polyamines, monoethanolamine, allopurinol, botanical extract from seaweed such as kelp and plant such as com cockle;

C58) Microbial pesticide with fungicidal, bactericidal, viricidal and/or plant defense activator activity: Ampelomyces quisqualis. Aspergillus flaws, Aureobasidium pullulans, Brevibacillus brevis, Candida oleophila. Candida saitoana, Chromobacterium violaceum, Clavibacter michiganensis

(bacteriophages), Clonostachys rosea f. catenulate (also named GUocladium catenulatum), Coniothyrium minitans, Cryphonectria parasitica,

Cryptococcus albidus, Dilophosphora alopecuri, Fusarium oxysporum, GUocladium roseum, Hirsutella rhossiliensis, Lachnum pap yraceum,

Lampteromyces japonicas, Lysobacter antibioticus, Lysobacter capsici, Lysobacter enzymogenes, Lysobacter gummosus, Metschnikowia fructicola, Microdochium dimerum, Microsphaeropsis ochracea, Muscodor a! bus, Muscodor roseus, Muscodor vitigenus, Omphalolus olearius, Paenibacillus polymyxa, Pantoea vagans, Pasteuria penetrans, Phlebiopsis gigantea, Pichia anomala, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pochonia chlamydosporia, Pseudomonas chloraphis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas maltophilia.

Pseudomonas sp., Pseudozyma flocculosa, Pythium oligandrum, Sphaerodes mycoparasitica, Talaromyces flavus, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma fertile, Trichoderma gamsii, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma lignorum, Trichoderma polysporum, Trichoderma pseudokoningii, Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma stromaticum, Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma viridae,

Trichoderma viride, Typhula phacorrhiza, Ulocladium oudemansii,

Verticillium chlamydosporium, Veriicillium dahlia , Verticillium

suchlasporium, zucchini yellow mosaic virus (avirulent strain); C59) Microbial pesticide with plant growth regulator, plant growth promoting and/or yield enhancing activity: Azospirillum amazonense, Azospirillum brasilense, Azospirillum halopraeferens. Azospirillum irakense. Azospirillum lipoferum, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium liaoningense, Bradyrhizobium lupini, Bradyrhizobium spp., De/ftia acidovorans, Glomus infra radices, Mesorhizobium spp., Paenibacillus alvei, Penicillium bilaiae, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv.

trifolii. Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, Sinorhizobium meliloti;

C60) Microbial pesticide with insecticidal, acaricidal, molluscidal and/or nematicidal activity: Agrobacterium radiobacter, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus firmus. Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai. Bacillus thuringiensis ssp.

galleriae, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. tenebrionis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, Burkholderia spp., Chromobacterium subtsugae, Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV), Cydia pomonella granulosis virus, Flavobacterium spp., Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV), Heterorhabdiiis bacteriophora, Isaria fumosorosea,

Lecanicillium longisporum, Lecanicilliwn muscarium (formerly Verticillium lecanii), Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum, Metarhizium anisopliae, Nomuraea rileyi, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Paenibacillus poppiliae, Pasteuria nishizawae, Pasteuria penetrans,

Pasteuria ramose, Pasteuria reneformis, Pasteuria spp., Pasteuria usgae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Spodoptera littomlis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV), Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinemema feltiae, Steinernema kraussei, Streptomces galbus, Streptomces microflavus;

C61) Herbicides

- acetamides: acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, flufenacet, mefenacet, metolachlor, metazachlor, napropamide, naproanilide, pethoxamid, pretilachlor, propachlor, thenylchlor;

- amino acid derivatives: bilanafos, glyphosate, glufosinate, sulfosate;

- aryloxyphenoxypropionates: clodinafop, cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, metamifop, propaquizafop, quizalofop, quizalofop-P- tefuryl;

- Bipyridyls: diquat, paraquat; - (thio)carbamates: asulam. butylate, carbetamide, desmedipham, dimepiperate, eptam (EPTC), esprocarb, molinate, orbencarb, phenmedipham, prosuifocarb, pyributicarb, thiobencarb, triallate;

- cyclohexanediones: butroxydim. clethodim, cycloxydim, proibxydim,

setboxydim, tepralox- ydim, tralkoxydim;

- dinitroanilines: benfluralin. ethalfluralin, oiyzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, trifluralin; diphenyl ethers: acifluorfen, aclonifen, bifenox, diclofop, ethoxyfen, fomesafen, lactofen, oxyfluorfen;

- hydroxy benzonitriles: bomoxynil, dichlobenil, ioxynil;

- imidazolinones: imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr; phenoxy acetic acids: clomeprop, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4-DB, dichlor- prop, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, Mecoprop;

- pyrazines: chloridazon, flufenpyr-ethyl, fluthiacet, norflurazon, pyridate;

- pyridines: aminopyralid. clopyralid, diflufenican, dithiopyr, fluridone,

fluroxypyr, picloram, picolinafen, thiazopyr,

- sulfonyl ureas: amidosuliuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorsulfiiron, cinosulfuron, cyclosulfamuron, ethoxysulfiiron, flazasulfuron, flucetosulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfuron, halosulftiron, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron. metazosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl,

nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron, prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, rimsulftiron, sulfometuron, sulfosulfiiron, thifensulfuron, triasulfuron, tribenuron, trifloxysulfu- ron. triflusulfiiron, trirosulfuron, 1 -((2-chloro-6- propyl-imidazo[l ,2-b]p>Tidazin-3-yl)sulfonyl)- 3-(4 , 6-dimethoxy-pyri midm-2-yl ) urea;

- triazines: ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine, dimethametryn, ethiozin, hexazinone, metamitron, metribuzin, prometryn, simazine, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, triaziflam;

- ureas: chlorotoluron, daimuron, diuron, fluometuron, isoproturon, linuron. metha- benzthiazuron,tebuthiuron;

- other acetolactate synthase inhibitors: bispyribac-sodium, cloransulam- methyl, diclosulam, florasulam, flucarbazone, flumetsulam, metosulam, ortho-suifamuron, penoxsulam, propoxycarbazone, pyribambenz-propyl, pyribenzoxim, pyriflalid, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam;

- others: amicarbazone, aminotriazole, anilofos, beflubutamid, benazolin, bencarba- zone, ben fluresate, benzofenap, bentazone, benzobicyclon, bicyclopyrone, bromacil, bro- mobutide, butafenacil, butamifos, cafenstrole, carfentrazone, cinidon-ethyl, chlorthal, cinmethylin, clomazone, cumyluron, cyprosulfamide, dicamba, difenzoquat, diflufenzopyr,

- Drechslera monoceras, endothal, ethofumesate, etobenzanid, fenoxasulfone, fentrazamide, flumiclorac-pentyl, flumtoxazin, flupoxam, flurochloridone, flurtamone, indanofan, isoxaben, isoxaflutole, lenacil, propanii, propyzamide, quinclorac, quinmerac, mesotrione, methyl ar- sonic acid, naptalam, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxaziclomefone, pentoxazone, pinoxaden, pyraclonil, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyrasulfotole, pyrazoxyfen, pyrazolynate, quinoclamine, saflufenacil, sulcotrione, sulfentrazone, terbacil, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, thiencarbazone, topramezone, (3-[2-chIoro-4-fluoro-5-(3 -methyl-2, 6-dioxo-4- trifluoromethyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-l-yI)-phenoxy]-pyridin-2-yloxy)- acetic acid ethyl ester, 6-amino-5-chloro-2- cyclopropyl-p>Timidine-4- carboxylic acid methyl ester, 6-chloro-3-(2-cyclopropyl-6-methyl- phenoxy)- pyridazin-4-ol, 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-fluoro-pyridine-2- carboxylic acid, 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)- pyridine-2-carboxyIic acid methyl ester, and 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3- dimethylamino-2-fluoro-phenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester.

C62) insecticides

- organo(thio)phosphates: acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-methyl,

chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, dichlorvos, dicrotophos, dimethoate, disulfoton, ethion, fenitrothion, fenthion, isoxathion, malathion, methamidophos, methidathion, methyl-parathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos. oxydemeton-methyl, paraoxon, parathion, phenthoate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phorate, phoxim, pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos, prothiofos, sulprophos, tetrachlorvinphos, terbufos, triazophos, trichlorfon;

- carbamates: alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, carbaryl,

carbofuran, carbosulfan, fenoxycarb, furathiocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl. pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, triazamate;

- pyrethroids: allethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cyphenothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, etofenprox, ienpropathrin, fenvalerate,

imiprothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, prallethrin, pyrethrin I and II, resmethrin, silafluofen, tau-fluvalinate, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin, transfluthrin, profluthrin, dimefluthrin; - insect growth regulators: a) chitin synthesis inhibitors: benzoylureas:

chlorfluazuron, cyramazin, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron; buprofezin, diofenolan, hexythiazox, etoxazole, clofentazine: b) ecdysone antagonist: halofenozide. methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, azadirachtin; c) juvenoids: pyriproxyfen, methoprene, fenoxycarb; d) lipid biosynthesis inhibitors:

spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat;

- nicotinic receptor agonists/antagonists compounds: clothianidin, dinotefuran, flupyradifiirone, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, acetamiprid, Ihiacloprid, 1 -2-chIoro-thiazol- 5-ylmethyl)-2-nitrimino-3,5-dimethyl-[1 ,3,5]triazinane;

- GABA antagonist compounds: endosulfan, ethiprole, fipronil, vaniliprole, pyrafluproie, pyriprole, 5-amino-l -(2.6-dichloro-4-methyl-phenyl)-4- sulfmamoyl- 1 H-pyrazole-3-carbothioic acid amide;

- mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor (METl) I acaricides: fenazaquin, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad, flufenerim;

- METI II and III compounds: acequinocyl, fluacyprim, hydramethylnon;

- Uncouplers: chlorfenapyr;

- oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors: cyhexatin, diafenthiuron, fenbutatin oxide, propargite; moulting disruptor compounds: cryomazine;

- mixed function oxidase inhibitors: piperonyl butoxide;

- sodium channel blockers: indoxacarb, metaflumizone;

- ryanodine. receptor inhibitors: chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole,

flubendiamide, N-[4,6- dichloro-2-[(diethyI-lambda-4- sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5- (trifIuoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide; N-[4-chloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4- sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-methyI-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3 -carboxamide; N-[4-chloro-2-[(di-2-propyl- lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-methyl-phenylj-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)- 5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide; N-[4,6-dichIoro- 2-[(di-2-propyl- lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide; N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(diethyl- lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5- (difluoromethyl)pyrazole-3- carboxamide; N-[4,6-dibromo-2-[(di-2-propyl- lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-cajrboxamide; N-f4-chloro-2-[(di-2-propyl- lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoylj-6-cyano-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)- 5-(tri fluoromethy l)pyrazole-3 -carboxamide; N-[4,6-dibromo-2-[(diethyl- lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5- (trifl uoromethyl )pyrazole-3 - carboxamide;

- others: benclothiaz, bifenazate, cartap, flonicamid, pyridalyl, pymetrozine, sulfur, thiocyclam, cyenopyrafen, flupyrazofos, cyflumetofen, amidoflumet, imicyafos, bistrifluron, pyriflu- quinazon and 1 ,1 '- [(3S,4R,4aR,6S,6aS, 12R, 12aS, 12bS)-4-[[(2- cyclopropylacetyl)oxy]methyl]- 1 ,3,4,4a, 5,6,6a, 12, 12a, 12b-decahydro-l 2-hydroxy-4,6a, 12 b- trimethyl- 1 1- oxo-9-(3-pyridinyl)~2H, 11 H-naphtho[2,l-b]pyrano[3,4-e]pyran-3,6-diyI] cyclo- propaneacetic acid ester.

2. A mixture according to claim 1 , wherein component (A), component (B) and

component (C) are present in a synergistically effective amount.

3. The mixture according to any of the claim 1 to 2, wherein component (A) is

derived from at least one chitinolytic microorganisms that degrade chitinous substrates, wherein the said chitinolytic microorganisms is bacteria belonging to genus Bacillus: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ 1000, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens accession No. CCTCC NO: M2010129, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (strains include those having the following ATCC accession numbers: 23842, 23843, 23844, 23845, 31592, 49763, 53495 and BAA-390), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AGI, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AP- 136 (NRRL B-50614), Bacillus

amyloliquefaciens AP-188 (NRRL B-50615), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AP-218 (NRRL B-50618), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AP-219 (NRRL B-50619), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AP-295 (NRRL B-50620), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B94, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 , Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IN937a, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IT-45 (CNCM 1-3800), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NJN-6, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NRRL B-30518, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp.

plantarum MBΪ600 (NRRL B-50595), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BLB369, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain NRRL B-50349, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain WG6-14, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains CM-2, Bacillus

amyloliquefaciens strains T-5, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SYBC H47, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ1000, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens V656, Bacillus cereus ATCC 53522, Bacillus cereus BG1 , Bacillus cereus 108, Bacillus cereus NRRL B-30517, Bacillus cereus NRRL B-30519, Bacillus cereus TKU006, Bacillus cereus TKU018, Bacillus cereus YQQ308, Bacillus cereus ATCC 55675,

Bacillus licheniformis TH-1 , Bacillus licheniformis, strain SB3086, Bacillus megaterium Cl 16, Bacillus megaterium KL39, Bacillus megaterium pv. cerealis RAB7, Bacillus megaterium strain H491 (NRJRL Accession No. B-50769), Bacillus megaterium strain J142 (NRRL Accession No. B-50771), Bacillus megaterium strain MO 18 (NRRL Accession No. B-50770), Bacillus megaterium ATCC 55000, Bacillus methylotrophicus 9912, Bacillus methyhtrophicus BC79, Bacillus methylotrophicus C14, Bacillus methylotrophicus C412, Bacillus methylotrophicus CBMB205, Bacillus methylotrophicus FKM10, Bacillus methylotrophicus K26, Bacillus methylotrophicus KACC 13015 T, Bacillus methylotrophicus NKG-1, Bacillus methylotrophicus Strain B25, Bacillus methylotrophicus strain BC79, Bacillus methylotrophicus Strain BM47, Bacillus methylotrophicus Strain NKG- l, Bacillus methylotrophicus UCP1616, Bacillus methylotrophicus UPMC 1 166, Bacillus methylotrophicus SCS2012, Bacillus pabuli K 1 , Bacillus polymyxa (BP1), Bacillus pumilis CL 45, Bacillus pumilus GHA 180, Bacillus pumilus 1NR-7 (NRRL B50153; NRRL B-S0185) , Bacillus pumilus KFP9F, Bacillus pumilus QST 2808 (NRRL B-30087), Bacillus pumilus SG2, Bacillus sp. 13.26, Bacillus sp. AB89, Bacillus sp. BG-1 1, Bacillus sp.

strain F727, Bacillus sp. TKU004, Bacillus subtilis (strains 3A-P4 ATCC

Accession No. PTA-6506, 22C-PI ATCC Accession No. PTA-6508, and

LSSA01 NRRL Accession No. NRRL B-50104), Bacillus subtilis ATCC 55422, Bacillus subtilis AU 195, Bacillus subtilis B25, Bacillus subtilis B-3, Bacillus subtilis BSF4, Bacillus subtilis CAS 15, Bacillus subtilis CL27, Bacillus subtilis CPA-8, Bacillus subtilis CX-9060, Bacillus subtilis CY5, Bacillus subtilis DJM- 51, Bacillus subtilis F29-3, Bacillus subtilis FBI 7, Bacillus subtilis PERM BP- 3418, Bacillus subtilis G8, Bacillus subtilis GB03, Bacillus subtilis GB07, Bacillus subtilis KP172548, Bacillus subtilis NCIB 12375, Bacillus subtilis NCIB 12376, Bacillus subtilis NCIB 12616, Bacillus subtilis NJN-I l, Bacillus subtilis NJN-6, Bacillus subtilis NPU 001 , Bacillus subtilis NRRL B-30520, Bacillus subtilis QST-713 (NRRL B-21661 ), Bacillus subtilis R14, Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC No. 55614, Bacillus subtilis strain B-348, Bacillus subtilis strain BLB277, Bacillus subtilis strain GM2, Bacillus subtilis Strain SG6 , Bacillus subtilis strain Z-14, Bacillus subtilis strains B-310, Bacillus subtilis strains B-322, Bacillus subtilis strains B-338, Bacillus Subtilis SY1, Bacillus subtilis TKU007, Bacillus subtilis TV- 125, Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens D747, Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens FZB24, Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain ATCC BAA-390, Bacillus subtilis W-118, Bacillus subtilis XL62 1, Bacillus thuringiensis NMlOl-19, Bacillus thuringiensis strain AQ52, NRRL Accession No. B21619, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. colmeri 15 A3; bacteria belonging to genus Streptomyces : Streptomyces antibioiicus AZ-Z710, Streptomyces

aureofaciens CMUAcl30, Streptomyces cavourensis SY224, Streptomyces griseoviridis K61 , Streptomyces griseus HUT6037, Streptomyces griseus MTCC 9723, Streptomyces halstedii AJ-7, Streptomyces Hygroscopicus BOS-013, Streptomyces lividans ZX7, Streptomyces Uvidans, Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108, Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108, Streptomyces plicatus (strainlOl ), Streptomyces rimosus MY02, Streptomyces roseolus DH, Streptomyces sp. 385, Streptomyces sp. DAI 1, Streptomyces sp. TH-11 , Streptomyces sporovirgulis strain TGNBSA5 JQ654447, Streptomyces tendae IX-VL 333, Streptomyces thermoviolaceus NT l, Streptomyces thermoviolaceus OPC-520, Streptomyces venezuelae P10; and fungal genus Trichoderma: Trichoderma asperelium T34, Trichoderma asperelium SKT- 1 , Trichoderma asperelium ICC 012,

Trichoderma atroviride LC52, Trichoderma atroviride CNCM l- 1237.

Trichoderma fertile JM41 R, Trichoderma gamsii ICC 080, Trichoderma harmatum TH 382, Trichoderma harzianum TH-35, Trichoderma harzianum T- 22, Trichoderma harzianum T-39; mixture of Trichoderma polysporum and Trichoderma harzianum ; Trichoderma stromaticum (L.1.66), Trichoderma virens G-41, Trichoderma virens GL-21, Trichoderma viride TV 1 , Trichoderma harzianum TSTh20-l, Trichoderma harzianum KRL-AG2 (ATCC 20847).

Trichoderma ( Gliocladium ) virens G1 -21, Trichoderma virens Gl-3 (ATCC 58678), Trichoderma harzianum SK-5-5, Trichoderma harzianum Ri (ATCC 66869), Gliocladium vivirde Matru (ATCC 32912), Trichoderma harzianum TH (ATCC PTA-3701), Trichoderma hamanum TH (ATCC PTA-1920),

Trichoderma harzianum Ri (ATCC No. 6089), Gliocladium virens GV (ATCC PTA-2710), Trichoderma harzianum PTA-3701, Trichoderma harzianum Rifa T77, Trichoderma harzianum (Hypocrea lixii) NBRI 0716 (MTCC 5659), Trichoderma harzianum (Hypocrea lixii)( MTCC 5660), Trichoderma viride (MTCC 5661), Trichoderma harzianum (MTCC 5659). Trichoderma atroviride - Strain Tl, Trichoderma harzianum Rifai (TTI-l), Trichoderma harzianum Rifai (TH-2), Trichoderma harzianum IMl 352940, Trichoderma harzianum IMl 352941 , Trichoderma harzianum CECT 20179, Trichoderma viride CECT 20178, Trichoderma polysporum Rifai ATCC 20,475, Trichoderma viride sensu Bisby ATCC 20,476, Trichoderma viride sensu Bisby strain CG BINAB.INRA T 030(Pasteur Institute, Paris), Trichoderma harzianum EMP A 720, Trichoderma koningiopsis EMPA 723, Trichoderma asperelium T34(2) CECT No. 20417, Trichoderma atroviride SCI, CBS n° 122089, Trichoderma virens strains include those having the following ATCC accession numbers: 10043, 10044, 10045, 13213, 13362, 204067, 204443, 204444, 204445, 20903, 20904, 20906, 24290, 42955, 44327, 44734, 48179, 52045, 52199, 58676, 58677, 58678, 62399, 64271, 74180, 9645, MYA-297, MYA-298. MYA-649 and MYA-650;

4. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein chitinolytic microorganisms of

component (A) is a chitinase-producing bacteria.

5. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein chitinolytic microorganisms of

component (A) is a chitinase-producing fungi.

6. The mixture of claim 1 and 4, wherein chitinase-producing bacteria is Bacillus substi!is, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus lichenformis, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus pabuli, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus methylotrophicus and Bacillus polymyxa.

7. The mixture of claim 1 and 4, wherein chitinase-producing bacteria is

Streptomyces antibioticus, Streptomyces aureofaciens, Streptomyces avermitilis, Streptomyces bikiniensis. Streptomyces cavourensis, Streptomyces castaricanus, Streptomyces griseoviridis, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces halstedii, Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Streptomyces tividans, Streptomyces lydicus , Streptomyces plicatus, Streptomyces rimosus, Streptomyces roseolus,

Streptomyces sporovirgulis, Streptomyces tendae, Streptomyces thermoviolaceus, Streptomyces venezuelae , Streptomyces violaceusniger and Streptomyces viridodiasticus.

8. The mixture of claim 1 and 5, wherein chitinase-producing fungi is Trichoderma:

Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma fertile,

Trichoderma gamsii, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma polysporum,

Trichoderma stromaticum, Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma viride,

Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma lignorum, Trichoderma viridae,

Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma pseudokoningii, Trichoderma polysporum, Trichoderma hamatum and Trichoderma asperellum.

9. The mixture of claim l. wherein the one or more organic acids consist essentially of acetic acid.

10. The mixture of claim l and 9, wherein the acetic acid is from a fermentation

process to produce vinegar.

1 1. The mixture of claim l and 9, wherein the acetic acid is from dilution of

concentrated anhydrous acetic acid or glacial acetic acid.

12. The mixture of claim 1 and 9, wherein the one or more organic acids consist essentially of acetic acid or its various salts or a derivative thereof, or a mixture thereof.

13. The mixture of claim 1 , wherein the one or more organic acids consist of sorbic acid.

14. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the one or more organic acids consist of citric acid.

15. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the one or more organic acids consist of lactic acid.

16. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the one or more organic acids consist of butyric acid.

17. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the one or more organic acids consist of malic acid.

18. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the one or more organic acids consist of formic acid.

19. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the one or more organic acids comprises acetic acid and citric acid.

20. The mixture of claim I, wherein the one or more organic acid is a combination of acetic acid and lactic acid.

21. The mixture of claim 1 and 19, wherein the ratio of acetic acid to citric acid being in the range of 10:1 to 1 :1 on a weight basis.

22. The mixture of claim 1 and 20, wherein the ratio of acetic acid to lactic acid being in the range of 10:1 to 1 :1 on a weight basis.

23. The mixture of claim 1, wherein component (C) is selected from at least one

microbial pesticide from groups (C58) to (C60): C58) Microbial pesticide with fungicidal, bactericidal, viricidal and/or plant defense activator activity: Ampelomyces quisqualis M-10, Aspergillus flaws NRRL 21882, Aureobasidium pullulans DSM 14940, Aureobasidium pullulans DSM 14941, Candida oleophila I- 82, Candida oleophila O, Candida saitoana , Clavibacter michiganensis (bacteriophages), Coniothyrium minitans CON/M/91 - 08, Cryphoneclria parasitica, Cryptococcus albidus, Dilophosphora alopecuri, Fusarium oxysporum, Clonostachys roseaf. catenulata J1446, Gliocladium roseum 321 U, Lysobacter enzymogenes strain C3 (erroneously identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ), Metschnikowia fructicola NRRL Y-30752, Microdochium dimerum, Microsphaeropsis ochracea PI 30 A, Muscodor albus QST 20799, Paenibacillus polymyxa PKB1 (ATCC 202127), Pantoea vagans C9-I, Phlebiopsis gigantea, Pichia anomala WRL-76, Pseudozymaflocctdosa PF-A22 UL, Pythium oligandrum DV 74, Sphaerodes mycoparasitica IDAC 301008-01 , Streplomyces griseoviridis K61, Streptomyces lydicus WYJEC 108, Streptomyces violaceusniger XL-2, Streptomyces violaceusnigerY CED-9, Talaromyces flavus VI 17b, Ubcladium oudemansii HRU3, Verticillium dahlia , zucchini yellow mosaic virus (avirulent strain);

C59) Microbial pesticide with plant growth regulator, plant growth promoting and/or yield enhancing activity: Azospirillum amazonense BR 1 1 140 (SpY2T), Azospirillum brasilense strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6, Azospirillum brasilense AZ39, Azospirillum brasilense XOH, Azospirillum brasilense BR 11005 (Sp245), Azospirillum brasilense BR 1 1002, Azospirillum lipoferum BR 11646 (Sp31 ), Azospirillum irakense , Azospirillum halopraeferens, Bradyrhizobium sp. PNL0, Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) CB1015, Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) USDA 3446, Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) SEMIA 6144, Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) SEMIA 6462, Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) SEMIA 6464, Bradyrhizobium sp. (Vigna), Bradyrhizobium elkanii SEMIA 587, Bradyrhizobium elkanii SEMIA 5019, Bradyrhizobium elkanii U-1301 , Bradyrhizobium elkanii U-1302,

Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA 74, Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA 76,

Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA 94, Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA 3254,

Bradyrhizobium japonicum 532c , Bradyrhizobium japonicum CP AC 15,

Bradyrhizobium japonicum E-109, Bradyrhizobium japonicum G49,

Bradyrhizobium japonicum TA-1 1, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 3,

Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 31, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 76, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 1 10, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 121, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 123, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 136, Bradyrhizobium japonicum SEMIA 566, Bradyrhizobium japonicum SEMIA 5079, Bradyrhizobium japonicum SEM IA 5080, Bradyrhizobium japonicum WB74, Bradyrhizobium liaoningense , Bradyrhizobium iupini LL13,

Bradyrhizobium Iupini WU425, Bradyrhizobium Iupini WSM471 ,

Bradyrhizobium Iupini WSM4024, Glomus intraradices RTI-801, Mesorhizobium sp. WSM 1271 , Mesorhizobium sp. WSM 1497, Mesorhizobium ciceri CC1 192, Mesorhizobium huakii. Paenibacillus alvei NAS6G6, Penicillium bilaiae ATCC 22348, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. pnaseoli RG-B10, Rhizobium

leguminosarum bv. trifolii RP1 13-7, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii 095, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii TA1. Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii CC283b, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii CC275e, Rhizobium

leguminosarum bv. trifolii CB782, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii

CC1099, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM 1325, Rhizobium

leguminosarum bv. viciae SU303, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae WSM 1455, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae P IN P3Cst, Rhizobium

leguminosarum bv. viciae RG-P2, Rhizobium tropici SEMIA 4080, Rhizobium tropici SEMIA 4077, Rhizobium tropici CCS 1 1 , Sinorhizobium meliloti

MSDJ0848, Sinorhizobium meliloti N RG185, Sinorhizobium meliloti RRI128;

C60) Microbial pesticide with insecticidal, acaricidal, molluscidal and/or nematicidal activity: Agrobacterium radiobacter K 1026, Agrobacterium radiobacter K84, Bacillus firmus 1- 1582; B. Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai strains: ABTS-1857, SAN 401 1, ABG-6305 and ABG-6346 ; Bacillus

thuringiensis ssp. israelensis AM65-52, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis SUM-6218, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. galleriae SDS-502, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki EG 2348, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki SB4, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki ABTS-351 (HD-1), Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040, Beauveria bassiana GHA, Beauveria bassiana HI 23, Beauveria bassiana DSM 12256, Beauveria bassiana PPRI 5339, Beauveria brongniartii, Burkholderia sp. A396, Chromobacterium subtsugae PRAA4-L Cydia pomonella granulosis virus V22, Cydia pomonella granulosis virus VI, Cryptophlebia leucotreta

granulovirus (CrleGV), Flavobacterium sp. H492, Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedro virus (HearNPV), harm fumosorosea Apopka-97, Lecanicillium longisporum KV42, Lecanicillium longisporum KV71 , Lecanicillium muscarium KV01, Metarhizium anisopliae FI-985, Metarhizium anisopliae FI- 1045,

Metarhizium anisopliae F52, Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 69, Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum IMI 330189 ; Nomuraea rileyi straias: SA86101, GU87401, SR86151, CG128 and VA910I ; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus FE 9901 , Paecilomyces lilacinus 251, Paecilomyces lilacinus DSM 15169 , Paecilomyces Ulacinus BCP2, Paeni bacillus popiUiae Dutky-1940 (NRJRL B-2309 ^:= ATCC 14706), Paenibacillus popiUiae Dutky 1, Paenibacillus popilliae KLN 3,

Pasteuria sp. Ph3, Pasteuria sp. ATCC PTA-9643, Pasteuria sp. ATCC SD- 5832, Pasteuria nishizawae Pn 1 , Pasteuria penetrans, Pasteuria ramose .

Pasteuria reneformis Pr-3, Pasteuria thornea, Pasteuria usgae , Pseudomonas fluorescens CL 145 A, Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV), Steinernema carpocapsae , Steinernema feltiae , Steinernema kraussei LI 37;

24. The mixture of claim 1, wherein component (C) is at least one pesticide selected from the group consisting of azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole,

cyproconazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole, epoxiconazole, fenbuconazole, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole, imibenconazole,

ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, oxpoconazole, paclobutrazole,

penconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole, simeconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, triticonazole, uniconazole and prochloraz.

25. The mixture of claim l, wherein component (C) is at least one pesticide selected from the group consisting of phosphonate: fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminium, potassium phosphite, phosphorous acid and its salts, or a mixture thereof.

26. The mixture of claim 1, wherein component (C) is at least one pesticide is cuticle degrading enzyme selected from the group consisting of chitinolytic enzyme, glucanolytic enzyme, protease, peptidase, chitinase, chitosanase, lipase, cutinase and any combination thereof.

27. A method for controlling pest infestation in a plant, plant disease and/or

improving the health of plants and/or regulating plant growth, comprising treating the plants, its growth substrate, and/or the plant seed with an effective amount of the mixture as defined in any one of claims 1 to 26.

28. The method as claimed in C1aim 27, wherein the plant disease is basal stem rot (BSR) in oil palms caused by Ganoderma species.

29. The method as claimed in C1aim 27, wherein the plants are oil palm species.

30. The method of claim 27, wherein the pest infestation is caused by a pest selected from the group consisting of bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects or other pests.

31. The method of claim 27 wherein the plant disease is caused by pathogen selected from the group consisting of Fusarium, Phythium, Phytophthora, PeniciUium, Aspergillus, Curvularia, Alternaria, Bremia, Sphaerorheca, Glomerella,

Cercospora, Colletotrichum, Verticillium, Botrytis, Sclerotinia, Sclerotium, Rhizoctonia , Bipolaris, Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas and Ralsionia.

32. The method of claim 1 and 27, wherein mixture comprises a carrier selected from the plant growth nutrient, organic fertilizer or inorganic/organic mixture fertilizer; and placing the mixture in the immediate vicinity of the plant to be protected.

33. The method of claim 27 and 32, wherein the carrier containing organic compost, the organic compost comprising an ammonia-generating component, wherein the ammonia neutralizes the mixture.

34. The method of claim 1 and 27, wherein the mixture comprises alkalinising agent selected from the group consisting of sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, alkaline soil, sodium phosphate (dibasic salt), a glycine salt, ammonium bicarbonate, sodium

carbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonium carbonate and combinations thereof;