Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
  • C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
  • C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
  • C10L5/442—Wood or forestry waste
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
  • C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
  • C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
  • C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
  • C10L5/06—Methods of shaping, e.g. pelletizing or briquetting
  • C10L5/08—Methods of shaping, e.g. pelletizing or briquetting without the aid of extraneous binders
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
  • C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
  • C10L5/34—Other details of the shaped fuels, e.g. briquettes
  • C10L5/36—Shape
  • C10L5/363—Pellets or granulates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
  • C10L9/08—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by heat treatments, e.g. calcining
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
  • C10B49/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated
  • C10B49/02—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated with hot gases or vapours, e.g. hot gases obtained by partial combustion of the charge
  • C10B49/04—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated with hot gases or vapours, e.g. hot gases obtained by partial combustion of the charge while moving the solid material to be treated
  • C10B49/06—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated with hot gases or vapours, e.g. hot gases obtained by partial combustion of the charge while moving the solid material to be treated according to the moving bed type
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
  • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
  • C10B53/02—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of cellulose-containing material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
  • C10B57/00—Other carbonising or coking processes; Features of destructive distillation processes in general
  • C10B57/14—Features of low-temperature carbonising processes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
  • C10L2200/0461—Fractions defined by their origin
  • C10L2200/0469—Renewables or materials of biological origin
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2250/00—Structural features of fuel components or fuel compositions, either in solid, liquid or gaseous state
  • C10L2250/06—Particle, bubble or droplet size
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/06—Heat exchange, direct or indirect
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/58—Control or regulation of the fuel preparation of upgrading process
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

• Black granules are moisture degradation resistant cylinders 1 to 3 cm long with good mechanical strength allowing storage and handling similar to coal. Its combustion generates little ash, with a lower calorific value (PCI) close to 18 to 20 to joules / gram of dry matter.
• PCI calorific value
• Black granules are produced from lignocellulosic biomass subjected to heat treatment followed by abrupt depressurization which provides a water proof material for the production of granules or briquettes.
• the raw material is actually exploded with steam, which releases finer particles, allowing the material to to have a strong cohesion during the aggregation or molding phase.
• Hydrothermal pretreatment also called aqueous fractionation, solvolysis, hydrothermolysis or hydrothermal treatment is a liquid hot water pretreatment process using water at high temperature and high pressure to promote the disintegration and separation of the lignocellulosic matrix.
• This method comprises the steps of: (a) passing the lignin-containing material having a relative humidity content of 0 to 20% by weight through a reactor
• the lignin-containing material is a lignocellulosic material, a material comprising wood, bamboo, bagasse, straw or grass, in the form of chips with a length of 25 mm.
• the last pressure reduction of the reactor takes place suddenly by explosion of steam so that the material is defibrated.
• the invention relates to a process for the continuous preparation of a pulverulent material having a calorific value greater than the calorific value of the initial biomass comprising a steam cracking step characterized in that the initial biomass consists of elements of the particle size class. between P16 and P100, with a humidity of less than 27%, directly subjected to a steam cracking treatment.
• the severity factor of the steam cracking step is greater than 3.7 and less than 4.2.
• the severity factor of the steam cracking step is controlled as a function of the carbon content in a sample of steam cracked biomass.
• the severity factor of the steam cracking step is controlled as a function of the carbon content in the gaseous effluents.
• the severity factor of the steam cracking step is controlled as a function of the carbon content of a sample of steam cracked biomass.
• the severity of the steam cracking step is controlled by the signal generated by a pH sensor.
• the pH is adjusted by adding lime, carbon dioxide, or dissociated forms of carbon dioxide.
• the invention also relates to the application of the process for preparing a pulverulent material according to the invention for the preparation of pellet fuels.
• FIG. 1 is an exemplary embodiment of a steam cracking installation 10, in particular for the manufacture of a combustible material according to the invention from biomass chopped to have a particle size between P16 and P100.
• the biomass will have a particle size between P20 and P100, or even between P25 and P100.
• FIG. 2 is a table showing the characteristics of the different particle size classes as a function of the nature of the elements which make up the material.
• the particle size distribution is defined by the size of the particles of the main fraction (P) and the size of particles defining the coarse fraction (G). Particles smaller than one millimeter are considered to belong to the fine fraction.
• the main fraction P must represent at least 80% by mass of the fuel.
• the particle size distribution of the elements of the biomass is defined according to the reference class.
• CEN / TS 14961 European Committee for Standardization
• CEN / TS technical specification document
• CEN / TS also specifies that 80% (by mass) of the fuel must pass between the meshes of a sieve corresponding to the particle size class and be retained in the sieve corresponding to a particle size of 3.15 mm.
• the coarse fraction G must not represent more than 1% by mass.
• the fine fraction should not exceed 5% by mass.
• the biomass is shredded with sharp tools (shredder knives), and is directly subjected to a steam cracking treatment without humidification or other treatment.
• the thermal treatment of biomass is carried out with slightly saturated steam at a temperature between 195 ° C and 215 ° C.
• the treatment time is between 5 and 30 minutes.
• the lower calorific value on dryness has increased on average by 0.7 joules per gram with a variation of 0.25 to 2 joules per gram depending on the severity of the heat treatment, starting from 17 to 19 joules per dry gram of wood initial, ie between 2 and 12% gain in PCI, around 4% on average. Depending on the severity of the heat treatment, the material losses rose from a few% to 24%.
• This installation comprises a hammer mill (11) supplied with biomass using an endless screw (12).
• a separator removes oversized items before the wafers enter the crusher (11).
• the biomass is ground in the form of fragments with a particle size between P25 and P100.
• the silo (13) is filled by a bucket loader which picks up the biomass in piles formed on storage areas on the ground.
• the biomass flows out of the crusher (11) onto a conveyor belt (14), equipped with a weighing belt, which transports them to the feed hopper of a hot air dryer (15).
• a humidity sensor continuously monitors the moisture content of the biomass.
• the biomass fragments are extracted from the silo (16) by a planetary screw and placed on a conveyor belt which transports them to a feed silo (17) of a reactor (18) allowing 15 tonnes per hour of biomass to be treated continuously.
• the reactor (18) is a pressurized reactor into which superheated water vapor is injected, the pressure of which is 18 bars and the temperature is 250 ° C. through its lower part.
• This vertically oriented reactor is conical in order to avoid the formation of plugs.
• the vapor stream is drawn out of the reactor at the top of the reactor. On leaving the reactor, the steam is returned to the CH boiler in which it was produced.
• the temperature of the steam is 203 ° C. and the pressure is 16.7 bars.
• the silo (17) is in the shape of a truncated ellipsoid, in order to facilitate the flow of the biomass fragments.
• a rotary scraper makes it possible to push the biomass fragments towards an extraction endless screw (19).
• This conical endless screw (19) the cross section of which becomes smaller as the screw enters the reactor (18), continuously takes a predetermined quantity of biomass fragments from the silo (17), pre-compresses it and pushes it into the reactor (18) under pressure through an orifice through which the screw passes.
• the dimensions of the conical orifice and of the screw have been selected with respect to each other so as to minimize the pressure loss in the reactor and to expel the air contained in the biomass fragments.
• the compressive force exerted by the screw on the biomass fragments advantageously makes it possible to expel part of the residual water present in the biomass fragments.
• the compacted biomass fragments form a compact block which is dispersed in the reactor under the effect of the steam flow. Scattered biomass fragments then fall by gravity into the reactor while being heated by the flow of steam and are deposited on the fragments that have accumulated before them on the bottom of the reactor, where they continue to be heated by the flow of steam.
• the retention time of the biomass fragments is controlled as a function of the level of the biomass fragments which have accumulated on the bottom of the reactor. In this particular embodiment of the invention, it is set at 7 minutes, which corresponds to a severity factor of 3.8.
• a scraper mounted to pivot on a vertical axis (not shown in FIG. 1) pushes the fragments of biomass towards an endless screw (20) making it possible to extract fragments of biomass from the reactor (18). ).
• This discharge screw (20) pushes the fragments of biomass out of the reactor towards a valve (21) with controlled opening.
• the opening of this valve is continuously adjusted in order to control the flow rate of biomass fragments continuously extracted from the reactor.
• fragments of biomass are continuously expelled through the openings of the valves (21), at very high speed, in an expansion line (22 ) and are entrained by the flow of vapor exiting with these fragments of biomass from the reactor in the expansion line (22) to a separation unit (23).
• the separation unit (23) the mixture of fragments of biomass and steam enters tangentially to a rapidly rotating blade. Under the effect of the centrifugal force generated by this blade, the biomass fragments are projected into a discharge duct (24), while the vapor is discharged out of the separator through a valve.
• the continuous operation of the steam cracker makes it possible to carry out real-time control of the operating conditions and in particular:
• Real-time measurement of the chemical characteristics of the effluents makes it possible to assess the losses in terms of steam cracked biomass, resulting in an increase in the carbon content in the effluents.
• This information can be acquired in real time by an infrared probe placed in the effluent discharge pipe.
• the signal supplied in real time by the probe is representative of the variations in carbon content in the effluents.
• This signal is used by a computer to modify the parameters of the steam cracker, in particular the severity rate, as a function of a function predetermined by the targeted objectives: for example maximization of the PCI.
• the probe also makes it possible to analyze other organic compounds, in particular oxygenated ones, and to provide cartographic information on organic compounds in the effluents in order to control the steam cracking parameters.
• 1 / steam cracking installation can also include a system for real-time sampling of the steam cracked biomass, with solubilization of this sample in order to collect information on the chemical composition using one or more physical probes -chemical, for example a measurement of the pH or a measurement of the composition of organic compounds.
• the humidity of the final product, before pelletization must be controlled.
• the initial biomass, before steam cracking has a low humidity level, in particular less than 14% and preferably less than 10%.
• the initial biomass can be steam cracked with a moisture content greater than 14%, but less than 27%.
• a step of drying the steam cracked biomass is provided downstream of the steam cracking installation, before or after granulation.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Forests & Forestry (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Ecology (AREA)
• Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
• General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
• Geology (AREA)
• Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)

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Citations (5)

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• 2019
  • 2019-05-03 FR FR1904682A patent/FR3095654B1/fr active Active
• 2020
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