WO2020223367A1 - Système de solinage de refoulement de glace - Google Patents

Système de solinage de refoulement de glace Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020223367A1
WO2020223367A1 PCT/US2020/030499 US2020030499W WO2020223367A1 WO 2020223367 A1 WO2020223367 A1 WO 2020223367A1 US 2020030499 W US2020030499 W US 2020030499W WO 2020223367 A1 WO2020223367 A1 WO 2020223367A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
layer
roof
underlayment
ice
flashing
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2020/030499
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Slawomir Zielinski
Zachary SETIAN
Original Assignee
Secure Building Llc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Secure Building Llc filed Critical Secure Building Llc
Priority to US17/602,115 priority Critical patent/US20220205247A1/en
Publication of WO2020223367A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020223367A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/04—Roof drainage; Drainage fittings in flat roofs, balconies or the like
    • E04D13/0404—Drainage on the roof surface
    • E04D13/0409—Drainage outlets, e.g. gullies
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/04—Roof drainage; Drainage fittings in flat roofs, balconies or the like
    • E04D13/076—Devices or arrangements for removing snow, ice or debris from gutters or for preventing accumulation thereof
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D12/00—Non-structural supports for roofing materials, e.g. battens, boards
    • E04D12/002—Sheets of flexible material, e.g. roofing tile underlay
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/04—Roof drainage; Drainage fittings in flat roofs, balconies or the like
    • E04D13/0404—Drainage on the roof surface
    • E04D13/0459—Drainage borders, e.g. dripping edges, gravel stops or dispersers
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/04—Roof drainage; Drainage fittings in flat roofs, balconies or the like
    • E04D13/064—Gutters
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/15—Trimming strips; Edge strips; Fascias; Expansion joints for roofs
    • E04D13/158—Trimming strips; Edge strips; Fascias; Expansion joints for roofs covering the overhang at the eave side, e.g. soffits, or the verge of saddle roofs
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/04—Roof drainage; Drainage fittings in flat roofs, balconies or the like
    • E04D13/0404—Drainage on the roof surface
    • E04D13/0459—Drainage borders, e.g. dripping edges, gravel stops or dispersers
    • E04D2013/0468—Drip edges

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a preventative roofing system. More specifically, a roofing system which prevents damage to roofs, eaves, and the structures below caused by ice backing.
  • the present invention relates to inhibiting and preventing ice backing, the process by which ice grows upward from an existing ice dam and works its way into the gap between the fascia and upper surface or sheathing of the roof, or underneath the roof eaves, shingles/tiles, and fascia of roofs, causing them to separate and crack.
  • ice melt water begins to seep underneath the protective outer layers of the roof. Consequently, once temperatures reach freezing again, the ice continues to grow into the cracks it formed causing water damage, leaks and mold. This process can repeat daily, or several times a day, depending on the weather conditions and/or sun exposure to the roof.
  • an Ice Backing Flashing system (hereinafter, the“IBF system”) which is comprised of an IBF layer to prevent ice backflow, the process where ice grows underneath the eaves and into the underside of the roof.
  • IBF system effectively eliminates the ability for ice to work its way back into the roof through the shingles/tiles, eaves and fascia.
  • the IBF layer includes an upper portion attachable to an upper surface or sheathing of a roof, a lower portion attachable to a fascia portion of the roof, and a bend between the upper and lower portions attachable over an edge of the roof.
  • the IBF layer may be provided by itself or layered together with a plurality of underlayment layers.
  • a roofing system is provided including a first underlayment layer and the IBF layer adjacent to and above the first underlayment layer, the ice back flashing layer including an upper portion attachable to an upper surface of a roof, a lower portion attachable to a fascia portion of the roof, and a bend between the upper and lower portions attachable over an edge of the roof.
  • the system includes a second underlayment layer adjacent to and above the upper portion of the ice back flashing layer, a drip edge layer adjacent to and above the second underlayment layer, and/or a third underlayment layer adjacent to and above the drip edge.
  • an adhesive underlayment is already attached to the IBF layer, thereby simplifying installation of the roofing system.
  • the adhesive underlayment is separate from the IBF layer, providing more flexibility and control in the installation process and choice of materials.
  • the underlayment layers are heat resistant and can withstand various weather conditions/the changing seasons, otherwise the underlayment layers are prone to melting in the heat and cracking in the cold.
  • the upper portion of the ice backing flashing layer has at least one fold defining an edge extending at least partially toward the bend between the upper and lower portions.
  • the fold or folds provide additional ice protection and, in some
  • the fold may be positioned at a top distal end of the upper portion or one or a plurality of folds may be positioned between the top distal end and the bend between the upper and lower portions.
  • the bend between the upper and lower portions includes a first bend and a second bend forming a nose portion extending at least partially away from the roof.
  • the system includes a gutter secured to the lower portion of the ice backing flashing layer.
  • the lower portion of the ice backing flashing layer may extend below the gutter.
  • the lower portion of the ice backing flashing layer includes a lip extending outward from the fascia portion of the roof below the gutter.
  • a method of preventing ice backing including the steps of securing a first underlayment layer to an upper surface of a roof, and securing an ice backing flashing layer to the roof adjacent to and above the first underlayment layer, the ice backing flashing layer including an upper portion, a lower portion, and a bend between the upper and lower portions, wherein the upper portion is secured to the upper surface of the roof and the lower portion is secured to a fascia portion of the roof.
  • the method includes securing a second underlayment layer adjacent to and above the upper portion of the ice backing flashing layer, securing a drip edge layer adjacent to and above the second underlayment layer, and/or securing a third underlayment layer adjacent to and above the drip edge.
  • FIG. 1A is a perspective view of an IBF system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure that is attached to the fascia and roof base of a pitched roof, and FIGS. IB through 1H are perspective views of each layer in the IBF system;
  • FIG. 2A is a perspective view of an IBF system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure with a first layer of underlayment adhesively attached to a lower surface of an IBF layer, the underlayment being a high- temperature underlayment attached to both the fascia and roof base;
  • FIG. 2B is a perspective view of the IBF system of FIG. 2A without an underlayment layer
  • FIG. 3A is a perspective view of an IBF system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure with a first layer of underlayment adhesively attached to a lower surface of the IBF layer, the IBF layer containing a protruding nose at its bottom end and sized to accommodate wider fascia;
  • FIG. 3B is a perspective view of the IBF system of FIG. 3 A without an underlayment layer
  • FIG. 4 is a side view of the IBF system on a pitched roof with the first layer of underlayment adhesively attached to the lower surface of the IBF layer, a second layer of underlayment attached to an upper surface of the first layer, a third drip edge layer attached to an upper surface of the second layer, a fourth layer of underlayment attached to an upper surface of the third layer, and the roof shingles attached to an upper surface of the fourth layer;
  • FIG. 5 is a side view of an IBF system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure that is on a flat roof with a first EPDM membrane which attaches to the trim of the building, a second layer of IBF attached to an upper surface of the EPDM membrane, a third layer of silicone attached to an upper surface of the IBF layer, a fourth drip edge layer attached to an upper surface of the third silicone layer, and a fifth cover strip layer attached to an upper surface of the drip edge;
  • FIG. 6 is a side view of an IBF system on a pitched roof with a first underlayment layer, a second layer of IBF adhesively attached to an upper surface of the underlayment, a third layer of underlayment attached to an upper surface of the IBF layer, a fourth drip edge layer attached to an upper surface of the third layer, a fifth layer underlayment attached to an upper surface of the drip edge, and a final layer of synthetic underlayment covering the entire IBF system;
  • FIG. 7 is a side view of an IBF system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure on a flat roof;
  • FIG. 8 is a side view of the IBF system of FIG. 7 on a pitched roof
  • FIGS. 9A and 9B are side views of an IBF system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure on a flat roof;
  • FIGS. 10A and 10B are side views of the IBF system of FIGS. 9A and 9B on a pitched roof;
  • FIG. 11 is a side view of an IBF system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure on a flat roof;
  • FIG. 12 is a side view of the IBF system of FIG. 11 on a pitched roof
  • FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a customizable IBF system
  • FIG. 14 illustrates embodiments of a bottom end of an IBF layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 15 illustrates embodiments of an upper portion of an IBF layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 16 illustrates embodiments of a top end of an IBF layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 17 illustrates embodiments of a nose bend portion of an IBF layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the IBF system 10 includes a plurality of layers of material on a roof 20 to prevent ice backflow.
  • the layers generally include an IBF layer 30 situated between other layers of roofing materials such as a drip edge 40 and layers of underlayment described below.
  • the IBF layer 30 is a metal flashing.
  • FIG. 1A shows one version of the IBF system 10 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, an IBF system. All of the versions disclosed herein can be used in conjunction with both pitched roofs and flat roofs 20.
  • the figures show only portions of the various layers of the IBF system 10 for illustration purposes but one skilled in the art will understand that each of the layers may extend across an entire width of the roof.
  • the IBF layer 30 may be produced in various lengths, including commonly used 1 to 10-foot lengths and custom lengths depending on the need.
  • the IBF layer 30 has a lower portion 32 (along the fascia 22) and an upper portion 34 (along the plywood/roof surface 24), the lower portion 32 and the upper portion 34 generally extending farther down the fascia 22 and up the roof surface 24, respectively, as compared to the drip edge 40.
  • the IBF layer 30 extends down the fascia 22 at least twice as far as the drip edge 40 extends down.
  • the upper portion 34 of the IBF layer 30 which extends up the roof/plywood 24 towards the top of the roof 20 also extends farther than the drip edge 40, such as at least 1.5 times the length of the drip edge 40 in that direction.
  • the lower portion 32 has a height (a) of about 3 inches and the upper portion 34 has a length (d) of about 4 inches.
  • the lower portion 32 has a height (a) of about 6 to 7 inches.
  • an intermediate bend in the structure which extends around the edge of the roof to assist in inhibiting ice backing.
  • the bend may be a simple bend with an interior angle of at least about 90 degrees, a more complex bend to create a nose or protrusion on the edge of the roof, and/or a series of preformed bend lines to provide different installation options.
  • like-metal should be used with like-metal; e.g., a copper IBF system should be used with a copper drip edge and copper gutters, similarly an aluminum IBF system should be used with an aluminum drip edge and aluminum gutters.
  • different metals and even different material types may be used.
  • the upper portion 34 of the IBF layer 30 may, in some embodiments, turn back on itself in the sense that the structure extends in one direction and then is bent at approximately (or slightly less than) 180 degrees and onto itself to create a generally“C” or“V” shaped end 36.
  • the return portion of this“C” or“V” shape created by the bend returns a distance of approximately 0.5 inches, particularly about at least 5% (more particularly at least 10% or more particularly approximately 12.5%) of the length (d) of the IBF layer 30 between the intermediate bend and end of the IBF where the“C” or“V” shape is found.
  • the upper end 36 is flat without a bend back.
  • the upper end 36 of the IBF layer 30 is opposite to a lower end 38 which, in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIGS. 1A through 1H, is an outwardly extending portion 38 of the IBF layer 30 which is designed to extend outwardly below a gutter, e.g., by a distance (b) of about 1 inch. It is also understood that in certain embodiments, the portion of the IBF whose end is adjacent the fascia (opposite end to“C” or“V” return) may not extend outwardly, see, e.g., FIGS. 2A-2B.
  • the lower end 38 may in either case include a return portion 39 having a length or height (c) of about 0.5 inch. These dimensions are only exemplary.
  • an IBF system 10 generally comprises a first high-temperature underlayment 50 (e.g., an underlayment that is stable up to at least about 250°F) against the roof 22/24 and the IBF layer 30 secured at least partially over the first underlayment 50 with fasteners 60 such as nails 62 and/or clips 64.
  • a second underlayment 52 may be placed over the IBF layer 30 and below a drip edge 40.
  • the second underlayment 52 may be a high-temperature underlayer or an ice protection underlayment (e.g., an 18-inch MFM IB-3 Ice Buster or WIP underlayment).
  • a third underlayment 54 e.g., an 18-inch MFM IB-3 Ice Buster or WIP underlayment
  • a top underlayment 56 e.g., any underlayment
  • the IBF system 10 is attached to the fascia 22 and plywood 24 of a pitched or flat roof 20.
  • Carlisle WIP Products’ underlayments are used.
  • WIP 300 i.e., a high-tensile- strength rubberized asphalt underlayment designed to withstand temperatures up to 250°F
  • WIP 100 i.e., a 55-mil flexible rubberized asphalt, fiberglass-reinforced membrane
  • the WIP 100 underlayment can be replaced with the WIP 300 high-temperature underlayment.
  • the first high-temperature underlayment 50 is the first layer of the IBF system 10 involved in the protection against roof damage and ice backing.
  • the high temperature properties are desired to avoid cracking or degradation of the underlayment 50 over time which can contribute to ice damage.
  • roofs often have a gap or space between the fascia 22 and upper surface or sheathing of the roof 24.
  • the IBF layer 30 is an overhanging stmcture that seals over the spaces between the fascia 22 and roof 24 and extends down behind the gutter, thereby preventing ice from growing up and into the underside of or between layers of the roof 24.
  • the IBF layer 30 is secured between two layers of underlayment: a first high-temperature underlayment 50 below, and a second high-temperature or ice protection underlayment 52 above.
  • the IBF layer 30 is sheet metal made from non-ferrous or alloy metals that are 16 gauge or lower. In preferred
  • the sheet metal of the IBF layer 30 is made from copper or aluminum that is 16 gauge or lower. In some other embodiments, the IBF layer 30 is comprised of other materials such as composite materials.
  • the IBF layer 30 has, at its bottom end, a bent end 38 which helps prevent ice from working its way into the roofing layers in this IBF version.
  • the bent end 38 may extend out by a distance (b) of about 1 inch or more.
  • fasteners 60 can be used to secure the IBF layer 30 to the roof.
  • nails 62 may be used in the upper portion 34 and/or lower portion 32 and clips 64 may be used along the edges, such as along the end 36.
  • a second layer of underlayment is placed on the top surface of the IBF layer 30.
  • the drip edge 40 is added to the top surface of the high- temperature or ice protection underlayment 52.
  • the drip edge 40 is a bent piece of sheet metal that acts as support for the gutters 80.
  • the drip edge 40 at least partially extends outward from the roof edge.
  • the IBF layer 30 also extends out from the roof edge within the drip edge (see, e.g., FIGS. 5-6.)
  • a third layer of underlayment 54 is attached to the top surface of the drip edge 40.
  • This third underlayment 54 can be an ice protection underlayment, or a cold weather-proof underlayment of similar quality.
  • a top underlayment 56 is attached to the top surface of the third underlayment 54.
  • FIG. 2A shows another version of the IBF system 10 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • This IBF system comprises an IBF layer 30 that comes with a first high-temperature underlayment 50 already adhesively attached to its bottom surface.
  • This version allows for easy installation and can be used on flat or pitched roofs.
  • the upper portion of the underlayment 50 extends farther up the roof than the IBF layer 30.
  • dimension (d) may be about 4 inches while dimension (g) is about 9 inches.
  • FIG. 2B shows another version without the underlayment 50 attached.
  • the IBF system 10 can include a nose/bridge or lip 38 on the IBF layer 30 that is bent backwards or protruding at its bottom end 39.
  • the IBF system 10 is compatible with pitched roofs with shingles 70 and comprises an IBF layer 30 attached to a high-temperature underlayment 50, to which a second high-temperature or protection underlayment 52 is attached.
  • a drip edge 40 is attached to the top surface of the second underlayment 52 and holds up the gutter 80 while directing water into it.
  • a third underlayment 54 is placed between the drip edge 40 and the shingles 70 of the roof.
  • FIGS. 5, 7, 9A-9B, and 11 show that all versions of the IBF system 10 are compatible on flat roof styles, such as those usually seen on buildings.
  • the IBF system may comprise an EPDM membrane 51 which covers the trim of a building, an IBF layer 30 which is attached to the top side of the EPDM membrane 51, a silicone layer 53 attached to the top side of the IBF layer 30 which acts as a sealant, and a drip edge 40 attached to the top side of the silicone layer 53 with nails 62.
  • a gutter 80 may attach to the drip edge 40 and a cover strip 72 seals the entire IBF system 10.
  • FIGS. 6, 8, 10A-10B, and 12 show that all versions of the IBF system 10 are also compatible with pitched roofs.
  • These IBF systems comprise a first layer consisting of either an EPDM underlayment 51 or a high-temperature underlayment 50, an IBF layer 30 is adhered to the top surface of the first EPDM 51 or high-temperature underlayment 50 layer, a second high- temperature or ice protection underlayment 52 is attached to the top surface of the IBF layer 30, a drip edge 40 is attached to the top surface of the second underlayment 52, a third ice protection underlayment 54 is attached to the top surface of the drip edge and a synthetic underlayment 58 covers the entire IBF system 10.
  • FIG. 13 shows one example of one way a custom IBF system 10 can be constructed.
  • the IBF system 10 includes two bend lines which can be used depending on the desired height of the lower portion. For example, bending at the lower bend line can result in a lower portion having a height (a) of about 5 inches while bending at the upper bend line can result in a lower portion having a height (j) of about 6.5 inches.
  • height (a) is only 2-3 inches.
  • dimension (d) is about 4 inches and dimension (k) is about 5 inches.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates different embodiments of the bottom end 38 of the IBF layer 30. Each differs at least in the way that they direct water off the bottom. Ends 38c to 38f direct water off the flashing when they extend down below a gutter while ends 38a to 38b can be used behind a gutter.
  • FIG. 15 illustrates different embodiments of the upper portion 34 of the IBF layer 30.
  • Upper portion 34a is the simplest design.
  • Upper portion 34b includes one intermediate bend or fold back portion to help stop ice from working its way up. The bend can be pressed down on the edge of an underlayerment or the drip edge 40 and/or the bend may engage or interlock with an edge of the underlayment or drip edge.
  • Upper portions 34c to 34d have additional intermediate bends to provide additional ice protection. The bends can similarly be pressed down onto and/or engage with edges of underlayments and/or the drip edge 40.
  • the bends generally are greater than ninety degrees and preferably greater than one-hundred and thirty-five degrees.
  • FIG. 16 illustrates different embodiments of the top end 36.
  • Top end 36a is the simplest.
  • Top end 36b provides a bend back to help stop ice from working its way over the top of and past the IBF layer 30.
  • Top end 36c is an alternative with a bend back on the lower surface which avoids the exposure of cut sheet metal.
  • FIG. 17 illustrates different embodiments of a nose bend portion 33 of the IBF layer.
  • Nose bends 33a and 33b may be used with any drip edge.
  • Nose bend 33a is the simplest design.
  • Nose bend 33b has a bend that is at least partially flush against the lower portion 32 to help prevent ice from working its way over the edge behind the drip edge 40.
  • Nose bends 33c to 33e have a nose that the drip edge 40 receives and/or clamps onto to help stop ice from working its way over the drip edge 40 or behind it.
  • the present invention satisfies the need for a simple, cost- effective, non electrical way to prevent ice backing and associated roof damage.
  • the layering of the various underlayments with the IBF layer 30 creates an effective sealing system which prevents ice from building up and growing into the roof through the fascia, eaves and roofing layers. Additionally, the IBF system 10 can be tailored to fit various roof angles and fascia heights.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Roof Covering Using Slabs Or Stiff Sheets (AREA)
  • Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne une couche de solinage de refoulement de glace pour un toit comprenant une partie supérieure pouvant être fixée à une surface supérieure du toit, une partie inférieure pouvant être fixée à une partie de bordure du toit et un coude entre la partie supérieure et la partie inférieure pouvant être fixé sur un bord du toit. Une toiture comprend une première couche de sous-couche et la couche de solinage de refoulement de glace située à côté et au-dessus de la première couche de sous-couche. La toiture comprend facultativement au moins l'un des éléments suivants : une deuxième couche de sous-couche située à côté et au-dessus de la partie supérieure de la couche de solinage de refoulement de glace, une couche de larmier située à côté et au-dessus de la deuxième couche de sous-couche ou une troisième couche de sous-couche située à côté et au-dessus du larmier.
PCT/US2020/030499 2019-04-29 2020-04-29 Système de solinage de refoulement de glace WO2020223367A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US17/602,115 US20220205247A1 (en) 2019-04-29 2020-04-29 Ice backing flashing system

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US201962840087P 2019-04-29 2019-04-29
US62/840,087 2019-04-29

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
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US20030121217A1 (en) * 2001-11-20 2003-07-03 Paul Grizenko Flashing structure
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US20170002568A1 (en) * 2009-08-25 2017-01-05 Hotedge Llc Methods and arrangements for securing cable to a roof

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US4300319A (en) * 1979-10-09 1981-11-17 New Stone, Inc. Building eaves shield
US4769526A (en) * 1987-11-09 1988-09-06 Taouil Tony F Roof de-icing panel
US6209283B1 (en) * 1998-02-27 2001-04-03 Jonny Folkersen Sealed roof and method for sealing a roof
US6035587A (en) * 1998-03-31 2000-03-14 Amerimax Home Products, Inc. Roof drip edge with flexible leg
CA2355273A1 (fr) * 2001-07-24 2003-01-24 Syd N. Cottrell Protecteur de bordure de toit
US20030121217A1 (en) * 2001-11-20 2003-07-03 Paul Grizenko Flashing structure
US6759630B1 (en) * 2002-03-22 2004-07-06 Steven J. Tenute Heater arrangement for building eave
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