WO2020199184A1 - 集成化纯水电解装置 - Google Patents

集成化纯水电解装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020199184A1
WO2020199184A1 PCT/CN2019/081449 CN2019081449W WO2020199184A1 WO 2020199184 A1 WO2020199184 A1 WO 2020199184A1 CN 2019081449 W CN2019081449 W CN 2019081449W WO 2020199184 A1 WO2020199184 A1 WO 2020199184A1
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Prior art keywords
water
hydrogen
water separation
electrolysis
water tank
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PCT/CN2019/081449
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English (en)
French (fr)
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张维国
张子林
王栋启
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张维国
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Priority to CN201990001358.2U priority Critical patent/CN216550739U/zh
Priority to PCT/CN2019/081449 priority patent/WO2020199184A1/zh
Publication of WO2020199184A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020199184A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
    • C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/70—Assemblies comprising two or more cells
    • C25B9/73—Assemblies comprising two or more cells of the filter-press type
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

  • This application belongs to the technical field of water electrolysis, and in particular relates to an integrated pure water electrolysis device.
  • the pure water used for electrolysis is usually supplied to the positive electrode (anode) side that generates oxygen, and hydrogen is produced from the negative electrode (cathode) side.
  • Solid electrolyte The membrane acts as an ion conductor. As the protons conduct from the positive electrode to the negative electrode, a part of the water molecules will also pass through the electrolyte membrane from the positive electrode side to the negative electrode side, so the negative electrode side will generate hydrogen gas and part of the electroosmosis. For pure water, the hydrogen needs to be separated.
  • the solid electrolyte membrane will not work due to the lack of water on the positive electrode side, and even if there is a small amount of water seepage from the negative electrode side on the positive electrode side, because it is opposite to the direction of electroosmosis, the positive electrode side also faces water shortage As a result, the problem of open circuit caused extremely low electrolysis efficiency, and even burned the electrolyte membrane, making the electrolytic cell unable to work normally. Therefore, the pure water of the pure water electrolytic cell is generally supplied to the positive electrode side.
  • the traditional pure water electrolysis equipment using solid electrolyte membrane is mainly composed of water tank, flange type electrolyzer, and gas-liquid separation device.
  • the water tank and the electrolytic tank of this device are connected by pipelines, and the gas-liquid separation device is arranged on the gas output pipeline.
  • the structure is complicated and takes up a large space.
  • the electrolytic tank requires additional cooling equipment.
  • the reliability of gas-liquid separation is not high, which is easy to cause The mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is dangerous.
  • a filter membrane can be used to realize the gas-liquid separation function, but if the membrane is configured incorrectly, it may cause the gas-liquid separation to be ineffective.
  • a gas-permeable and water-impermeable hydrophobic membrane is used at the bottom of the chamber, the gas in the chamber accumulates on the top of the cavity, and the water collects on the hydrophobic membrane at the bottom of the chamber, and blocks the micropores on the membrane, resulting in gas
  • the membrane cannot be touched, and neither water nor gas can pass through the membrane, thus losing the function of air permeability and impermeability.
  • An incorrect configuration like this will cause the chamber pressure to increase sharply, leading to the destruction of the solid electrolyte membrane and the filter membrane or the disintegration of the equipment, causing major accidents and dangers.
  • This application successfully proposes an integrated pure water electrolysis device in response to the technical problems existing in the integration process of the existing electrolysis device.
  • an integrated pure water electrolysis device including:
  • a hydrogen-water separation electrolytic cell is arranged in contact with the water tank, and the hydrogen-water separation electrolytic cell includes:
  • the top cover of the electrolytic cell which doubles as the bottom of the water tank;
  • the electrolysis unit is used to electrolyze the pure water supplied from the water tank to generate hydrogen and oxygen, and the electrolysis unit includes:
  • a positive plate which communicates with the inside of the water tank
  • a negative plate which is arranged opposite to the positive plate
  • a solid electrolyte membrane arranged between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate;
  • the hydrogen-water separation unit is used to separate hydrogen and water, and the hydrogen-water separation unit includes:
  • the hydrogen-water separation chamber the top of which is the negative plate, and the generated hydrogen and permeated water are preliminarily separated under the action of gravity in the hydrogen-water separation chamber;
  • Hydrophilic filter membrane which is arranged at the bottom of the hydrogen-water separation chamber and only allows water to pass through but not gas
  • a water-collecting filter which serves as the lower support layer of the hydrophilic filter membrane, and collects the seepage water passing through the hydrophilic filter;
  • a hydrogen output passage which communicates with the upper side of the hydrogen-water separation chamber to output hydrogen without water
  • the top cover of the electrolytic cell and the positive plate are provided with corresponding and penetrating first meshes, and the negative plate is provided with a second mesh.
  • the hydrogen-water separation electrolytic cell further includes a water permeation circulation channel, one end of which is connected with the water collecting filter screen, and the other end of which is connected with the water tank for circulating the separated permeate water to the water tank to continue electrolysis.
  • a water permeation circulation channel one end of which is connected with the water collecting filter screen, and the other end of which is connected with the water tank for circulating the separated permeate water to the water tank to continue electrolysis.
  • the hydrophilic filter membrane has micropores with a pore diameter of 0.01-1 ⁇ m.
  • a back pressure valve is provided on the hydrogen output passage to keep the hydrogen in the hydrogen-water separation chamber at a set pressure.
  • the pressure of hydrogen in the hydrogen-water separation chamber is greater than the pressure in the water tank.
  • an insulating layer is further provided between the top cover of the electrolytic cell and the positive electrode plate for insulation between the positive electrode plate and other metal parts.
  • the integrated pure water electrolysis device of the present application successfully integrates the three parts of the water tank, the electrolysis cell and the gas-liquid separation device into a whole when the anode is used to pass the water, which not only greatly reduces the layout space, but also improves the electrolysis efficiency , Realize the miniaturization and high efficiency of the electrolysis device.
  • the water and gas filtration characteristics of the microporous membrane are fully considered, and the overall gas path, water path and structure of the electrolytic cell are rationally arranged to directly obtain pure hydrogen without water and realize the circulation of water seepage. It is used and has the function of automatic pressure relief under abnormal high pressure, ensuring the safety of the electrolysis device.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an integrated pure water electrolysis device according to an embodiment of the application
  • the embodiment of the application provides an integrated pure water electrolysis device, as shown in FIG. 1, which includes: a water tank 1 and a hydrogen-water separation electrolysis cell 2, wherein the water tank 1 is used to store and supply pure water, and the hydrogen-water separation electrolysis device
  • the tank 2 is set in direct contact with the water tank 1.
  • it is convenient to directly obtain the pure water required for electrolysis from the water tank 1.
  • the heat generated during the electrolysis process can be directly cooled by the pure water in the water tank 1 and released to the outside , Without additional cooling equipment.
  • the hydrogen-water separation electrolyzer 2 of the embodiment of the present application integrates the existing pure water electrolyzer and the gas-water separator, which includes the electrolyzer top cover 8, the electrolyzer bottom cover 10, and the electrolysis unit 3 and Hydrogen-water separation unit 4, in which the top cover 8 of the electrolytic cell is also used as the bottom of the water tank 1, the electrolysis unit 3 is used to electrolyze pure water supplied from the water tank 1 to generate hydrogen and oxygen, and the hydrogen-water separation unit 4 cooperates with the electrolysis unit 3, Used to separate hydrogen and water.
  • the electrolysis unit 3 includes a positive electrode plate 31 and a negative electrode plate 32 arranged opposite to each other, and a solid electrolyte membrane 33 arranged between the two, wherein,
  • the top cover 8 of the electrolytic cell and the positive electrode plate 31 are provided with corresponding and penetrating first mesh holes, so that the positive electrode plate 31 communicates with the inside of the water tank 1, and the pure water in the water tank 1 can continuously pass through the first mesh holes to reach the solid electrolyte membrane 33 Electrolysis is carried out, and the oxygen generated on the positive side of the solid electrolyte membrane 33 can enter the water tank 1 through the first mesh;
  • the negative plate 32 is provided with a second mesh for downwardly transporting the hydrogen generated by the electrolysis and water seepage.
  • the spacing and pore size of the aforementioned meshes are generally determined based on the process requirements of mechanical processing and the mechanical characteristics of the material.
  • the pore size and spacing can both be between 1 and 5 mm. Too large pore size is not conducive to solid electrolyte The fixation and protection of the membrane 33, and the too small pore size is not conducive to the exchange and circulation of water and gas.
  • the hydrogen-water separation unit 4 includes a hydrogen-water separation chamber 41, a hydrophilic filter membrane 42 provided at the bottom of the hydrogen-water separation chamber 41, and a water collection filter 43 provided at the lower portion of the hydrophilic filter membrane.
  • the top of the hydrogen-water separation chamber 41 is the negative plate 32, and the generated hydrogen and permeated water can directly enter the hydrogen-water separation chamber 41, where the permeated water settles under the action of gravity and collects on the hydrophilic filter membrane 42 at the bottom.
  • the hydrogen is collected in the upper part of the hydrogen-water separation chamber 41 to realize the preliminary separation of hydrogen and permeable water; because the hydrophilic membrane 42 only allows water to pass through but not gas, it is collected on the hydrophilic membrane 42 The seepage water will penetrate the hydrophilic filter membrane 42 and enter the lower water collection filter 43, while the hydrogen gas cannot penetrate the filter membrane 42 and can only be discharged through the hydrogen output passage 5 communicating with the upper side of the hydrogen-water separation chamber 41 Or collect.
  • the above-mentioned water collection filter 43 is used to collect and dredge the seepage water passing through the hydrophilic filter membrane 42 and at the same time support the hydrophilic filter membrane 42 so that it can maintain a stable shape and fixed position under a certain pressure, thereby ensuring The hydrophilic filter membrane 42 will not be torn.
  • the water collection filter 43 may be a permeable support layer formed by stacking multiple filters, or a porous permeable support medium formed by sintering solid particles.
  • the integrated pure water electrolysis device adopts the traditional anode water passing method, and directly supplies water to the anode through the water tank 1 integrally arranged above the hydrogen-water separation electrolyzer 2 with high electrolysis efficiency and safety. Good sex.
  • the oxygen generated in the electrolysis process escapes from the upper water tank 1, and the generated hydrogen enters the lower hydrogen-water separation unit 4 for separation.
  • the oxygen and hydrogen are discharged through different paths, avoiding the possibility of explosion caused by the mixing of hydrogen and oxygen.
  • the hydrogen ions move from the positive electrode to the negative electrode, part of the water molecules will also pass through the solid electrolyte membrane 33 from the positive electrode side to the negative electrode side.
  • the seepage water will gather to the hydrophilic filter membrane 42 under the action of gravity and penetrate the hydrophilic filter membrane 42 into the water collection filter 43. Due to the characteristics of the hydrophilic membrane 42 itself, hydrogen cannot pass through, so Separate water and hydrogen to achieve the separation of hydrogen.
  • the water and gas filtration characteristics of the microporous membrane are fully considered, and the overall gas path, water path and structure of the electrolytic cell are rationally laid out without changing the traditional anode water flow.
  • the water tank, electrolyzer and gas-liquid separator were successfully integrated, which realized the miniaturization, high efficiency and safety performance of the electrolysis device, overcame technical prejudices, and solved the insurmountable problems in the integration process. technical challenge.
  • the hydrogen-water separation electrolytic cell 2 further includes a permeation circulation channel 6, one end of which is connected to the water collection filter 43, and the other end of which is connected to the water tank 1 for separating
  • the seepage water is circulated to the water tank 1 to continue electrolysis, which realizes the recycling of seepage water.
  • both the hydrogen output passage 5 and the water permeation circulation passage 6 can be directly constructed by opening holes in the casing of the outer periphery of the hydrogen-water separation electrolytic cell 2, so that no external installation is required. Piping, saving materials and further integration.
  • the hydrophilic filter membrane 42 has micropores with a pore diameter of 0.01 to 1 ⁇ m. Due to the surface tension of the water in the micropores, the gas can not pass through under high pressure, so that the gas and liquid are separated. Best results.
  • the pressure in the hydrogen-water separation chamber 41 increases sharply and exceeds the bubble point pressure of the hydrophilic membrane 42.
  • the hydrophilic membrane 42 allows a small amount of The gas begins to permeate, and as the pressure continues to increase, the flow rate of the gas through the hydrophilic membrane 42 will increase rapidly. This feature enables the device to have an automatic pressure relief function, which can avoid the danger of device disintegration and improve safety performance. Once the fault is eliminated, the hydrogen gas pressure returns to normal, and the device will resume normal operation.
  • the bubble point pressure is related to factors such as the material of the filter membrane and the pore size of the micropores.
  • a back pressure valve 7 is provided on the hydrogen output passage 5 to maintain a set pressure in the hydrogen-water separation chamber 41, and the seepage water can more easily penetrate the hydrogen under a certain pressure.
  • the water-based filter membrane 42 enters the water-collecting filter screen 43 to ensure automatic continuous discharge and separation of seepage water.
  • the back pressure valve 7 is used to ensure that the pressure of hydrogen in the hydrogen-water separation chamber 41 is greater than the pressure in the water tank 1, thereby ensuring the normal circulation of water seepage.
  • an insulating layer 9 is further provided between the cover plate 8 and the positive electrode plate 31 for insulating between the positive electrode plate 31 and other metal parts to prevent short circuits; in addition, on the insulating layer 9 Corresponding to the penetration of the first mesh, a third mesh is opened, so that the top cover 8 of the electrolytic cell, the insulating layer 9 and the mesh on the positive plate 31 are penetrated to ensure the circulation of water and air.
  • the top of the water tank 1 can be fully opened to facilitate the addition of water and the discharge of oxygen. However, in order to facilitate the collection of escaped oxygen, as a preferred embodiment, the top of the water tank 1 is sealed but the top of the water tank 1 is opened with a water addition port 11 for adding water. And the exhaust port 12 for exhausting oxygen.
  • the electrolysis unit 3 starts to electrolyze pure water, and oxygen bubbles are generated on the upper part of the solid electrolyte membrane 33, and pass through the upper positive plate 31, the insulating layer 9 and the top cover of the electrolytic cell in sequence
  • the mesh on 8 escapes into the pure water in the water tank 1, and then continues to escape into the upper cavity in the water tank 1 to form oxygen, and finally is discharged to the atmosphere through the exhaust port 12 or transported to other gas equipment.
  • Hydrogen and water-permeable droplets are generated in the lower part of the solid electrolyte membrane 33.
  • the hydrogen and water-permeable droplets enter the hydrogen-water separation chamber 41 through the second mesh on the lower negative plate 32.

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Abstract

一种集成化纯水电解装置，其包括：水箱（1）和氢水分离电解槽（2）。氢水分离电解槽（2）包括电解槽顶盖（8）、电解单元（3）、氢水分离单元（4）和氢气输出通路（5）。电解单元（3）包括相对设置的正极板（31）、负极板（32）以及设置于两者之间的固体电解质膜（33），电解槽顶盖（8）、正极板（31）和负极板（32）贯通开设有网孔。氢水分离单元（4）包括氢水分离腔室（41）、设置于氢水分离腔室（41）底部的亲水性滤膜（42）和作为亲水性滤膜下部支撑层的集水滤网（43），氢水分离腔室（41）的顶部为负极板（32），亲水性滤膜（42）仅允许水透过而不允许气体透过，实现氢水分离。所述装置成功地将水箱、电解槽和气液分离装置三部分集成为一个整体，不仅布局空间大大缩小，而且提高了电解效率，具有自动泄压功能，实现了电解装置的小型化、高效化和安全性的提高。

Description

集成化纯水电解装置 技术领域
本申请属于电解水技术领域，尤其涉及一种集成化纯水电解装置。
背景技术
利用固体电解质膜(SPE/PEM)获得氢气和氧气的纯水电解槽中，用于电解的纯水通常供给至产生氧气的正极(阳极)侧，氢气从负极(阴极)侧产出，固体电解质膜作为离子导体，其中随着质子从正极向负极的导通，一部分水分子也会从正极一侧穿过电解质膜电渗到负极一侧，因此负极一侧将会产生氢气和部分电渗过来的纯水，需要对氢气进行分离。
如果将纯水供给至负极侧，由于正极侧缺水，固体电解质膜将无法工作，并且即使正极侧存在微量来自负极侧的渗水，但是由于其与电渗方向相反，正极一侧同样面临缺水而导致断路的问题，造成电解效率极低，甚至将电解质膜烧毁，使得电解槽无法正常工作。因此，纯水电解槽的纯水一般供给至正极侧。
传统的利用固体电解质膜的纯水电解设备主要由水箱、法兰式电解槽、气液分离装置构成。这种装置的水箱和电解槽通过管路连接，气液分离装置设置在气体输出管线上，结构复杂，占用空间大，并且电解槽需要额外的冷却设备，气液分离可靠性不高，容易造成氢气和氧气混合导致危险。
针对传统纯水电解设备存在的部件多、体积大、造价高等缺点，为了使得电解设备除工业生产和试验室应用外，更适用于家庭、医院和诊所等环境，目前纯水电解设备的研发逐渐向集成化和小型化方向发展。
为了实现电解槽的集成化，可以采用滤膜来实现气液分离功能，但如果膜的配置方式不正确可能会导致无法有效进行气液分离。例如，如将透气不透水的疏水性滤膜用于腔室底部，腔室内气体聚集于腔体顶部，水聚集于腔室底部的该疏水性膜上，并且堵塞膜上的微孔，导致气体不能接触到该膜，水和气体皆无法通过该膜，继而丧失了透气不透水的功能。类似这种不正确的配置会使得腔室压力激增，导致固体电解质膜和滤膜被破坏或设备崩解，造成重大事故 和危险。
目前，还未研发出一种可以成功实现集成化的纯水电解装置。
发明内容
本申请针对上述现有电解装置集成化过程中所存在的技术问题，成功地提出一种集成化纯水电解装置。
为了达到上述目的，本申请提供一种集成化纯水电解装置，包括：
水箱，用于储存和供给纯水；以及
氢水分离电解槽，其与所述水箱接触设置，所述氢水分离电解槽包括：
电解槽顶盖，其兼作所述水箱的底部；
电解单元，用于电解由所述水箱供给的纯水从而生成氢气和氧气，所述电解单元包括：
正极板，其与所述水箱的内部连通；
负极板，其与所述正极板相对设置；及
固体电解质膜，其设置于所述正极板与所述负极板之间；
氢水分离单元，用于分离氢气和水，所述氢水分离单元包括：
氢水分离腔室，其顶部为所述负极板，生成的氢气和渗水在所述氢水分离腔室内在重力作用下被初步分离；
亲水性滤膜，其设置于所述氢水分离腔室的底部，并且仅允许水透过而不允许气体透过；
集水滤网，其作为所述亲水性滤膜的下部支撑层，收集透过所述亲水性滤网的渗水；
氢气输出通路，其与所述氢水分离腔室的侧面上部连通以输出不含水的氢气；
其中，所述电解槽顶盖和所述正极板开设有对应并贯通的第一网孔，所述负极板开设有第二网孔。
作为优选，所述氢水分离电解槽还包括渗水循环通路，其一端与所述集水 滤网连通，其另一端与所述水箱连通，用于将分离出的渗水循环至水箱继续电解。
作为优选，所述亲水性滤膜具有孔径为0.01～1μm的微孔。
作为优选，所述氢气输出通路上设置有背压阀，用以保持所述氢水分离腔室内的氢气具有设定的压力。
作为优选，所述氢水分离腔室内氢气的压力大于所述水箱内的压力。
作为优选，所述电解槽顶盖与所述正极板之间进一步设置有绝缘层，用于正极板与其它金属零件之间的绝缘。
与现有技术相比，本申请的优点和积极效果在于：
1、本申请的集成化纯水电解装置，在采用阳极过水的情况下，成功地将水箱、电解槽和气液分离装置三部分集成为一个整体，不仅布局空间大大缩小，而且提高了电解效率，实现了电解装置的小型化、高效化。
2、在集成过程中，充分考虑了微孔滤膜对于水和气的过滤特性，对电解槽整体的气路、水路和结构进行了合理布局，可直接获得不含水的纯净氢气、实现渗水的循环利用，并且具有在异常高压下自动泄压的功能，保证了电解装置的安全性。
附图说明
图1为本申请实施例的集成化纯水电解装置的结构示意图；
图中：1、水箱；11、加水口；12、排气口；2、氢水分离电解槽；3、电解单元；31、正极板；32、负极板；33、固体电解质膜；4、氢水分离单元；41、氢水分离腔室；42、亲水性滤膜；43、集水滤网；5、氢气输出通路；6、渗水循环通路；7、背压阀；8、电解槽顶盖；9、绝缘层；10、电解槽底盖。
具体实施方式
下面，通过示例性的实施方式对本申请进行具体描述。然而应当理解，在没有进一步叙述的情况下，一个实施方式中的元件、结构和特征也可以有益地 结合到其他实施方式中。
在本申请的描述中，需要说明的是，术语“内”、“外”、“上”、“下”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本申请和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本申请的限制。此外，术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”仅用于描述目的，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性。下面将结合说明书附图以及具体的实施方式对上述技术方案进行详细的说明。
本申请实施例提供了一种集成化纯水电解装置，如图1所示，其包括：水箱1和氢水分离电解槽2，其中，水箱1用于储存和供给纯水，氢水分离电解槽2直接与水箱1接触设置，一方面，便于直接从水箱1获取电解所需的纯水，另一方面，电解过程中所产生的热量可以直接被水箱1内的纯水冷却并释放至外部，而无需额外的冷却设备。本申请实施例的氢水分离电解槽2集成了现有的纯水电解槽和气水分离器，其包括电解槽顶盖8、电解槽底盖10以及设置于两者之间的电解单元3和氢水分离单元4，其中，电解槽顶盖8兼用作水箱1的底部，电解单元3用于电解由水箱1供给的纯水从而生成氢气和氧气，氢水分离单元4与电解单元3配合，用于分离氢气和水。
为了实现电解和气水分离的集成化，本申请实施例具体提供了以下方案：电解单元3包括相对设置的正极板31和负极板32，以及设置于两者之间的固体电解质膜33，其中，电解槽顶盖8和正极板31开设有对应并贯通的第一网孔，使得正极板31与水箱1的内部连通，水箱1内的纯水可以不断地通过第一网孔到达固体电解质膜33进行电解，并且固体电解质膜33正极侧产生的氧气能通过第一网孔进入水箱1；负极板32开设有第二网孔，用于向下输送电解产生的氢气和渗水。
上述网孔的间距和孔径，一般基于机械加工的工艺需要和材料的力学特征进行确定，本实施例中，孔径和间距均可以在1～5mm之间取值，过大的孔径不利于固体电解质膜33的固定和保护，过小的孔径不利于水气的交换和循环。
氢水分离单元4包括氢水分离腔室41、设置于氢水分离腔室41底部的亲水性滤膜42和设置于亲水性滤膜下部的集水滤网43。氢水分离腔室41的顶部为负极板32，生成的氢气和渗水可以直接进入氢水分离腔室41，其中，渗水在重力的作用下沉降并汇集至底部的亲水性滤膜42上，而氢气则聚集在氢水分离腔室41的上部，实现对氢气和渗水的初步分离；由于亲水性滤膜42仅允许水透过而不允许气体透过，汇集至亲水性滤膜42上的渗水将透过亲水性滤膜42进入下部的集水滤网43中，而氢气则无法透过滤膜42而只能通过与氢水分离腔室41的侧面上部连通的氢气输出通路5被排出或收集。
上述集水滤网43用于收集和疏通透过亲水性滤膜42的渗水，同时支撑亲水性滤膜42，使之在一定压力作用下仍可以保持稳定的形状和固定位置，从而保证亲水性滤膜42不会被撕裂。本实施例中，集水滤网43可以是用多层滤网叠合而成的透水支撑层，还可以是固体颗粒烧结而成的多孔透水支撑介质。
本申请实施例所提供的集成化纯水电解装置，采用传统的阳极过水的方式，通过一体化设置于氢水分离电解槽2上方的水箱1将水直接供给至阳极，电解效率高、安全性好。电解过程中产生的氧气，由上方水箱1逸出，产生的氢气则进入下方的氢水分离单元4进行分离，氧气和氢气通过不同的路径被排出，避免了氢氧混合造成爆炸的可能性。电解过程中随着氢离子由正极向负极的移动，一部分水分子也会由正极侧穿过固体电解质膜33电渗至负极侧，因此，进入氢水分离腔室41内的除了氢气外，还包括部分渗水，渗水在重力作用下会聚集至亲水性滤膜42并透过亲水性滤膜42进入集水滤网43中，而由于亲水性膜42本身的特性，氢气无法穿过，从而将水与氢气分隔开，实现氢气的分离。
在上述实施例中，如果使用疏水性滤膜代替亲水性滤膜42，将会导致气体和渗水均不同透过滤膜，导致气水分离失败，甚至造成电解槽因压力过高而崩解，由此可见，滤膜正确配置的重要性。
在本申请电解装置的集成化过程中，充分考虑了微孔滤膜对于水和气的过 滤特性，对电解槽整体的气路、水路和结构进行了合理布局，在不改变传统的阳极过水的前提下，成功地将水箱、电解槽和气液分离器集成为一体，实现了电解装置的小型化、高效化以及安全性能的提高，克服了技术偏见，解决了在集成化过程中一直无法克服的技术难题。
作为一种优选的实施方式，如图1所示，氢水分离电解槽2还包括渗水循环通路6，其一端与集水滤网43连通，其另一端与水箱1连通，用于将分离出的渗水循环至水箱1继续进行电解，实现了渗水的循环利用。
作为一种优选的实施方式，如图1所示，氢气输出通路5和渗水循环通路6都可直接通过在氢水分离电解槽2外周的壳体内部开孔来构造，这样无需在外部另设管路，节约材料并且进一步实现集成化。
作为一种优选的实施方式，亲水性滤膜42具有孔径为0.01～1μm的微孔，由于微孔内水的表面张力，可以在较高压力下仍保持气体不能穿过，使得气液分离效果最佳。
但当装置发生异常，如氢气输出管路堵塞等原因，使得氢水分离腔室41内的压力急剧增大并超过亲水性滤膜42的泡点压力时，亲水性滤膜42允许少量气体开始透过，并且随着气压的继续升高，气体透过亲水性滤膜42的流量会迅速增大。这样的特性使得装置具有自动泄压的功能，可以避免装置崩解的危险，提高安全性能。一旦故障被排除，氢气气压恢复正常，装置又会重新正常运行。该泡点压力与滤膜材料的材质、微孔的孔径等因素有关。
作为一种优选的实施方式，氢气输出通路5上设置有背压阀7，用以保持氢水分离腔室41内具有设定的压力，渗水在一定压力的作用下可以更容易地透过亲水性滤膜42进入集水滤网43内，保证渗水的自动连续排出和分离。
作为一种优选的实施方式，通过背压阀7保证氢水分离腔室41内氢气的压力大于水箱1内的压力，进而保证渗水的正常循环。
作为一种优选的实施方式，盖板8与正极板31之间进一步设置有绝缘层9，用于正极板31与其它金属零部件之间的绝缘处理，防止出现短路；此外， 绝缘层9上对应第一网孔贯通开设有第三网孔，使得电解槽顶盖8、绝缘层9和正极板31上的网孔贯通，保证水和气的流通。
水箱1顶部可以采用全敞开的方式，便于加水及氧气的排出，但为了更便于收集逸出的氧气，作为一种优选的实施方式，水箱1的顶部封口但顶端开设有用于加水的加水口11和用于排出氧气的排气口12。
下面对利用本申请实施例所提供的集成化纯水电解装置进行电解的整个过程的进行说明。
当外部电源向正极板31和负极板32施加电压后，电解单元3开始电解纯水，在固体电解质膜33的上部产生氧气气泡，并依次通过上部正极板31、绝缘层9和电解槽顶盖8上的网孔逸出至水箱1的纯水中，随后继续逸出至水箱1内上部的空腔内形成氧气，最终通过排气口12排出至大气或输送到其它用气设备。在固体电解质膜33的下部产生氢气和渗水液滴，氢气和渗水液滴通过下部负极板32上的第二网孔进入氢水分离腔室41，在氢水分离腔室内，基于背压阀7的作用存在设定的压力，此外还由于渗水液滴自身的重力作用，渗水液滴会下落至亲水性滤膜42上表面，并透过亲水性滤膜42进入集水滤网43内，并继续经过渗水循环通路6流回至水箱1内。氢气不能透过湿润的亲水性滤膜42，由氢气输出通路5经由背压阀7排出或被收集。
以上所述，仅是本申请的较佳实施例而已，并非是对本申请作其它形式的限制，任何熟悉本专业的技术人员可能利用上述揭示的技术内容加以变更或改型为等同变化的等效实施例应用于其它领域，但是凡是未脱离本申请技术方案内容，依据本申请的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何简单修改、等同变化与改型，仍属于本申请技术方案的保护范围。

Claims (6)

  1. 一种集成化纯水电解装置，其特征在于，包括：
    水箱，用于储存和供给纯水；以及
    氢水分离电解槽，其与所述水箱接触设置，所述氢水分离电解槽包括：
    电解槽顶盖，其兼作所述水箱的底部；
    电解单元，用于电解由所述水箱供给的纯水从而生成氢气和氧气，所述电解单元包括：
    正极板，其与所述水箱的内部连通；
    负极板，其与所述正极板相对设置；及
    固体电解质膜，其设置于所述正极板与所述负极板之间；
    氢水分离单元，用于分离氢气和水，所述氢水分离单元包括：
    氢水分离腔室，其顶部为所述负极板，生成的氢气和渗水在所述氢水分离腔室内在重力作用下被初步分离；
    亲水性滤膜，其设置于所述氢水分离腔室的底部，并且仅允许水透过而不允许气体透过；
    集水滤网，其作为所述亲水性滤膜的下部支撑层，收集透过所述亲水性滤网的渗水；
    氢气输出通路，其与所述氢水分离腔室的侧面上部连通以输出不含水的氢气；
    其中，所述电解槽顶盖和所述正极板开设有对应并贯通的第一网孔，
    所述负极板开设有第二网孔。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的集成化纯水电解装置，其特征在于：所述氢水分离电解槽还包括渗水循环通路，其一端与所述集水滤网连通，其另一端与所述水箱连通，用于将分离出的渗水循环至水箱继续电解。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的集成化纯水电解装置，其特征在于：所述亲水性滤膜具有孔径为0.01～1μm的微孔。
  4. 根据权利要求1或2所述的集成化纯水电解装置，其特征在于：所述氢气输出通路上设置有背压阀，用以保持所述氢水分离腔室内的氢气具有设定的压力。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的集成化纯水电解装置，其特征在于：所述氢水分离腔室内氢气的压力大于所述水箱内的压力。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的集成化纯水电解装置，其特征在于：所述电解槽顶盖与所述正极板之间进一步设置有绝缘层，用于正极板与其它金属零件之间的绝缘。
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