WO2020184149A1 - 撮像素子および撮像装置 - Google Patents
撮像素子および撮像装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020184149A1 WO2020184149A1 PCT/JP2020/007045 JP2020007045W WO2020184149A1 WO 2020184149 A1 WO2020184149 A1 WO 2020184149A1 JP 2020007045 W JP2020007045 W JP 2020007045W WO 2020184149 A1 WO2020184149 A1 WO 2020184149A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/76—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors
- H04N25/77—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components
- H04N25/778—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components comprising amplifiers shared between a plurality of pixels, i.e. at least one part of the amplifier must be on the sensor array itself
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/76—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors
- H04N25/77—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/76—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors
- H04N25/78—Readout circuits for addressed sensors, e.g. output amplifiers or A/D converters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/10—Integrated devices
- H10F39/12—Image sensors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10P—GENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10P14/00—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars
- H10P14/40—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of conductive or resistive materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W20/00—Interconnections in chips, wafers or substrates
- H10W20/01—Manufacture or treatment
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10W20/00—Interconnections in chips, wafers or substrates
- H10W20/40—Interconnections external to wafers or substrates, e.g. back-end-of-line [BEOL] metallisations or vias connecting to gate electrodes
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to an image sensor and an image pickup device.
- Patent Document 1 describes that a III-V semiconductor such as InGaAs (indium gallium arsenide) is used as a photoelectric conversion unit for such an infrared sensor. In this photoelectric conversion unit, electric charges are generated by absorbing infrared rays.
- InGaAs indium gallium arsenide
- the image pickup device includes a plurality of sensor pixels and a voltage control unit.
- Each sensor pixel includes a photoelectric conversion unit and a readout circuit that outputs a pixel signal based on the charge output from the photoelectric conversion unit.
- the voltage control unit applies a control voltage based on the pixel signal to each photoelectric conversion unit.
- the image pickup apparatus includes an image pickup device and an image quality control circuit.
- the image sensor has a plurality of sensor pixels.
- Each sensor pixel includes a photoelectric conversion unit and a readout circuit that outputs a pixel signal based on the charge output from the photoelectric conversion unit.
- the image quality control circuit applies a control voltage based on the pixel signal to each photoelectric conversion unit.
- a control voltage based on a pixel signal is applied to each photoelectric conversion unit.
- the image quality of the image data obtained by the image sensor is controlled, so that the image quality can be adjusted according to the magnitude of the brightness of the image data as compared with the case where a fixed voltage is applied to each photoelectric conversion unit.
- FIG. 1 It is a figure which shows the schematic structure example of the image sensor which concerns on 1st Embodiment of this disclosure. It is a figure which shows the circuit configuration example of the sensor pixel of FIG. It is a figure which shows the perspective structure example of the image sensor of FIG. It is a figure which shows the cross-sectional configuration example of the image sensor of FIG.
- A is a figure showing an example of the relationship between the film voltage of the image pickup device of FIG. 1 and the charge that can be held.
- (B) It is a figure which shows an example of the relationship between the analog range of ADC, and the amplitude of a pixel signal. It is a figure which shows an example of the relationship between the film voltage of the image sensor of FIG. 1 and noise.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic configuration example of the image sensor 1.
- the image sensor 1 is, for example, an infrared image sensor, and has sensitivity to, for example, light having a wavelength of 800 nm or more.
- the image pickup device 1 includes a pixel array unit 10 in which a plurality of sensor pixels 11 including a photoelectric conversion element are two-dimensionally arranged in a matrix shape.
- the sensor pixel 11 is composed of a pixel circuit 14 that performs photoelectric conversion and a readout circuit 15 that outputs a pixel signal based on the charge output from the pixel circuit 14.
- the pixel circuit 14 has, for example, a photodiode PD, a transfer transistor TRG, a floating diffusion FD, and an emission transistor OFG.
- the transfer transistor TRG and the emission transistor OFG are, for example, an NMOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistor.
- the photodiode PD corresponds to a specific example of the "photoelectric conversion unit" of the present disclosure.
- the photodiode PD is a photoelectric conversion unit that absorbs light having a predetermined wavelength (for example, light having a wavelength in the infrared region of 900 nm to 1700 nm) and generates a signal charge.
- the photodiode PD is configured to include, for example, a compound semiconductor such as a III-V group semiconductor.
- III-V semiconductor used for the photodiode PD include InGaP, InAlP, InGaAs, InAlAs, and a compound semiconductor having a chalcopyrite structure.
- a compound semiconductor having a chalcopyrite structure is a material that can obtain a high light absorption coefficient and high sensitivity over a wide wavelength range, and is preferably used as an n-type semiconductor material for photoelectric conversion.
- the photodiode PD may include amorphous silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), a quantum dot photoelectric conversion film, an organic photoelectric conversion film, and the like.
- the cathode of the photodiode PD is connected to the source of the transfer transistor TRG, and the anode of the photodiode PD is connected to the power line to which the voltage Vtop is applied.
- the drain of the transfer transistor TRG is connected to the floating diffusion FD, and the gate of the transfer transistor TRG is connected to the pixel drive line 12.
- the transfer transistor TRG is connected between the cathode of the photodiode PD and the floating diffusion FD, and transfers the electric charge held in the photodiode PD to the floating diffusion FD according to the control signal applied to the gate electrode. To do.
- the drain of the transfer transistor TRG is electrically connected to the floating diffusion FD, and the gate of the transfer transistor TRG is connected to the pixel drive line 12.
- the floating diffusion FD is a floating diffusion region that temporarily holds the electric charge transferred from the photodiode PD via the transfer transistor TRG.
- a read circuit 15 is connected to the floating diffusion FD, and a vertical signal line 13 is connected via the read circuit 15.
- the floating diffusion FD is connected to the input end of the read circuit 15.
- the drain is connected to the power supply line to which the voltage Vdr is applied, and the source is connected to the cathode of the photodiode PD.
- the emission transistor OFG initializes (reset) the charge of the photodiode PD according to the control signal applied to the gate electrode.
- the read-out circuit 15 has, for example, a reset transistor RST, a selection transistor SEL, and an amplification transistor AMP.
- the source of the reset transistor RST (the input end of the read circuit 15) is connected to the floating diffusion FD, and the drain of the reset transistor RST is connected to the power line VDD and the drain of the amplification transistor AMP.
- the gate of the reset transistor RST is connected to the pixel drive line 12.
- the source of the amplification transistor AMP is connected to the drain of the selection transistor SEL, and the gate of the amplification transistor AMP is connected to the source of the reset transistor RST.
- the source of the selection transistor SEL (the output end of the readout circuit 15) is connected to the vertical signal line 13, and the gate of the selection transistor SEL is connected to the pixel drive line 12.
- the reset transistor RST initializes (reset) the potential of the floating diffusion FD to a predetermined potential.
- the selection transistor SEL controls the output timing of the pixel signal from the readout circuit 15.
- the amplification transistor AMP generates, as a pixel signal, a signal having a voltage corresponding to the level of the charge held in the floating diffusion FD. That is, the amplification transistor AMP generates a signal having a voltage corresponding to the amount of light received by the sensor pixel 11 as a pixel signal.
- the amplification transistor AMP constitutes a source follower type amplifier, and outputs a pixel signal having a voltage corresponding to the level of electric charge generated by the photodiode PD.
- the selection transistor SEL When the selection transistor SEL is turned on, the amplification transistor AMP amplifies the potential of the floating diffusion FD and outputs a voltage corresponding to the potential to the horizontal selection circuit 40 described later via the vertical signal line 13.
- the selection transistor SEL may be provided between the power supply line VDD and the amplification transistor AMP.
- the drain of the reset transistor RST is connected to the drain of the power supply line VDD and the selection transistor SEL.
- the source of the selection transistor SEL is connected to the drain of the amplification transistor AMP, and the gate of the selection transistor SEL is connected to the pixel drive line 12.
- the source of the amplification transistor AMP (the output end of the readout circuit 15) is connected to the vertical signal line 13, and the gate of the amplification transistor AMP is connected to the source of the reset transistor RST.
- the image sensor 1 includes, for example, two substrates (light receiving substrate 100 and drive substrate 200) as shown in FIG.
- the image pickup device 1 has a three-dimensional structure formed by laminating two substrates (light receiving substrate 100 and drive substrate 200).
- the light receiving substrate 100 is a substrate in which a plurality of photodiode PDs are formed in a matrix on a silicon (Si) substrate.
- the upper surface of the light receiving substrate 100 (the surface opposite to the drive substrate 200) is the light receiving surface 100A.
- the drive substrate 200 is a substrate in which a pixel signal generation circuit region 200A and a peripheral circuit region 200B are formed on a Si substrate.
- a plurality of pixel signal generation circuits 45 are formed in a matrix in the pixel signal generation circuit region 200A.
- Each pixel signal generation circuit 45 is a circuit of the sensor pixels 11 excluding the photodiode PD.
- a logic circuit for processing a pixel signal is formed in the peripheral circuit area 200B.
- a vertical drive circuit 20, a horizontal drive circuit 30, a horizontal selection circuit 40, a system control circuit 50, a film voltage control unit 60, and a voltage generation are formed.
- the circuit 70 is formed. That is, the image pickup element 1 includes a pixel array unit 10, a vertical drive circuit 20, a horizontal drive circuit 30, a horizontal selection circuit 40, a system control circuit 50, a film voltage control unit 60, and a voltage generation circuit 70.
- the logic circuit outputs a pixel signal (digital value) for each sensor pixel 11 to the outside.
- the system control circuit 50 Based on the master clock, the system control circuit 50 generates a clock signal, a control signal, and the like that are reference for the operation of the vertical drive circuit 20, the horizontal drive circuit 30, the horizontal selection circuit 40, the membrane voltage control unit 60, and the like, and is vertical. It is given to the drive circuit 20, the horizontal selection circuit 40, the film voltage control unit 60, and the like.
- the vertical drive circuit 20 is composed of, for example, a shift register or the like, and controls row scanning of a plurality of sensor pixels 11 via a plurality of pixel drive lines 12.
- the horizontal selection circuit 40 is, for example, a circuit in which an ADC 40a and a switch element 40b are provided for each pixel row (or vertical signal line 13) of the pixel array unit 10.
- the ADC 40a performs AD (Analog-to-Digital) conversion of the pixel signal.
- the ADC 40a can change the analog range R, and sets the analog range R based on the range setting value input from the outside. In the present embodiment, the analog range R is set to Ra.
- a vertical signal line 13 is connected to the input end of the ADC 40a, and a switch element 40b is connected to the output end of the ADC 40a.
- the horizontal drive circuit 30 is composed of, for example, a shift register or the like, and drives each switch element 40b of the horizontal selection circuit 40 in order. By driving each switch element 40b in order by the horizontal drive circuit 30, each pixel signal transmitted through each of the vertical signal lines 13 is sequentially output to the horizontal signal line 40c and input to the DSP circuit or the like.
- the membrane voltage control unit 60 controls the membrane voltage Vf applied to each photodiode PD based on the pixel signal obtained from the sensor pixel 11.
- the membrane voltage control unit 60 outputs a control signal for controlling the membrane voltage Vf to the voltage generation circuit 70.
- the voltage generation circuit 70 generates analog voltages (voltages Vtop and Vdr) based on the control signal input from the membrane voltage control unit 60, and applies them to each photodiode PD via the power supply line. That is, the film voltage control unit 60 and the voltage generation circuit 70 control the image quality of the image data obtained from the pixel signal by applying the film voltage Vf based on the pixel signal obtained from the sensor pixel 11 to each photodiode PD. ..
- FIG. 4 shows an example of the cross-sectional configuration of the image sensor 1.
- the light receiving substrate 100 has an n-type semiconductor film 21 which is a photoelectric conversion unit (photodiode PD).
- the n-type semiconductor film 21 is formed on the entire surface of the pixel array portion 10, and is made of, for example, the material described above as a material used for the photodiode PD. In the following, it is assumed that the n-type semiconductor film 21 is made of InGaAs, and other configurations will be described.
- the light receiving substrate 100 further has a p-type semiconductor layer 22 in contact with the surface of the n-type semiconductor film 21 on the drive substrate 200 side for each sensor pixel 11.
- Each p-type semiconductor layer 22 is formed of a high-concentration p-type semiconductor, for example, of p-type InGaAs.
- the p-type semiconductor layer 22 has a function as an electrode (second electrode) of the photodiode PD.
- a predetermined voltage Vdr is applied to the p-type semiconductor layer 22 via the discharge transistor OFG in the on state, or the voltage Vdd of the power supply line VDD is applied to the p-type semiconductor layer 22 via the transfer transistor TRG in the on state and the reset transistor RST. ..
- the light receiving substrate 100 further has an n-type semiconductor layer 23 that separates the p-type semiconductor layers 22 from each other.
- the n-type semiconductor layer 23 is formed in the same layer as each p-type semiconductor layer 22, and is formed by, for example, n-type InP.
- the light receiving substrate 100 further has an n-type semiconductor layer 24 in contact with the surface of the n-type semiconductor film 21 on the light receiving surface 100A side.
- the n-type semiconductor layer 24 is formed of an n-type semiconductor having a higher concentration than that of the n-type semiconductor film 21, and is formed of, for example, n-type InGaAs, n-type InP, or n-type InAlAs.
- the n-type semiconductor layer 24 functions as a barrier layer for preventing backflow of electric charges generated by the n-type semiconductor film 21.
- the light receiving substrate 100 further has an antireflection film 25 in contact with the surface of the n-type semiconductor layer 24 on the light receiving surface 100A side.
- the antireflection film 25 includes, for example, silicon nitride (SiN), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 Ta 5 ), titanium oxide (Tio). It is formed by 2 ) and so on.
- the n-type semiconductor layer 24 also functions as an upper electrode (first electrode) of the electrodes that vertically sandwich the n-type semiconductor film 21. A predetermined voltage Vtop is applied to the upper electrode.
- the light receiving substrate 100 further has a color filter 26 and an on-chip lens 27 on the antireflection film 25.
- the color filter 26 is composed of a plurality of filters 26R that selectively transmit red light, a plurality of filters 26G that selectively transmit green light, and a plurality of filters 26G that selectively transmit blue light.
- the plurality of filters 26R, 26G, and 26B are provided one by one for each sensor pixel 11, and are arranged in a Bayer array in a plane parallel to the light receiving surface 100A, for example.
- the sensor pixel 11 provided with the filter 26R is described as 11R
- the sensor pixel 11 provided with the filter 26G is described as 11G
- the sensor pixel 11 provided with the filter 26B is described as 11G. Is written as 11B.
- the color filter 26 may be omitted if necessary.
- the light receiving substrate 100 further has a passivation layer 28 and an insulating layer 29 under the p-type semiconductor layer 22 and the n-type semiconductor layer 23.
- the light receiving substrate 100 further has a connection electrode 31 that penetrates the passivation layer 28 and is in contact with the p-type semiconductor layer 22, and a bump electrode 32 that penetrates the insulation layer 29 and is in contact with the connection electrode 31.
- a set of connection electrodes 31 and bump electrodes 32 is provided for each sensor pixel 11.
- the bump electrode 32 is bonded to the connection layer 43 (described later) of the drive substrate 200, and is electrically connected to the connection layer 43.
- the bump electrode 32 is bonded to the connection layer 43 of the drive substrate 200, for example, when the light receiving substrate 100 and the drive substrate 200 are bonded to each other.
- the drive board 200 includes a support board 41 and an interlayer insulating layer 42.
- the support substrate 41 is made of, for example, a silicon (Si) substrate.
- the interlayer insulating layer 42 is provided between the support substrate 41 and the insulating layer 291 (light receiving substrate 100).
- the interlayer insulating layer 42 is provided with, for example, a plurality of connection layers 43, a plurality of readout electrodes 44, a plurality of pixel signal generation circuits 45, and a plurality of wirings 46 in order from a position closer to the light receiving substrate 100.
- a plurality of sets of connection layers 43, read electrodes 44, pixel signal generation circuits 45, and wiring 46 are provided for each sensor pixel 11.
- a plurality of interlayer insulating layers 42 in the interlayer insulating layer 42 are provided in, for example, a ROIC (Read Out IC) for reading charges from each photodiode PD.
- the drive board 200 is provided with the above-mentioned logic circuit in a portion of the interlayer insulating layer 42 corresponding to the peripheral circuit region 200B.
- FIG. 5A shows an example of the relationship between the film voltage Vf applied to the photodiode PD and the charge Qs that can be held in the photodiode PD.
- FIG. 5B shows an example of the relationship between the analog range (dynamic range) of the ADC 40a and the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal.
- FIG. 5B illustrates a case where the analog range of the ADC 40a is set to Ra.
- FIG. 6 shows an example of the relationship between the film voltage Vf applied to the photodiode PD and the noise (dark current) generated in the photodiode PD.
- Vf Vtop-Vdr
- the level of noise (dark current) generated in the photodiode PD is exponential. It can be seen that it increases to. Therefore, when the brightness is high, the optical shot noise becomes dominant, so the film voltage Vf is set high, and when the brightness is low, the noise (dark current) becomes dominant, so the film voltage Vf is lowered. By setting to, deterioration of image quality can be suppressed.
- FIG. 7 shows an example of the image quality adjustment procedure of the image sensor 1.
- the system control circuit 50 Upon receiving the imaging command, the system control circuit 50 outputs the film voltage setting command to the film voltage control unit 60.
- the membrane voltage control unit 60 Upon receiving the membrane voltage setting command, the membrane voltage control unit 60 first sets the membrane voltage Vf to Vfa (step S101). Specifically, the membrane voltage control unit 60 sets Vtop and Vdr so that the potential difference (Vtop-Vdr) between Vtop (first voltage) and Vdr (second voltage) is Vfa. For example, the membrane voltage control unit 60 sets Vtop to + 2V and Vdr to + 1V.
- the membrane voltage control unit 60 outputs the set values of Vtop and Vdr to the voltage generation circuit 70.
- the membrane voltage control unit 60 determines whether the average value Vdavg of the plurality of pixel signals obtained from the plurality of sensor pixels 11 in the target region of the pixel array unit 10 exceeds a predetermined threshold value Vth1 (first threshold value). It is determined whether or not (step S102).
- the threshold value Vth1 is a threshold value for determining whether or not optical shot noise is dominant when the film voltage Vf is set to Vfa.
- the membrane voltage control unit 60 sets the membrane voltage Vf to Vfb (Vfb> Vfa) (step S103). That is, the membrane voltage control unit 60 makes the membrane voltage Vf relatively larger than Vfa.
- the membrane voltage control unit 60 sets Vtop and Vdr based on the average value Vdavg so that Vtop-Vdr becomes Vfb. For example, the membrane voltage control unit 60 sets Vtop to + 3V and Vdr to + 1V.
- the membrane voltage control unit 60 outputs the set values of Vtop and Vdr to the voltage generation circuit 70.
- the membrane voltage control unit 60 When the average value Vdavg is equal to or less than a predetermined threshold value Vth1 and when the membrane voltage Vf is set to Vfb (Vfb> Vfa), the membrane voltage control unit 60 has the membrane voltage control unit 60 in which the average value Vdavg is a predetermined threshold value Vth2 (second threshold value). It is determined whether or not it is less than (Vth2 ⁇ Vth1) (step S104).
- the threshold value Vth2 is a threshold value for determining whether or not the pixel signal is buried in noise.
- the membrane voltage control unit 60 sets the membrane voltage Vf to Vfc (Vfc ⁇ Vfa) (step S105).
- the membrane voltage control unit 60 makes the membrane voltage Vf relatively smaller than Vfa. Specifically, the membrane voltage control unit 60 sets Vtop and Vdr based on the average value Vdavg so that Vtop-Vdr becomes Vfc. On the other hand, when the average value Vdavg is equal to or higher than the predetermined threshold value Vth2, the membrane voltage control unit 60 leaves the set value of the voltage as it is.
- the system control circuit 50 receives the image pickup end command
- the system control circuit 50 ends the image pickup and also ends the image quality adjustment of the image pickup element 1 (step S106).
- the system control circuit 50 again instructs the membrane voltage control unit 60 to execute from step S102. In this way, the image quality of the image sensor 1 is adjusted.
- an image obtained from a pixel signal is obtained by applying a film voltage Vf based on the output of the image sensor 1 (average value Vdav of the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal) to each photodiode PD (n-type semiconductor film 21).
- the image quality of the data is controlled. Specifically, when the output of the image sensor 1 (average value Vdav of the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal) exceeds the threshold value Vth1, the film voltage Vf is relatively increased, and the output of the image sensor 1 (amplitude Vd of the pixel signal) is increased. When the average value Vdavg) falls below the threshold value Vth2, the film voltage Vf is relatively reduced.
- the film voltage Vf is relatively increased at high brightness to reduce the influence of optical shot noise, and the film voltage Vf is relatively small at low brightness. Therefore, the S / N ratio is increased. As a result, deterioration of image quality can be suppressed.
- the voltage Vtop and the voltage Vdr are generated based on the pixel signal so that the potential difference (Vtop-Vdr) between the voltage Vtop and the voltage Vdr becomes the film voltage Vf.
- each pixel circuit 14 is provided with a photodiode PD (n-type semiconductor film 21), a transfer transistor TRG, and an emission transistor OFG. Then, when the discharge transistor is on, Vdr is applied to the p-type semiconductor layer 22. As a result, the film voltage Vf is applied to each photodiode PD (n-type semiconductor film 21) based on the pixel signal. Therefore, deterioration of image quality can be suppressed.
- the film voltage control unit 60 and the voltage generation circuit 70 are provided in the image sensor 1, but for example, as shown in FIG. 8, an image quality control circuit separate from the image sensor 1. It may be provided in 2.
- the film voltage control unit 60 may set the film voltage Vf based on the output of the image pickup device 1, for example, as shown in FIG. Even in this case, the same effect as that of the above embodiment can be obtained.
- the image sensor 1 may further include an analog range control unit 80, for example, as shown in FIG.
- the analog range control unit 80 controls the analog range R of the ADC 40a based on the determination result input from the membrane voltage control unit 60 (that is, the output of the image sensor 1 (average value Vdav of the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal)). ..
- the analog range control unit 80 sets the range setting value based on the determination result (that is, the output of the image sensor 1 (the average value Vdav of the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal)) input from the film voltage control unit 60 to the ADC 40a. By outputting to, the image quality of the image data obtained from the pixel signal is controlled.
- FIG. 10 shows an example of the relationship between the analog range R (dynamic range) of the ADC 40a and the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal.
- FIG. 10 illustrates a case where the analog range R of the ADC 40a is set to Ra or Rb.
- the ADC 40a when the average value Vdavg of the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal exceeds the voltage Vda corresponding to the analog range Ra of the ADC 40a, the ADC 40a is saturated. However, by expanding the analog range R of the ADC 40a from Ra to Rb, the average value Vdavg of the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal becomes lower than the voltage Vdb corresponding to the analog range Rb of the ADC 40a, and the saturation of the ADC 40a is eliminated. Therefore, when the brightness is high, the dynamic range R of the ADC 40a is set high in order to prevent overexposure, and when the brightness is low, noise (dark current) becomes dominant, so that the dynamic range R of the ADC 40a is lowered. By setting to, deterioration of image quality can be suppressed.
- FIG. 11 shows an example of the image quality adjustment procedure of the image sensor 1 according to this modification.
- the image sensor 1 executes the image quality adjustment procedure shown in FIG. 7 and the image quality adjustment procedure shown in FIG.
- the analog range control unit 80 first sets the analog range R of the ADC 40a to Ra (step S201). Specifically, the analog range control unit 80 outputs a control signal for setting the analog range R to Ra to the ADC 40a.
- the ADC 40a sets the analog range R to Ra when a control signal for setting the analog range R to Ra is input from the analog range control unit 80.
- the analog range control unit 80 sets the analog range R to Rb (Rb> Ra) when the determination result input from the membrane voltage control unit 60 is “Vdavg> Vth3” (steps S202, 203). .. That is, the analog range control unit 80 makes the analog range R relatively larger than Ra.
- the threshold value Vth3 (first threshold value) is a threshold value for determining whether or not the image is overexposed when the film voltage Vf is set to Vfa.
- the analog range control unit 80 outputs a control signal for setting the analog range R to Rb to the ADC 40a.
- the ADC 40a sets the analog range R to Rb.
- the analog range control unit 80 sets the average value Vdavg and the threshold value Vth2 when the determination result input from the membrane voltage control unit 60 is “Vdavg ⁇ Vth3” or when the analog range R is set to Rb. Wait for the determination result regarding the magnitude relationship to be input from the membrane voltage control unit 60. At this time, the analog range control unit 80 sets the analog range R to Ra when the determination result input from the membrane voltage control unit 60 is “Vdavg ⁇ Vth2” (Vth2 ⁇ Vth3) (steps S204, 201). .. That is, the analog range control unit 80 makes the analog range R relatively smaller than Rb. Specifically, the analog range control unit 80 outputs a control signal for setting the analog range R to Ra to the ADC 40a. The ADC 40a sets the analog range R to Ra when a control signal for setting the analog range R to Ra is input from the analog range control unit 80.
- the analog range control unit 80 executes step S202 when the determination result input from the membrane voltage control unit 60 is “Vdavg ⁇ Vth2” and the imaging end command is not input (steps S204 and 205).
- the analog range control unit 80 ends the setting of the analog range R (step S205). In this way, the image quality of the image sensor 1 is adjusted.
- an image obtained from a pixel signal is obtained by applying a film voltage Vf based on the output of the image sensor 1 (average value Vdav of the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal) to each photodiode PD (n-type semiconductor film 21).
- the image quality of the data is controlled. Specifically, when the output of the image sensor 1 (average value Vdav of the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal) exceeds the threshold value Vth1, the film voltage Vf is relatively increased, and the output of the image sensor 1 (amplitude Vd of the pixel signal) is increased. When the average value Vdavg) falls below the threshold value Vth2, the film voltage Vf is relatively reduced.
- the film voltage Vf is relatively increased at high brightness to reduce the influence of optical shot noise, and the film voltage Vf is relatively small at low brightness. Therefore, the S / N ratio is increased. As a result, deterioration of image quality can be suppressed.
- the image quality of the image data obtained from the pixel signal is further controlled by outputting the range setting value based on the pixel signal to the ADC 40a.
- the range setting value is relatively increased, and the output of the image sensor 1 (amplitude Vd of the pixel signal) is increased.
- the average value Vdavg) falls below the threshold value Vth2
- the range setting value is made relatively small.
- the membrane voltage control unit 60, the voltage generation circuit 70, and the analog range control unit 80 are provided in the image pickup device 1, but for example, as shown in FIG. 12, the image pickup device 1 is It may be provided in a separate image quality control circuit 2.
- the film voltage control unit 60 may set the film voltage Vf based on the output of the image pickup device 1, for example, as shown in FIG. Even in this case, the same effect as that of the above embodiment can be obtained.
- the film voltage control unit 60, the voltage generation circuit 70, and the analog range control unit 80 are provided in the image sensor 1.
- the membrane voltage control unit 60 and the voltage generation circuit 70 are provided in the image quality control circuit 2 separate from the image sensor 1, and the analog range control unit 80 is the image sensor 1. It may be provided inside.
- the film voltage control unit 60 may set the film voltage Vf based on the output of the image pickup device 1, for example, as shown in FIG.
- the analog range control unit 80 may set the analog range R of the ADC 40a based on the value of the output voltage (Vtop, Vdr) of the voltage generation circuit 70, for example, as shown in FIG.
- the film voltage Vf applied to each photodiode PD (n-type semiconductor film 21) is set based on the output of the image pickup element 1, and is applied to each photodiode PD (n-type semiconductor film 21).
- the analog range R of the ADC 40a is set based on the value of the voltage (Vtop, Vdr). As a result, deterioration of image quality can be suppressed.
- the image sensor 1 may further include an efficiency conversion control unit 90, for example, as shown in FIG.
- the efficiency conversion control unit 90 determines the conversion efficiency ⁇ of the pixel circuit 14 based on the determination result input from the membrane voltage control unit 60 (that is, the output of the image sensor 1 (average value Vdav of the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal)). Control. Specifically, the efficiency conversion control unit 90 describes a control signal based on the determination result input from the film voltage control unit 60 (that is, the output of the image sensor 1 (the average value Vdavg of the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal)), which will be described later. By outputting to the switch element SW, the image quality of the image data obtained from the pixel signal is controlled.
- FIG. 15 shows an example of the circuit configuration of the sensor pixel 11 according to this modified example.
- the pixel circuit 14 is an auxiliary connected in parallel with the switch element SW connected to the floating diffusion FD and the capacitance of the floating diffusion FD (FD capacitance Cfd) via the switch element SW. It has a capacity Ce.
- the efficiency conversion control unit 90 controls the conversion efficiency ⁇ of the pixel circuit 14 by controlling the on / off of the switch element SW.
- FIG. 16 shows an example of the relationship between the analog range R of the ADC 40a and the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal.
- FIG. 16 illustrates a case where the analog range R of the ADC 40a is set to Rb.
- the switch element SW When the switch element SW is turned on by the control of the efficiency conversion control unit 90, the voltage generated by the electric charge accumulated in the FD capacitance Cfd and the auxiliary capacitance Ce connected in parallel to each other is input to the readout circuit 15.
- the conversion efficiency ⁇ of the pixel circuit 14 at this time is ⁇ 1.
- the switch element SW is turned off by the control of the efficiency conversion control unit 90, the auxiliary capacitance Ce is separated from the floating diffusion FD, so that the voltage generated by the electric charge accumulated in the FD capacitance Cfd is input to the read circuit 15.
- the conversion efficiency ⁇ 2 of the pixel circuit 14 at this time is ⁇ 1 / ⁇ .
- ⁇ is (Cfd + Ce) / Cfd).
- the conversion efficiency ⁇ is reduced by 1 / ⁇ .
- the conversion efficiency ⁇ 2 is 1/3 times the conversion efficiency ⁇ 1.
- the conversion efficiency ⁇ becomes low, for example, as shown in FIG. 16, the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal becomes small by the amount that the conversion efficiency ⁇ becomes low.
- the switch element SW when the average value Vdavg1 when the switch element SW is on is larger than the voltage value Vdb corresponding to the upper limit (Rb) of the analog range R of the ADC 40a and the ADC 40a is saturated, the switch element SW By turning off, the average value Vdavg2 when the switch element SW is off becomes Vdavg1 / ⁇ , which can be made smaller than the voltage value Vdb. Therefore, when the brightness is high, the conversion efficiency ⁇ is set low to prevent overexposure, and when the brightness is low, noise (dark current) becomes dominant, so the conversion efficiency ⁇ should be set high. Therefore, deterioration of image quality can be suppressed.
- FIG. 17 shows an example of the image quality adjustment procedure of the image sensor 1.
- the image sensor 1 executes the image quality adjustment procedure shown in FIG. 7 and the image quality adjustment procedure shown in FIG.
- the efficiency conversion control unit 90 first sets the conversion efficiency ⁇ of the pixel circuit 14 to ⁇ 1 (step S301). Specifically, the efficiency conversion control unit 90 outputs a control signal for turning on the switch element SW to the switch element SW in the pixel circuit 14. The switch element SW is turned on when a control signal for turning on the switch element SW is input from the efficiency conversion control unit 90. As a result, the FD capacitance Cfd and the auxiliary capacitance Ce are connected in parallel with each other.
- the efficiency conversion control unit 90 sets the conversion efficiency ⁇ to ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ 2 ⁇ 1) when the determination result input from the membrane voltage control unit 60 is “Vdavg> Vth3” (steps S302 and 303). .. At this time, the efficiency conversion control unit 90 outputs a control signal for turning off the switch element SW to the switch element SW.
- the switch element SW is turned off when a control signal for turning off the switch element SW is input from the efficiency conversion control unit 90. That is, the efficiency conversion control unit 90 turns off the switch element SW when the average value Vdavg exceeds Vth3.
- the auxiliary capacitance Ce is separated from the floating diffusion FD.
- the efficiency conversion control unit 90 has an average value Vdavg and a threshold value Vth2 (Vth2) when the determination result input from the membrane voltage control unit 60 is “Vdavg ⁇ Vth3” or when the switch element SW is set to off. Wait for the membrane voltage control unit 60 to input the determination result regarding the magnitude relationship with ⁇ Vth3). At this time, the efficiency conversion control unit 90 sets the conversion efficiency ⁇ to ⁇ 1 when the determination result input from the membrane voltage control unit 60 is “Vdavg ⁇ Vth2” (steps S304, 301). Specifically, the efficiency conversion control unit 90 outputs a control signal for turning on the switch element SW to the switch element SW.
- the switch element SW is turned on when a control signal for turning on the switch element SW is input from the efficiency conversion control unit 90. That is, the efficiency conversion control unit 90 turns on the switch element SW when the average value Vdavg falls below Vth2, which is smaller than Vth3. As a result, the FD capacitance Cfd and the auxiliary capacitance Ce are connected in parallel with each other.
- the efficiency conversion control unit 90 executes step S302 when the determination result input from the membrane voltage control unit 60 is “Vdavg ⁇ Vth2” and the imaging end command is not input (steps S304 and 302).
- the efficiency conversion control unit 90 ends the setting of the conversion efficiency ⁇ (step S305). In this way, the image quality of the image sensor 1 is adjusted.
- an image obtained from a pixel signal is obtained by applying a film voltage Vf based on the output of the image sensor 1 (average value Vdav of the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal) to each photodiode PD (n-type semiconductor film 21).
- the image quality of the data is controlled. Specifically, when the output of the image sensor 1 (average value Vdav of the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal) exceeds the threshold value Vth1, the film voltage Vf is relatively increased, and the output of the image sensor 1 (amplitude Vd of the pixel signal) is increased. When the average value Vdavg) falls below the threshold value Vth2, the film voltage Vf is relatively reduced.
- the film voltage Vf is relatively increased at high brightness to reduce the influence of optical shot noise, and the film voltage Vf is relatively small at low brightness. Therefore, the S / N ratio is increased. As a result, deterioration of image quality can be suppressed.
- the image quality of the image data obtained from the pixel signal is further controlled by outputting the control signal based on the pixel signal to the switch element SW.
- the switch element SW is turned off, and the output of the image sensor 1 (average value of the amplitude Vd of the pixel signal) is turned off.
- the switch element SW is turned on when Vdav) falls below the threshold value Vth2.
- the film voltage control unit 60, the voltage generation circuit 70, and the efficiency conversion control unit 90 are provided in the image sensor 1.
- the membrane voltage control unit 60, the voltage generation circuit 70, and the efficiency conversion control unit 90 may be provided in the image quality control circuit 2 separate from the image sensor 1. ..
- the film voltage control unit 60 may set the film voltage Vf based on the output of the image pickup device 1, for example, as shown in FIG. Even in this case, the same effect as that of the above embodiment can be obtained.
- the film voltage control unit 60, the voltage generation circuit 70, and the efficiency conversion control unit 90 are provided in the image sensor 1.
- the membrane voltage control unit 60 and the voltage generation circuit 70 are provided in the image quality control circuit 2 separate from the image sensor 1, and the efficiency conversion control unit 90 is the image sensor 1. It may be provided inside.
- the film voltage control unit 60 may set the film voltage Vf based on the output of the image pickup device 1, for example, as shown in FIG.
- the efficiency conversion control unit 90 may set the conversion efficiency ⁇ of the pixel circuit 14 based on the value of the output voltage (Vtop, Vdr) of the voltage generation circuit 70, for example, as shown in FIG. ..
- the film voltage Vf applied to the photodiode PD (n-type semiconductor film 21) is set based on the output of the image pickup element 1, and the voltage applied to the photodiode PD (n-type semiconductor film 21) (
- the conversion efficiency ⁇ of the pixel circuit 14 is set based on the value of Vtop, Vdr).
- the pixel circuit 14 may omit the emission transistor OFG, for example, as shown in FIGS. 20 and 21.
- the film voltage control unit 60 has a potential difference between the voltage Vtop applied to the n-type semiconductor layer 24 and the electrode Vdr of the p-type semiconductor layer 22 applied by the reset transistor RST when the transfer transistor TRG is on.
- the voltage Vtop may be generated based on the pixel signal so that (Vtop-Vdr) becomes the film voltage Vf.
- the emission transistor OFG and the transfer transistor TRG may be omitted.
- the film voltage control unit 60 the potential difference (Vtop-Vdr) between the voltage Vtop applied to the n-type semiconductor layer 24 and the electrode Vdr of the p-type semiconductor layer 22 applied by the reset transistor RST is the film voltage Vf.
- the voltage Vtop may be generated based on the pixel signal.
- FIG. 24 shows a modified example of the cross-sectional configuration of the image sensor 1 according to this modified example.
- the light receiving substrate 100 has an insulating film 33, an embedded layer 34, an interlayer insulating film 35, 36, a plurality of electrodes 37, and a plurality of electrodes 37, instead of the passivation layer 28, the insulating layer 29, the plurality of connection electrodes 31 and the plurality of bump electrodes 32. It has a contact electrode 38.
- the insulating film 33 covers the n-type semiconductor layer 23 and a part of each p-type semiconductor layer 22, and has an opening at a position facing each p-type semiconductor layer 22.
- the insulating film 33 is composed of, for example, an oxide such as silicon oxide (SiO x ) or aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ).
- the insulating film 33 may be formed by a laminated structure composed of a plurality of films.
- the insulating film 33 may be made of a silicon (Si) -based insulating material such as silicon oxynitride (SiON), carbon-containing silicon oxide (SiOC), silicon nitride (SiN), and silicon carbide (SiC). ..
- the thickness of the insulating film 33 is, for example, several tens of nm to several hundreds of nm.
- a plurality of electrodes 37 are provided in each opening of the insulating film 33, and one is provided for each p-type semiconductor layer 22. Each electrode 37 is in contact with the corresponding p-type semiconductor layer 22.
- Each electrode 37 is, for example, titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), titanium nitride (TiN), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), germanium (Ge), palladium (Pd), zinc (Zn), nickel ( It is composed of a simple substance of any one of Ni) and aluminum (Al), or an alloy containing at least one of them.
- Each electrode 37 may be a single film of such a constituent material, or may be a laminated film in which two or more kinds are combined.
- each electrode 37 is composed of a laminated film of titanium and tungsten.
- the thickness of each electrode 37 is, for example, several tens of nm to several hundreds of nm.
- the embedded layer 34 is formed by embedding each electrode 37.
- the surface on the drive substrate 200 side is flat.
- the embedded layer 34 is made of an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide (SiO x ), silicon nitride (SiN), silicon oxynitride (SiON), carbon-containing silicon oxide (SiOC), and silicon carbide (SiC). ..
- the interlayer insulating films 35 and 36 are laminated in this order on the flat surface of the embedded layer 34 on the drive substrate 200 side.
- the interlayer insulating films 35 and 36 are made of, for example, an inorganic insulating material. Examples of this inorganic insulating material include silicon nitride (SiN), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) and hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ).
- the interlayer insulating films 35 and 36 may be made of the same inorganic insulating material.
- a plurality of contact electrodes 38 are provided for each electrode 37. Each contact electrode 38 is in contact with the corresponding electrode 37. The surface of each contact electrode 38 on the drive substrate 200 side is exposed from the interlayer insulating film 36. The surface of each contact electrode 38 on the drive substrate 200 side and the surface of the interlayer insulating film 36 on the drive substrate 200 side are arranged in the same surface.
- the drive board 200 has a plurality of contact electrodes 47 instead of the plurality of connection layers 43.
- the drive substrate 200 further has interlayer insulating films 48 and 49.
- a plurality of contact electrodes 47 are provided for each read electrode 44. Each contact electrode 47 is in contact with the corresponding readout electrode 44.
- the interlayer insulating films 48 and 49 are laminated in this order on the surface of the interlayer insulating layer 42 on the light receiving substrate 100 side.
- the interlayer insulating films 48 and 49 are made of, for example, an inorganic insulating material.
- the inorganic insulating material include silicon nitride (SiN), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) and hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ).
- each contact electrode 47 on the light receiving substrate 100 side is exposed from the interlayer insulating film 49.
- the surface of each contact electrode 47 on the light receiving substrate 100 side and the surface of the interlayer insulating film 49 on the light receiving substrate 100 side are arranged in the same plane.
- the contact electrodes 38 and 47 are made of, for example, copper (Cu). The contact electrode 38 and the contact electrode 47 are joined to each other.
- FIG. 25 shows an example of the planar configuration of the image pickup device 1 according to this modification.
- FIG. 26 shows an example of the cross-sectional configuration of the image sensor 1 of FIG. 25 along the AA line.
- the image sensor 1 has an element region R1 in the central portion and a peripheral region R2 provided outside the element region R1 and surrounding the element region R1.
- the element region R1 corresponds to a portion of the image sensor 1 where the n-type semiconductor film 21 (photodiode PD) is provided.
- the image pickup device 1 has a conductive film 51 provided from the element region R1 to the peripheral region R2.
- the conductive film 51 has an opening in a region facing the central portion of the element region R1.
- the region exposed from the conductive film 51 (the region facing the opening of the conductive film 51) is the light receiving region.
- the region covered with the conductive film 51 is the OPB (Optical Black) region.
- the OPB region is provided so as to surround the light receiving region.
- the OPB region is used to obtain a black level pixel signal.
- the insulating film 33 covers the n-type semiconductor layer 23 and a part of each p-type semiconductor layer 22, and also covers the side surface of the n-type semiconductor film 21 (photodiode PD).
- the embedded layer 34 covers the side surface of the n-type semiconductor film 21 via the insulating film 33, and is provided from the element region R1 to the peripheral region R2.
- the peripheral region R2 is provided with holes H1 and H2 that penetrate the light receiving substrate 100 and reach the drive substrate 200.
- the hole H1 is provided at a position closer to the element region R1 than the hole H2, and the side wall and the bottom surface of the hole H1 are covered with the conductive film 51.
- the hole H1 is for connecting the n-type semiconductor film 21 and the wiring 46 of the drive substrate 200, and is provided so as to penetrate the antireflection film 25, the embedded layer 34, the interlayer insulating film 35, and the interlayer insulating film 36. ing.
- the hole H2 is provided at a position closer to the end of the light receiving substrate 100 than the hole H1, for example.
- the hole H2 penetrates the antireflection film 25, the embedded layer 34, the interlayer insulating film 35, and the interlayer insulating film 36, and reaches the wiring 46 of the drive substrate 200.
- An electrical connection between the outside and the image sensor 1 is made through the hole H2.
- the holes H1 and H2 do not have to reach the drive board 200.
- the holes H1 and H2 may reach the wiring provided in the interlayer insulating film 36, and this wiring may be connected to the wiring 46 of the drive board 200.
- the interlayer insulating film 36, the interlayer insulating film 35, and the embedded layer 34 are provided in this order from the position closest to the drive substrate 200.
- the interlayer insulating film 36, the interlayer insulating film 35, and the embedded layer 34 are provided from the element region R1 to the peripheral region R2, and the interlayer insulating film 36 and each contact electrode 38 form a bonding surface with the drive substrate 200. ..
- the joint surface of the light receiving substrate 100 is provided in the element region R1 and the peripheral region R2, and the joint surface of the element region R1 and the joint surface of the peripheral region R2 form the same plane.
- the plurality of contact electrodes 38 provided on the light receiving substrate 100 do not have an electrical connection with the n-type semiconductor film 21 (photodiode PD), and the light receiving substrate A dummy electrode 38D provided for joining the 100 and the drive substrate 200.
- the interlayer insulating film 49, the interlayer insulating film 48, and the interlayer insulating layer 42 are provided in this order from the position closest to the light receiving substrate 100.
- the interlayer insulating film 49, the interlayer insulating film 48, and the interlayer insulating layer 42 are provided from the element region R1 to the peripheral region R2, and the interlayer insulating film 49 and each contact electrode 47 form a bonding surface with the light receiving substrate 100.
- the joint surface of the drive substrate 200 is provided in the element region R1 and the peripheral region R2, and the joint surface of the element region R1 and the joint surface of the peripheral region R2 form the same plane.
- the plurality of contact electrodes 47 provided in the peripheral region R2 do not have an electrical connection with the n-type semiconductor film 21 (photodiode PD) and are a light receiving substrate. It is a dummy electrode 47D provided for joining 100 and the drive board 200. The dummy electrode 47D is provided at a position facing the dummy electrode 38D, and is joined to the dummy electrode 38D provided at the facing position. This makes it possible to improve the strength of the peripheral region R2.
- the conductive film 51 is provided from the OPB region to the hole H1 in the peripheral region R2.
- the conductive film 51 is in contact with the n-type semiconductor layer 24 at the opening 25H of the antireflection film 25 provided in the OPB region, and is in contact with the wiring 46 of the drive substrate 200 through the hole H1.
- a voltage is supplied from the drive substrate 200 to the n-type semiconductor layer 24 via the conductive film 51.
- the conductive film 51 functions as a voltage supply path to the n-type semiconductor layer 24 and also as a light-shielding film, and forms an OPB region.
- the conductive film 51 is made of a metal material containing, for example, tungsten (W), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), tantalum (Ta) or copper (Cu).
- a passivation film 52 may be provided on the conductive film 51.
- FIG. 27 shows a schematic configuration of an image pickup device 3 including the embodiment, the modification B, the modification E, and the image sensor 1 (hereinafter, referred to as “image sensor 1a”) according to the modification H. This is an example.
- the image pickup device 3 is, for example, an image pickup device such as a digital still camera or a video camera, or an electronic device such as a mobile terminal device such as a smartphone or a tablet terminal.
- the image pickup device 3 includes, for example, an image pickup element 1a, an optical system 141, a shutter device 142, a DSP circuit 143, a frame memory 144, a display unit 145, a storage unit 146, an operation unit 147, and a power supply unit 148.
- the image sensor 1a, the shutter device 142, the DSP circuit 143, the frame memory 144, the display unit 145, the storage unit 146, the operation unit 147, and the power supply unit 148 are connected to each other via a bus line 149. ..
- the image sensor 1a outputs image data (digital value) according to the incident light.
- the optical system 141 is configured to have one or a plurality of lenses, guides light (incident light) from a subject to an image pickup element 1a, and forms an image on a light receiving surface of the image pickup element 1a.
- the shutter device 142 is arranged between the optical system 141 and the image sensor 1a, and controls the light irradiation period and the light shielding period for the image sensor 1a.
- the DSP circuit 143 is a signal processing circuit that processes image data (digital value) output from the image sensor 1a.
- the frame memory 144 temporarily holds the image data processed by the DSP circuit 143 in frame units.
- the display unit 145 is composed of a panel-type display device such as a liquid crystal panel or an organic EL (Electro Luminescence) panel, and displays a moving image or a still image captured by the image sensor 1a.
- the storage unit 146 records image data of a moving image or a still image captured by the image sensor 1a on a recording medium such as a semiconductor memory or a hard disk.
- the operation unit 147 issues operation commands for various functions of the image pickup apparatus 3 according to the operation by the user.
- the power supply unit 148 appropriately supplies various power sources serving as operating power sources for the image sensor 1a, the shutter device 142, the DSP circuit 143, the frame memory 144, the display unit 145, the storage unit 146, and the operation unit 147 to these supply targets. To do.
- FIG. 28 shows an example of a flowchart of the imaging operation in the imaging device 3.
- the user instructs the start of imaging by operating the operation unit 147 (step S401).
- the operation unit 147 transmits an image pickup command to the image pickup device 1a (step S402).
- various settings for example, the above-mentioned image quality adjustment and the like
- step S404 the image pickup device 1a repeatedly executes steps S403 and S404 as necessary.
- the image sensor 1a outputs the image data obtained by the image pickup to the DSP circuit 143.
- the image data is data for all pixels of the pixel signal generated based on the electric charge temporarily held in the floating diffusion FD.
- the DSP circuit 143 performs predetermined signal processing (for example, noise reduction processing) based on the image data input from the image sensor 1a (step S405).
- the DSP circuit 143 stores the image data subjected to the predetermined signal processing in the frame memory 144, and the frame memory 144 stores the image data in the storage unit 146 (step S406). In this way, imaging is performed by the imaging device 3.
- the image sensor 1a is applied to the image sensor 3.
- the image quality of the image sensor 1a can be automatically adjusted.
- the image sensor 3 replaces the image sensor 1a with the modification A, the modification C, the modification D, the modification F, the modification G, and the modification H.
- the image sensor 1 (hereinafter, referred to as “image sensor 1b”) according to the above may be provided.
- the image pickup apparatus 3 may include the image quality control circuit 2 as shown in FIG. 29, for example. Even in this case, the image quality of the image sensor 1b can be automatically adjusted as in the above application example.
- the technology according to the present disclosure (this technology) can be applied to various products.
- the technology according to the present disclosure is realized as a device mounted on a moving body of any kind such as an automobile, an electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a motorcycle, a bicycle, a personal mobility, an airplane, a drone, a ship, and a robot. May be.
- FIG. 30 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration example of a vehicle control system, which is an example of a mobile control system to which the technique according to the present disclosure can be applied.
- the vehicle control system 12000 includes a plurality of electronic control units connected via a communication network 12001.
- the vehicle control system 12000 includes a drive system control unit 12010, a body system control unit 12020, an outside information detection unit 12030, an in-vehicle information detection unit 12040, and an integrated control unit 12050.
- a microcomputer 12051, an audio/video output unit 12052, and an in-vehicle network I/F (interface) 12053 are shown as the functional configuration of the integrated control unit 12050.
- the drive system control unit 12010 controls the operation of devices related to the drive system of the vehicle according to various programs.
- the drive system control unit 12010 provides a driving force generator for generating the driving force of the vehicle such as an internal combustion engine or a driving motor, a driving force transmission mechanism for transmitting the driving force to the wheels, and a steering angle of the vehicle. It functions as a steering mechanism for adjustment and a control device such as a braking device that generates a braking force of the vehicle.
- the body system control unit 12020 controls the operation of various devices mounted on the vehicle body according to various programs.
- the body system control unit 12020 functions as a keyless entry system, a smart key system, a power window device, or a control device for various lamps such as headlamps, back lamps, brake lamps, blinkers or fog lamps.
- the body system control unit 12020 may be input with radio waves transmitted from a portable device that substitutes for the key or signals of various switches.
- the body system control unit 12020 receives inputs of these radio waves or signals and controls a vehicle door lock device, a power window device, a lamp, and the like.
- the vehicle outside information detection unit 12030 detects information outside the vehicle equipped with the vehicle control system 12000.
- an imaging unit 12031 is connected to the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030.
- the vehicle outside information detection unit 12030 causes the image pickup unit 12031 to capture an image of the outside of the vehicle and receives the captured image.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 may perform object detection processing or distance detection processing such as a person, a vehicle, an obstacle, a sign, or characters on the road surface based on the received image.
- the imaging unit 12031 is an optical sensor that receives light and outputs an electric signal according to the amount of the light received.
- the image pickup unit 12031 can output an electric signal as an image or can output it as distance measurement information.
- the light received by the imaging unit 12031 may be visible light or invisible light such as infrared light.
- the in-vehicle information detection unit 12040 detects the in-vehicle information.
- a driver state detection unit 12041 that detects the driver's state is connected to the in-vehicle information detection unit 12040.
- the driver state detection unit 12041 includes, for example, a camera that images the driver, and the in-vehicle information detection unit 12040 determines the degree of fatigue or concentration of the driver based on the detection information input from the driver state detection unit 12041. It may be calculated, or it may be determined whether the driver is dozing.
- the microcomputer 12051 calculates the control target value of the driving force generator, the steering mechanism, or the braking device based on the information inside and outside the vehicle acquired by the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 or the vehicle interior information detection unit 12040, and the drive system control unit.
- a control command can be output to 12010.
- the microcomputer 12051 realizes a function of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) that includes collision avoidance or impact mitigation of a vehicle, follow-up traveling based on an inter-vehicle distance, vehicle speed maintenance traveling, a vehicle collision warning, or a vehicle lane departure warning. It is possible to perform cooperative control for the purpose.
- ADAS Advanced Driver Assistance System
- the microcomputer 12051 controls the driving force generator, the steering mechanism, the braking device, and the like based on the information around the vehicle acquired by the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 or the vehicle interior information detection unit 12040. It is possible to perform coordinated control for the purpose of automatic driving, etc., which runs autonomously without depending on the operation.
- the microcomputer 12051 can output a control command to the body system control unit 12020 based on the information outside the vehicle acquired by the outside information detection unit 12030.
- the microcomputer 12051 controls the headlamps according to the position of the preceding vehicle or the oncoming vehicle detected by the external information detection unit 12030, and performs coordinated control for the purpose of antiglare such as switching the high beam to the low beam. It can be carried out.
- the audio image output unit 12052 transmits the output signal of at least one of the audio and the image to the output device capable of visually or audibly notifying the passenger or the outside of the vehicle of the information.
- an audio speaker 12061, a display unit 12062, and an instrument panel 12063 are exemplified as output devices.
- the display unit 12062 may include, for example, at least one of an onboard display and a head-up display.
- FIG. 31 is a diagram showing an example of the installation position of the imaging unit 12031.
- the vehicle 12100 has imaging units 12101, 12102, 12103, 12104, 12105 as imaging units 12031.
- the imaging units 12101, 12102, 12103, 12104, 12105 are provided at positions such as the front nose, side mirrors, rear bumpers, back doors, and the upper part of the windshield in the vehicle interior of the vehicle 12100, for example.
- the imaging unit 12101 provided on the front nose and the imaging unit 12105 provided on the upper part of the windshield in the vehicle interior mainly acquire an image in front of the vehicle 12100.
- the imaging units 12102 and 12103 included in the side mirrors mainly acquire images of the side of the vehicle 12100.
- the imaging unit 12104 provided on the rear bumper or the back door mainly acquires an image of the rear of the vehicle 12100.
- the front images acquired by the imaging units 12101 and 12105 are mainly used for detecting a preceding vehicle or a pedestrian, an obstacle, a traffic signal, a traffic sign, a lane, or the like.
- FIG. 31 shows an example of the photographing range of the imaging units 12101 to 12104.
- the imaging range 12111 indicates the imaging range of the imaging unit 12101 provided on the front nose
- the imaging ranges 12112 and 12113 indicate the imaging ranges of the imaging units 12102 and 12103 provided on the side mirrors, respectively
- the imaging range 12114 indicates the imaging range of the imaging units 12102 and 12103.
- the imaging range of the imaging unit 12104 provided on the rear bumper or the back door is shown. For example, by superimposing the image data captured by the imaging units 12101 to 12104, a bird's-eye view image of the vehicle 12100 as viewed from above can be obtained.
- At least one of the image capturing units 12101 to 12104 may have a function of acquiring distance information.
- at least one of the image capturing units 12101 to 12104 may be a stereo camera including a plurality of image capturing elements, or may be an image capturing element having pixels for phase difference detection.
- the microcomputer 12051 has a distance to each three-dimensional object within the imaging range 12111 to 12114 based on the distance information obtained from the imaging units 12101 to 12104, and a temporal change of this distance (relative velocity with respect to the vehicle 12100).
- a predetermined speed for example, 0 km / h or more.
- the microcomputer 12051 can set an inter-vehicle distance to be secured in front of the preceding vehicle in advance, and can perform automatic braking control (including follow-up stop control), automatic acceleration control (including follow-up start control), and the like. In this way, it is possible to perform coordinated control for the purpose of automatic driving or the like in which the vehicle travels autonomously without depending on the operation of the driver.
- the microcomputer 12051 converts three-dimensional object data related to a three-dimensional object into two-wheeled vehicles, ordinary vehicles, large vehicles, pedestrians, electric poles, and other three-dimensional objects based on the distance information obtained from the imaging units 12101 to 12104. It can be classified and extracted and used for automatic avoidance of obstacles. For example, the microcomputer 12051 distinguishes obstacles around the vehicle 12100 into obstacles that can be seen by the driver of the vehicle 12100 and obstacles that are difficult to see. Then, the microcomputer 12051 determines the collision risk indicating the risk of collision with each obstacle, and when the collision risk is equal to or higher than the set value and there is a possibility of collision, the microcomputer 12051 via the audio speaker 12061 or the display unit 12062. By outputting an alarm to the driver and performing forced deceleration and avoidance steering via the drive system control unit 12010, driving support for collision avoidance can be provided.
- At least one of the imaging units 12101 to 12104 may be an infrared camera that detects infrared rays.
- the microcomputer 12051 can recognize a pedestrian by determining whether or not a pedestrian is present in the captured image of the imaging units 12101 to 12104.
- pedestrian recognition includes, for example, a procedure for extracting feature points in an image captured by an imaging unit 12101 to 12104 as an infrared camera, and pattern matching processing for a series of feature points indicating the outline of an object to determine whether or not the pedestrian is a pedestrian. It is done by the procedure to determine.
- the audio image output unit 12052 When the microcomputer 12051 determines that a pedestrian is present in the captured images of the imaging units 12101 to 12104 and recognizes the pedestrian, the audio image output unit 12052 outputs a square contour line for emphasizing the recognized pedestrian.
- the display unit 12062 is controlled so as to superimpose and display. Further, the audio image output unit 12052 may control the display unit 12062 so as to display an icon or the like indicating a pedestrian at a desired position.
- the above is an example of a mobile control system to which the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied.
- the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied to the imaging unit 12031 among the configurations described above.
- the image pickup apparatus 3 can be applied to the image pickup unit 12031.
- FIG. 32 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of an endoscopic surgery system to which the technique according to the present disclosure (the present technique) can be applied.
- FIG. 32 illustrates how the surgeon (doctor) 11131 is performing surgery on patient 11132 on patient bed 11133 using the endoscopic surgery system 11000.
- the endoscopic surgery system 11000 includes an endoscope 11100, other surgical tools 11110 such as a pneumoperitoneum tube 11111 and an energy treatment tool 11112, and a support arm device 11120 that supports the endoscope 11100.
- a cart 11200 equipped with various devices for endoscopic surgery.
- the endoscope 11100 is composed of a lens barrel 11101 into which a region having a predetermined length from the distal end is inserted into the body cavity of the patient 11132, and a camera head 11102 connected to the base end of the lens barrel 11101.
- the endoscope 11100 configured as a so-called rigid mirror having the rigid barrel 11101 is illustrated, but the endoscope 11100 may be configured as a so-called flexible mirror having a flexible barrel. Good.
- An opening in which an objective lens is fitted is provided at the tip of the lens barrel 11101.
- a light source device 11203 is connected to the endoscope 11100, and light generated by the light source device 11203 is guided to the tip of the lens barrel by a light guide extending inside the lens barrel 11101. It is irradiated toward the observation target in the body cavity of the patient 11132 through the lens.
- the endoscope 11100 may be a direct endoscope, a perspective mirror, or a side endoscope.
- An optical system and an image pickup device are provided inside the camera head 11102, and the reflected light (observation light) from the observation target is condensed on the image pickup device by the optical system.
- the observation light is photoelectrically converted by the image sensor, and an electric signal corresponding to the observation light, that is, an image signal corresponding to the observation image is generated.
- the image signal is transmitted as RAW data to the camera control unit (CCU: Camera Control Unit) 11201.
- the CCU11201 is composed of a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), and the like, and comprehensively controls the operations of the endoscope 11100 and the display device 11202. Further, the CCU 11201 receives an image signal from the camera head 11102, and performs various image processes on the image signal for displaying an image based on the image signal, such as development processing (demosaic processing).
- a CPU Central Processing Unit
- GPU Graphics Processing Unit
- the display device 11202 displays an image based on an image signal subjected to image processing by the CCU 11201 under the control of the CCU 11201.
- the light source device 11203 is composed of, for example, a light source such as an LED (Light Emitting Diode), and supplies irradiation light to the endoscope 11100 when photographing an operating part or the like.
- a light source such as an LED (Light Emitting Diode)
- LED Light Emitting Diode
- the input device 11204 is an input interface for the endoscopic surgery system 11000.
- the user can input various information and input instructions to the endoscopic surgery system 11000 via the input device 11204.
- the user inputs an instruction to change the imaging conditions (type of irradiation light, magnification, focal length, etc.) by the endoscope 11100.
- the treatment tool control device 11205 controls the drive of the energy treatment tool 11112 for cauterizing, incising, sealing a blood vessel, or the like of a tissue.
- the pneumoperitoneum device 11206 uses a gas in the pneumoperitoneum tube 11111 to inflate the body cavity of the patient 11132 for the purpose of securing the field of view by the endoscope 11100 and securing the work space of the operator. Is sent.
- the recorder 11207 is a device capable of recording various information related to surgery.
- the printer 11208 is a device capable of printing various information related to surgery in various formats such as text, images, and graphs.
- the light source device 11203 that supplies the irradiation light to the endoscope 11100 when photographing the surgical site can be composed of, for example, an LED, a laser light source, or a white light source composed of a combination thereof.
- a white light source is configured by combining RGB laser light sources, the output intensity and output timing of each color (each wavelength) can be controlled with high accuracy. Therefore, the light source device 11203 adjusts the white balance of the captured image. It can be carried out.
- the laser light from each of the RGB laser light sources is irradiated to the observation target in a time-division manner, and the drive of the image sensor of the camera head 11102 is controlled in synchronization with the irradiation timing to support each of RGB. It is also possible to capture the image in a time-division manner. According to this method, a color image can be obtained without providing a color filter on the image sensor.
- the drive of the light source device 11203 may be controlled so as to change the intensity of the output light at predetermined time intervals.
- the drive of the image sensor of the camera head 11102 in synchronization with the timing of changing the light intensity to acquire an image in a time-division manner and synthesizing the image, so-called high dynamic without blackout and overexposure. Range images can be generated.
- the light source device 11203 may be configured to be able to supply light in a predetermined wavelength band corresponding to special light observation.
- special light observation for example, by utilizing the wavelength dependence of light absorption in body tissue to irradiate light in a narrow band as compared with the irradiation light (that is, white light) in normal observation, the mucosal surface layer.
- a so-called narrow band imaging is performed in which a predetermined tissue such as a blood vessel is photographed with high contrast.
- fluorescence observation in which an image is obtained by the fluorescence generated by irradiating the excitation light may be performed.
- the body tissue is irradiated with excitation light to observe the fluorescence from the body tissue (autofluorescence observation), or a reagent such as indocyanine green (ICG) is locally injected into the body tissue and the body tissue is injected. It is possible to obtain a fluorescence image by irradiating excitation light corresponding to the fluorescence wavelength of the reagent.
- the light source device 11203 may be configured to be capable of supplying narrow band light and / or excitation light corresponding to such special light observation.
- FIG. 33 is a block diagram showing an example of the functional configuration of the camera head 11102 and CCU11201 shown in FIG. 32.
- the camera head 11102 includes a lens unit 11401, an imaging unit 11402, a driving unit 11403, a communication unit 11404, and a camera head control unit 11405.
- CCU11201 has a communication unit 11411, an image processing unit 11412, and a control unit 11413.
- the camera head 11102 and CCU11201 are communicatively connected to each other by a transmission cable 11400.
- the lens unit 11401 is an optical system provided at a connection portion with the lens barrel 11101.
- the observation light taken in from the tip of the lens barrel 11101 is guided to the camera head 11102 and incident on the lens unit 11401.
- the lens unit 11401 is configured by combining a plurality of lenses including a zoom lens and a focus lens.
- the image pickup unit 11402 is composed of an image pickup element.
- the image sensor constituting the image pickup unit 11402 may be one (so-called single plate type) or a plurality (so-called multi-plate type).
- each image pickup element may generate an image signal corresponding to each of RGB, and a color image may be obtained by synthesizing them.
- the image pickup unit 11402 may be configured to have a pair of image pickup elements for acquiring image signals for the right eye and the left eye corresponding to 3D (Dimensional) display, respectively.
- the 3D display enables the operator 11131 to more accurately grasp the depth of the biological tissue in the surgical site.
- a plurality of lens units 11401 may be provided corresponding to each image pickup element.
- the image pickup unit 11402 does not necessarily have to be provided in the camera head 11102.
- the imaging unit 11402 may be provided inside the lens barrel 11101 immediately after the objective lens.
- the drive unit 11403 is composed of an actuator, and moves the zoom lens and the focus lens of the lens unit 11401 by a predetermined distance along the optical axis under the control of the camera head control unit 11405. As a result, the magnification and focus of the image captured by the imaging unit 11402 can be adjusted as appropriate.
- the communication unit 11404 is composed of a communication device for transmitting/receiving various information to/from the CCU 11201.
- the communication unit 11404 transmits the image signal obtained from the image pickup unit 11402 as RAW data to the CCU 11201 via the transmission cable 11400.
- the communication unit 11404 receives a control signal for controlling the drive of the camera head 11102 from the CCU 11201 and supplies the control signal to the camera head control unit 11405.
- the control signal includes, for example, information to specify the frame rate of the captured image, information to specify the exposure value at the time of imaging, and / or information to specify the magnification and focus of the captured image. Contains information about the condition.
- the imaging conditions such as the frame rate, exposure value, magnification, and focus may be appropriately specified by the user, or may be automatically set by the control unit 11413 of the CCU 11201 based on the acquired image signal. Good.
- the endoscope 11100 is equipped with so-called AE (Auto Exposure) function, AF (Auto Focus) function, and AWB (Auto White Balance) function.
- the camera head control unit 11405 controls the drive of the camera head 11102 based on the control signal from the CCU 11201 received via the communication unit 11404.
- the communication unit 11411 is composed of a communication device for transmitting and receiving various information to and from the camera head 11102.
- the communication unit 11411 receives the image signal transmitted from the camera head 11102 via the transmission cable 11400.
- the communication unit 11411 transmits a control signal for controlling the drive of the camera head 11102 to the camera head 11102.
- Image signals and control signals can be transmitted by telecommunications, optical communication, or the like.
- the image processing unit 11412 performs various image processing on the image signal which is the RAW data transmitted from the camera head 11102.
- the control unit 11413 performs various controls regarding imaging of a surgical site or the like by the endoscope 11100 and display of a captured image obtained by imaging the surgical site or the like. For example, the control unit 11413 generates a control signal for controlling the driving of the camera head 11102.
- the control unit 11413 also causes the display device 11202 to display a captured image of the surgical site or the like based on the image signal subjected to the image processing by the image processing unit 11412. At this time, the control unit 11413 may recognize various objects in the captured image by using various image recognition techniques. For example, the control unit 11413 detects the shape, color, etc. of the edge of an object included in the captured image to remove surgical tools such as forceps, a specific biological part, bleeding, mist when using the energy treatment tool 11112, and the like. Can be recognized. When displaying the captured image on the display device 11202, the control unit 11413 may superimpose and display various surgical support information on the image of the surgical unit by using the recognition result. By superimposing and displaying the operation support information and presenting it to the operator 11131, it is possible to reduce the burden on the operator 11131 and to allow the operator 11131 to proceed with the operation reliably.
- various image recognition techniques For example, the control unit 11413 detects the shape, color, etc. of the edge
- the transmission cable 11400 that connects the camera head 11102 and the CCU 11201 is an electric signal cable that supports electric signal communication, an optical fiber that supports optical communication, or a composite cable of these.
- the communication was performed by wire using the transmission cable 11400, but the communication between the camera head 11102 and the CCU11201 may be performed wirelessly.
- the above is an example of an endoscopic surgery system to which the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied.
- the technique according to the present disclosure can be suitably applied to the imaging unit 11402 provided on the camera head 11102 of the endoscope 11100 among the configurations described above.
- the technique according to the present disclosure can be applied to the imaging unit 11402, a high-quality photographed image can be obtained, so that the high-quality endoscope 11100 can be provided.
- the present disclosure may have the following structure.
- a plurality of sensor pixels each including a photoelectric conversion unit and a readout circuit that outputs a pixel signal based on the charge output from the photoelectric conversion unit.
- An image pickup device including a voltage control unit that applies a control voltage based on the pixel signal to each photoelectric conversion unit.
- the voltage control unit relatively increases the control voltage when the pixel signal exceeds the first threshold value, and the control voltage when the pixel signal falls below the second threshold value smaller than the first threshold value.
- the image pickup device according to (1) Each of the sensor pixels further has a first electrode and a second electrode that sandwich the photoelectric conversion unit.
- the voltage control unit uses the first voltage based on the pixel signal so that the potential difference between the first voltage applied to the first electrode and the second voltage applied to the second electrode becomes the control voltage.
- the imaging device according to (1) or (2), which generates the second voltage.
- Each of the sensor pixels A charge holding unit that holds the charge transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit and a transfer transistor that is electrically connected to the second electrode and transfers the charge from the photoelectric conversion unit to the charge holding unit and electricity to the second electrode. Further includes an emission transistor that is connected in a positive manner and initializes the electric charge of the photoelectric conversion unit.
- the image pickup device according to (3), wherein the voltage control unit applies the second voltage to the second electrode when the discharge transistor is on.
- Each said pixel The first electrode and the second electrode that sandwich the photoelectric conversion unit, It further includes a charge holding unit that holds the charge transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit and a transfer transistor that is electrically connected to the second electrode and transfers the charge from the photoelectric conversion unit to the charge holding unit.
- the readout circuit has a reset transistor that initializes the potential of the charge holding unit.
- the potential difference between the first voltage applied to the first electrode and the second voltage of the second electrode applied by the reset transistor when the transfer transistor is on is the control voltage.
- the imaging device according to (1) or (2), which generates the first voltage based on the pixel signal so as to be.
- Each of the pixels further includes a charge holding unit that holds the charge transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit.
- the readout circuit has a reset transistor that initializes the potential of the charge holding unit.
- the voltage control unit is based on the pixel signal so that the potential difference between the first voltage applied to the first electrode and the second voltage of the second electrode applied by the reset transistor becomes the control voltage.
- the imaging device according to (1) or (2), which generates the first voltage.
- An AD conversion circuit that converts the pixel signal to AD (Analog-to-Digital),
- the image pickup device according to any one of (1) to (6), further including a range control unit that outputs a range setting value based on the pixel signal to the AD conversion circuit.
- the range control unit relatively increases the range setting value when the pixel signal exceeds the first threshold value, and when the pixel signal falls below the second threshold value smaller than the first threshold value, the range control unit increases the range setting value.
- Each of the sensor pixels A charge holding unit that holds the charge transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit, a transfer transistor that transfers the charge from the photoelectric conversion unit to the charge holding unit, and a switch element connected to the charge holding unit. Auxiliary capacitance connected in parallel with the capacitance of the charge holding unit via the switch element,
- the image pickup device according to any one of (1) to (6), further comprising a conversion efficiency control unit that controls on / off of the switch element based on the pixel signal.
- the conversion efficiency control unit turns off the switch element when the pixel signal exceeds the first threshold value, and switches the switch element when the pixel signal falls below the second threshold value smaller than the first threshold value.
- An image sensor each of which has a plurality of sensor pixels including a photoelectric conversion unit and a readout circuit that outputs a pixel signal based on the charge output from the photoelectric conversion unit.
- An image pickup apparatus including an image quality control circuit that applies a control voltage based on the pixel signal to each photoelectric conversion unit.
- the control voltage based on the pixel signal is applied to each photoelectric conversion unit, it is compared with the case where a fixed voltage is applied to each photoelectric conversion unit. Therefore, the image quality can be adjusted according to the magnitude of the brightness of the image data. Therefore, deterioration of image quality can be suppressed.
- the effects of the present disclosure are not necessarily limited to the effects described herein, and may be any of the effects described herein.
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Abstract
Description
1.第1の実施の形態(撮像素子)…図1~図7
2.第1の実施の形態の変形例(撮像素子)…図8~図26
3.第2の実施の形態(撮像装置)…図27、図28
4.第2の実施の形態の変形例(撮像装置)…図29
5.応用例
応用例1(移動体)…図30、図31
応用例2(手術システム)…図32、図33
[構成]
本開示の第1の実施形態に係る撮像素子1について説明する。図1は、撮像素子1の概略構成例を表したものである。撮像素子1は、例えば赤外線イメージセンサであり、例えば波長800nm以上の光に対しても感度を有している。撮像素子1は、光電変換素子を含む複数のセンサ画素11が行列状(マトリックス状)に2次元配置されてなる画素アレイ部10を備えている。センサ画素11は、例えば、図2に示したように、光電変換を行う画素回路14と、画素回路14から出力された電荷に基づく画素信号を出力する読み出し回路15とによって構成されている。
[画質調整]
次に、図7を参照して、撮像素子1の画質調整手順について説明する。図7は、撮像素子1の画質調整手順の一例を表したものである。システム制御回路50は、撮像指令を受けると、膜電圧設定指令を膜電圧制御部60に出力する。膜電圧制御部60は、膜電圧設定指令を受けると、まず、膜電圧VfをVfaに設定する(ステップS101)。具体的には、膜電圧制御部60は、Vtop(第1電圧)とVdr(第2電圧)との電位差(Vtop-Vdr)がVfaとなるように、VtopおよびVdrを設定する。例えば、膜電圧制御部60は、Vtopを+2Vに設定し、Vdrを+1Vに設定する。膜電圧制御部60は、VtopおよびVdrの設定値を電圧生成回路70に出力する。電圧生成回路70は、膜電圧制御部60から入力された設定値に基づいて、フォトダイオードPDのアノードに接続された電源線に対して、Vtop=+2Vの電圧を印加し、排出トランジスタOFGのドレインに接続された電源線に対して、Vdr=+1Vの電圧を印加する。
本実施形態では、撮像素子1の出力(画素信号の振幅Vdの平均値Vdavg)に基づく膜電圧Vfを各フォトダイオードPD(n型半導体膜21)に印加することにより、画素信号から得られる画像データの画質が制御される。具体的には、撮像素子1の出力(画素信号の振幅Vdの平均値Vdavg)が閾値Vth1を超えたときに膜電圧Vfを相対的に大きくし、撮像素子1の出力(画素信号の振幅Vdの平均値Vdavg)が閾値Vth2を下回ったときに膜電圧Vfを相対的に小さくする。このように、本実施形態では、高輝度のときは、膜電圧Vfを相対的に大きくして、光ショットノイズの影響を低減し、低輝度のときは、膜電圧Vfを相対的に小さくして、S/N比を高くしている。これにより、画質劣化を抑制することができる。
[[変形例A]]
上記実施の形態では、膜電圧制御部60および電圧生成回路70は、撮像素子1内に設けられていたが、例えば、図8に示したように、撮像素子1とは別体の画質制御回路2内に設けられていてもよい。この場合、膜電圧制御部60は、例えば、図8に示したように、撮像素子1の出力に基づいて、膜電圧Vfを設定してもよい。このようにした場合であっても、上記実施の形態と同様の効果を奏する。
上記実施の形態において、撮像素子1は、例えば、図9に示したように、アナログレンジ制御部80を更に備えていてもよい。アナログレンジ制御部80は、膜電圧制御部60から入力される判定結果(つまり、撮像素子1の出力(画素信号の振幅Vdの平均値Vdavg))に基づいて、ADC40aのアナログレンジRを制御する。具体的には、アナログレンジ制御部80は、膜電圧制御部60から入力される判定結果(つまり、撮像素子1の出力(画素信号の振幅Vdの平均値Vdavg))に基づくレンジ設定値をADC40aに出力することにより、画素信号から得られる画像データの画質を制御する。
次に、図11を参照して、本変形例に係る撮像素子1の画質調整手順について説明する。図11は、本変形例に係る撮像素子1の画質調整手順の一例を表したものである。なお、本変形例では、撮像素子1は、図7に記載の画質調整手順を実行するとともに、図11に記載の画質調整手順を実行する。
本変形例では、撮像素子1の出力(画素信号の振幅Vdの平均値Vdavg)に基づく膜電圧Vfを各フォトダイオードPD(n型半導体膜21)に印加することにより、画素信号から得られる画像データの画質が制御される。具体的には、撮像素子1の出力(画素信号の振幅Vdの平均値Vdavg)が閾値Vth1を超えたときに膜電圧Vfを相対的に大きくし、撮像素子1の出力(画素信号の振幅Vdの平均値Vdavg)が閾値Vth2を下回ったときに膜電圧Vfを相対的に小さくする。このように、本変形例では、高輝度のときは、膜電圧Vfを相対的に大きくして、光ショットノイズの影響を低減し、低輝度のときは、膜電圧Vfを相対的に小さくして、S/N比を高くしている。これにより、画質劣化を抑制することができる。
上記変形例Bでは、膜電圧制御部60、電圧生成回路70およびアナログレンジ制御部80は、撮像素子1内に設けられていたが、例えば、図12に示したように、撮像素子1とは別体の画質制御回路2内に設けられていてもよい。この場合、膜電圧制御部60は、例えば、図12に示したように、撮像素子1の出力に基づいて、膜電圧Vfを設定してもよい。このようにした場合であっても、上記実施の形態と同様の効果を奏する。
上記変形例Bでは、膜電圧制御部60、電圧生成回路70およびアナログレンジ制御部80は、撮像素子1内に設けられていた。しかし、例えば、図13に示したように、膜電圧制御部60および電圧生成回路70が、撮像素子1とは別体の画質制御回路2内に設けられ、アナログレンジ制御部80が撮像素子1内に設けられていてもよい。
上記実施の形態において、撮像素子1は、例えば、図14に示したように、効率変換制御部90を更に備えていてもよい。効率変換制御部90は、膜電圧制御部60から入力される判定結果(つまり、撮像素子1の出力(画素信号の振幅Vdの平均値Vdavg))に基づいて、画素回路14の変換効率ηを制御する。具体的には、効率変換制御部90は、膜電圧制御部60から入力される判定結果(つまり、撮像素子1の出力(画素信号の振幅Vdの平均値Vdavg))に基づく制御信号を後述のスイッチ素子SWに出力することにより、画素信号から得られる画像データの画質を制御する。
次に、図17を参照して、撮像素子1の画質調整手順について説明する。図17は、撮像素子1の画質調整手順の一例を表したものである。なお、本変形例では、撮像素子1は、図7に記載の画質調整手順を実行するとともに、図17に記載の画質調整手順を実行する。
本変形例では、撮像素子1の出力(画素信号の振幅Vdの平均値Vdavg)に基づく膜電圧Vfを各フォトダイオードPD(n型半導体膜21)に印加することにより、画素信号から得られる画像データの画質が制御される。具体的には、撮像素子1の出力(画素信号の振幅Vdの平均値Vdavg)が閾値Vth1を超えたときに膜電圧Vfを相対的に大きくし、撮像素子1の出力(画素信号の振幅Vdの平均値Vdavg)が閾値Vth2を下回ったときに膜電圧Vfを相対的に小さくする。このように、本変形例では、高輝度のときは、膜電圧Vfを相対的に大きくして、光ショットノイズの影響を低減し、低輝度のときは、膜電圧Vfを相対的に小さくして、S/N比を高くしている。これにより、画質劣化を抑制することができる。
上記変形例Eでは、膜電圧制御部60、電圧生成回路70および効率変換制御部90は、撮像素子1内に設けられていた。しかし、例えば、図18に示したように、膜電圧制御部60、電圧生成回路70および効率変換制御部90が、撮像素子1とは別体の画質制御回路2内に設けられていてもよい。この場合、膜電圧制御部60は、例えば、図18に示したように、撮像素子1の出力に基づいて、膜電圧Vfを設定してもよい。このようにした場合であっても、上記実施の形態と同様の効果を奏する。
上記変形例Eでは、膜電圧制御部60、電圧生成回路70および効率変換制御部90は、撮像素子1内に設けられていた。しかし、例えば、図19に示したように、膜電圧制御部60および電圧生成回路70が、撮像素子1とは別体の画質制御回路2内に設けられ、効率変換制御部90が撮像素子1内に設けられていてもよい。
上記実施の形態およびその変形例において、画素回路14は、例えば、図20、図21に示したように、排出トランジスタOFGが省略されてもよい。このとき、膜電圧制御部60は、n型半導体層24に印加する電圧Vtopと、転送トランジスタTRGがオンしているときにリセットトランジスタRSTによって印加されたp型半導体層22の電極Vdrとの電位差(Vtop-Vdr)が膜電圧Vfとなるように、画素信号に基づいて電圧Vtopを生成してもよい。
上記実施の形態およびその変形例A~Hでは、受光基板100と駆動基板200とが、バンプ接合されていた。しかし、上記実施の形態およびその変形例A~Hにおいて、受光基板100と駆動基板200とが、Cu-Cu接合されていてもよい。図24は、本変形例に係る撮像素子1の断面構成の一変形例を表したものである。
図27は、上記実施の形態、上記変形例B、上記変形例Eおよび上記変形例Hに係る撮像素子1(以下、「撮像素子1a」と称する。)を備えた撮像装置3の概略構成の一例を表したものである。
上記第2の実施の形態において、撮像装置3は、撮像素子1aの代わりに、上記変形例A、上記変形例C、上記変形例D、上記変形例F、上記変形例Gおよび上記変形例Hに係る撮像素子1(以下、「撮像素子1b」と称する。)を備えていてもよい。この場合、撮像装置3は、例えば、図29に示したように、画質制御回路2を備えていてもよい。このようにした場合であっても、上記適用例と同様、撮像素子1bの画質調整を自動的に行うことができる。
[応用例1]
本開示に係る技術(本技術)は、様々な製品へ応用することができる。例えば、本開示に係る技術は、自動車、電気自動車、ハイブリッド電気自動車、自動二輪車、自転車、パーソナルモビリティ、飛行機、ドローン、船舶、ロボット等のいずれかの種類の移動体に搭載される装置として実現されてもよい。
図32は、本開示に係る技術(本技術)が適用され得る内視鏡手術システムの概略的な構成の一例を示す図である。
(1)
各々が光電変換部と、前記光電変換部から出力された電荷に基づく画素信号を出力する読み出し回路とを含む複数のセンサ画素と、
前記画素信号に基づく制御電圧を各前記光電変換部に印加する電圧制御部と
を備えた撮像素子。
(2)
前記電圧制御部は、前記画素信号が第1閾値を超えたときに前記制御電圧を相対的に大きくし、前記画素信号が前記第1閾値よりも小さな第2閾値を下回ったときに前記制御電圧を相対的に小さくする
(1)に記載の撮像素子。
(3)
各前記センサ画素は、前記光電変換部を挟み込む第1電極および第2電極を更に有し、
前記電圧制御部は、前記第1電極に印加する第1電圧と、前記第2電極に印加する第2電圧との電位差が前記制御電圧となるように、前記画素信号に基づいて前記第1電圧および前記第2電圧を生成する
(1)または(2)に記載の撮像素子。
(4)
各前記センサ画素は、
前記光電変換部から転送された電荷を保持する電荷保持部と
前記第2電極に電気的に接続され、前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に電荷を転送する転送トランジスタと
前記第2電極に電気的に接続され、前記光電変換部の電荷を初期化する排出トランジスタと
を更に含み、
前記電圧制御部は、前記排出トランジスタがオンしているときに、前記第2電極に前記第2電圧を印加する
(3)に記載の撮像素子。
(5)
各前記画素は、
前記光電変換部を挟み込む第1電極および第2電極と、
前記光電変換部から転送された電荷を保持する電荷保持部と
前記第2電極に電気的に接続され、前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に電荷を転送する転送トランジスタと
を更に含み、
前記読み出し回路は、前記電荷保持部の電位を初期化するリセットトランジスタを有し、
前記電圧制御部は、前記第1電極に印加する第1電圧と、前記転送トランジスタがオンしているときに前記リセットトランジスタによって印加された前記第2電極の第2電圧との電位差が前記制御電圧となるように、前記画素信号に基づいて前記第1電圧を生成する
(1)または(2)に記載の撮像素子。
(6)
各前記画素は、前記光電変換部から転送された電荷を保持する電荷保持部を更に含み、
前記読み出し回路は、前記電荷保持部の電位を初期化するリセットトランジスタを有し、
前記電圧制御部は、前記第1電極に印加する第1電圧と、前記リセットトランジスタによって印加された前記第2電極の第2電圧との電位差が前記制御電圧となるように、前記画素信号に基づいて前記第1電圧を生成する
(1)または(2)に記載の撮像素子。
(7)
前記画素信号をAD(Analog-to-Digital)変換するAD変換回路と、
前記画素信号に基づくレンジ設定値を前記AD変換回路に出力するレンジ制御部と
を更に備えた
(1)ないし(6)のいずれか1つに記載の撮像素子。
(8)
前記レンジ制御部は、前記画素信号が第1閾値を超えたときに前記レンジ設定値を相対的に大きくし、前記画素信号が前記第1閾値よりも小さな第2閾値を下回ったときに前記レンジ設定値を相対的に小さくする
(7)に記載の撮像素子。
(9)
各前記センサ画素は、
前記光電変換部から転送された電荷を保持する電荷保持部と
前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に電荷を転送する転送トランジスタと
前記電荷保持部に接続されたスイッチ素子と、
前記スイッチ素子を介して前記電荷保持部の容量と並列に接続された補助容量と、
前記画素信号に基づいて前記スイッチ素子のオンオフを制御する変換効率制御部と
を更に備えた
(1)ないし(6)のいずれか1つに記載の撮像素子。
(10)
前記変換効率制御部は、前記画素信号が第1閾値を超えたときに前記スイッチ素子をオフし、前記画素信号が前記第1閾値よりも小さな第2閾値を下回ったときに前記前記スイッチ素子をオンする
(9)に記載の撮像素子。
(11)
各々が光電変換部と、前記光電変換部から出力された電荷に基づく画素信号を出力する読み出し回路とを含む複数のセンサ画素を有する撮像素子と、
前記画素信号に基づく制御電圧を各前記光電変換部に印加する画質制御回路と
を備えた
撮像装置。
Claims (11)
- 各々が光電変換部と、前記光電変換部から出力された電荷に基づく画素信号を出力する読み出し回路とを含む複数のセンサ画素と、
前記画素信号に基づく制御電圧を各前記光電変換部に印加する電圧制御部と
を備えた
撮像素子。 - 前記電圧印加部は、前記画素信号が第1閾値を超えたときに前記制御電圧を相対的に大きくし、前記画素信号が前記第1閾値よりも小さな第2閾値を下回ったときに前記制御電圧を相対的に小さくする
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 各前記センサ画素は、前記光電変換部を挟み込む第1電極および第2電極を更に有し、
前記電圧印加部は、前記第1電極に印加する第1電圧と、前記第2電極に印加する第2電圧との電位差が前記制御電圧となるように、前記画素信号に基づいて前記第1電圧および前記第2電圧を生成する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 各前記センサ画素は、
前記光電変換部から転送された電荷を保持する電荷保持部と、
前記第2電極に電気的に接続され、前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に電荷を転送する転送トランジスタと、
前記第2電極に電気的に接続され、前記光電変換部の電荷を初期化する排出トランジスタと
を更に含み、
前記電圧印加部は、前記排出トランジスタがオンしているときに、前記第2電極に前記第2電圧を印加する
請求項3に記載の撮像素子。 - 各前記画素は、
前記光電変換部を挟み込む第1電極および第2電極と、
前記光電変換部から転送された電荷を保持する電荷保持部と
前記第2電極に電気的に接続され、前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に電荷を転送する転送トランジスタと
を更に含み、
前記読み出し回路は、前記電荷保持部の電位を初期化するリセットトランジスタを有し、
前記電圧印加部は、前記第1電極に印加する第1電圧と、前記転送トランジスタがオンしているときに前記リセットトランジスタによって印加された前記第2電極の第2電圧との電位差が前記制御電圧となるように、前記画素信号に基づいて前記第1電圧を生成する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 各前記画素は、前記光電変換部から転送された電荷を保持する電荷保持部を更に含み、
前記読み出し回路は、前記電荷保持部の電位を初期化するリセットトランジスタを有し、
前記電圧印加部は、前記第1電極に印加する第1電圧と、前記リセットトランジスタによって印加された前記第2電極の第2電圧との電位差が前記制御電圧となるように、前記画素信号に基づいて前記第1電圧を生成する
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記画素信号をAD(Analog-to-Digital)変換するAD変換回路と、
前記画素信号に基づくレンジ設定値を前記AD変換回路に出力するレンジ制御部と
を更に備えた
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記レンジ制御部は、前記画素信号が第1閾値を超えたときに前記レンジ設定値を相対的に大きくし、前記画素信号が前記第1閾値よりも小さな第2閾値を下回ったときに前記レンジ設定値を相対的に小さくする
請求項7に記載の撮像素子。 - 各前記センサ画素は、
前記光電変換部から転送された電荷を保持する電荷保持部と
前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に電荷を転送する転送トランジスタと
前記電荷保持部に接続されたスイッチ素子と、
前記スイッチ素子を介して前記電荷保持部の容量と並列に接続された補助容量と、
前記画素信号に基づいて前記スイッチ素子のオンオフを制御する変換効率制御部と
を更に備えた
請求項1に記載の撮像素子。 - 前記変換効率制御部は、前記画素信号が第1閾値を超えたときに前記スイッチ素子をオフし、前記画素信号が前記第1閾値よりも小さな第2閾値を下回ったときに前記前記スイッチ素子をオンする
請求項9に記載の撮像素子。 - 各々が光電変換部と、前記光電変換部から出力された電荷に基づく画素信号を出力する読み出し回路とを含む複数のセンサ画素を有する撮像素子と、
前記画素信号に基づく制御電圧を各前記光電変換部に印加する画質制御回路と
を備えた
撮像装置。
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| TW202044571A (zh) | 2020-12-01 |
| JP7577643B2 (ja) | 2024-11-05 |
| DE112020001187T5 (de) | 2022-03-17 |
| US11838670B2 (en) | 2023-12-05 |
| CN113330541A (zh) | 2021-08-31 |
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