WO2020140435A1 - 一种基于非冻结模型冰的船舶碎冰阻力模型试验的设计方法 - Google Patents

一种基于非冻结模型冰的船舶碎冰阻力模型试验的设计方法 Download PDF

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WO2020140435A1
WO2020140435A1 PCT/CN2019/099884 CN2019099884W WO2020140435A1 WO 2020140435 A1 WO2020140435 A1 WO 2020140435A1 CN 2019099884 W CN2019099884 W CN 2019099884W WO 2020140435 A1 WO2020140435 A1 WO 2020140435A1
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ice
model
ship
experimental
size
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张桂勇
蒋昱妍
宗智
孙哲
王浩
杨碧野
殷志宏
刘宁
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Dalian University of Technology
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63BSHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B71/00Designing vessels; Predicting their performance
    • B63B71/20Designing vessels; Predicting their performance using towing tanks or model basins for designing
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01MTESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M10/00Hydrodynamic testing; Arrangements in or on ship-testing tanks or water tunnels
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63BSHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B2211/00Applications
    • B63B2211/06Operation in ice-infested waters
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K3/00Materials not provided for elsewhere
    • C09K3/24Materials not provided for elsewhere for simulating ice or snow

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  • the invention relates to a parameter design method of a ship ice crushing resistance model experiment, in which non-freezing model ice is used to simulate ice breaking without bending damage, which belongs to the field of ship engineering.
  • Model experiment is one of the research methods to establish between various physical factors, including the ship model experiment method.
  • the ship model experiment method can be divided into the freezing model ice experiment of the ice pool and the non-freezing model ice experiment of the conventional towing pool.
  • the frozen model ice experiment although it can more realistically simulate the ship's sailing state in crushed ice, the ice rink preparation time is long, and it generally requires repeated debugging to prepare an ice rink that meets the strength requirements, and the prepared ice
  • the field can only be applied to a set of experiments. Therefore, a large-scale ice crushing resistance model experiment requires a lot of manpower and material resources, and the ice crushing operability in the ice crushing rink is poor.
  • non-freezing model ice In the non-freezing model ice experiment, the ice rink arrangement is relatively convenient and time-saving. Considering that the bending failure of broken ice is not the main component of resistance during ship navigation, non-freezing model ice can be considered to use non-deformable materials, so the model ice cube Can be used repeatedly, saving material costs. Therefore, a design method of ship ice crushing resistance model test based on non-freezing model ice is urgently needed to be developed.
  • the present invention provides a simple and practical method of constructing small watersheds with fences, which can accurately simulate the real ice-breaking area. status. Based on the above reasons, the present invention can be popularized and applied in the ship ice crushing resistance model experiment of non-frozen ice in the field of ship engineering.
  • a design method of ship ice crushing resistance model test based on non-freezing model ice has the following steps,
  • the minimum size of the experimental watershed is determined, and the size of the experimental watershed is further determined:
  • L 2 is the length of the experimental watershed
  • W is the width of the experimental watershed
  • the placement of the experimental watershed in the pool, in the width direction, the distance from the left and right edges of the experimental watershed to the lateral wall of the pool should be the same; in the length direction, when the bow enters the experimental watershed, it must be ensured that the ship has sailed at a constant speed for a period of time, that is, The flow around the ship model has stabilized; the trailer stops near the bow of the vessel but does not reach the end of the experimental watershed. There must be a certain distance between the end of the experimental watershed and the pool wall to ensure that the boundary impact is within acceptable limits.
  • a 2 cA 1 ;
  • the present invention assumes that there is no bending failure of crushed ice, which requires that the actual model ice length and thickness meet certain conditions to ensure that the destruction and bending of the crushed ice itself during the experiment is secondary and can be ignored. Do a movement similar to a rigid body.
  • D is the flexural rigidity of ice, which satisfies the following formula:
  • E is the elastic modulus of ice, unit: Pa, t is the actual thickness of crushed ice, unit: m, ⁇ is Poisson's ratio;
  • k is the elastic stiffness of the base, satisfying the following formula:
  • N(l n ) is the number of model ices of size l n
  • ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are coefficients
  • ⁇ 1 1.15
  • ⁇ 2 1.87
  • the model ice characteristic length l n is in [ l 1 , l 2 ]
  • the total ice area of the model satisfies the following formula:
  • the model ice roundness R satisfies the following formula:
  • d p is the diameter of a circle of equal perimeter
  • d is the diameter of a circle of equal area
  • d l n
  • P represents the circumference of the ice geometry of the model
  • the model ice geometry area S satisfies the following formula:
  • the caliper diameter is the distance between a pair of circumscribed parallel lines of a certain shape, which can be visually understood as the distance of the shape measured with a caliper. If the pair of parallel wires rotates around the shape once, then the distance has a maximum value and a minimum value, which are defined here as the maximum caliper diameter D max and the minimum caliper diameter D min, respectively .
  • the diameter ratio of the model ice caliper R a satisfies the following formula:
  • the P, S and R a model to determine the geometry of the ice.
  • model ice is H-type PP material.
  • the material has stable mechanical properties, sufficient strength, and is insoluble in water. It is an ideal non-freezing model ice material.
  • the non-freezing model ice uses H-type PP material, which is called homopolypropylene.
  • H-type PP material which is called homopolypropylene.
  • the English name is Homopolymer polypropylene, which is polymerized by a single propylene monomer.
  • the molecular chain has a high degree of regularity, so the material has excellent mechanical properties, Good strength and high crystallinity, the disadvantage is that the impact performance is poor.
  • the main material properties of H-type PP material and sea ice are shown in the table below:
  • the density and friction coefficient of the H-type PP material are very similar to sea ice.
  • the motion state of the sea ice can be reproduced more accurately, and then the ship's fragmentation can be estimated more accurately. Ice resistance; and the material has stable mechanical properties, sufficient strength, insoluble in water, strong operability during the experiment, and can be used repeatedly for many times, saving the experiment cost.
  • the invention overcomes the problems of poor economy and weak operability in the ice experiment of the freezing model of the ice pool, and provides a design method for carrying out the model ice crushing resistance model experiment of the ship in the towing pool.
  • FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a design method of a ship ice crushing resistance model test based on non-freezing model ice in a specific embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a curve of the size distribution law function of crushed ice.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a model ice geometry (30 cm) in a specific embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the assembly of PVC pipe and pearl cotton board in the specific embodiment of the present invention.
  • a design method of a ship ice crushing resistance model test based on non-freezing model ice is characterized by the following steps,
  • the minimum size of the experimental watershed is determined, and the size of the experimental watershed is further determined:
  • the final size of the experimental watershed is 29m ⁇ 3.0m ⁇ 4.0m.
  • a 2 cA 1 ;
  • D is the flexural rigidity of ice, which satisfies the following formula:
  • k is the elastic stiffness of the base, satisfying the following formula:
  • L is the characteristic length of crushed ice, which satisfies the following formula:
  • the above formula is a function of the size distribution law of crushed ice.
  • ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are brought into the size distribution law function of crushed ice, that is, the cumulative distribution function corresponding to the target coverage is obtained. According to the obtained cumulative distribution function and the scale ratio ⁇ , calculate the ratio of the number of model ices of various sizes under the target coverage rate c of the model ice (in order to obtain the 30cm quantity by interpolation, calculate the cumulative quantity of 35cm.)
  • d p is the diameter of a circle of equal perimeter
  • d is the diameter of a circle of equal area
  • d l n
  • P represents the circumference of the ice geometry of the model
  • the model ice geometry area S satisfies the following formula:
  • the diameter ratio of the model ice caliper R a satisfies the following formula:
  • the P, S and R a model to determine the geometry of the ice.
  • the ice geometry of the selected model is a polygon, which satisfies the relationship of the perimeter, area, and side length of the shape in the above table, and the specific geometric shape parameters of the regular polygon can be determined.
  • the calculation method of each polygon is different, and there are non-unique geometric parameters according to the above conditions, so no specific calculation is made. Only a set of schematic diagrams of long trapezoid, flat trapezoid, rectangle, pentagon, hexagon and ellipse (30cm) assuming symmetry are listed here, as shown in Figure 4.
  • the material of the fence is a standard PVC pipe with a length of 4m and an outer diameter of 75mm.
  • the PVC pipes are connected with a tee pipe to reinforce the connection between the pipe fittings and the tee pipe.
  • Two holes are drilled in the overlapping part of the PVC pipe and the tee pipe, and the iron wire is tightened after passing through the two holes, and the whole installation of the fence The effect is shown in Figure 5.
  • the PVC pipe is a hollow structure, if you want to float the PVC pipe on the water surface and achieve a good effect of intercepting ice, you need to make a little modification to the PVC pipe.
  • the outer wall of the PVC pipe under the water is pasted along the length of 2cm thick and 2cm wide pearl cotton board. The side to which the pearl cotton board is glued is located directly below the water surface, and the installation schematic diagram is shown in Figure 6.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Management, Administration, Business Operations System, And Electronic Commerce (AREA)
  • Aerodynamic Tests, Hydrodynamic Tests, Wind Tunnels, And Water Tanks (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种基于非冻结模型冰的船舶碎冰阻力模型试验的设计方法,具有如下步骤,确定选用船模的总长L 1,型宽B和缩尺比λ;确定船舶碎冰阻力模型试验中的放置碎冰的实验流域大小A 1;确定模型冰的特征长度;确定模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰的数量比例;根据模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰的数量比例和模型冰面积总和A 2,得到模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰的数量;确定模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰几何形状和参数。本发明克服了冰水池的冻结模型冰实验中的经济性差和可操作性不强的问题,提供了一种在拖曳水池中开展船舶碎冰阻力模型实验的设计方法。

Description

一种基于非冻结模型冰的船舶碎冰阻力模型试验的设计方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种船舶碎冰阻力模型实验的参数设计方法,其中以非冻结模型冰模拟无弯曲破坏的碎冰,属于船舶工程领域。
背景技术
北极地区的开发工作备受重视,而碎冰区是最为常见的冰情。但在船舶航行于碎冰区方向开展的研究却并不多见,主要原因在于缺乏船舶在碎冰区域内的阻力的基础实测或实验数据。由此可见,开展船舶碎冰阻力试验具有不可或缺的重要作用。
模型实验是建立各物理因素之间的研究手段之一,其中包括船模实验法。船模实验法可分为冰水池的冻结模型冰实验和常规拖曳水池的非冻结模型冰实验。在冻结模型冰实验中,虽然能更真实地模拟船舶在碎冰中的航行状态,但制备冰场的时间周期长,一般需反复调试才能制备出满足强度要求的冰场,且制备出的冰场只能应用于一组实验,因此,进行一次船舶碎冰阻力模型实验需要消耗大量的人力物力,且碎冰场中的碎冰操作性差。而非冻结模型冰实验中,冰场排布相对方便省时,考虑到碎冰的弯曲破坏在船舶航行中不是阻力的主要组成部分,非冻结模型冰可考虑使用无变形材料,于是模型冰块可以反复使用,节省材料成本。因此,一种基于非冻结模型冰的船舶碎冰阻力模型试验的设计方法亟待研发。
发明内容
根据上述冰池稀缺,制备冰场难度大、周期长和费用高等技术问题,提供一种基于非冻结模型冰的船舶碎冰阻力模型试验的设计方法。非冻结模型冰实验在满足实验条件方面具有显著优势,本发明以H型PP材料模拟无弯曲破坏的非冻结模型冰,提出一套针对非冻结冰的船舶模型实验的参数设计方法。本发明在无弯曲破坏假设下,根据实际观测的统计规律计算出模型冰的大小及形状的分布,另外提供了一个用围栏搭建小流域的简易实用方法,能较准确地模拟出真实碎冰区的状态。基于上述理由,本发明可以在船舶工程领域非冻结冰的船舶碎冰阻力模型实验中推广应用。
一种基于非冻结模型冰的船舶碎冰阻力模型试验的设计方法,具有如下步骤,
S1、确定选用船模的总长L 1,型宽B和缩尺比λ;
确定船舶碎冰阻力模型试验中的放置碎冰的实验流域大小A 1(若在水池中布满碎冰,则所需模型冰总量过大,造成不必要的浪费,故依据节约且能够准确测量的目的,在水池中央圈出较小面积的流域进行实验。宽度方向上,边界对实验存在一定影响,一般认为当实验流域的宽W大于3倍船模型宽,边界影响减弱到可以接受;长度方向上,为了模拟船舶在碎冰区的各态历经的平稳航行过程,需保证实验流域的长L 2至少为船模总长的5倍):
根据选用船模的总长L 1,型宽B确定实验流域的最小尺寸,进一步确定实验流域尺寸:
L 2≥5L 1
W≥3B,
A 1=WL 2
其中,L 2为实验流域的长,W为实验流域的宽;
实验流域在水池中的摆放位置,宽度方向上,实验流域左右边缘到水池侧向池壁的间距应相同;长度方向上,船首进入实验流域时,需保证船舶已经匀速航行一段时间,也就是船模周围流动已经稳定;拖车在船首接近但未达到实验流域终点处停车,实验流域终点与水池池壁要有一定距离,确保边界影响在可接受范围内。
S2、确定模型冰的特征长度:
S21、确定模型冰的目标覆盖率c;
S22、根据步骤S1得到的实验流域大小A 1以及步骤S21得到的模型冰的目标覆盖率c,确定模型冰面积总和A 2
A 2=cA 1
本发明中存在碎冰无弯曲破坏的假设,这就需要实际的模型冰长度和厚度之间满足一定条件,保证实验过程中碎冰本身的破坏和弯曲是次要的,可忽略不计,碎冰做类似刚体的运动。
S23、根据位于弹性基底上的薄板弯曲理论确定不弯曲破坏的碎冰临界特征长度L c
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000001
其中,D为冰的抗弯刚度,满足以下公式:
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000002
E为冰的弹性模量,单位:Pa,t是实际碎冰厚度,单位:m,ν是泊松比;
k为基底的弹性刚度,满足以下公式:
k=ρ wg,
ρ w是水的密度,单位:kg/m 3,g是重力加速度,单位:kg/m 2
S24、确定模型冰的临界特征长度l:
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000003
其中,L为碎冰特征长度,满足以下公式:
L≤L c
只要碎冰特征长度L小于碎冰临界特征长度L c,就认为满足碎冰无弯曲破坏假设。
S25、根据模型冰的临界特征长度l,确定船舶碎冰阻力模型试验中各尺寸的模型冰特征长度l n
S3、确定模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰的数量比例:
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000004
其中,N(l n)为尺寸为l n的模型冰的数量,α 1、α 2、β 1和β 2为系数,α 1=1.15,α 2=1.87,模型冰特征长度l n在[l 1,l 2]范围内时,模型冰总面积满足以下公式:
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000005
解下列方程组,求出β 1和β 2
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000006
S4、根据步骤S3得到的模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰的数量比例和步骤S22得到的模型冰面积总和A 2,得到模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰的数量;
S5、确定模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰几何形状和参数:
模型冰圆度R满足以下公式:
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000007
其中,d p为等周长圆直径,d为等面积圆直径,且d=l n,P表示模型冰几何形状的周长;
由上式,可知,R越大表示模型冰形状越接近方形,当d p=l n时,R=1,模型冰形状就是一个圆。
模型冰几何形状面积S满足以下公式:
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000008
卡尺直径是某形状的一对外接平行线间的距离,可以形象地理解为用卡尺测量出来的该形状的距离。若这对平行线绕形状旋转一圈,那么距离存在最大值和最小值,这里分别定义为最大卡尺直径D max和最小卡尺直径D min
模型冰卡尺直径比R a满足以下公式:
R a=D max/D min
根据R的取值确定P;
根据P、S和R a确定模型冰几何形状。
所述实验流域实际构建方法为搭建PVC管通过三通管相连的围栏,为使PVC管浮于水面以实现良好的阻挡模型冰的效果,PVC管位于水下的外侧壁粘贴珍珠棉板。
模型冰的材质为H型PP材料,该材料力学性能稳定、强度足够,不溶于水,是一种理想的非冻结模型冰材料。
非冻结模型冰采用H型PP材料,材料全称为均聚聚丙烯,英文名Homopolymer polypropylene,由单一的丙烯单体聚合而成,分子链具有很高的规整度,所以材料具有优良的力学性能、较好强度和高结晶度,不足之处在于冲击性能较差。H型PP材料和海冰的主要的材料性质见下表:
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000009
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000010
比较以上表格中性质,可以看到H型PP材料的密度、摩擦系数与海冰十分相近,在船舶的运动过程中,可较为准确地再现海冰的运动状态,进而较为准确地估算船舶的碎冰阻力;且该材料力学性能稳定、强度足够,不溶于水,在实验过程中可操作性强,而且可以重复多次使用,节约实验成本。
本发明克服了冰水池的冻结模型冰实验中的经济性差和可操作性不强的问题,提供了一种在拖曳水池中开展船舶碎冰阻力模型实验的设计方法。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图做以简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动性的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1是本发明的具体实施方式中一种基于非冻结模型冰的船舶碎冰阻力模型试验的设计方法的流程图。
图2是碎冰大小分布律函数曲线。
图3是本发明的具体实施方式中模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰累积数量分布图(c=0.6)。
图4是本发明的具体实施方式中模型冰几何形状(30cm)示意图。
图5是本发明的具体实施方式中围栏的整体安装效果。
图6是本发明的具体实施方式中PVC管和珍珠棉板装配示意图。
图7是本发明的具体实施方式中实验流域照片。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
如图1-图7所示,一种基于非冻结模型冰的船舶碎冰阻力模型试验的设计方法,其特征在于具有如下步骤,
S1、确定选用船模的总长L 1,型宽B和缩尺比λ;
本实施例选用FPSO船模,缩尺比λ=50,船模的主尺度如下表所示。
总长(m) 4.36
垂线间长(m) 4.2
型宽(m) 0.656
型深(m) 0.364
吃水(m) 0.16
L 1=4.36m,B=0.656m;
确定船舶碎冰阻力模型试验中的放置碎冰的实验流域大小A 1
根据选用船模的总长L 1,型宽B确定实验流域的最小尺寸,进一步确定实验流域尺寸:
L 2≥5L 1=21.8m,
W≥3B=1.968m,
A 1=WL 2
其中,L 2为实验流域的长,W为实验流域的宽;
根据上述实验流域的最小尺寸以及拖曳水池实际大小(170m×7.0m×4.0m),最终选定实验流域尺寸为29m×3.0m×4.0m。
S2、确定模型冰的特征长度:
S21、确定模型冰的目标覆盖率c;
设c=90%、80%和60%;
S22、根据步骤S1得到的实验流域大小A 1以及步骤S21得到的模型冰的目标覆盖率c,确定模型冰面积总和A 2
A 2=cA 1
根据c=90%、80%和60%,则对应的A 2为67.5m 2、60m 2和45m 2
S23、根据位于弹性基底上的薄板弯曲理论确定不弯曲破坏的碎冰临界特征长度L c
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000011
其中,D为冰的抗弯刚度,满足以下公式:
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000012
E为冰的弹性模量,E=5GPa,t是实际碎冰厚度,t=1m,ν是泊松比,ν=0.3;
k为基底的弹性刚度,满足以下公式:
k=ρ wg,
ρ w是水的密度,ρ w=1025kg/m 3,g是重力加速度,g=9.81kg/m 2
S24、确定模型冰的临界特征长度l:
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000013
其中,L为碎冰特征长度,满足以下公式:
L≤L c
则,
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000014
S25、根据模型冰的临界特征长度l,确定船舶碎冰阻力模型试验中各尺寸的模型冰特征长度l n分别为10cm、15cm、20cm、25cm和30cm;
S3、确定模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰的数量比例:
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000015
上式为碎冰大小分布律函数。
其中,N(l n)为尺寸为l n的模型冰的数量,α 1、α 2、β 1和β 2为系数,α 1=1.15,α 2=1.87,模型冰特征长度l n在[l 1,l 2]范围内时,模型冰总面积满足以下公式:
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000016
解下列方程组,求出β 1和β 2
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000017
c=90%、80%和60%,分别解出各自对应的β 1、β 2值如下表所示:
目标覆盖率 0.9 0.8 0.6
β 1 1.776261 1.578899 1.184174
β 2 0.17498 0.155538 0.11665378
β 1、β 2带入碎冰大小分布律函数,即得到对应目标覆盖率的累积分布函数。根据得到的累积分布函数,缩尺比λ,计算得到模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰的数量比例(为了插值得到30cm的数量,计算35cm的累积数量。)
  35cm 30cm 25cm 20cm 15cm 10cm
全尺度(km) 0.0175 0.015 0.0125 0.01 0.0075 0.005
0.9累积 186 222 274 354 493 786
当前   36 52 80 139 293
0.8累积 166 198 244 315 439 699
当前   32 46 71 124 261
0.6累积 124 148 183 236 329 524
当前   24 35 53 93 195
S4、根据步骤S3得到的模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰的数量比例和步骤S22得到的模型冰面积总和A 2,得到模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰的数量,具体如下表所示:
目标覆盖率 30cm 25cm 20cm 15cm 10cm
0.9 197 283 437 758 1598
0.8 175 251 389 674 1421
0.6 131 189 292 505 1066
将目标覆盖率为0.6的累积数量分布如图3所示。
S5、确定模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰几何形状和参数:
模型冰圆度R满足以下公式:
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000018
其中,d p为等周长圆直径,d为等面积圆直径,且d=l n,P表示模型冰几何形状的周长;
模型冰几何形状面积S满足以下公式:
Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-000019
模型冰卡尺直径比R a满足以下公式:
R a=D max/D min
统计数据显示,碎冰中R大约呈现线性关系,大约在1.145±0.002,同时碎冰特征长度L越小,波动变化越小;卡尺直径比R a范围在1.78±0.4,且最大卡尺直径D max越小,这个比值的波动越小,则取R=1.145,R a=1.78。
根据R的取值确定P;
  30cm 25cm 20cm 15cm 10cm
P(cm) 107.91 89.93 71.94 53.96 35.97
S(m2) 0.070686 0.0491 0.0314 0.0177 0.00785
D min(cm) 19.93 16.6 13.28 9.96 6.64
D max(cm) 35.47 29.56 23.65 17.74 11.8
根据P、S和R a确定模型冰几何形状。
选定模型冰几何形状为多边形,满足上表中该形状的周长、面积以及边长关系,即可确定出较规则多边形的具体几何形状参数。各多边形计算方法有所差别,且根据以上条件存在不唯一的几何参数,故不做具体计算。这里仅列出一组假设对称的长梯形、扁梯形、长方形、五边形、六边形和椭圆(30cm)的示意图,如图4所示。
实验流域选定后,需要在拖曳水池中安装一个29m×3.0m大小的围栏,围成船舶航行的碎冰区。围栏的材料选用常见的长度为4m,外径75mm的标准PVC管。PVC管之间用三通管相连,为加固管件与三通管之间的连接,在PVC管与三通管重叠部分,钻两个孔,铁丝穿过两个孔后拧紧,围栏的整体安装效果见图5。另外,因为PVC管为中空结构,想要使PVC管浮于水面上并达到良好的拦截冰块的效果,需对PVC管做一点改造。不同于前人的在管件中塞入压铁然后密封相通的管件两头的做法,在PVC管位于水下的外侧壁沿其长度方向上,粘贴2cm厚2cm宽的珍珠棉板,在安装时将粘有珍珠棉板的一侧位于水面正下方,安装示意图见图6。这种做法,因较小密度的珍珠棉板提供了浮力,避免了PVC管下沉到水面下模型冰滑出的问题,既能使得整套围栏装置起到预期的拦冰效果,又起到了有节约成本,降低施工量的作用。
最终,按照以上计算结果,布置目标覆盖率为0.6的实验流域照片如图7所示。
最后应说明的是:以上各实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案,而非对其限制;尽管参照前述各实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解:其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者 对其中部分或者全部技术特征进行等同替换;而这些修改或者替换,并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的范围。

Claims (3)

  1. 一种基于非冻结模型冰的船舶碎冰阻力模型试验的设计方法,其特征在于具有如下步骤,
    S1、确定选用船模的总长L 1,型宽B和缩尺比λ;
    确定船舶碎冰阻力模型试验中的放置碎冰的实验流域大小A 1
    根据选用船模的总长L 1,型宽B确定实验流域的最小尺寸,进一步确定实验流域尺寸:
    L 2≥5L 1
    W≥3B,
    A 1=WL 2
    其中,L 2为实验流域的长,W为实验流域的宽;
    S2、确定模型冰的特征长度:
    S21、确定模型冰的目标覆盖率c;
    S22、根据步骤S1得到的实验流域大小A 1以及步骤S21得到的模型冰的目标覆盖率c,确定模型冰面积总和A 2
    A 2=cA 1
    S23、根据位于弹性基底上的薄板弯曲理论确定不弯曲破坏的碎冰临界特征长度L c
    Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-100001
    其中,D为冰的抗弯刚度,满足以下公式:
    Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-100002
    E为冰的弹性模量,单位:Pa,t是实际碎冰厚度,单位:m,ν是泊松比;
    k为基底的弹性刚度,满足以下公式:
    k=ρ wg,
    ρ w是水的密度,单位:kg/m 3,g是重力加速度,单位:kg/m 2
    S24、确定模型冰的临界特征长度l:
    Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-100003
    其中,L为碎冰特征长度,满足以下公式:
    L≤L c
    S25、根据模型冰的临界特征长度l,确定船舶碎冰阻力模型试验中各尺寸的模型冰特征长度l n
    S3、确定模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰的数量比例:
    Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-100004
    其中,N(l n)为尺寸为l n的模型冰的数量,α 1、α 2、β 1和β 2为系数,α 1=1.15,α 2=1.87,模型冰特征长度l n在[l 1,l 2]范围内时,模型冰总面积满足以下公式:
    Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-100005
    解下列方程组,求出β 1和β 2
    Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-100006
    S4、根据步骤S3得到的模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰的数量比例和步骤S22得到的模型冰面积总和A 2,得到模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰的数量;
    S5、确定模型冰的目标覆盖率c下各尺寸的模型冰几何形状和参数:
    模型冰圆度R满足以下公式:
    Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-100007
    其中,d p为等周长圆直径,d为等面积圆直径,且d=l n,P表示模型冰几何形状的周长;
    模型冰几何形状面积S满足以下公式:
    Figure PCTCN2019099884-appb-100008
    模型冰卡尺直径比R a满足以下公式:
    R a=D max/D min
    根据R的取值确定P;
    根据P、S和R a确定模型冰几何形状。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的设计方法,其特征在于,所述实验流域实际构建方法为搭建PVC管通过三通管相连的围栏,PVC管位于水下的外侧壁粘贴珍珠棉板。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的设计方法,其特征在于,模型冰的材质为H型PP材料。
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CN117906908A (zh) * 2024-02-02 2024-04-19 哈尔滨工程大学 一种破冰试验装置

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