WO2020133552A1 - 一种自净式煤转气锅炉 - Google Patents

一种自净式煤转气锅炉 Download PDF

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WO2020133552A1
WO2020133552A1 PCT/CN2019/000161 CN2019000161W WO2020133552A1 WO 2020133552 A1 WO2020133552 A1 WO 2020133552A1 CN 2019000161 W CN2019000161 W CN 2019000161W WO 2020133552 A1 WO2020133552 A1 WO 2020133552A1
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gas
ammonia
flue gas
water
combustion
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PCT/CN2019/000161
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English (en)
French (fr)
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崔宸瑞
王笑阳
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茏源（北京）环保科技有限公司
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Publication of WO2020133552A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020133552A1/zh

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
    • B01D53/06—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with moving adsorbents, e.g. rotating beds
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B10/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers
    • F23B10/02—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers including separate secondary combustion chambers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/006—Layout of treatment plant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F23J15/022—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F23J15/022—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow
    • F23J15/025—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow using filters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F23J15/04—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material using washing fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L7/00—Supplying non-combustible liquids or gases, other than air, to the fire, e.g. oxygen, steam
    • F23L7/002—Supplying water
    • F23L7/005—Evaporated water; Steam
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
    • B01D2253/10—Inorganic adsorbents
    • B01D2253/102—Carbon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/30—Sulfur compounds
    • B01D2257/302—Sulfur oxides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/40—Nitrogen compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2258/00—Sources of waste gases
    • B01D2258/02—Other waste gases
    • B01D2258/0283—Flue gases
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
    • B01D2259/40—Further details for adsorption processes and devices
    • B01D2259/40083—Regeneration of adsorbents in processes other than pressure or temperature swing adsorption
    • B01D2259/40088—Regeneration of adsorbents in processes other than pressure or temperature swing adsorption by heating
    • B01D2259/4009—Regeneration of adsorbents in processes other than pressure or temperature swing adsorption by heating using hot gas

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of energy saving and environmental protection, in particular to a self-cleaning coal-to-gas boiler used for high-efficiency combustion and pollution control of loose coal.
  • the traditional loose coal combustion is a method of directly burning coal through a simple stove.
  • the disadvantages of this combustion method are: 1.
  • the fuel is wasted seriously. Due to the original stacking method, the ratio of the combustion interface to the amount of circulating air Unreasonable deployment, resulting in low flame temperature and incomplete combustion of fuel, resulting in fuel waste; 2.
  • Low heat utilization rate due to the use of the original stacking mode, the circulation and emission of flue gas is pushed by its own thermal expansion force, and the temperature of the flue gas is discharged High, heat waste is serious; 3.
  • the amount of pollutants is large. Due to the lack of corresponding smoke and dust removal facilities and low-altitude emissions for direct combustion, it is easy to cause large-scale low-altitude pollution.
  • coal-to-electricity conversion involves power grid transformation, transformer capacity expansion, and line transformation.
  • the proposal of the present invention is an innovation of the improvement of traditional coal-fired technology and the treatment of combustion pollution of scattered coal.
  • the methods of coal burning and burning, oxygen control gas production, and water bath decoking are used to realize the deep processing and utilization of coal fuel; Combustion of mixed gas to achieve energy saving in boilers; Adsorption of flue gas and alkali molecules on the stack to achieve flue gas purification; Adsorption of micromolecules to achieve the removal of adsorbate and derivation of composite ammonium.
  • the self-cleaning coal-to-gas boiler created by the present invention not only realizes the energy-saving transformation of coal-fired boilers, but also realizes the treatment of flue gas pollutants through the optimized utilization of coal and the deep treatment of flue gas.
  • the waste gas pollution components are turned into treasure, and compound ammonium fertilizer and tar are derived. Therefore, the present invention provides a self-cleaning coal-to-gas boiler, which is composed of a gasification device and a self-cleaning combustion device.
  • the gasification device is a device including a gasification cavity, a combustion chamber, a reciprocating grate, a supplementary air duct, a gas filter, a water bath air bag, etc. to produce coal gas by oxygen-controlled combustion .
  • fuel accumulates in the gasification chamber, burns through the bottom combustion chamber under the condition of controlled air flow, removes coke slag under the agitation of the reciprocating grate, and sends air through the supplemental air duct according to the combustion oxygen demand
  • the fuel produces carbon monoxide by controlled oxygen sintering.
  • the carbon monoxide gas and the flue gas are preliminarily filtered through the branch filter tube branched from the top, and then enter the water bath air bag through the bubble tube.
  • the gas passes through the water bath to remove impurities and enter the self-cleaning combustion device.
  • the self-cleaning combustion device includes a gas distributor, a water vapor distributor, a pilot disk, a combustion chamber, a heat exchange section, an ammonia water tank, an ammonia steamer, a shunt purifier, and a gas collector A combined device composed of bunker, induced draft fan, etc. capable of mixing and burning water vapor and coal gas and purifying flue gas at the same time.
  • the gas enters the combustion chamber through the gas distributor, and is ignited under the action of the high temperature medium value of the ignition disc.
  • the burning flame enters the heat exchange section and the water in the boiler exhaust pipe under the action of the suction force of the fan at the end of the device.
  • the water vapor in the water vapor distributor enters the high-temperature combustion chamber by its own pressure, and ignites in a high-temperature environment, and automatically adjusts the gas volume according to the fluctuation of the combustion chamber temperature.
  • the high-temperature flue gas transfers most of the energy through the heat exchange in the heat exchange section.
  • the cooled flue gas passes through the ammonia steam tray to vaporize the ammonia water.
  • the ammonia gas enters the shunt purifier along with the flue gas, and has a special structure in the purifier.
  • the adsorbent carrier performs a series-wound movement.
  • the acid molecules and basic ammonia molecules in the flue gas form a double adsorption trend on the surface of the adsorbent.
  • the flue gas after adsorption and purification is gathered by the gas storage bin and is pumped by the induced draft fan. Discharge under the action.
  • the solid fuel used in the device of the present invention includes, but is not limited to, coals of various shapes, but also includes straw, wood, fruit cores, and feces of ruminants.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a self-cleaning coal-to-gas boiler according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the intermittent feeding method is used to add fuel from the top of the gasification furnace into the gasification cavity and close the top cover, so that the fuel accumulates in the gasification cavity. Because the top cover is closed, the gasification cavity is isolated from the outside air, and the gasification furnace is controlling the air In the state of circulation, it burns through the ignited layer of the bottom combustion chamber, and the combustion layer in the combustion chamber is fed into the air through the supplementary air channel quantitatively according to the combustion oxygen demand. Because the amount of oxygen is controlled, the combustion state is low-oxygen scorching. Under this condition, the flue gas produced by fuel combustion is gas with carbon monoxide as the main component. The gas is driven upward by its own heat.
  • the shunt filter described in this embodiment is a filter cartridge that is evenly branched off from the top circumference of the gasification device and leads into the bottom water bath air bag.
  • the inside of the cartridge is equipped with irregularly shaped fine particles with adhesion or adsorption functions. Materials, when the gas passes through the filter layer, the tar and soot particles in the gas contact with the finely-shaped and irregularly-shaped materials and adhere to them, so that the impurities in the gas can be removed.
  • the water bath bladder described in this embodiment is an annular sealing device, which inserts the bubble tube of each shunt filter in the upper part into the liquid in the lower part of the device, and the gas is pressurized by the subsequent driving force of the generated gas It enters the liquid storage layer through the bubbling tube, and is driven by the subsequent pressure to make a bubbling movement in the liquid storage layer. During the bubbling movement, the impurities in the gas are eluted by the bath.
  • the liquid in the liquid storage layer described in this embodiment includes clean water used for ordinary dust removal or sodium carbonate solution used for removing carbon dioxide and tar.
  • the method of removing carbon dioxide with sodium carbonate solution as described in the facility mode is to make gas-liquid intimate contact through bubbling movement to achieve absorption conversion.
  • the sodium carbonate solution described in this facility method removes tar, the principle of which is to dissolve the organic polymer in the tar by carbonate ions and convert it into a resin material.
  • the gas introduced from the water bath airbag enters the combustion chamber through the gas distributor, and is ignited under the action of the high temperature medium value of the ignition disk.
  • the burning flame enters the heat exchange section and the water in the boiler exhaust pipe under the action of the suction force of the fan at the end of the device.
  • the water in the discharge pipe generates steam after reaching the boiling point through indirect heat exchange, and guides part of the steam into the steam distributor. Because the biasing force of the water vapor by the heat of the water molecules into ionic species, namely: H 2 O ⁇ OH - + H +, OH - ⁇ O - + H +, wherein the combustion in the combustion oxygen atom, a hydrogen atom Fusion occurs in a high-temperature environment.
  • the energy released by the hydrogen atoms entering the high-temperature furnace through the water vapor distributor during combustion increases the furnace temperature.
  • the heat of gas combustion provides fusion conditions for the hydrogen atoms.
  • the energy generated by the fusion of hydrogen atoms will increase the furnace temperature.
  • the energy released by the fusion of hydrogen atoms increases geometrically.
  • the fluctuation of the temperature of the combustion chamber automatically adjusts the amount of water vapor intervention. In this embodiment, water vapor intervenes in the combustion system and exerts extraordinary energy, which greatly improves the boiler efficiency.
  • the high-temperature flue gas transfers most of the energy through the heat exchange in the heat exchange section.
  • the cooled flue gas passes through the ammonia steam tray to vaporize the ammonia water.
  • the supplement of the ammonia water is added by the inverted ammonia water tank at the top.
  • the liquid in the tank passes through the mouth and steam
  • the water seal diversion tube connected to the ammonia tray is integrated.
  • the liquid level in the steamed ammonia tray has a water seal effect on the ammonia water tank. With this repetition, the addition of ammonia water is controlled according to the rise and fall of the ammonia steam tray liquid level.
  • Ammonia gas enters the shunt purifier along with the flue gas.
  • the adsorbent carrier with a special structure makes a series-wound movement.
  • the acid molecules and basic ammonia molecules in the flue gas form a double-adsorption trend on the surface of the adsorbent.
  • the water molecules in the flue gas and the active layer on the surface of the activated carbon produce a complex ionization reaction to generate a hydroxyl functional group (-OH), that is: H 2 O ⁇ - OH * +H + , (* represents the adsorption state, -OH represents the hydroxyl functional group), and the oxygen molecules in the flue gas are also catalytically decomposed into oxygen atoms by the activation energy of the activated carbon surface, that is, O 2 ⁇ 2O * .
  • hydroxyl functional groups and oxygen atoms generates multiple active complexes for the active center on the surface of the activated carbon, namely: -OH * , O * , the nitric oxide molecules in the flue gas quickly get oxygen under the action of multiple active complexes
  • the atoms are oxidized to nitrogen dioxide, namely: NO+O * ⁇ NO 2 .
  • the soot particles in the flue gas are in close contact with the activated carbon particles, and the chain is adhered to the uneven surface of the activated carbon and accumulated in the fine gaps between the activated carbon particles. .
  • the flue gas passes through the cascade adsorption purification of the peripheral shunt purifier, and the harmful components are removed.
  • the adsorbent adsorbs a sufficient amount of molecules, the adsorption efficiency begins to decline, and the adsorption gradually enters a saturated state, and desorption needs to be turned on. Process.
  • the desorption used in this embodiment is permeation desorption by gaseous water molecules.
  • nitrosulfur-based nitrogen fertilizer In order to achieve desorption and generate nitrosulfur-based nitrogen fertilizer.
  • the desorption liquid is accumulated and discharged in the collection section of the gas accumulation bin, and the soot particles entrained in the desorption liquid are eliminated by the natural sedimentation method.
  • a self-cleaning coal-to-gas boiler created by the present invention changes the direct combustion of coal piles to gasification combustion from the combustion mode, realizing multiple utilization of fuel resources; the invention of mixed gas combustion technology, Subverting the traditional way of energy use, turning water into combustible energy, it can promote revolutionary changes in the energy structure and simplify the mode of energy substitution; self-purifying integrated flue gas purification will reduce the energy consumption on the premise of zero energy consumption.
  • the polluted components are captured, recycled and converted, so that the pollutants are turned into waste.
  • the device is simple in structure and easy to operate. It can be applied to the modification of large, medium and small coal-fired boilers, and is more suitable for the replacement of civil stoves for loose coal combustion. It can effectively solve the bottleneck problem of coal-to-gas and coal-to-electricity conversion in my country.
  • the intermittent feeding method is used to add fuel from the top of the gasification furnace into the gasification chamber and close the top cover (picture 1), so that the fuel accumulates in the gasification chamber (picture 2).
  • the outside air is isolated, and the gasification furnace is burned through the flaming layer in the bottom combustion chamber (picture 3) under the condition of controlling air circulation.
  • the combustion layer in the combustion chamber is fed into the supplementary air duct (picture 4) quantitatively according to the combustion oxygen demand air. Because the amount of oxygen is controlled, the combustion state is low-oxygen scorching. Under this condition, the flue gas produced by fuel combustion is gas with carbon monoxide as the main component.
  • the gas is driven upward by its own thermal power, while passing through the material layer, the heat is transferred and the material layer is preheated, and then enters each branch filter branched at the top ( Figure 5). After filtering, it enters the water bath bladder (picture 7) through the bubbling tube (picture 6), and the gas is pushed by its own pressure to remove impurities through the bubbling water bath, and then enters the self-cleaning combustion device through the air guide pipe (picture 8). Excessive fuel is discharged into the water tank (picture 10) under the agitation of the reciprocating grate (picture 9) to become coke slag. The fuel level in the gasification chamber moves down with the slag discharge speed. Refill when the gasification chamber is 1/2 position.
  • the gas introduced from the water bath air bag enters the combustion chamber (picture 12) through the gas distributor (picture 11), and is ignited under the action of the high-temperature intermediate value of the ignition plate (picture 13).
  • the burning flame is drawn by the fan at the end of the device ( Figure 14) enters the heat exchange section ( Figure 15) under the action of pumping force to indirect heat exchange with the water in the boiler exhaust pipe.
  • the water in the exhaust pipe generates steam after reaching the boiling point through indirect heat exchange, and the gas pipeline 1 ( Figure Show 16) guide part of the water vapor into the water vapor distributor ( Figure 17).
  • the high-temperature flue gas transfers most of the energy through the heat exchange in the heat exchange section.
  • the cooled flue gas passes through the ammonia steam tray ( Figure 18) to vaporize the ammonia water.
  • the supplement of the ammonia water depends on the inverted ammonia water tank at the top ( Figure 19) Add, the liquid in the tank is connected to the water-sealing guide tube ( Figure 20) connected to the ammonia distillation tray through the mouth of the tank. When the liquid level in the ammonia distillation tray drops below the outlet of the guide tube, the air passes through the guide The pipe circulates into the tank, and the liquid in the tank naturally leaks.
  • the ammonia tank When the liquid supplemented by the leak increases the liquid level to the outlet of the submerged diversion pipe, the ammonia tank can not be ventilated and stops leaking.
  • the liquid level in the ammonia steam tray has a water sealing effect on the ammonia water tank, and the addition of ammonia water is controlled according to the rise and fall of the liquid level.
  • Ammonia gas enters the shunt purifier (figure 21) along with the flue gas.
  • the adsorbent carrier with a special structure makes a series-wound movement.
  • the acid molecules and basic ammonia molecules in the flue gas form on the surface of the adsorbent Adsorption trend of stacks.
  • the desorption adopted in this embodiment is permeation desorption by gaseous water molecules.
  • Water vapor passes through the steam distributor (shown in Figure 22) alternately into the shunt purifier. Under the action of its diffusion force, it is immersed in the adsorption pores of the activated carbon and melts and transforms with the adsorbate, so that the new molecules generate expansion force during the generation process. Under the action of, it pushes itself out of the adsorption pores and then dissolves in the water molecule cluster.
  • the desorption liquid is stored intermittently in the liquid collection area of the gas accumulation bin ( Figure 23), and the soot particles entrained in the desorption liquid are eliminated by natural sedimentation.

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Abstract

一种自净式煤转气锅炉，包括固体燃料气化系统、自净式燃烧系统。采用固体燃料堆积蒙烧、控氧制气、水浴除焦的方法实现固体燃料的深加工利用；采用混合气燃烧以实现锅炉节能；采用串绕式酸碱分子对叠吸附以实现烟气净化；采用微分子渗透脱附以实现吸附质的脱除和复合铵的衍生。

Description

一种自净式煤转气锅炉 技术领域
本发明涉及节能环保领域，特别涉及散煤高效化燃烧及污染治理采用的一种自净式煤转气锅炉。
背景技术
传统的散煤燃烧是通过简易的炉具将煤炭直接燃烧的一种方法，这种燃烧方法的缺点是：1、燃料浪费严重，由于采用原始的堆燃方式，燃烧界面与流通空气量的比例不能合理调配，导致火焰温度低，燃料不能完全燃烧，造成燃料浪费；2、热利用率低，由于采用原始的堆燃方式，烟气的流通和排放靠自身热膨胀力推送，外排烟气温度高，热量浪费严重；3、污染物产生量大，由于直接燃烧缺少相应的除烟除尘设施以及低空排放，容易造成大面积的低空污染。
从目前来看，散煤燃烧最严峻的问题是环境污染问题，由于散煤燃烧分布广、面积大、分散杂乱，监管受限，所以治理难度大。根据资料显示，每燃烧一吨散煤所产生污染物排放量是电煤的5-10倍，在极端的气候条件下，散煤污染可达大气污染总量的40％左右，因此，散煤燃烧排放的污染物治理是目前大气环境治理中的一项重大课题。
目前在散煤污染物治理的过程中涌现出了很多方法，具有代表性并大规模实施的有“煤改气”法、“煤改电”法、生物质颗粒燃料替代法、清洁型煤替代法等，这些方法的采用，从单纯的污染治理上取得了一定的效果，但从整体效益上来衡量却有得不偿失的弊端，实践证明，上述方法的使用只不过是为了实现环境治理的一个过渡。部分 农村地区以及工业小锅炉推行煤改电、煤改气，虽然可以有效减煤换煤，但并不具备示范效应，如煤改电涉及电网改造、变压器增容、线路改造等，煤改气涉及气源、输气管道铺设等，而且大规模扩大气田开采，对气源地的地质结构会造成不确定影响，同时将传统的燃煤方式以气、电取代，不但增加使用成本，使民生压力增大，而且在某种程度上改变了民众的生活方式，激起民怨，背离了政治和谐的愿景。中国能源特征是富煤、缺电、少气，在未来较长时期内煤炭仍是我国主体能源，燃煤污染应从源头治理，实现煤炭高效利用。
发明内容
本发明的提出，是对传统燃煤技术的改进和散煤燃烧污染治理的一种创新，发明中采用堆煤蒙烧、控氧制气、水浴除焦的方法实现煤炭燃料的深加工利用；采用混合气燃烧以实现锅炉节能；采用串绕式酸碱分子对叠吸附以实现烟气净化；采用微分子渗透脱附以实现吸附质的脱除和复合铵的衍生。以本发明创造的一种自净式煤转气锅炉，通过对煤炭的优化利用和对烟气的深度处理，不但实现了燃煤锅炉的节能改造，而且实现了烟气污染物的治理，同时能将烟气污染成分变废为宝，衍生出复合铵肥料和焦油。为此，本发明提供一种自净式煤转气锅炉，该锅炉由气化装置和自净式燃烧装置组成。
根据本发明的一种实施方式，所述的气化装置是包括气化腔、燃烧室、往复炉排、补风道、滤气筒、水浴气囊等组成的通过控氧燃烧制造煤气的一种装置。在该装置中，燃料在气化腔内堆积，在控制空气流通的状态下通过底部燃烧室层燃，在往复炉排的搅动下排除焦渣， 根据燃烧需氧量通过补风道送入空气，燃料通过控氧蒙烧产生一氧化碳，一氧化碳气体随同烟气经顶部分支出的分路过滤筒经初步过滤后再通过鼓泡管进入水浴气囊，气体经水浴脱除杂质后进入自净式燃烧装置。
根据本发明的一种实施方式，所述的自净式燃烧装置是包括煤气分配器、水汽分配器、引火盘、燃烧膛、换热段、氨水罐、蒸氨盘、分路净化器、聚气仓、引风机等组成的能将水汽和煤气混合燃烧并在同时将烟气净化的一种组合装置。在该装置中，煤气通过煤气分配器进入燃烧腔，在引火盘高温介值的作用下引燃，燃烧的火焰在装置末端引风机的抽力作用下进入换热段与锅炉排管内的水进行间接热交换，同时，水汽分配器内的水蒸气靠自身压力的推动进入高温燃烧膛，在高温环境下引燃，根据燃烧膛温度的波动自动调节气量。高温烟气通过换热段的热交换转移了大部分能量，降温了的烟气穿过蒸氨盘使氨水气化，氨气随同烟气进入分路净化器，在净化器内对具有特殊结构的吸附剂载体做串绕式运动，烟气中的酸性分子和碱性氨分子在吸附剂表面形成对叠吸附趋势，经过吸附净化了的烟气通过聚气仓聚集后在引风机的抽力作用下排出。
根据本发明的一种实施方式，该发明装置中使用的固体燃料包括但不限于各种形状的煤炭，还包括秸秆、木材、果核及反刍动物的粪便。
附图简要说明
图1是根据本发明一种实施方式的自净式煤转气锅炉的示意图。
实施本发明的方式：
一、固体燃料的气化：
采用间歇添料方法将燃料从气化炉顶部添入气化腔并封闭顶盖，使燃料在气化腔内堆积，由于顶盖封闭，气化腔与外界空气隔绝，气化炉在控制空气流通的状态下通过底部燃烧室蒙火层燃，燃烧室内的燃烧层根据燃烧需氧量定量通过补风道送入空气。因为控制氧气介入量，燃烧状态属少氧蒙烧，在此条件下燃料燃烧生成的烟气是以一氧化碳为主要成分的煤气。煤气在自身热力的推动下上行，在穿过料层的同时将热量传送并使料层预热，而后进入顶部分支出的各分路过滤器，在分路过滤器内经初步过滤后再通过鼓泡管进入水浴气囊，气体在自身压力的推动下经鼓泡水浴脱除杂质后进入自净式燃烧装置。过火的燃料在往复炉排的搅动下向下排入水槽变成焦渣，气化腔内燃料的料位随排渣速度下移，当料位下移至气化腔1/2位置时重新添料。
该实施方式中所述的分路过滤器，是气化装置顶部周圈均布分支出的通入底部水浴气囊的过滤筒，在筒内部装有不规则形状且具有粘接或吸附功能的细碎物料，当煤气穿越过滤层时，煤气中的焦油、烟尘粒子与不规则形状的细碎物料接触而粘接挂连附着其上，使煤气中的杂质得以脱除。
该实施方式中所述的水浴气囊，是一种环形密封装置，是将上部每一个分路过滤器的鼓泡管插入装置下半部的液体内，煤气通过后续不断产生气体的推动力加压经鼓泡管进入蓄液层，在后续压力的推动下在蓄液层内做鼓泡运动，在鼓泡运动中煤气中的杂质被浴洗脱除。
该实施方式中所述的蓄液层中的液体，包括普通除尘所用的清水或脱除二氧化碳、焦油所用的碳酸钠溶液。
该设施方式中所述的用碳酸钠溶液脱除二氧化碳，其方式是通过鼓泡运动使气液紧密接触以实现吸收转化。碳酸钠吸收二氧化碳的原理是：Na 2CO 3+CO 2+H 2O＝2NaHCO 3；
该设施方式中所述的碳酸钠溶液脱除焦油，其原理是通过碳酸根离子溶解焦油中的有机高分子并转化成树脂材料。
二、混合气的超能燃烧
从水浴气囊导入的煤气通过煤气分配器进入燃烧腔，在引火盘高温介值的作用下引燃，燃烧的火焰在装置末端引风机的抽力作用下进入换热段与锅炉排管内的水进行间接热交换，排管内的水经间接热交换达到沸点后产生水蒸气，导引部分水蒸气进入水汽分配器。因为水蒸汽是通过热作用力将水分子分解成的离子态物质，即：H 2O→OH -+H +，OH -→O -+H +，其中的氧原子在燃烧中助燃，氢原子在高温环境下产生聚变，经水汽分配器进入高温炉膛的氢原子在燃烧中通过聚变释放的能量使炉膛温度增高，煤气燃烧的热量为氢原子提供聚变条件，氢原子聚变产生的能量将炉膛温度更加增高，不断增高的温度使氢原子聚变释放的能量呈几何级上升，炉膛温度越高锅炉换热效率越高，水蒸气温度和压力越高，水汽分配器补充的水汽量也越大。燃烧膛温度的波动自动调节着水汽介入量，该实施方式通过水汽介入燃烧系统并发挥超常能量，使锅炉效率大幅提高。
三、自净式烟气净化
高温烟气通过换热段的热交换转移了大部分能量，降温了的烟气穿过蒸氨盘使氨水气化，氨水的增补靠顶部倒立的氨水罐添加，罐中液体通过罐嘴与蒸氨盘连接的水封导流管连成一体，当蒸氨盘内的液位下降至低于导流管出口时，空气经过导流管向罐内流通，罐内液体自然下漏，当下漏补充的液体将液位升至淹没导流管出口后，氨水罐得不到换气而停止下漏，蒸氨盘内的液位对氨水罐产生了水封作用。以此反复，根据蒸氨盘液位的升降控制氨水的添加。氨气随同烟气进入分路净化器，在净化器内对具有特殊结构的吸附剂载体做串绕式运动，烟气中的酸性分子和碱性氨分子在吸附剂表面形成对叠吸附趋势。
烟气在穿越吸附剂(特制活性炭表面)做串绕式运动时，烟气中的水分子与活性炭表面的活性层产生复杂的电离反应生成羟基官能团(-OH)，即：H 2O→-OH *+H +，(*表示吸附态，-OH表示羟基官能团)，同时烟气中的氧分子也被活性炭表面的活化能催化分解成氧原子，即O 2→2O *。羟基官能团与氧原子的产生，给活性炭表面的活性中心生成了多位活性配合物，即：-OH *、O *，烟气中一氧化氮分子在多位活性配合物的作用下迅速得到氧原子被氧化成二氧化氮，即：NO+O *→NO 2。由于二氧化氮、二氧化硫分子的沸点高(NO 2＝21.1℃，SO2＝-10℃)，极性强，属酸性分子，又由于净化系统中的吸附剂是一种经过表面改性并具有碱性官能团表面吸附位的特制活性炭，因此当烟气穿越吸附层与吸附剂载体接触时双方产生酸碱亲和力而被迅速吸附，当吸附剂吸附了酸性分子后，吸附剂表面产生酸性官能团，又对碱性分子产生亲和力，因此，该实施方式通过蒸氨系统摄入碱性分子：NH 3→-NH 2 *+H + (-NH 2表示氨基官能团)。氨水在蒸氨盘内受热分解：NH 3H 2O→NH 3+H 2O，氨分子随烟气进入净化系统，在穿越吸附净化层时受酸性官能团亲和力的作用被吸附剂迅速吸附：-OH *+M ++X -＝-OM *+H ++X -，碱性分子在吸附孔中覆盖了酸性分子，使吸附剂载体表面生成碱性官能团，碱性官能团对酸性分子产生亲和力，在此亲和力作用下迅速吸附酸性分子：-NH 2*+H ++X -＝-NH 3X *，以此反复，使该系统的净化形成了酸碱分子的对叠吸附净化，以此实现氨分子的添加和氮氧化物与硫氧化物的迅速脱除。
在烟气穿越吸附层时，烟气中的烟尘粒子与活性炭颗粒紧密接触，被活性炭凹凸不平的表面粘接挂链并蓄积于活性炭颗粒之间的细缝，在水溶脱附时被冲刷脱除。
烟气经过外围分路净化器的分级串绕式吸附净化，其中的有害成分被脱除，当吸附剂吸附了足量的分子后，吸附效率开始下降，吸附逐渐进入饱和状态，需要开启脱附流程。
该实施方式采用的脱附是通过气态水分子渗溶脱附，水蒸气经过蒸汽分配器交替通入分路净化器，在其扩散力的作用下浸入活性炭的吸附孔内，与吸附质溶合转化，使新生的分子在生成过程中产生膨胀力的作用下将自身推出吸附孔再溶解于水分子团，即：SO 2 *+O *＝SO 3 *，H 2O+SO 3 *＝H 2SO 4，H 2SO 4+2NH 3＝(NH 4) 2SO 4，2NH 3+2NO 2+H 2O→NH 4NO 3+NH 4NO 2，NH 4NO 2→N 2+2H 2O.以此实现脱附并生成硝硫基氮肥。
脱附液蓄集于聚气仓集液区间断排放，夹带于脱附液中的烟尘粒子通过自然沉降法排除。
综上所述，以本发明创造的一种自净式煤转气锅炉，从燃烧方式上，将堆煤直燃改变为气化燃烧，实现了燃料资源的多重利用；混合气燃烧技术的发明，颠覆了传统的能源使用方式，使水变成可燃能源，能够促进能源结构产生革命性的变革，将能源替代的模式简单化；自净式一体化烟气净化，在零耗能的前提下将各污染成分捕捉回收并转化利用，使污染物变废为宝。该装置结构简单，操作方便，可应用于各大中小型燃煤锅炉改型，更适合于散煤燃烧民用炉具的替代，能够切实解决目前我国实行煤改气、煤改电的瓶颈问题。
通过下述设施例将更详细地展示本发明装置的结构和技术特征，但是该设施例仅用于说明目的，而不应理解为对本发明的限制。
实施例：
采用间歇添料方法将燃料从气化炉顶部添入气化腔并封闭顶盖(图示1)，使燃料在气化腔(图示2)内堆积，由于顶盖封闭，气化腔与外界空气隔绝，气化炉在控制空气流通的状态下通过底部燃烧室(图示3)蒙火层燃，燃烧室内的燃烧层根据燃烧需氧量定量通过补风道(图示4)送入空气。因为控制氧气介入量，燃烧状态属少氧蒙烧，在此条件下燃料燃烧生成的烟气是以一氧化碳为主要成分的煤气。煤气在自身热力的推动下上行，在穿过料层的同时将热量传送并使料层预热，而后进入顶部分支出的各分路过滤器(图示5)，在分路过滤器内经初步过滤后再通过鼓泡管(图示6)进入水浴气囊(图示7)，气体在自身压力的推动下经鼓泡水浴脱除杂质后通过导气管(图示8)进入自净式燃烧装置。过火的燃料在往复炉排(图示9)的搅动下向 下排入水槽(图示10)变成焦渣，气化腔内燃料的料位随排渣速度下移，当料位下移至气化腔1/2位置时重新添料。
从水浴气囊导入的煤气通过煤气分配器(图示11)进入燃烧腔(图示12)，在引火盘(图示13)高温介值的作用下引燃，燃烧的火焰在装置末端引风机(图示14)的抽力作用下进入换热段(图示15)与锅炉排管内的水进行间接热交换，排管内的水经间接热交换达到沸点后产生水蒸气，输气管道1(图示16)导引部分水蒸气进入水汽分配器(图示17)。
高温烟气通过换热段的热交换转移了大部分能量，降温了的烟气穿过蒸氨盘(图示18)使氨水气化，氨水的增补靠顶部倒立的氨水罐(图示19)添加，罐中液体通过罐嘴与蒸氨盘连接的水封导流管(图示20)连成一体，当蒸氨盘内的液位下降至低于导流管出口时，空气经过导流管向罐内流通，罐内液体自然下漏，当下漏补充的液体将液位升至淹没导流管出口后，氨水罐得不到换气而停止下漏。蒸氨盘内的液位对氨水罐产生水封作用，根据液位的升降控制氨水的添加。氨气随同烟气进入分路净化器(图示21)，在净化器内对具有特殊结构的吸附剂载体做串绕式运动，烟气中的酸性分子和碱性氨分子在吸附剂表面形成对叠吸附趋势。
当吸附剂吸附了足量的分子后，吸附效率开始下降，吸附逐渐进入饱和状态，需要开启脱附流程。该实施方式采用的脱附是通过气态水分子渗溶脱附。水蒸气经过蒸汽分配器(图示22)交替通入分路净化器，在其扩散力的作用下浸入活性炭的吸附孔内与吸附质溶合转 化，使新生的分子在生成过程中产生膨胀力的作用下将自身推出吸附孔再溶解于水分子团。脱附液蓄集于聚气仓集液区(图示23)间断排放，夹带于脱附液中的烟尘粒子通过自然沉降法排除。

Claims (8)

  1. 一种自净式煤转气锅炉，该装置包括：a、固体燃料气化系统，其中包括由气化腔、燃烧室、往复炉排、补风道、滤气筒、水浴气囊等组成的通过控氧燃烧制造煤气的一种装置；所述的固体燃料气化的流程是：燃料(包括但不限于煤)通过间歇性装填在气化腔内堆积，在断绝空气流通的状态下通过底部燃烧室层燃，在往复炉排的搅动下排除焦渣，根据燃烧需氧量通过补风道送入空气，燃料通过控氧蒙烧产生可燃气体，包括一氧化碳和/或甲烷，可燃气体随同烟气经顶部分支出的分路过滤筒经初步过滤后再通过鼓泡管进入水浴气囊，气体经水浴脱除杂质后进入自净式燃烧装置；b、自净式燃烧系统，其中包括由煤气分配器、水汽分配器、引火盘、燃烧膛、换热段、氨水罐、蒸氨盘、分路净化器、聚气仓、引风机等组成的能将水汽和可燃气混合燃烧并在同时将烟气净化的一种组合装置；所述的自净式燃烧的流程是：可燃气体通过燃气分配器进入燃烧腔，在引火盘高温介值的作用下引燃，燃烧的火焰在装置末端引风机的抽力作用下进入换热段与锅炉排管内的水进行间接热交换，同时，水汽分配器内的水蒸气靠自身压力的推动进入高温燃烧膛，在高温环境下引燃，根据燃烧膛温度的波动自动调节气量，烟气穿过蒸氨盘使氨水气化，氨气随同烟气进入分路净化器，在净化器内对具有特殊结构的特制活性炭吸附剂载体做串绕式运动，烟气中的酸性分子和碱性氨分子在吸附剂表面形成对叠吸附趋势，经过吸附净化了的烟气通过聚气仓聚集后在引风机的抽力作用下排出。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的一种自净式煤转气锅炉，所述固体燃料气化是通过下述办法完成的：a、通过封闭气化装置的顶盖使炉内与炉外隔绝空气流通；b、通过定量送入空气以控制氧气的介入量；c、使燃烧腔上部堆积燃料以提供蒙烧条件。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的一种自净式煤转气锅炉，所述的烟气初步净化分为两种，其一：烟气靠自身压力进入气化装置顶部周圈均布分支出的过滤筒，通过与筒内部装有不规则形状且具有粘接或吸附功能的细碎物料接触摩擦，烟气中的焦油、烟尘粒子与细碎物料接触而粘接挂连附着其上，使烟气中的杂质得以脱除；其二：烟气通过各分路过滤器的鼓泡管在后续压力的推动下进入蓄液层进行鼓泡运动，在鼓泡运动中烟气中的杂质被清水和/或碳酸钠溶液浴洗脱除；被脱除的介质包括但不限于烟尘、焦油和/或二氧化碳。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的一种自净式煤转气锅炉，所述的混合气燃烧的特征是：
    从水汽分配器进入燃烧室的水蒸汽是在热力作用下将水分子分解成的离子态物质，即：H 2O→OH -+H +，OH -→O -+H +，其中的氧原子在燃烧中助燃，氢原子在高温环境下产生聚变；和
    经水汽分配器进入高温炉膛的氢原子在燃烧中通过聚变释放的能量使炉膛温度增高，煤气和/或甲烷气燃烧的热量为氢原子提供聚变条件，氢原子聚变产生的能量将炉膛温度更加增高，不断增高的温度使氢原子聚变释放的能量呈几何级上升；和
    炉膛温度越高锅炉换热效率越高，水蒸气温度和压力也越高，水汽分配器补充的水汽量也越大，燃烧膛温度的波动自动调节水汽介入量。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的一种自净式煤转气锅炉，所述的蒸氨系统运行特征是：
    a、烟气穿过蒸氨盘使氨水气化；
    b、氨水的增补靠顶部倒立的氨水罐添加，罐中液体通过罐嘴与蒸氨盘连接的水封导流管连成一体；
    c、当蒸氨盘内的液位下降至低于导流管出口时，空气经过导流管向罐内流通，罐内液体自然下漏，当下漏补充的液体将液位升至淹没导流管出口后，氨水罐得不到换气而停止下漏，蒸氨盘内的液位对氨水罐产生了水封作用，以此反复，根据蒸氨盘液位的升降控制氨水的添加。
  6. 如权利要求1所述的一种自净式煤转气锅炉，烟气净化的特征是：
    a、烟气在穿越吸附剂(特制活性炭表面)做串绕式运动；
    b、烟气中的水分子与活性炭表面的活性层产生复杂的电离反应生成羟基官能团(-OH)，即：H 2O→-OH *+H +，(*表示吸附态，-OH表示羟基官能团)，同时烟气中的氧分子也被活性炭表面的活化能催化分解成氧原子，即O 2→2O *，羟基官能团与氧原子的产生，给活性炭表面的活性中心生成了多位活性配合物，即：-OH *、O *；
    c、烟气中一氧化氮分子在多位活性配合物的作用下迅速得到氧 原子而生成二氧化氮，即：NO+O *→NO 2；
    d、由于二氧化氮、二氧化硫分子的沸点高(NO 2＝21.1℃，SO2＝-10℃)，极性强，属酸性分子，又由于净化系统中的吸附剂是一种经过表面改性并具有碱性官能团表面吸附位的特制活性炭，因此当烟气穿越吸附层与吸附剂载体接触时双方产生酸碱亲和力而被迅速吸附，当吸附剂吸附了酸性分子后，吸附剂表面产生酸性官能团，又对碱性分子产生亲和力，因此，该实施方式通过蒸氨系统摄入碱性分子：NH 3→-NH 2 *+H +(-NH 2表示氨基官能团)，氨水在蒸氨盘内受热分解：NH 3H 2O→NH 3+H 2O，氨分子随烟气进入净化系统，在穿越吸附净化层时受酸性官能团亲和力的作用被吸附剂迅速吸附：-OH *+M ++X -＝-OM *+H ++X -，碱性分子在吸附孔中覆盖了酸性分子，使吸附剂载体表面生成碱性官能团，碱性官能团对酸性分子产生亲和力，在此亲和力作用下迅速吸附酸性分子：-NH 2*+H ++X -＝-NH 3X *，以此反复，使该系统的净化形成了酸碱分子的对叠吸附净化；
  7. 如权利要求1所述的一种自净式煤转气锅炉，其中所述的脱附是采用气态水分子渗溶脱附，其特制是：水蒸气经过蒸汽分配器交替通入分路净化器，在其扩散力的作用下浸入活性炭的吸附孔内，与吸附质溶合转化，使新生的分子在生成过程中产生膨胀力的作用下将自身推出吸附孔再溶解于水分子团，即：SO 2 *+O *＝SO 3 *，H 2O+SO 3 *＝H 2SO 4，H 2SO 4+2NH 3＝(NH 4) 2SO 4，2NH 3+2NO 2+H 2O→NH 4NO 3+NH 4NO 2，NH 4NO 2→N 2+2H 2O.以此实现脱附并生成硝硫基氮肥。
  8. 如权利要求1所述的一种自净式煤转气锅炉，该发明装置中 使用的固体燃料包括但不限于各种形状的煤炭，还包括秸秆、木材、果核及反刍动物的粪便。
PCT/CN2019/000161 2018-12-24 2019-08-21 一种自净式煤转气锅炉 WO2020133552A1 (zh)

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