WO2020115758A1 - Électrode n-cnt encapsulée fe/fe3c pour applications électrochimiques et son procédé de préparation - Google Patents

Électrode n-cnt encapsulée fe/fe3c pour applications électrochimiques et son procédé de préparation Download PDF

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WO2020115758A1
WO2020115758A1 PCT/IN2019/050766 IN2019050766W WO2020115758A1 WO 2020115758 A1 WO2020115758 A1 WO 2020115758A1 IN 2019050766 W IN2019050766 W IN 2019050766W WO 2020115758 A1 WO2020115758 A1 WO 2020115758A1
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ncnt
electrode material
anode
range
pem
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Sundara Ramaprabhu
Sreetama GHOSH
Meenakshi Seshadhri GARAPATI
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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS (IIT Madras)
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
    • C25B3/01—Products
    • C25B3/07—Oxygen containing compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/18—Carbon
    • B01J21/185—Carbon nanotubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
    • B01J23/745—Iron
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/20—Carbon compounds
    • B01J27/22—Carbides
    • B01J35/33—
    • B01J35/615—
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/0236—Drying, e.g. preparing a suspension, adding a soluble salt and drying
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/08—Heat treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
    • C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
    • C25B3/20—Processes
    • C25B3/25—Reduction
    • C25B3/26—Reduction of carbon dioxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
    • C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded

Definitions

  • the invention generally relates to materials for electrodes and in particular to catalyst materials for use in polymer electrolyte membrane conversion cells.
  • PEM Polymer electrolyte membranes
  • Formic acid is an important intermediate obtained during chemical reactions. It has significant use in variety of areas such as fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, as chemical feedstock, in hydrogen storage and fuel cells.
  • catalysts with high efficiency and selectivity towards formic acid is thereby challenging.
  • different metal catalysts such as Ag, Au, Pt, Cu, Sn etc. and metal complexes have been studied for electrochemical reduction of CO2.
  • Precious metal based catalysts show relatively high activity towards electrochemical CO reduction but their high cost and low abundance limit their usage.
  • Heteroatom doped carbon materials possess large accessible surface area and adjustable active sites while metal-based catalysts have good catalytic activity but poor stability. Enhancement in electrochemical performance has been seen inducing the synergistic effects of both.
  • the US patent application US20170354953A1 discloses a method of fabricating a porous structure by growing graphitic carbon in an environment which includes a transition metal and compound containing a transition metal and any nitrogen-bearing compound. The disclosed compound does not yield a high formic acid production.
  • the Chinese patent application CN106972180A discloses synthesis of a nitrogen- doped carbon nanotube enriched with a transition metal. But a dispersant polyvinylpyrrolidone is used to bind Fe with the NCNT. There is a need to eliminate use of a polymeric dispersant for the fabrication of an electrode.
  • the Chinese application CN105540590A discloses production of a Fe3C nanowire enriched in N doped carbon nanotube.
  • the application uses a zinc precursor, which requires further removal of zinc, thereby resulting in a complex process.
  • the present invention discloses a ME-NCNT.
  • a ME-CNT for use as an electrode for a PEM cell for the production of a carboxylic acid.
  • a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrode material ME-NCNT is a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrode material ME-NCNT.
  • the ME-NCNT includes metal nanoparticles encapsulated within nitrogenated carbon nanotubes (NCNTs).
  • the metal nanoparticles comprise Fe C, and the NCNTs, are nitrogenated (N) in the range of 3-6 wt.% N.
  • the electrode material is configured to be loaded on an electrode surface for use in an electrochemical cell at 0.1 to 2 mg/cm 2 .
  • the metal nanoparticles further comprise one or more transition metals selected from Co, Ni, Ru, Os and Eu and the Fe in the Fe C particles is substituted with the one or more transition metals.
  • the electrode material exhibits a surface area in the range of 180-220 m 2 g 1 and porosity in the range of 2-3 nm in diameter.
  • the material produces an X-ray diffraction pattern with peaks of 26.4 °, 37.7 °, 39.8 °, 40.7 °, 43.0 °, 43.8 °, 44.7°, 45.9°, 49.1 °, 51.9 °, 54.5 0 and 58.2° corresponding to Fe/Fe3C encapsulated within nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes.
  • a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrochemical conversion cell includes one or more membrane electrode assemblies (MEA).
  • the MEA includes a membrane layer sandwiched between a cathode and an anode. At least one of the cathode or anode comprises an electrode material ME-NCNT loaded on to its surface for use in an electrochemical cell at 0.1 to 2 mg/cm2.
  • the ME-NCNT includes metal nanoparticles encapsulated within nitrogenated carbon nanotubes (NCNTs).
  • the metal nanoparticles comprise Fe C and the CNTs are nitrogenated (N) (103) in the range 3-6 wt.% N.
  • the anode is a Pt anode or a CNT anode.
  • each MEA further includes an an anolyte flow channel and a catholyte flow channel.
  • a process for generating formic acid using the (PEM) electrochemical conversion cell includes at least one MEA.
  • the process includes providing deionized water through the anolyte flow channel of the MEA.
  • C02 saturated deionized water is provided through the catholyte flow channel of the MEA.
  • Formic acid is obtained by the reduction of dissolved C02 in the catholyte at a cathode output collector.
  • the yield of product by CO conversion is at least 90%. In many embodiments, the purity of the formic acid is at least 99.99%.
  • a method of preparing an electrode material comprising metal nanoparticle encapsulated nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes is provided. Providing a first precursor comprising melamine and a second precursor comprising a transition metal chloride comprising FeCfi at a ratio ranging from 2: 1 to 1:2 as raw materials. Mixing the raw materials thoroughly in a volatile solvent to form a first solution. Drying the first solution to obtain a first product.
  • ME-NCNT nitrogen doped metal carbide nanoparticle encapsulated carbon nanotubes
  • the transition metal chloride comprises a transition metal selected from one or more of Co, Ni, Ru, Os and Eu.
  • drying step is preceded by purification comprising washing the second product with an acid.
  • FIG. 1A depicts a 2D image of a Fe/Fe3C-NCNT electrode material.
  • FIG. IB depicts a 3D image of a Fe/Fe3C-NCNT electrode material.
  • FIG. 1C depicts a blown image of N doped with Fe/Fe3C.
  • FIG. 2 A depicts an exploded view of an electrochemical setup.
  • FIG. 2B depicts a side view of an assembled electrochemical setup.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrochemical conversion cell.
  • FIG. 4 depicts a method of forming Fe/Fe3C-NCNT electrode material.
  • FIG. 5A depicts the XRD patterns of Fe/Fe3C. [0030] FIG. 5A depicts the XRD patterns of Fe/Fe3C formed at various pyrolysis temperatures.
  • FIG. 6A depicts XPS pattern of Fe/Fe3C-NCNT electrode material
  • FIG. 6B depicts the composition of various elements in Fe/Fe3C-NCNT.
  • FIG. 7A TEM images of Fe/Fe 3 C-NCNT at 600° C.
  • FIG. 7B TEM images of Fe/Fe 3 C-NCNT at 650° C.
  • FIG. 7C TEM images of Fe/Fe 3 C-NCNT at 700° C.
  • FIG. 7D TEM images of Fe/Fe 3 C-NCNT at 800° C.
  • FIG. 8A depicts working potential for PEM CO2 conversion cell after 120 min conversion.
  • FIG. 8B depicts UV absorption spectra of cathode reservoir outlet solution of Anode: NCNT, Cathode: NCNT.
  • FIG. 8C depicts UV absorption spectra of cathode reservoir outlet solution of Anode: Fe/Fe 3 C-NCNT, Cathode: Fe/Fe 3 C-NCNT.
  • FIG. 9 depicts Concentration of formic acid formed with reference to time.
  • FIG. 10 depicts chromatograms with standard formic acid solutions.
  • FIG. 11 depicts HPLC product analysis results of liquid phase samples generated from electrochemical CO2 reduction with Fe/Fe3C-NCNT on both anode as well as cathode.
  • the invention discloses a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrode material 100 designated ME-NCNT.
  • the electrode material as illustrated in FIG. 1A is constituted of nitrogenated carbon nanotubes 103 (NCNT) within which metal nanoparticles 105 are encapsulated.
  • the metal nanoparticles are Fe/Fe C nanoparticles.
  • the NCNTs 103 are nitrogenated in the range of 3-6 wt.% N.
  • the NCNTs 103 may either be single walled nanotubes or multi-walled nanotubes.
  • the nanotubes of the NCNTs 103 as shown in FIG. IB, may predominantly be formed of carbon atoms 110, while a few of the carbon atom sites may include nitrogen atoms 111.
  • the metal nanoparticles 105 may include a shell of Fe C 120 surrounding a core of Fe 121.
  • the electrode material 100, the metal nanoparticles may further comprise one or more transition metals other than Fe.
  • the transition metals may be selected from Co, Ni, Ru, Os and Eu.
  • the one or more transition metals may substitute for Fe in the Fe C particles.
  • the core of the metal nanoparticles 121 may fully react to form Fe C layer 120 and only a trace of transition metal may be present.
  • the electrode material 100 is configured to be loaded on an electrode surface for use in an electrochemical cell.
  • the loading may in some embodiments be done at a coverage 0.1 to 2 mg/cm 2 . In one embodiment the loading may be done at 1 mg/cm 2 .
  • the electrode material exhibits a surface area in the range of 180-220 m 2 g 1 and porosity in the range of 2-3 nm in size.
  • the electrode material ME-NCNT is characterized in
  • X-ray diffraction as exhibiting peaks corresponding to 26.4 °, 37.7 °, 39.8 °, 40.7 °, 43.0 °, 43.8°, 44.7°, 45.9°, 49.1 °, 51.9 °, 54.5 0 and 58.2° corresponding to Fe/Fe 3 C encapsulated within nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes.
  • the XRD pattern characterizes the crystalline nature ME-NCNT (Fe/Fe3C@NCNT). At 26.4 0 a broad peak appears corresponding to the (002) peak of graphitized carbon. A less conspicuous peak for NCNT appears at 42.6 0 that is indexed as C (101).
  • the diffraction peaks located at 37.7 °, 39.8 °, 40.7 °, 43.0 °, 43.8 °, 44.7 °, 45.9 °, 49.1 °, 51.9 °, 54.5 0 and 58.2 0 may be assigned to (112), (200), (120), (121), (210), (022), (211), (122), (212), (004) and (104) crystalline planes of Fe C respectively (JCPDS fde no. 89-2867).
  • a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrochemical conversion cell 200 as illustrated in FIG. 2A and 2B is disclosed.
  • the cell 200 includes one or more membrane electrode assemblies (MEA).
  • Each MEA comprises a polymer electrolyte membrane layer 201 sandwiched between an anode catalyst layer 202 and a cathode catalyst layer 203.
  • the cathode 203 or anode 202 is made of the electrode material ME-NCNT 100.
  • the ME-NCNT 100 may be loaded on to the electrode at 0.1 to 2 mg/cm 2 . In one embodiment the loading of material 100 may be done at 1 mg/cm 2 .
  • the PEM cell 200 may include a ME-NCNT cathode catalyst layer, whereas the anode catalyst layer 202 may include a Pt/carbon layer, or a CNT layer.
  • the catalyst layer is further enclosed within porous graphite blocks 205, current collector plates 207 and end plates 210. Gas to operate the conversion cell may be conveyed by an anolyte flow channel 211 on the anode side and a catholyte flow channel 213 on the cathode side, as shown in FIG. 2A and 2B.
  • the PEM cell 200 is used for a process of generating formic acid.
  • the experimental setup is as shown in FIG. 3.
  • the PEM cell may include one or a plurality of MEA assemblies.
  • An anolyte 301 is supplied through an anolyte flow channel 211.
  • a catholyte 303 is supplied through a catholyte flow channel 213.
  • the anolyte 301 for the generation of formic acid may include but is not restricted to deionized (DI) water.
  • the catholyte 303 for the generation of formic acid may include but is not restricted to deionized (DI) water saturated with CO .
  • a voltage up to 2.2 Volts is applied across the anode and cathode of the PEM cell 200.
  • the voltage supply is maintained for a predetermined time period.
  • Doping of nitrogen and Fe in the carbon lattice results in the redistribution of charge and spin density, thereby positively charged atoms for CO adsorption is created at the cathode.
  • Oxygen is released at the anode outlet 305. Electrons pass through the external circuit under the applied potential.
  • the protons and electrons recombine with the CO saturated DI water to reduce it to formic acid.
  • Formic acid is collected at cathode outlet 307.
  • the yield of formic acid by the reduction of CO is at least 90%.
  • a yield of up to 97% is obtained using the PEM cell 200 of the invention.
  • the purity of the formic acid obtained is at least 99.99%.
  • a first precursor comprising melamine and a second precursor comprising a transition metal chloride are provided at a ratio ranging from 2: 1 to 1:2.
  • the precursor may comprise FeCE or other transition metal chloride.
  • the other transition metal chloride may be a transition metal chloride such as Co, Ni, Ru, Os or Eu.
  • the raw materials are thoroughly mixed in a volatile solvent to form a first solution.
  • the volatile solvent is one of ethanol or acetone.
  • the first solution is dried to obtain a first product.
  • step 405 the first product is heated at a temperature in the range of 600- 900 °C for 3 h inside a tubular furnace under a nitrogen flow of 20 ml min 1 with a heating rate of 5 °C min 1 to obtain a second product.
  • the temperature is 800 °C.
  • step 407 the second product is washed in an acid. The acid washed product is filtered and further dried to obtain ME-NCNT electrode material.
  • Theoretical and computational studies reveal that the doping of nitrogen and Fe in the carbon lattice results in the redistribution of charge and spin density, thereby creating positively charged atoms for CO2 adsorption. These results, therefore, confirm the indispensable role of nitrogen and Fe dopants in transforming pristine CNT into active electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction.
  • the invention therefore provides a catalytic electrode material for use in a fuel cell configured such that Fe/Fe3C centers encapsulated inside the NCNTs act as active CO2 reduction sites apart from the doped N sites in the NCNTs, thus providing enhanced number of active sites for CO2 reduction.
  • a single step thermal decomposition technique was adopted using melamine as carbon and nitrogen source and ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeC13.6H20) as the metal precursor. Both the precursors were mixed thoroughly in ethanol and then the dried sample was collected and heated at 800 °C for 3 h inside a tubular furnace under a nitrogen flow of 20 ml min-1 with a heating rate of 5 °C min-1. The sample was washed with acid, filtered and dried and finally, nitrogen doped and metal encapsulated carbon nanotubes were obtained and designated as Fe/Fe3C-NCNT. The same synthesis method was followed to synthesize nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) without metal encapsulation when melamine: FeC13.6H20 was taken in 16: 1 ratio instead of 1 : 1.
  • NCNTs nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes
  • NCNT and Fe/Fe3C-NCNTs have been used as both anode and cathode catalyst material in Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) CO2 conversion cell.
  • PEM Proton Exchange Membrane
  • Digital photographs of the entire full-cell experimental set-up and the PEM C02 conversion cell has been shown in Figure 2 and 3.
  • a metal loading of 0.5 and 1 mg cm 2 has been maintained at anode and cathode sides respectively for all the experiments.
  • CO2 saturated DI water having a pH of 5-6 is used as the catholyte whereas only DI water is used as anolyte.
  • the continuous circulation of electrolytes on both cathode as well as anode side provide moderate convective mixing and helps to maintain adequate pH necessary for CO2 reduction near the cathode catalyst.
  • the anode was given a positive potential with respect to the cathode.
  • the chemical reaction taking place at the anode due to water electrolysis is given by equation (1):
  • the protons are capable of passing to the anode through the proton exchange membrane to reach the cathode. Electrons pass through the external circuit under the applied potential. Oxygen is produced at the anode and is liberated to the atmosphere. At the cathode side, the protons and electrons recombine with the CO2 saturated DI water to reduce it to formic acid.
  • the liquid product formed at the cathode outlet was analyzed after every 30 min by UV-Vis spectroscopy as well as by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
  • the cell potential plays a very vital role in the electrochemical CO2 reduction.
  • the standard electrochemical reduction potential for the hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid is -0.61 V vs. NHE.
  • the theoretical oxidation potential to split water is +1.23 V vs. NHE.
  • the (PEM) electrochemical conversion cell mimics a conventional proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with a reverse working principle. It is well reported that the practical open circuit potential of PEMFC is always less than 1.23 V due to the overpotential involved in the reaction mechanism. Similarly, the potential to electrolyze water in the anode side is expected to be higher than the theoretical potential.
  • Example 3 Formation of formic acid by varying the electrodes
  • FIG. 7A- 7D of Fe/Fe 3 C-NCNT shows the mechanism of formation of Fe/Fe3C-NCNT at different pyrolysis temperatures.
  • FIG. 5A shows the XRD pattern that confirms the crystalline nature of pure NCNT and Fe/Fe3C@NCNT. At 26.4 0 a broad peak appears corresponding to the (002) peak of graphitized carbon. A less conspicuous peak for NCNT appears at 42.6 0 that is indexed as C (101).
  • the diffraction peaks located at 37.7 °, 39.8 °, 40.7 °, 43.0 °, 43.8 °, 44.7 °, 45.9 °, 49.1 °, 51.9 °, 54.5 0 and 58.2 0 can be assigned to (112), (200), (120), (121), (210), (022), (211), (122), (212), (004) and (104) crystalline planes of Fe3C respectively (JCPDS file no. 89-2867).
  • the high-intensity peak at 44.7 0 of Fe3C superimposes with a metallic Fe peak indicating the presence of some traces of metallic Fe also in the sample.
  • FIGs. 8 A- 8B shows a variation in cell potential with the concentration of formic acid formed after 120 min. So for all the experiments, a constant potential of 2.1 V has been applied at the anode w.r.t the cathode during the CO2 conversion experiment.
  • FIGs 9A-11B show the UV absorption spectra of the cathode reservoir outlet solution for the different catalysts as stated above.
  • FIG 9D shows the change in formic acid concentration obtained from the cathode reservoir outlet as a function of the reduction time.
  • the cell with Pt/C as anode catalyst and Fe/Fe3C-NCNTs as cathode catalyst showed the highest yield of formic acid after 120 min (66 ⁇ 3 mM).
  • Heterogeneous carbon materials have also been considered as promising metal-free electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction reactions. So, Fe/Fe3C-NCNTs were then replaced with pure NCNTs, with no metal encapsulation, as both anode and cathode electrocatalysts keeping loading constant.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un matériau d'électrode, la synthèse d'un matériau d'électrode, un ensemble membrane électrolytique polymère (PEM) pourvu du matériau d'électrode. Le matériau d'électrode comprend des nanotubes de carbone dopés à l'azote enrichis en métal de transition (ME-nCNT). Les ME-CNT présentent une surface élevée dans la plage comprise entre 180 et 220 m2 g-1 et une porosité dans la plage comprise entre 2 et 3 nm, ce qui améliore le rendement électrochimique. La cellule PEM comprend un ensemble électrode à membrane pourvu des ME-NCNT dans la plage comprise entre 0,1 et 2 mg/cm2 chargée en tant qu'anode ou cathode ou les deux. La cellule PEM comprend un anolyte et un catholyte contenant du CO2. Le CO2 au niveau du catholyte est réduit en acide formique. Les ME-NCNT présentent une structure tridimensionnelle très stable qui permet une conversion élevée de CO2 en acide formique allant jusqu'à 97 %. L'acide formique présente une pureté de 99,99 %.
PCT/IN2019/050766 2018-12-05 2019-10-15 Électrode n-cnt encapsulée fe/fe3c pour applications électrochimiques et son procédé de préparation WO2020115758A1 (fr)

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CN111900407A (zh) * 2020-08-04 2020-11-06 大连理工大学 一种锂硫电池正极材料及其制备方法
CN112897510A (zh) * 2021-02-04 2021-06-04 陕西科技大学 一种管壁坍缩的碳纳米管及其应用
CN113231107A (zh) * 2021-04-29 2021-08-10 陕西科技大学 一种碳纳米管包覆的氮化钒/碳化铁复合电催化剂及制备方法和应用
CN113511710A (zh) * 2021-05-27 2021-10-19 安徽中科索纳新材料科技有限公司 一种电容吸附铅离子用电极活性材料及其制备方法和应用
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