Classifications

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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
  • C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M133/38—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
  • C10M133/40—Six-membered ring containing nitrogen and carbon only
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/06—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/08—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for compression ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/10—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/12—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the cetane number
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M127/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a non- macromolecular hydrocarbon
  • C10M127/04—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a non- macromolecular hydrocarbon well-defined aromatic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
  • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M129/16—Ethers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
  • C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M133/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
  • C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M133/38—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
  • C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M133/38—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
  • C10M133/44—Five-membered ring containing nitrogen and carbon only
  • C10M133/46—Imidazoles
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1608—Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
  • C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
  • C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
  • C10L1/1855—Cyclic ethers, e.g. epoxides, lactides, lactones
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/232—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/232—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring
  • C10L1/233—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
  • C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
  • C10L2200/0415—Light distillates, e.g. LPG, naphtha
  • C10L2200/0423—Gasoline
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
  • C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
  • C10L2200/0438—Middle or heavy distillates, heating oil, gasoil, marine fuels, residua
  • C10L2200/0446—Diesel
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
  • C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
  • C10L2270/023—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for gasoline engines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
  • C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
  • C10L2270/026—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for diesel engines, e.g. automobiles, stationary, marine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
  • C10M2215/221—Six-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
  • C10M2215/223—Five-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
  • C10M2215/224—Imidazoles
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/76—Reduction of noise, shudder, or vibrations
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines

Definitions

• compositions include organic hydride donors as fuel or lubricant additives.
• Pre-ignition in combustion engines is an undesirable event in which undesired ignition of an air-fuel mixture occurs prior to a desired ignition (e.g., via spark plug) of the air-fuel mixture.
• Pre-ignition can be a problem during high load engine operation since heat from operation of the engine may heat a part of a combustion chamber to a sufficient temperature to ignite the air-fuel mixture upon contact.
• a fuel composition comprising (1) greater than 50 wt. % of a hydrocarbon fuel boiling in the gasoline or diesel range and (2) a minor amount of one or more of organic hydride-based reductant.
• a method for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition events in an internal combustion engine comprising supplying to the engine a fuel composition comprising (1) greater than 50 wt. % of a hydrocarbon fuel boiling in the gasoline or diesel range and (2) a minor amount of one or more of organic hydride-based reductant.
• a lubricating oil composition comprising (1) greater than 50 wt. % of a base oil and (2) a minor amount of one or more of organic hydride-based reductant.
• a method for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition events in a spark-ignited internal combustion engine comprising supplying to the engine a lubricating oil composition comprising (1) greater than 50 wt. % of a base oil and (2) a minor amount of one or more of organic hydride-based reductant.
• boosting refers to running an engine at higher intake pressures than in naturally aspirated engines. A boosted condition can be reached by use of a turbocharger (driven by exhaust) or by a supercharger (driven by engine). Boosting allows engine manufacturers to use smaller engines that provide higher power densities to provide excellent performance while reducing frictional and pumping losses.
• oil soluble means that for a given additive, the amount needed to provide the desired level of activity or performance can be incorporated by being dissolved, dispersed or suspended in an oil of lubricating viscosity. Usually, this means that at least 0.001 % by weight of the additive can be incorporated in a lubricating oil composition.
• fuel soluble is an analogous expression for additives dissolved, dispersed or suspended in fuel.
• gasoline or gasoline boiling range components refers to a composition containing at least predominantly Q-C12 hydrocarbons.
• gasoline or gasoline boiling range components is further defined to refer to a composition containing at least predominantly Q-C12 hydrocarbons and further having a boiling range of from about 37.8°C (100° F) to about 204°C (400°F).
• gasoline or gasoline boiling range components is defined to refer to a composition containing at least predominantly Q-C12 hydrocarbons, having a boiling range of from about 37.8°C (100° F) to about 204°C (400°F), and further defined to meet ASTM D4814.
• diesel refers to middle distillate fuels containing at least predominantly C10-C25 hydrocarbons.
• diesel is further defined to refer to a composition containing at least predominantly C10-C25 hydrocarbons, and further having a boiling range of from about 165.6°C (330°F) to about 371.1°C (700°F).
• diesel is as defined above to refer to a composition containing at least predominantly C10-C25 hydrocarbons, having a boiling range of from about 165.6°C (330°F) to about 371.1°C (700°F), and further defined to meet ASTM D975.
• alkyl refers to saturated hydrocarbon groups, which can be linear, branched, cyclic, or a combination of cyclic, linear and/or branched.
• a “minor amount” means less than 50 wt. % of a composition, expressed in respect of the stated additive and in respect of the total weight of the composition, reckoned as active ingredient of the additive.
• a “reductant” is a reducing agent that donates an electron to another chemical species in a redox reaction.
• a “hydride-based reductant” donates a hydride (anion of hydrogen) to another chemical species during a redox reaction.
• ash refers to metallic compounds remaining after hydrocarbons have been calcinated. This ash is mainly derived from chemicals used in certain additives, as well as solids.
• ashless refers to formulations or additives that do not generate ash or limit generation of ash. Ashless additives are generally free of metals (including boron), silicon, halogen, or contain these elements in concentrations below typical instrument detection limits.
• Halogen is a collective term for individual substituents that include, for example, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and the like.
• An "analog” is a compound having a structure similar to another compound but differing from it in respect to a certain component such as one or more atoms, functional groups, substructures, which are replaced with other atoms, groups, or substructures.
• a "homolog” is a compound belonging to a series of compounds that differ from each other by a repeating unit. Alkanes are examples of homologs. For example, ethane and propane are homologs because they differ only in the length of a repeating unit (-CH2-). A homolog may be considered a specific type of analog.
• a “derivative” is a compound that is derived from a similar compound via a chemical reaction (e.g., acid-base reaction, hydrogenation, etc.).
• a derivative may be a combination of one or more moiety.
• a phenol moiety may be considered a derivative of aryl moiety and hydroxyl moiety.
• a person of ordinary skill in the related art would know the metes and bounds of what is considered a derivative.
• An “engine” or a “combustion engine” is a heat engine where the combustion of fuel occurs in a combustion chamber.
• An “internal combustion engine” is a heat engine where the combustion of fuel occurs in a confined space ("combustion chamber”).
• a “spark ignition engine” is a heat engine where the combustion is ignited by a spark, usually from a spark plug. This is contrast to a “compression-ignition engine,” typically a diesel engine, where the heat generated from compression together with injection of fuel is sufficient to initiate combustion without an external spark.
• LSPI low speed pre-ignition
• Factors such as turbocharger use, engine design, engine coatings, piston shape, fuel choice, or engine oil additives may contribute to an increase in LSPI events.
• engine knocking and pre-ignition problems can be resolved through use of new engine technology or optimization of engine operating conditions, reducing LSPI through new fuel and/or lubricant oil compositions may be the most cost-effective approach.
• hydrocarbon-based compositions e.g., fuel, lubricating oil
• hydrocarbon-based compositions prevent LSPI events or reduce LSPI activity during operation of a combustion engine.
• a suitable hydrocarbon-based composition will feature an organic hydride-based reductant additive in accordance with this disclosure.
• organic hydride-based reductants that prevent LSPI events or reduce LSPI activity in combustion engines.
• These organic hydride-based reductants are organic molecules prone to donate hydrides during a hydride transfer step.
• These reductants are ashless additives and usually contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms.
• the organic hydride- based reductant is oil soluble or fuel soluble.
• Hydride transfer is a key step in many well-known organic reactions including important biochemical and industrial redox reactions.
• Precise mechanism of hydride transfer is often complex and may vary with temperature, substrate, hydride donor, availability of protons, presence of Lewis acid and the like.
• hydride transfer may proceed by direct transfer of hydride ion from hydride donor to the substrate or may occur in consecutive steps (e.g., transfer of electron to the substrate followed by a hydrogen atom or by a proton and second electron).
• a suitable hydride donor in accordance with the present invention can lower LSPI activity in a combustion engine by acting against oxidatively unstable chemical species that can initiate LSPI events. This may involve reduction of the oxidative unstable chemical species to a more stable, less reactive reduced species, thus inhibiting LSPI events.
• the organic hydride-based reductant includes at least one of the following organic hydride donors: dihydropyridine (DHPD), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), methylene tetrahydromethanopterin, acridine, triarylmethane, triamine, aryl benzoimidazoline, dioxolane, diethercyclohexadiene, cycloheptatriene, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADh ), hexahydro triazaphenalene, an analog thereof, a homolog thereof, and a derivative thereof.
• DHPD dihydropyridine
• NADH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
• methylene tetrahydromethanopterin acridine
• triarylmethane triamine
• aryl benzoimidazoline dioxolane
• diethercyclohexadiene cyclohept
• Each reductant or reductant-type is represented by a generalized structure that includes generic R groups (e.g., Ri, R 2 , R 3 , etc.) in various substitution positions.
• R groups e.g., Ri, R 2 , R 3 , etc.
• Each R group may be a component selected from a group of suitable substituents. Varying the combination of the R group substituents can result in a set of related structures, wherein each resulting structure is an analog of the other structures within the set. Desirability of a particular substituent may depend on a number of factors including, but not limited to, organic hydride-based donor's target ability to donate hydrides, stability, solubility in oil or fuel, and the like.
• Dihvdropyridine (DHPD) Dihvdropyridine
• DHPD or DHPD-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 1).
• Ri, and R 2 are each components independently selected from the following group: H, ester moiety, amide moiety, cyanide moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• R 3 and R4 are each components independently selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• R 3 ⁇ 4 is a component selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, alkanol moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• Suitable analogs of DHPD include
• NADH Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
• NADH or NADH-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 2).
• Ri and R 2 are each components independently selected from the following group: H, ester moiety, amide moiety, cyanide moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• R 3 and R4 are each components independently selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• R 3 ⁇ 4 is a component selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, alkanol moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• Re is selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• R1 and 4 or R2 and R3 may form a cyclic or heterocyclic structure (e.g., Formula 2C and 2E).
• Suitable analogs of NADH include
• Methylene tetrahydromethanopterin or methylene tetrahydromethanopterin-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 3).
• R1, R2, R 3 , and R4 are each components independently selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, alkanol moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• R3 ⁇ 4 is selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• Suitable analogs of methylene tetrahydromethanopterin include
• X is N or O (Formula 4H).
• Ri is selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• R 2 is selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, alkanol moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• R 3 and R4 are each components independently selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, amine moiety, alkoxy moiety, heteroatoms, any derivative thereof, and the like. Moreover, R3 as well may independently occupy more than one substitution position within its respective rings. In some embodiments, R1 and R3 or R1 may form a cyclic structure (e.g., Formulas 4E and 4F).
• Suitable analogs of acridine include
• Triarylmethane or triarylmethane-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 5).
• Ri, R 2 , and R 3 are independently selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, allyl moiety, amide moiety, ester moiety, ether moiety, hydroxyl moiety, amine moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• Ri, R 2 , and R 3 may independently occupy more than one substitution position in their respective rings (e.g., Formula 5A and 5B).
• Triamine or triamine-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 6), wherein Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , Rs, and Re are connected to form three cyclic rings (e.g., Formula 6A to 6C).
• Aryl benzoimidaline or aryl benzoimidaline-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 7).
• X is N, O, or S.
• Ri and R 2 are each components independently selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• R 3 is selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, alkene moiety, alkyne moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, any derivative thereof and the like. selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, allyl moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• R 4 may independently occupy more than one substitution position.
• Suitable analogs of aryl benzoimidaline includes
• Dioxolane or dioxolane-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 8).
• R is a component selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, benzyl moiety, alkanol moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• Suitable analogs of dioxolane include
• R is a component selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, benzyl moiety, alkanol moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
• Suitable analogs of diethercyclohexadiene includes
• Cycloheptatriene or cycloheptatriene-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 10).
• R is a component selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, benzyl moiety, alkanol moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like. In some embodiments, R may occupy more than one substitution position (e.g., Formula 10B).
• hydride donors described herein may be synthesized or purchased from chemical vendors.
• the following examples are provided for illustrative purposes and are not intended to be limiting.
• DHPD and DHPD-type reductants can be synthesized via a scheme utilizing an off-on switchable acyl donor in the form of different 1,4 dihydropyridine amides (Org. BiomoL Chem. 2015, 73, 185-198).
• Dimethyl 3,5-dicarboxylatepyridine can be purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) or prepared via known procedures (.1. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 722, 9014-9018).
• Formula 6A can be synthesized by a known scheme ( Syn . Comm.
• Para- methoxybenzene benzoimidazoline or para-tertbutylbenzene benzoimidazoline can be obtained adapting a known synthesis procedure (Syn. Comm. 1983, 73, 1033-1039).
• Formula 2F can be obtained by adapting a known synthesis procedure (Org. Lett. 2013, 75, 180-183).
• the organic hydride-based donors of the present disclosure may be useful as additives in hydrocarbon fuels to prevent or reduce undesirable ignition events in combustion engines.
• the proper concentration of the additive necessary in order to achieve the desired LSPI reduction or efficacy is dependent upon a variety of factors including the type of fuel used, the presence of other detergents or dispersants or other additives, etc.
• the range of concentration of the additives of the present disclosure in hydrocarbon fuel may range from 25 to 5000 parts per million (ppmw) by weight (including, but not limited to, 50 to 4000 ppm, 100 to 3500, 150 to 3000, 200 to 2500, 250 to 2000, 300 to 1500, 350 to 1000 and so forth). If other hydride donors are present in the fuel composition, a lesser amount of the additive may be used.
• the compounds of the present disclosure may be formulated as a concentrate using an inert stable oleophilic (i.e., soluble in hydrocarbon fuel) organic solvent boiling in a range of 65°C to 205°C.
• An aliphatic or an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent may be used, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, or higher-boiling aromatics or aromatic thinners.
• Aliphatic alcohols containing 2 to 8 carbon atoms, such as ethanol, isopropanol, methyl isobutyl carbinol, n-butanol and the like, in combination with the hydrocarbon solvents are also suitable for use with the present additives.
• the amount of the additive may range from 10 to 70 wt. % (e.g., 20 to 40 wt. %).
• oxygenates e.g., ethanol, methyl tert- butyl ether
• detergents/dispersants e.g., hydrocarbyl amines, hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) amines, succinimides, Mannich reaction products, aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols, or polyalkylphenoxyaminoalkanes.
• friction modifiers, antioxidants, metal deactivators and demulsifiers may be present.
• diesel fuels other well-known additives can be employed, such as pour point depressants, flow improvers, cetane improvers, lubricity additives and the like.
• a fuel-soluble, non-volatile carrier fluid or oil may also be used with compounds of this disclosure.
• the carrier fluid is a chemically inert hydrocarbon- soluble liquid vehicle which substantially increases the non-volatile residue (NVR), or solvent-free liquid fraction of the fuel additive composition while not overwhelmingly contributing to octane requirement increase.
• the carrier fluid may be a natural or synthetic oil, such as mineral oil, refined petroleum oils, synthetic polyalkanes and alkenes, including hydrogenated and unhydrogenated polyalphaolefins, synthetic polyoxyalkylene-derived oils, such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,756,793; 4,191,537; and 5,004,478; and in European Patent Appl. Pub. Nos.
• the carrier fluids may be employed in amounts ranging from 35 to 5000 ppm by weight of the hydrocarbon fuel (e.g., 50 to 3000 ppm of the fuel). When employed in a fuel concentrate, carrier fluids may be present in amounts ranging from 20 to 60 wt. % (e.g., 30 to 50 wt. %).
• the organic hydride-donors of the present disclosure may be useful as additives in lubricating oils to prevent or reduce undesirable ignition events in combustion engines.
• the additives are usually present in the lubricating oil composition in concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 10 wt. % (including, but not limited to, 0.01 to 5 wt. %, 0.2 to 4 wt. %, 0.5 to 3 wt. %, 1 to 2 wt. %, and so forth), based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. If other hydride donors are present in the lubricating oil composition, a lesser amount of the additive may be used.
• Oils used as the base oil will be selected or blended depending on the desired end use and the additives in the finished oil to give the desired grade of engine oil, e.g. a lubricating oil composition having an Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Viscosity Grade of 0W, 0W-20, 0W-30, 0W-40, 0W-50, 0W-60, 5W, 5W-20, 5W-30, 5W- 40, 5W-50, 5W-60, 10W, 10W-20, 10W-30, 10W-40, 10W-50, 15W, 15W-20, 15W-30, or 15W-40.
• SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
• the oil of lubricating viscosity (sometimes referred to as “base stock” or “base oil”) is the primary liquid constituent of a lubricant, into which additives and possibly other oils are blended, for example to produce a final lubricant (or lubricant composition).
• a base oil which is useful for making concentrates as well as for making lubricating oil compositions therefrom, may be selected from natural (vegetable, animal or mineral) and synthetic lubricating oils and mixtures thereof.
• base stocks and base oils in this disclosure are the same as those found in American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1509 Annex E ("API Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines for Passenger Car Motor Oils and Diesel Engine Oils," December 2016).
• Group I base stocks contain less than 90% saturates and/or greater than 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120 using the test methods specified in Table E-1.
• Group II base stocks contain greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120 using the test methods specified in Table E-1.
• Group III base stocks contain greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 120 using the test methods specified in Table E-1.
• Group IV base stocks are polyalphaolefins (PAO).
• Group V base stocks include all other base stocks not included in Group I, II, III, or IV.
• Natural oils include animal oils, vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil and lard oil), and mineral oils. Animal and vegetable oils possessing favorable thermal oxidative stability can be used. Of the natural oils, mineral oils are preferred. Mineral oils vary widely as to their crude source, for example, as to whether they are paraffinic, naphthenic, or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic. Oils derived from coal or shale are also useful. Natural oils vary also as to the method used for their production and purification, for example, their distillation range and whether they are straight run or cracked, hydrorefined, or solvent extracted.
• Synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oil.
• Hydrocarbon oils include oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-olefin copolymers, and ethylene- alphaolefin copolymers).
• Polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil base stocks are commonly used synthetic hydrocarbon oil.
• PAOs derived from Cs to Ci 4 olefins e.g., C 3 ⁇ 4 C10, C12, Cu olefins or mixtures thereof, may be utilized.
• base oils include non-conventional or unconventional base stocks that have been processed, preferably catalytically, or synthesized to provide high performance characteristics.
• Non-conventional or unconventional base stocks/base oils include one or more of a mixture of base stock(s) derived from one or more Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) materials, as well as isomerate/isodewaxate base stock(s) derived from natural wax or waxy feeds, mineral and or non-mineral oil waxy feed stocks such as slack waxes, natural waxes, and waxy stocks such as gas oils, waxy fuels hydrocracker bottoms, waxy raffinate, hydrocrackate, thermal crackates, or other mineral, mineral oil, or even non petroleum oil derived waxy materials such as waxy materials received from coal liquefaction or shale oil, and mixtures of such base stocks.
• GTL Gas-to-Liquids
• Base oils for use in the lubricating oil compositions of present disclosure are any of the variety of oils corresponding to API Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V oils, and mixtures thereof, preferably API Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V oils, and mixtures thereof, more preferably the Group III to Group V base oils due to their exceptional volatility, stability, viscometric and cleanliness features.
• the base oil will have a kinematic viscosity at 100°C (ASTM D445) in a range of 2.5 to 20 mm 2 /s (e.g., 3 to 12 mm 2 /s, 4 to 10 mm 2 /s, or 4.5 to 8 mm 2 /s).
• the present lubricating oil compositions may also contain conventional lubricant additives for imparting auxiliary functions to give a finished lubricating oil composition in which these additives are dispersed or dissolved.
• the lubricating oil compositions can be blended with antioxidants, ashless dispersants, anti-wear agents, detergents such as metal detergents, rust inhibitors, dehazing agents, demulsifying agents, friction modifiers, metal deactivating agents, pour point depressants, viscosity modifiers, antifoaming agents, co-solvents, package compatibilizers, corrosion-inhibitors, dyes, extreme pressure agents and the like and mixtures thereof.
• a variety of the additives are known and commercially available. These additives, or their analogous compounds, can be employed for the preparation of the lubricating oil compositions of the invention by the usual blending procedures.
• each of the foregoing additives when used, is used at a functionally effective amount to impart the desired properties to the lubricant.
• a functionally effective amount of this ashless dispersant would be an amount sufficient to impart the desired dispersancy characteristics to the lubricant.
• the concentration of each of these additives, when used may range, unless otherwise specified, from about 0.001 to about 20 wt. %, such as about 0.01 to about 10 wt. %.
• LSPI can impact many types combustion engines, it can be particularly problematic in direct-injected, boosted (turbocharged or supercharged), spark-ignited (gasoline) internal combustion engines that, in operation, generate a brake mean effective pressure level of greater than 1000 kPa (10 bar) at engine speeds of from 1500 to 2500 rotations per minute (rpm), such as at engine speeds of from 1500 to 2000 rpm.
• Brake mean effective pressure is defined as the work accomplished during on engine cycle, divided by the engine swept volume, the engine torque normalized by engine displacement.
• the word “brake” denotes the actual torque or power available at the engine flywheel, as measured on a dynamometer.
• BMEP is a measure of the useful energy output of the engine.
• test compounds were blended in gasoline or lube oil and their capacity for reducing LSPI events were determined using the test method described below.
• a six-segment test procedure was used to determine the number of LSPI events that occurred under conditions of an engine speed of 2000 rpm and a load of 275 Nm.
• the LSPI test condition is run for 28 minutes with each segment separated by an idle period.
• Each segment is slightly truncated to eliminate the transient portion.
• Each truncated segment typically has approximately 1 10,000 combustion cycles (27,500 combustion cycles per cylinder). In total, the six truncated segments have approximately 660,000 combustion cycles (165,000 combustion cycles per cylinder).
• LSPI-impacted combustion cycles were determined by monitoring peak cylinder pressure (PP) and crank angle at 5% total heat release (AI5). LSPI-impacted combustion cycles are defined as having both (1) a PP greater than five standard deviations than the average PP for a given cylinder and truncated segment and (2) an AI5 greater than five standard deviations less than the average for a given cylinder and truncated segment.
• the LSPI frequency is reported as the number of LSPI-impacted combustion cycles per million combustion cycles and is calculated as follows:
• LSPI Frequency [(Total Number of LSPI Impacted Combustion Cycles In SL ' X Truncated Segments)/(Total Number of Combustion Cycles In SL ' X Truncated Segments )] x 1,000,000
• the baseline fuel was a conventional 49-state premium unleaded gasoline fuel without any deposit control additives and the baseline lubricant was representative of a conventional engine oil meeting ILSAC GF-5 and API SN specifications.
• the test results are set forth in Table 1.
• Example 1 shows result for DHPD as a fuel additive at 1000 ppmw in a test fuel fluid.
• the number of LSPI events observed when testing fuel or lubricant with additive is listed in column titled "LSPI Activity” while the number of LSPI events observed when testing fuel or lubricant without additive is listed in column titled “Reference.”
• inclusion or omission of the additives is the only difference between the fuel or lubricant compositions tested in the LSPI Activity and Reference columns.

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