WO2020035538A1 - Module détecteur et utilisation d'un module détecteur - Google Patents

Module détecteur et utilisation d'un module détecteur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020035538A1
WO2020035538A1 PCT/EP2019/071846 EP2019071846W WO2020035538A1 WO 2020035538 A1 WO2020035538 A1 WO 2020035538A1 EP 2019071846 W EP2019071846 W EP 2019071846W WO 2020035538 A1 WO2020035538 A1 WO 2020035538A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
radiation
detector
detector module
module according
housing
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2019/071846
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Günter Dittmar
Daniel Lutz
Peter Zipfl
Jonas STASCHIK
Original Assignee
Dittmar Guenter
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Dittmar Guenter filed Critical Dittmar Guenter
Priority to DE112019000313.5T priority Critical patent/DE112019000313A5/de
Publication of WO2020035538A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020035538A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T7/00—Details of radiation-measuring instruments

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a detector module for ionizing radiation, in particular laser-induced ionizing radiation, according to the features of claim 1, and the use of a detector module.
  • Detector modules are known from the prior art which are used for radiation measurement and which can be used, for example, in X-ray spectroscopy.
  • a detector module is known for example from DE 10 2010 046 100 A1.
  • a radiation detector is arranged in a housing with a housing opening.
  • the housing opening is covered by a radiation entrance window which is opaque to optical radiation in a wavelength range visible to humans and at least partially transparent to ionizing radiation.
  • the radiation entrance window comprises a semiconductor wafer on which one or more planar layers are applied.
  • a disadvantage here is, for example, the complex and expensive manufacture of such a detector module.
  • the object of the invention is to provide an improved detector module and a use of the detector module.
  • the detector module according to the invention comprises a housing with a housing opening and at least one radiation entry window.
  • the radiation entrance window is opaque to optical radiation and at least partially transparent to ionizing radiation.
  • the ionizing radiation is, for example, X-ray radiation or laser-induced ionizing radiation.
  • the radiation entrance window covers the housing opening optically tight.
  • the detector module according to the invention comprises a radiation detector which is suitable for the detection of the ionizing radiation. net, wherein the radiation detector is arranged in the housing. Only the ionizing radiation to be detected passes from the outside, ie from outside the detector module, through the radiation entrance window and strikes the pixels of the radiation detector within the housing.
  • the radiation detector can also be suitable for detection in other wavelength ranges, for example in the visible range or in the near infrared, which offers improved possibilities for a self-test or continuous function monitoring.
  • the radiation entry window can comprise a plastic carrier film which is transparent to optical radiation.
  • a plastic carrier film which is transparent to optical radiation.
  • On the plastic carrier film for example on the outside of the plastic carrier film facing the radiation detector, at least one layer is applied according to the invention, which is opaque to optical radiation and at least partially transparent to the ionizing radiation to be measured.
  • this layer can also be arranged on the side of the carrier film facing away from the radiation detector.
  • optical radiation is understood to mean that part of the electromagnetic spectrum which comprises a wavelength range from 100 nm to 1 mm.
  • the housing of the detector module can in particular be made of a material which is impermeable to the ionizing radiation to be measured.
  • metals and metal alloys with a sufficiently high atomic number and wall thickness can be used, e.g. Housing made of aluminum, steel, lead, copper, zinc or tin.
  • the radiation detector can be a one-element sensor and, depending on the application, also a multi-element sensor (array) which comprises a plurality of image pixels.
  • the detector module itself can detect and report the failure or degradation of individual or all sensor elements.
  • the multi-element sensor is very fail-safe due to the redundancy of the sensor elements irradiated at the same time.
  • an internal self-monitoring of all detector elements by another independent system that uses the ability of the sensor to measure light or optical radiation.
  • the multi-element arrangement enables the display of images generated by ionizing radiation.
  • the radiation detector can be a two-dimensional NMOS, CMOS or CCD array sensor, as is known from video cameras and digital cameras.
  • the array sensor can optionally be slightly modified, in particular by removing a cover layer arranged on it at the factory or by irradiation from its rear side.
  • a detector in particular enables direct measurement of ionizing radiation, so that, in contrast to the solutions known from the prior art, a scintillator can be dispensed with.
  • the carrier film can be a film made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or polyamide (PA).
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • PA polyamide
  • the film can e.g. be made of a thermoset or a black ceramic.
  • the thickness of the film can be in particular from 0.01 mm to 0.5 mm.
  • the detector module according to the invention is suitable to be used as a sensor for the detection of laser-induced ionizing radiation.
  • the detector module With such a sensor, it is possible to output an alarm signal if ionizing radiation which is dangerous for humans is generated in the laser process.
  • the detector module it is also possible to use the detector module to control a switch-off device which, for example, automatically switches off the laser process when ionizing radiation is generated which exceeds the legal limit.
  • At least one further layer which is opaque to optical radiation and at least partially permeable to ionizing radiation, can be applied to the outside of the carrier film facing away from the radiation detector. Layers can thus be arranged on both outer sides of the plastic carrier films.
  • the plastic film can be arranged between a first layer and a further layer, the two layers being opaque to optical radiation and at least partially to ionizing radiation is permeable.
  • the first layer and the further layer can of course each be built up from several individual layers.
  • the carrier film and the at least one layer can each have a homogeneous thickness.
  • the thickness of the layer can be up to 50 mm. It can thus be achieved that the absorption of the ionizing radiation to be measured is homogeneous in the entire radiation entrance window. The radiation detector is thus exposed to the same radiation over the entire detector area.
  • the carrier film can have a homogeneous thickness and the at least one layer can have a wedge-shaped cross section at least in sections. It is possible, for example, for the thickness of the layer to increase radially from the edge of the radiation entrance window to the center or to increase linearly from a left edge to a right edge.
  • a gradient filter can be implemented with which the pixels of the radiation detector can be supplied with ionized radiation of different numbers of photons per second and different photon energy.
  • the thickness of the wedge-shaped layers can vary from a minimum thickness of 5 pm to a maximum thickness of up to 3 mm.
  • the at least one layer can be a graphite layer, black oxide layer or a metal layer.
  • a metal layer beryllium, aluminum, molybdenum, nickel, iron, chromium or titanium can be used.
  • alloys of the metals listed are also conceivable.
  • a combination of layers with one or more metal layers is also possible in one embodiment of the invention. If several layers are applied to the carrier film, the thicknesses of the individual layers can be designed differently.
  • the at least one layer can comprise a plurality of sections with different attenuation factors for the incident ionizing radiation.
  • the plurality of sections can be constructed from different metals. This makes it possible to open a radiation entrance window build, which has a predetermined pattern. Because of the different absorption behavior of the individual sections, this pattern therefore causes the radiation detector to be irradiated differently with ionizing radiation. This makes it possible to set up a little channel spectrometer.
  • the sections with different weakenings can also be created by embossing a film from a material such that sections of different material thickness are created by the embossing.
  • Different weakenings can be generated in a particularly simple manner simply by the different thicknesses.
  • the at least one layer can be evaporated, sputtered or glued onto the carrier film.
  • a combination of the connection types may also be possible.
  • an evaluation unit for evaluating the signals generated by the radiation detector can be present.
  • the evaluation unit can be positioned inside the housing or outside the housing.
  • the radiation detector and the evaluation unit can be connected by means of detachable signal and / or data lines.
  • a storage unit can be provided for storing a measurement value or image of the radiation incident on the radiation detector, which is recorded by the radiation detector.
  • the current measured value can be stored in the memory for each pixel of the radiation detector and can be called up or overwritten at any time.
  • a light source should be arranged to illuminate the pixels of the radiation detector, the inner surface of the housing being at least partially diffusely reflective for the light emitted by the light source.
  • the response behavior of the radiation detector can be monitored and documented by storage in a storage unit.
  • the radiation entry window should advantageously be opaque to optical radiation, so that no optical radiation can strike the radiation detector from outside the detector module.
  • the detector module can be designed in such a way that a control unit automatically records and stores a test image. At the moment of self-testing of the detector module with optical radiation and simultaneous measurement of ionizing radiation, the measurement data are added.
  • the optically generated measurement data are known and can therefore be used for correction by means of subtraction.
  • a comparison unit can be provided for comparing a test image of the at least one light source recorded by the radiation detector with a reference image recorded and stored during or before the first start-up of the detector module with the at least one light source. This makes it possible to monitor the aging behavior of the radiation detector pixel by pixel. It is also possible that there is an output unit for outputting an error message if the test image does not match the reference image.
  • the at least one light source can be, for example, an LED and / or a laser diode.
  • At least one photodetector in particular one photodiode, is arranged in the housing. This makes it possible to control the aging of the light source arranged in the housing.
  • a reference value of the at least one light source can be compared with the at least one photo detector can be recorded and stored. This reference value can be used for comparison purposes in later test measurements of the light source. If the measured value of a test measurement deviates from the reference value, a corresponding error message can be displayed in an output unit.
  • light is not only to be understood as the spectral range visible to the human eye.
  • the term “light” here should also include optical radiation in the near infrared, in particular in the range from 800 nm to 1 100 nm.
  • the radiation detector in accordance with the plurality of sections of the at least one layer of the radiation entry window, can be designed to detect ionizing radiation falling on the radiation detector through the radiation entry window and to generate a corresponding signal.
  • the evaluation unit can also be designed to generate a quotient of the corresponding signals. This makes it possible to differentiate the radiation incident on the radiation detector into high-energy and low-energy photon radiation. For example, it is possible that a first section of the radiation detector is assigned to a section of the radiation entry window with a low absorption behavior and a second section of the radiation detector is assigned to a section of the radiation entry window with a high absorption behavior.
  • two or more radiation entry windows can be arranged one behind the other, at least one outer radiation entry window being connected to the housing in an exchangeable manner.
  • an interchangeable radiation entrance window it is possible, for example, to optimally adapt the detector module for different applications.
  • an exchangeable radiation entry window can protect an internal radiation entry window from mechanical damage.
  • the outer window is a so-called sacrificial window that can be easily replaced. A defective outer sacrificial window does not lead to the failure of the detector unit. It is only when all windows allow optical radiation to pass through as a result of continuous damage that an extremely high output signal deviates from the reference image that triggers an error message.
  • the sacrificial window can only consist of a thin, replaceable plastic film. A local destruction of this plastic film is apparently recognizable and thus gives the indication that the detector module is placed too close to the laser process.
  • a pinhole can be arranged in the radiation direction in front of or behind a radiation entry window. This makes it possible for a radiation source that is positioned and to be monitored outside the detector module to be imaged on the radiation detector. Appropriate signal processing in the radiation detector can thus be used to determine a spatially resolved representation of the radiation intensity within the radiation source.
  • the pinhole can be replaced by a perforated plate consisting of many holes, the holes acting as collimators lying next to one another and generating an image of the radiation source on the sensor array.
  • a pinhole is to be understood as an aperture which is only permeable through a small opening for the laser-induced ionizing radiation to be detected.
  • the pinhole acts in conjunction with the housing and an imaging Sensor, in particular in connection with the already mentioned two-dimensional imaging CCD array sensor like a camera obscura and, like already, shows the radiation intensity in the area under consideration.
  • an imaging Sensor in particular in connection with the already mentioned two-dimensional imaging CCD array sensor like a camera obscura and, like already, shows the radiation intensity in the area under consideration.
  • a spatially resolved observation of laser-induced ionizing radiation arising in a processed area can be realized in real time using suitable image processing. This enables, for example, improved control of laser processing processes.
  • At least one activity module with a radionuclide can be arranged in or in front of the housing and emits ionizing radiation of known photon energy, known activity and known half-life in the direction of the radiation detector. This makes it possible to control the aging of the radiation detector, failures of individual or all pixels of the radiation detector. Due to the defined half-life of the activity of the radionuclide, a non-manipulable time period is determined until the next functional test at the manufacturer. When the detector module is started up for the first time, a reference value of the at least one activity standard can be recorded with the radiation detector and stored in one unit. This reference value can be used for comparison purposes in later test measurements of ionizing radiation.
  • the legal reduction in the activity of radionuclides as a result of the conversion of the nuclide leads to a defined reduction in the emitted ionizing radiation.
  • the radiation measured by the radiation detector decreases between the reference measurement and the later test measurement. From the time span between the reference measurement and the test measurement, the target value for the day of the test measurement can be calculated in advance and compared with the actual value. A deviation between the setpoint and actual value indicates an error in the radiation detector.
  • the activity of the nuclide which decreases over time, can also be used to limit the period of use between two maintenance work on the detector module. If the minimum measured value for the nuclide stored by the manufacturer falls below due to the advanced time or due to a degradation of the radiation detector, a command is given to maintain the detector module.
  • the nuclide for limitation The operating time between two maintenance tasks must therefore have a half-life that is between one and five years. Nuclides with significantly shorter half-lives than a year are not suitable. If the half-life of the nuclide or mixture of nuclides used is more than 5 years, the function test of the radiation sensor is possible but not the dimensioning of the maintenance interval because the decrease in radiation per maintenance interval is too small.
  • the radiating material can be accommodated in a radiation reference device which is attached to the outside of the detector module in front of the housing opening.
  • the ionizing reference radiation has a photon energy in the range from 3 keV to 60 keV and can therefore be detected by the radiation detector.
  • the reference radiation emitted to the outside is not only low-energy, it also has a very low dose rate of H '(0.07) ⁇ 20 pSv / h, which is harmless to humans.
  • the dose rate of the radiating material is below the legal free limit.
  • the activity of the nuclide is not more than 100 kBq.
  • the nuclide in the radiation reference device has an exactly defined half-life.
  • Fe-55, Mn-54, Cd-109, Zn-65, Ba-133 and Am-241 or a mixture thereof can be used as nuclide.
  • the radiating material can be at least partially encapsulated by the externally attached radiation reference device.
  • the radiation of the radiating material can be incident directly on the radiation detector through the radiation entry window into the housing.
  • This radiation offset thus generates a continuous signal in the radiation detector, but it is below the signal by more than a factor of 5, which is generated by the laser-induced ionizing radiation.
  • the radiation emitted by the radiation reference device can thus be regarded as a zero dose rate.
  • the value of this zero dose rate determined by the radiation detector can be stored as a reference value. It is also possible to store the entirety of the radiation reference values of all pixels in the form of a black and white radiation image. This can be used to check the function of the sensor
  • the radiation reference image that was saved by the manufacturer when it was commissioned for the first time can be used for comparison purposes to detect degradation or damage to the sensor.
  • the radiating material replaces the natural ambient radiation.
  • the self-test of the detector module with the ionizing radiation of the nuclide constantly delivers a small test signal.
  • the very small test signal is also generated.
  • the known test signal is subtracted from the overall signal in a computing unit, so that only the laser-induced signal remains and is displayed.
  • the radiation reference device can be located inside the detector module, i. H. the device is not recognizable from the outside and cannot be measured. In this case, the radiation does not penetrate the housing wall or the radiation entrance window.
  • a small-area activity standard with a diameter of less than 6 mm and a thickness of 0.5 mm can be arranged, in particular welded, between two foils, in particular polyester foils, and mounted in the radiation reference device.
  • the activity standard directly irradiates the radiation detector.
  • the activity of the activity standard is, for example, only 50 kBq when it is started up for the first time, which is 5% of the legal exemption limit.
  • the activity standard fastened inside the detector module is protected from environmental influences and cannot be manipulated without opening the housing of the detector module.
  • the radiation of the activity standard decreases continuously.
  • the activity standard provides continuous background radiation that represents the zero dose rate. This zero dose generates a reference value in the radiation detector which is always available. If the radiation detector is a pixel sensor, then a black and white radiation image can be stored for comparison purposes. Because the radiation of the activity standard decreases in accordance with its half-life, the reference value also decreases or the black and white radiation image becomes darker.
  • the reference initial value is given by the detector module when it is started up Manufacturer saved.
  • the reference value which decreases over time, is compared with a predefined and stored reference final value. If the current reference value is below the saved reference final value, the detector module generates a signal that indicates the maintenance work required by the manufacturer.
  • the use of the radionuclide Fe-55 as an activity standard fixed in the detector module is particularly advantageous.
  • the activity standard from Fe-55 emits its photons at the energy 5.9 keV and 6.49 keV. These two energy values are in the range of a high sensitivity of the detector array and can therefore also be easily detected for decreasing activity.
  • the half-life of the activity standard from Fe-55 is 1001 days. At approximately 2.737 years, this corresponds approximately to the maintenance interval for an industrial measuring device that is used for safety monitoring.
  • Both the external and internal activity standards enable the sensor array to be checked continuously with a precisely defined ionizing radiation that can be traced back to national standards.
  • the low background radiation of the activity standard is always present and constantly generates a small reference signal.
  • the continuous reference signal of the background radiation is subtracted from the instantaneous value.
  • the half-life and the particle energy of the activity standards are tabulated in international standards. Their values have been determined by state institutions with little uncertainty. By using an activity standard, the measurement uncertainty is reduced and the functionality of the detector module is monitored with every measurement process.
  • the radiation reference device mounted on the outside can have a window on a side facing the housing opening that is transparent to the radiation of the radiating material, e.g. Have polyethylene or polyester film.
  • the window of the radiation reference device and the radiation entrance window can face each other at least in sections. This makes it possible for the radiation of the radiating material of the radiation reference device to be incident directly through the radiation entry window into the housing in the direction of the radiation detector.
  • the external radiation reference device can comprise an area for the transmission of the ionizing radiation to be measured.
  • the external radiation reference device can be designed as an annular cylinder around the radiation entrance window. This makes it possible for the ionizing radiation to be measured to strike the radiation entrance window from the outside through the open central part of the ring-shaped cylinder.
  • the radiation detector measures the radiation dose of the incident ionizing radiation and the radiation dose of the radiating material of the radiation reference device.
  • the radiation dose of the incident ionizing radiation can be determined in an evaluation unit by forming the difference.
  • a protective device for the radiation entrance window against mechanical damage can be present.
  • a protective device can e.g. be a film or plate that is transparent over the spectral range of the ionizing radiation to be measured.
  • the detector module described can advantageously be used to monitor a plasma-generating laser process.
  • the ionizing radiation generated by the laser process can be used for medical treatment;
  • the method can be a material processing method, in particular drilling, removing, smoothing, cutting, separating, turning, hardening or converting a material.
  • the sensor module can be used to image the area under consideration by means of laser-induced ionizing radiation; the image obtained in this way can then be used to control or regulate the laser process.
  • FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of the invention in an exemplary sectional view
  • FIG. 3 shows a third embodiment of the invention in an exemplary sectional view
  • FIG. 5 shows a fifth embodiment of the invention in an exemplary sectional view
  • FIG. 6 shows a sixth embodiment of the invention in an exemplary sectional view
  • FIG. 7 shows a first exemplary structure of a radiation entry window for a detector module according to the invention
  • FIG. 8 shows a second exemplary structure of a radiation entry window for a detector module according to the invention
  • FIG. 9 shows a third exemplary structure of a radiation entry window for a detector module according to the invention. 10 shows an arrangement of an evaluation unit with a memory unit, comparison unit, display unit, arithmetic unit
  • the detector module 1 shows a first embodiment of a detector module according to the invention in a schematic sectional illustration.
  • the detector module 1 has a housing 11, which is impermeable to the ionizing radiation 15 to be measured and the optical radiation from the external environment.
  • the housing 11 has a housing opening 19 through which only the ionizing radiation 15 to be measured can enter the housing 11.
  • the top of the radiation detector 12 is arranged parallel to the housing opening 19, so that only the incident ionizing radiation 15 to be measured strikes the radiation detector 12 essentially perpendicularly.
  • the radiation detector 12 is connected to an evaluation unit 17 and is used to evaluate the signals generated by the radiation detector 12.
  • the evaluation unit 17 is also arranged within the housing 11. However, it is also possible for the evaluation unit 17 to be arranged outside the housing 11 and to be connected to the radiation detector via data lines.
  • the evaluation unit 17 generates an output besignal 18, which can be further processed in further devices, for example output devices or switch-off devices for laser machines (not shown).
  • the housing opening 19 is covered by a radiation entry window 13, so that no optical radiation can enter the interior from the outside.
  • the radiation entrance window 13 can seal off the interior of the housing 11 in a gas-tight manner.
  • the radiation entrance window 13 is arranged on the inside of the housing 11 in such a way that it completely covers the housing opening 19. A corresponding arrangement of the radiation entrance window 13 on the outside of the housing 11 is of course also possible.
  • a protective device 16 which completely covers the housing opening 19 and which is only transparent to the ionizing radiation 15 to be measured. This protective device 16 serves to protect the radiation entrance window 13 from damage, e.g. to protect by touch.
  • the ionizing radiation 15 to be measured thus passes from a radiation source to be monitored (not shown) through the protective device 16, through the housing opening 19 and the radiation entrance window 13 closing this housing opening 19 into the interior of the housing 11 of the detector module 1, where it occurs strikes the radiation detector 12.
  • FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of a detector module according to the invention in a schematic sectional illustration, which corresponds in substantial parts to FIG. 1. In order to avoid repetitions, only the differences from FIG. 1 are dealt with in the following description of FIG. 2.
  • a light source 21 is present in the interior of the housing 11 according to FIG. 2.
  • This light source 21 can be, for example, an LED or a laser diode.
  • the inner surface 1 1 a of the housing 1 1 is designed to be diffusely reflective for the radiation emitted by the light source 21.
  • the radiation 22 of the light source 21 is on the inner surface 1 1 a of the housing 1 1 scattered into the cavity and also strikes the radiation detector 12.
  • a photodiode 23 is also arranged in the interior of the housing 1 1. The photodiode 23 is designed to receive the radiation 22 emitted by the light source 21 and multiply scattered on the walls.
  • a computing unit 17f shown in FIG. 10 only the measurement result that was generated by the laser-induced ionizing radiation is forwarded.
  • the signal generated by the LED is a test signal to ensure the function of the detector module.
  • the functionality of the radiation detector can be checked according to FIG. 2 with optical radiation or with ionizing radiation according to FIG. 2a or FIG. 6.
  • the functional check with optical radiation can, but does not have to be combined with the functional check with ionizing radiation.
  • the use of two functional tests based on different physical principles of action results in extremely high system reliability that cannot be manipulated.
  • an optical reference image or an optical reference image sequence of the front inner half of the sensor module that is illuminated by the light sources 21 is recorded with the radiation detector 12.
  • This reference image or the reference image sequence are stored in an evaluation unit 17, which comprises an internal or external memory (not shown).
  • FIG. 2a shows a further embodiment of a detector module according to the invention in a schematic sectional illustration, which essentially corresponds to FIG. 1. In order to avoid repetitions, only the differences from FIG. 1 are discussed in the following description of FIG. 2a.
  • the activity standard 64a with the ionizing reference radiation 64b is used.
  • the activity standard 64a comprises a small housing with an opening in the front that contains the ionizing reference radiation 64b of a radiating material 64 is directed onto the radiation detector 12.
  • the radiating material 64 is a radionuclide with a photon energy that can be registered by the radiation detector 12.
  • the radiation detector 12 picks up a reference variable and stores it in the evaluation unit 17.
  • the reference variable is, for example, a gray pixel image or the sum of all registered gray values of all the individual pixels when the radiation detector 13 is irradiated with the reference radiation 64b.
  • the reference variable is stored in the evaluation unit 17 and used in the comparison unit for comparison purposes.
  • the tubular activity standard 64a has a directional effect.
  • the wall and floor of the activity standard can contain steel, brass, copper or tungsten and can have a wall thickness of approx. 2 mm.
  • a thin disc of the radionuclide Fe-55 or Zn-65 can be located on its bottom between two foils, for example polyester foils, for example 6 ⁇ m thick.
  • the radionuclide can be applied directly to the inner bottom of the activity standard 64a.
  • the radiating opening of the activity standard 64a is closed, in particular welded, with a film, for example approximately 6 pm thick, in particular a polyester film.
  • the radiation entrance window 13 is not reached by radiation of the activity standard 64a.
  • the radiation detector 12 is preferably continuously irradiated with the reference radiation 64b.
  • the ionizing radiation 64b becomes smaller and smaller due to the radioactive decay.
  • a measure of the decay of the reference radiation is the flald-value time of the radionuclide 64.
  • the initial reference value existing at the first start-up, the start value of the activity standard and the start time (date and time) can be stored.
  • a new, updated reference value can then be calculated from the initial value, taking into account the past time period, and compared with this.
  • the updated reference value is therefore always smaller than the starting value at the starting time.
  • the rate of decay of the decay processes of the nuclide is determined physically by the flocculation time of the nuclide.
  • a second characteristic of a reference source, consisting of nuclide 64, is Energy of the emitted photons.
  • the characteristic features of the energy distribution of the decaying nuclide are tabulated in state standards and cannot be changed.
  • the detector module is secured against counterfeiting and incorrect measurements. If the current measured value generated by the activity standard 64a falls below or exceeds a final reference value previously determined by the manufacturer, the detector module 1 is either too old or it is working incorrectly or manipulation has been carried out. All three states are not acceptable for safe measurement actions and can be used to initiate a warning signal or to permanently switch off the detector module.
  • FIG. 3 shows a further embodiment of a detector module according to the invention in a schematic sectional illustration, which corresponds in substantial parts to FIG. 1. In order to avoid repetitions, only the differences from FIG. 1 are dealt with in the following description of FIG. 3.
  • the radiation entrance window 13 consists of a carrier film 31 and a metal layer 36 which is applied to the surface of the carrier film 31 facing the radiation detector 12.
  • the peripheral edge of the plastic film is e.g. sealed with adhesive so that no optical radiation penetrates from the outside into the interior of the sensor module.
  • To protect the thin, opaque metal layer 36 its second side can also be covered with a carrier film 31.
  • This metal layer 36 is subdivided into a first region 32 and a second region 33.
  • the areas 32 and 33 differ in that they are made up of different metals. For example, the area 32 made of aluminum and the area 33 made of molybdenum. Other metals or alloys are also conceivable.
  • the areas 32, 33 of the radiation entry window 13 and the detector areas 34, 35 are arranged such that radiation 15 incident through the housing opening 19, which strikes the detector area 34 through the area 32 of the radiation entry window 13, for example.
  • Incident radiation 15 which passes through the area 33 of the Radiation entry window 13 occurs, strikes the detector area 34 of the radiation detector 12. Since the two areas 32, 33 have a different absorption behavior for the radiation components in the incident radiation 15, the detector areas 34, 35 are exposed to different radiation dose rates. After the initially homogeneous radiation 15 has passed through the sections 32 and 33, the two radiation components differ in their energetic composition.
  • Two radiation collimators, not shown, located between the window and the radiation detector can prevent the two radiation components from mixing.
  • the two radiation collimators can include, for example, plastic-coated tubes made of brass or copper with a wall thickness of, for example, 1 mm.
  • the evaluation unit 17 is designed to form a quotient of the radiation doses measured in the detector areas 34, 35.
  • the signal 37 determined from this is further processed, for example, in a display device (not shown).
  • FIG. 4 shows a fourth embodiment of a detector module according to the invention in a schematic sectional illustration, which corresponds in substantial parts to FIG. 1. In order to avoid repetitions, only the differences from FIG. 1 are dealt with in the following description of FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 5 shows a fifth embodiment of a detector module according to the invention in a schematic sectional illustration, which essentially corresponds to FIG. 4. In order to avoid repetitions, only the differences from FIG. 4 are discussed in the following description of FIG. 5.
  • the detector module 1 has a pinhole 51, which is arranged in front of the housing opening 19 as seen in the radiation direction of the incident radiation 15.
  • the pinhole 51 is made of a material which is impermeable to the ionizing radiation 18 to be measured.
  • the opening 52 formed in the aperture 51 is transparent to the ionizing radiation to be measured.
  • FIG. 6 shows a further embodiment of a detector module according to the invention in a schematic sectional illustration, which essentially corresponds to FIG. 1. In order to avoid repetitions, only the differences from FIG. 1 are dealt with in the following description of FIG. 6.
  • the detector module 1 has an external radiation reference device 61.
  • This radiation reference device 61 is applied to the housing opening 19 of the housing 11.
  • the connection between the radiation reference device 61 and the housing 11 is designed to be detachable, so that an exchange of the radiation reference device 61 or access into the interior of the housing 11 is possible.
  • the radiation reference device 61 comprises a cylinder 62, which covers the housing opening 19 with a flat side 63.
  • a radiating material 64 within the cylinder 62, for example Fe-55, Mn-54, Cd-109, Zn-65, Ba-133, Am-241, Ra-226 or a mixture thereof , arranged.
  • This radiating material 64 is arranged around the housing opening 19.
  • the radiating material 64 itself can be annular as shown.
  • the cylinder 62 is made of a material, for example aluminum, lead or steel, with a wall thickness of approximately 4 mm, which is non-transparent to the radiation emitted by the radiating material 64.
  • the reference radiation 100 of the radiation reference device 61 emitted by the radiating material 64 passes through a window (65) which is transparent to the radiation of the radiating material (64), the housing opening 19 and the radiation entry window 13 into the interior of the housing 11 and hits it there Radiation detector 12.
  • the cylinder 62 has an inner wall 66 and an outer wall 67, as a result of which the cylinder 62 represents an annular cylinder.
  • the inner wall 66 and the outer wall 67 thus form a space in which the radiating material 64 is arranged.
  • the incident ionizing radiation 15 to be measured runs along the longitudinal axis L of the cylinder 62 within the space 68 formed by the inner wall 66 of the cylinder 61.
  • FIG. 7 shows a first exemplary schematic structure of a radiation entrance window 13 for a detector module according to the invention.
  • the illustration on the left shows a radiation entrance window 13 with a carrier film 31 and a graphite or opaque black layer 71 applied to this film 31.
  • the graphite or black layer 71 can be evaporated or glued on.
  • the illustration on the right shows a radiation entry window 13 with a carrier film 31 and two metal layers 36, 71 arranged on the film 31 and opaque to optical radiation.
  • the two metal layers 36, 71 are applied to one side or both sides of the film 31.
  • the first metal layer 36 can be vapor-deposited or glued onto the film 31.
  • the second metal layer 71 can also be evaporated or glued onto the first metal layer 36.
  • other methods are also possible which are suitable for applying to a metal layer, e.g. Sputtering.
  • the middle representation shows a radiation entrance window 13 with a carrier film 31 and two metal layers 36, 71 arranged on the film 31, the two layers 36 and 71 being applied on both sides of the film 31.
  • the film 31 is thus arranged between the two layers 36 and 71.
  • the materials used in the metal layers are, for example, beryllium, aluminum, chrome or titanium. Of course, other opaque layers can also be used.
  • FIG. 8 shows a second exemplary schematic structure of a radiation entry window for a detector module according to the invention.
  • the radiation entry window 13 has a carrier film 31.
  • a first metal layer 36 e.g. an aluminum layer applied.
  • a second layer 71 is applied to this first metal layer 36.
  • This second layer 71 is divided into three areas 83, 84, 85 by way of example. These areas 83, 84, 85 have different materials. These materials differ in particular in their spectral attenuation coefficients with regard to the incident ionizing radiation 15 to be measured.
  • the ionizing radiation 15 to be measured can thus be divided into several portions 86, 87, 88 with different radiation intensity and different photon spectrum.
  • Three radiation collimators, not shown, between the carrier film 31 and the radiation detector 12 can prevent the two radiation components from mixing.
  • the radiation collimators can include, for example, plastic-coated tubes made of brass or copper with a wall thickness of, for example, 1 mm.
  • the materials used in layers 36, 71 are different metals, e.g. Beryllium, aluminum, iron, molybdenum, chrome, titanium or around graphite or black layers of metal oxides. Of course, other materials can also be used.
  • FIG. 9 shows a third exemplary schematic structure of a radiation entry window for a detector module according to the invention.
  • the left-hand illustration shows a radiation entrance window 13 with a carrier film 31, on which an opaque metal layer 36 with a wedge-shaped cross section is applied.
  • the thickness of the metal layer 36 here increases from a first Edge 93 of the radiation entry window 13 to a second edge 94 of the radiation entry window 13. This makes it possible to generate a gradient filter for the incident ionizing radiation 15 to be measured.
  • the cross section of the metal layer 36 can be milled or etched or can also be applied galvanically.
  • the radiation detector 12 is located closely behind the carrier film 31 with the metal layer 36. A distance of ⁇ 1 mm between the radiation detector 12 and carrier film 31 can prevent the ionizing radiation from mixing.
  • the illustration on the right shows a radiation entrance window 13 with a carrier film 31, on which an opaque metal layer 36 with two wedge-shaped sections 92a, 92b is applied.
  • the two wedge-shaped sections 92a, 92b have mutually complementary cross sections and are arranged on the carrier film 31 such that the thickness of the conical metal layer 92 is greater in the middle of the radiation entrance window 13 than at the edges 93, 94.
  • the metal layer 36 can be be rotationally symmetrical. It is thus possible to generate a radial gradient filter for the incident radiation 15 to be measured.
  • the edge of the metal foil can also be thicker than its center. A distance of ⁇ 1 mm between radiation detector 12 and carrier film 31 can prevent the ionizing radiation from mixing.
  • the evaluation unit 17 comprises a computing unit 17f, a storage unit divided into the storage unit 17a for the current measured value, a storage unit 17b for the reference value specified by the manufacturer, a storage unit 17c for the initial value when the activity standard 64a is started up for the first time, and a comparison unit 17d and an output unit 17e.
  • a comparison unit 17d a comparison of the stored reference value or the reference image or the stored reference image sequence with a current measurement value, taken at a later point in time, for example a test image, is compared.
  • a comparison signal resulting from the comparison is generated and further processed and passed on to the output unit 17e, which subsequently outputs a signal 18a.
  • the computing unit 17f that caused by the radiating material Signal component subtracted from the total signal, so that the signal caused by the laser only remains as a measurement result.
  • Radiation reference device 62 cylinders

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un module détecteur à autosurveillance, comprenant un boîtier (11) pourvu d'une ouverture (19) de boîtier et d'au moins une fenêtre d'entrée de rayonnement (13). La fenêtre d'entrée de rayonnement (13) ne laisse pas passer un rayonnement optique et laisse passer au moins en partie un rayonnement ionisant, et elle recouvre l'ouverture (19) de boîtier. Le module détecteur comprend également un détecteur (12) de rayonnement de détection du rayonnement ionisant. Le détecteur de rayonnement est disposé dans le boîtier. Le rayonnement (15) à détecter atteint depuis l'extérieur du boîtier (11) en passant par la fenêtre d'entrée de rayonnement (13) le détecteur (12) de rayonnement. Selon l'invention, la ou les fenêtres d'entrée de rayonnement (13) comprennent un film de support (31), sur lequel au moins une couche (36, 71) est appliquée. La couche (36, 71) ne laisse pas passer un rayonnement optique et laisse passer au moins en partie le rayonnement (15) ionisant à détecter. L'invention concerne par ailleurs l'utilisation d'un module détecteur.
PCT/EP2019/071846 2018-08-16 2019-08-14 Module détecteur et utilisation d'un module détecteur WO2020035538A1 (fr)

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DE102020127575A1 (de) 2020-10-20 2022-04-21 Trumpf Laser Gmbh Laserbearbeitungsmaschine mit wenigstens einer Schutzeinrichtung gegen Röntgenabschattung

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EP0193937A2 (fr) * 1985-03-08 1986-09-10 Hitachi, Ltd. Procédé et dispositif pour mesurer la distribution de radioactivité
EP0473125A2 (fr) * 1990-08-30 1992-03-04 Shimadzu Corporation Détecteur de radiations
US5932879A (en) * 1996-05-07 1999-08-03 Regents Of The University Of Michigan Solid state beta-sensitive surgical probe
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