WO2019235587A1 - 三次元データ符号化方法、三次元データ復号方法、三次元データ符号化装置、及び三次元データ復号装置 - Google Patents

三次元データ符号化方法、三次元データ復号方法、三次元データ符号化装置、及び三次元データ復号装置 Download PDF

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WO2019235587A1
WO2019235587A1 PCT/JP2019/022604 JP2019022604W WO2019235587A1 WO 2019235587 A1 WO2019235587 A1 WO 2019235587A1 JP 2019022604 W JP2019022604 W JP 2019022604W WO 2019235587 A1 WO2019235587 A1 WO 2019235587A1
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dimensional
encoding
information
dimensional data
data
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French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
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敏康 杉尾
賀敬 井口
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Panasonic Intellectual Property Corp of America
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Panasonic Intellectual Property Corp of America
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Priority to CN201980037806.9A priority Critical patent/CN112219228B/zh
Priority to JP2020523185A priority patent/JP7197575B2/ja
Priority to CN202411391363.2A priority patent/CN119251324A/zh
Priority to CN202411391361.3A priority patent/CN119251323A/zh
Publication of WO2019235587A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019235587A1/ja
Priority to US17/112,242 priority patent/US11418800B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to US17/858,198 priority patent/US12206870B2/en
Priority to US18/975,090 priority patent/US20250106414A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/30—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using hierarchical techniques, e.g. scalability
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/597—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding specially adapted for multi-view video sequence encoding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T9/00—Image coding
    • G06T9/001—Model-based coding, e.g. wire frame
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T9/00—Image coding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/13—Adaptive entropy coding, e.g. adaptive variable length coding [AVLC] or context adaptive binary arithmetic coding [CABAC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/167—Position within a video image, e.g. region of interest [ROI]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/169—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/182—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being a pixel
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/169—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/184—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being bits, e.g. of the compressed video stream
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/46—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/90—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using coding techniques not provided for in groups H04N19/10-H04N19/85, e.g. fractals
    • H04N19/91—Entropy coding, e.g. variable length coding [VLC] or arithmetic coding

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a three-dimensional data encoding method, a three-dimensional data decoding method, a three-dimensional data encoding device, and a three-dimensional data decoding device.
  • the three-dimensional data is acquired by various methods such as a distance sensor such as a range finder, a stereo camera, or a combination of a plurality of monocular cameras.
  • a point cloud that represents the shape of a three-dimensional structure by a point group in a three-dimensional space.
  • the position and color of the point cloud are stored.
  • Point clouds are expected to become the mainstream representation method of 3D data, but point clouds have a very large amount of data. Therefore, in the storage or transmission of three-dimensional data, it is essential to compress the amount of data by encoding, as with two-dimensional moving images (for example, MPEG-4 AVC or HEVC standardized by MPEG). Become.
  • point cloud compression is partially supported by a public library (Point Cloud Library) that performs point cloud related processing.
  • a public library Point Cloud Library
  • Patent Document 1 a technique for searching for and displaying facilities located around the vehicle using three-dimensional map data is known (for example, see Patent Document 1).
  • This disclosure is intended to provide a three-dimensional data encoding method, a three-dimensional data decoding method, a three-dimensional data encoding device, or a three-dimensional data decoding device that can reduce the amount of codes.
  • a three-dimensional data encoding method is a three-dimensional data encoding method that encodes a plurality of three-dimensional points each having attribute information, and each of the plurality of three-dimensional points is If the three-dimensional point to be encoded is classified in any one of a plurality of layers including the first layer and the second layer, and the three-dimensional point to be encoded in the plurality of three-dimensional points is positioned in the first layer, the first code
  • the attribute information of the three-dimensional point to be encoded is arithmetically encoded using a second encoding table that does not depend on the first encoding table.
  • a three-dimensional data decoding method is a three-dimensional data decoding method for decoding a plurality of encoded three-dimensional points each having attribute information, each of the plurality of three-dimensional points being The three-dimensional point to be decoded is classified into the first layer for the plurality of encoded three-dimensional points included in the bitstream, which are classified into positions of a plurality of layers including the first layer and the second layer.
  • the first decoding table is used when the second decoding layer is located, and the second decoding table that does not depend on the first decoding table is used to obtain the attribute information of the three-dimensional point to be decoded. Perform arithmetic decoding.
  • the present disclosure can provide a three-dimensional data encoding method, a three-dimensional data decoding method, a three-dimensional data encoding device, or a three-dimensional data decoding device that can reduce the amount of codes.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration of encoded three-dimensional data according to the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a prediction structure between SPCs belonging to the lowest layer of the GOS according to the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a prediction structure between layers according to the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of the coding order of GOS according to the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of the coding order of GOS according to the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus according to the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 is a flowchart of the encoding process according to the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus according to the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 9 is a flowchart of the decoding process according to the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of meta information according to the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of the SWLD according to the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an operation example of the server and the client according to the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an operation example of the server and the client according to the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an operation example of the server and the client according to the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an operation example of the server and the client according to the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an operation example of the server and the client according to the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a three-dimensional data encoding apparatus according to Embodiment 2.
  • FIG. 17 is a flowchart of the encoding process according to the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 18 is a block diagram of the 3D data decoding apparatus according to the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 19 is a flowchart of the decoding process according to the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of the WLD according to the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating an example of a WLD octree structure according to the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of the SWLD according to the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating an example of an octree structure of SWLD according to the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 24 is a block diagram of the three-dimensional data creation device according to the third embodiment.
  • FIG. 25 is a block diagram of the three-dimensional data transmission apparatus according to the third embodiment.
  • FIG. 26 is a block diagram of the three-dimensional information processing apparatus according to the fourth embodiment.
  • FIG. 27 is a block diagram of the three-dimensional data creation device according to the fifth embodiment.
  • FIG. 28 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a system according to the sixth embodiment.
  • FIG. 29 is a block diagram of a client device according to the sixth embodiment.
  • FIG. 30 is a block diagram of a server according to the sixth embodiment.
  • FIG. 31 is a flowchart of three-dimensional data creation processing by the client device according to the sixth embodiment.
  • FIG. 32 is a flowchart of sensor information transmission processing by the client device according to the sixth embodiment.
  • FIG. 33 is a flowchart of three-dimensional data creation processing by the server according to the sixth embodiment.
  • FIG. 34 is a flowchart of the three-dimensional map transmission process by the server according to the sixth embodiment.
  • FIG. 35 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a modified example of the system according to the sixth embodiment.
  • FIG. 36 is a diagram illustrating configurations of a server and a client device according to the sixth embodiment.
  • FIG. 37 is a block diagram of the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus according to the seventh embodiment.
  • FIG. 38 is a diagram illustrating an example of the prediction residual according to the seventh embodiment.
  • FIG. 39 is a diagram illustrating an example of a volume according to the seventh embodiment.
  • FIG. 40 is a diagram illustrating an example of an octree representation of a volume according to the seventh embodiment.
  • FIG. 41 is a diagram illustrating an example of a bit string of a volume according to the seventh embodiment.
  • FIG. 42 is a diagram illustrating an example of an octree representation of a volume according to the seventh embodiment.
  • FIG. 43 is a diagram illustrating an example of a volume according to the seventh embodiment.
  • FIG. 44 is a diagram for describing intra prediction processing according to the seventh embodiment.
  • FIG. 45 is a diagram for explaining rotation and translation processing according to the seventh embodiment.
  • FIG. 46 is a diagram illustrating a syntax example of the RT application flag and the RT information according to the seventh embodiment.
  • FIG. 47 is a diagram for explaining inter prediction processing according to Embodiment 7.
  • FIG. 48 is a block diagram of the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus according to the seventh embodiment.
  • FIG. 49 is a flowchart of three-dimensional data encoding processing by the three-dimensional data encoding device according to Embodiment 7.
  • FIG. 50 is a flowchart of the 3D data decoding process performed by the 3D data decoding apparatus according to the seventh embodiment.
  • FIG. 51 is a diagram showing a reference relationship in an octree structure according to Embodiment 8.
  • FIG. 52 is a diagram showing a reference relationship in the space area according to the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 53 is a diagram illustrating an example of adjacent reference nodes according to the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 54 is a diagram showing a relationship between a parent node and nodes according to the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 49 is a flowchart of three-dimensional data encoding processing by the three-dimensional data encoding device according to Embodiment 7.
  • FIG. 50 is a flowchart of the 3D data decoding
  • FIG. 55 is a diagram showing an example of the occupancy code of the parent node according to the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 56 is a block diagram of a 3D data encoding apparatus according to Embodiment 8.
  • FIG. 57 is a block diagram of the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus according to the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 58 is a flowchart of the three-dimensional data encoding process according to the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 59 is a flowchart of the three-dimensional data decoding process according to the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 60 is a diagram illustrating an example of coding table switching according to the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 61 is a diagram showing a reference relationship in the space area according to the first modification of the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 62 is a diagram illustrating a syntax example of header information according to the first modification of the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 63 is a diagram illustrating a syntax example of header information according to the first modification of the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 64 is a diagram illustrating an example of adjacent reference nodes according to the second modification of the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 65 is a diagram illustrating examples of target nodes and adjacent nodes according to the second modification of the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 66 is a diagram showing a reference relationship in an octree structure according to Modification 3 of Embodiment 8.
  • FIG. 67 is a diagram showing a reference relationship in the space area according to the third modification of the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 68 is a diagram illustrating an example of a three-dimensional point according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 69 is a diagram illustrating an example of setting LoD according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 70 is a diagram illustrating an example of threshold values used for setting LoD according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 71 is a diagram showing an example of attribute information used for a predicted value according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 72 is a diagram illustrating an example of an exponential Golomb code according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 73 is a diagram showing processing for the exponent Golomb code according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 74 is a diagram illustrating a syntax example of the attribute header according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 75 is a diagram illustrating a syntax example of attribute data according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 76 is a flowchart of the three-dimensional data encoding process according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 77 is a flowchart of attribute information encoding processing according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 78 is a diagram showing processing for an exponential Golomb code according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 79 is a diagram showing an example of a reverse lookup table showing the relationship between the remaining codes and their values according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 80 is a flowchart of the three-dimensional data decoding process according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 81 is a flowchart of attribute information decoding processing according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 82 is a block diagram of the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 83 is a block diagram of a 3D data decoding apparatus according to Embodiment 9.
  • FIG. 84 is a flowchart of the three-dimensional data encoding process according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 85 is a flowchart of the three-dimensional data decoding process according to the ninth embodiment.
  • FIG. 86 is a diagram for explaining processing when the remaining code according to the tenth embodiment is an exponential Golomb code.
  • FIG. 87 is a diagram for describing a first example of processing in which the three-dimensional data encoding device according to Embodiment 10 performs arithmetic encoding by switching an encoding table for each LoD (Level of Detail).
  • FIG. 88 is a diagram for describing a second example of processing in which the three-dimensional data encoding device according to Embodiment 10 switches the encoding table for each LoD and performs arithmetic encoding.
  • FIG. 89 is a diagram for describing a third example of a process in which the 3D data encoding device according to Embodiment 10 switches the encoding table for each LoD and performs arithmetic encoding.
  • FIG. 90 is a diagram for describing a fourth example of a process in which the three-dimensional data encoding device according to Embodiment 10 switches the encoding table for each LoD and performs arithmetic encoding.
  • FIG. 90 is a diagram for describing a fourth example of a process in which the three-dimensional data encoding device according to Embodiment 10 switches the encoding table for each LoD and performs arithmetic encoding.
  • FIG. 91 is a diagram for explaining a fifth example of a process in which the three-dimensional data encoding device according to Embodiment 10 switches the encoding table for each LoD and performs arithmetic encoding.
  • FIG. 92 is a diagram for describing a sixth example of a process in which the 3D data encoding device according to Embodiment 10 switches the encoding table for each LoD and performs arithmetic encoding.
  • FIG. 93 is a flowchart for explaining the arithmetic encoding of the prediction residual executed by the 3D data encoding apparatus according to the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 94 is a flowchart illustrating an example of processing in which the three-dimensional data encoding device according to the tenth embodiment performs arithmetic encoding on an n-bit code.
  • FIG. 95 is a flowchart illustrating an example of processing in which the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus according to Embodiment 10 performs arithmetic encoding on the remaining code.
  • FIG. 96 is a flowchart for explaining arithmetic residual decoding processing performed by the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus according to the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 97 is a flowchart illustrating an example of processing in which the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus according to the tenth embodiment arithmetically decodes n-bit code arithmetic encoded data.
  • FIG. 98 is a flowchart showing an example of processing in which the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus according to Embodiment 10 arithmetically decodes the remaining code.
  • FIG. 99 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an attribute information encoding unit included in the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus according to Embodiment 10.
  • FIG. 100 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an attribute information decoding unit included in the 3D data decoding apparatus according to the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 101 is a diagram illustrating an example where the 3D data coding apparatus according to the modification of the tenth embodiment applies an entropy coding table using an octree representation to arithmetic coding.
  • FIG. 102 is a flowchart of three-dimensional data encoding processing including adaptive entropy encoding processing using structure information according to the modification of the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 103 is a flowchart of three-dimensional data decoding processing including adaptive entropy decoding processing using structure information according to a modification of the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 104 is a flowchart of an encoding table initialization process using structure information according to the modification of the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 105 is a block diagram of a 3D data encoding apparatus according to a modification of the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 106 is a block diagram of a three-dimensional data decoding apparatus according to a modification of the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 107 is a diagram for explaining processing when the remaining code is an exponential Golomb code according to a modification of the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 108 is a diagram for describing an example of processing in which the 3D data encoding apparatus according to the modification of the tenth embodiment initializes the encoding table and performs arithmetic encoding each time LoD is switched.
  • FIG. 109 is a diagram for describing an example of processing in which the three-dimensional data encoding device according to the modification of the tenth embodiment initializes the encoding table based on EndLoDCT and performs arithmetic encoding.
  • FIG. 108 is a diagram for explaining processing when the remaining code is an exponential Golomb code according to a modification of the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 108 is a diagram for describing an example of processing in which the 3D data encoding apparatus according to the modification of the tenth embodiment initializes the encoding table and performs arithmetic encoding each
  • FIG. 110 is a diagram for explaining an example of processing in which the 3D data encoding apparatus according to the modification of Embodiment 10 initializes the encoding table based on StartLoDCT and performs arithmetic encoding.
  • FIG. 111 is a diagram for explaining an example of processing in which the 3D data coding apparatus according to the modification of the tenth embodiment initializes the coding table based on InitLoDCT and performs arithmetic coding.
  • FIG. 112 is a diagram for describing an example of processing in which the 3D data encoding apparatus according to the modification of Embodiment 10 initializes the encoding table based on InitLoDCT [N] and performs arithmetic encoding.
  • FIG. 113 is a diagram for describing another example of processing in which the 3D data encoding apparatus according to the modification of Embodiment 10 initializes the encoding table based on InitLoDCT [N] and performs arithmetic encoding. is there.
  • FIG. 114 is a diagram illustrating a bitstream syntax example according to the modification of the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 115 is a flowchart of 3D data encoding processing by the 3D data encoding apparatus according to the modification of the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 116 is a flowchart of the attribute information encoding process shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 117 is a flowchart of 3D data decoding processing by the 3D data decoding apparatus.
  • FIG. 118 is a flowchart of the attribute information decoding process shown in FIG. 117.
  • FIG. 119 is a flowchart of an encoding table initialization process executed by the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus according to the modification of the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 120 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an attribute information encoding unit included in the three-dimensional data encoding device according to the modification of the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 121 is a block diagram showing a configuration of the attribute information decoding unit provided in the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus according to the modification of the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 122 is a flowchart showing an encoding process of the three-dimensional data encoding device according to the tenth embodiment and a modification of the tenth embodiment.
  • FIG. 123 is a flowchart showing decoding processing of the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus according to Embodiment 10 and a modification of Embodiment 10.
  • a three-dimensional data encoding method is a three-dimensional data encoding method that encodes a plurality of three-dimensional points each having attribute information, and each of the plurality of three-dimensional points is If the three-dimensional point to be encoded is classified in any one of a plurality of layers including the first layer and the second layer, and the three-dimensional point to be encoded in the plurality of three-dimensional points is positioned in the first layer, the first code
  • the attribute information of the three-dimensional point to be encoded is arithmetically encoded using a second encoding table that does not depend on the first encoding table.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding method can encode attribute information using an encoding table suitable for each layer, the amount of encoded data of attribute information can be reduced.
  • the first encoding table and the second encoding table are different from each other.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding method can arithmetically encode the attribute information of the three-dimensional point using the encoding table suitable for each layer. Therefore, the three-dimensional data encoding device can further improve the encoding efficiency.
  • each of the plurality of three-dimensional points has position information, and in the classification, based on the position information, the distance between the three-dimensional points in which the upper layer belongs to each layer rather than the lower layer Is divided into the plurality of hierarchies so that the length becomes longer.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding method can encode the attribute information of the three-dimensional point using the encoding table according to the distance between the three-dimensional points located for each layer. Therefore, the three-dimensional data encoding device can further improve the encoding efficiency.
  • the first hierarchy is located in a higher hierarchy of the plurality of hierarchies than the second hierarchy.
  • the hierarchy in which the 3D point to be coded is located is the first hierarchy. Arithmetic coding is performed using the first coding table when the layer is higher than one threshold layer, and arithmetic coding is performed using the second coding table when the layer is lower than the first threshold layer.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding method can further improve the encoding efficiency without using many encoding tables.
  • the first hierarchy is located in a higher hierarchy of the plurality of hierarchies than the second hierarchy, and in the arithmetic coding, attribute information of all three-dimensional points located in the first hierarchy After the arithmetic coding, the first coding table is initialized, and the attribute information of the three-dimensional point located in the next layer of the first layer is arithmetically operated using the initialized first coding table. Encode.
  • the encoding tables used for arithmetic encoding of each layer in the three-dimensional data encoding method may be different encoding tables, or codes that are independent of each other by being initialized. It may be a conversion table. According to this, the three-dimensional data encoding method can improve the encoding efficiency even if there are few encoding tables to be used.
  • the first coding when the arithmetic coding is performed in order from the upper layer, and the layer in which the three-dimensional point to be coded is located is a layer higher than the second threshold layer, the first coding
  • the attribute information of the three-dimensional point to be encoded is arithmetically encoded using the initialized first encoding table
  • the second code is the second code when the attribute information is lower than the second threshold level
  • the attribute information of the three-dimensional point to be encoded is arithmetically encoded using an encoding table.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding method can improve the encoding efficiency by initializing the encoding table when the attribute information is arithmetically encoded when a plurality of layers are higher layers. it can.
  • the second encoding table is an encoding table in which the first encoding table is initialized.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding method can further improve the encoding efficiency.
  • a three-dimensional data decoding method is a three-dimensional data decoding method for decoding a plurality of encoded three-dimensional points each having attribute information, each of the plurality of three-dimensional points being The three-dimensional point to be decoded is classified into the first layer for the plurality of encoded three-dimensional points included in the bitstream, which are classified into positions of a plurality of layers including the first layer and the second layer.
  • the first decoding table is used when the second decoding layer is located, and the second decoding table that does not depend on the first decoding table is used to obtain the attribute information of the three-dimensional point to be decoded. Perform arithmetic decoding.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding method can appropriately decode the bit stream of the attribute information encoded using the encoding table independent of each layer.
  • the first decoding table and the second decoding table are different from each other.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding method can appropriately perform the encoded data in which the attribute information of the three-dimensional point is arithmetically encoded using the encoding table suitable for each layer.
  • each of the plurality of three-dimensional points has position information, and in the classification, based on the position information, the distance between the three-dimensional points in which the upper layer belongs to each layer rather than the lower layer Is divided into the plurality of hierarchies so that the length becomes longer.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding method can appropriately decode the attribute information of the three-dimensional points encoded using the encoding table according to the distance between the three-dimensional points located for each layer.
  • the first hierarchy is located in a higher hierarchy of the plurality of hierarchies than the second hierarchy, and in the arithmetic decoding, the hierarchy in which the three-dimensional point to be decoded is located is a first threshold value. Arithmetic decoding is performed using the first decoding table when the hierarchy is higher than the hierarchy, and arithmetic decoding is performed using the second decoding table when the hierarchy is lower than the first threshold hierarchy.
  • the 3D data decoding method can appropriately decode the attribute information of 3D points encoded based on the first layer threshold.
  • the first hierarchy is located in a higher hierarchy of the plurality of hierarchies than the second hierarchy, and in the arithmetic decoding, attribute information of all three-dimensional points located in the first hierarchy is obtained.
  • the first decoding table is initialized, and the attribute information of the three-dimensional point located in the next layer of the first layer is arithmetically decoded using the initialized first decoding table.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding method can appropriately decode the attribute information of the three-dimensional point encoded using the initialized encoding table.
  • the first decoding table is initialized.
  • the attribute information of the three-dimensional point to be decoded is arithmetically decoded using the initialized first decoding table, and when the hierarchy information is lower than the second threshold hierarchy, the second decoding table is used to Perform arithmetic decoding of the attribute information of the 3D point to be decoded.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding method can appropriately encode the attribute method of a plurality of three-dimensional points encoded using the encoding table initialized in a part of the hierarchy.
  • the second decoding table is a decoding table in which the first decoding table is initialized.
  • the respective decoding tables used for the arithmetic decoding of each layer by the three-dimensional data decoding method may be different from each other, or may be decoding tables that are independent of each other by being initialized. According to this, the three-dimensional data decoding method uses the encoded third order even when the encoding information in which the attribute information of the three-dimensional point located in each layer is initialized is used. The attribute information of the original point can be properly decoded.
  • a three-dimensional data encoding device is a three-dimensional data encoding device that encodes a plurality of three-dimensional points each having attribute information, and includes a processor and a memory.
  • the processor uses the memory to classify each of the plurality of three-dimensional points into any one of a plurality of layers including a first layer and a second layer, and to encode the plurality of three-dimensional points.
  • the first coding table is used.
  • the second coding table does not depend on the first coding table. Is used to arithmetically encode the attribute information of the three-dimensional point to be encoded.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can encode attribute information using an encoding table suitable for each layer, the amount of encoded data of attribute information can be reduced.
  • a 3D data decoding apparatus is a 3D data decoding apparatus that decodes a plurality of encoded 3D points each having attribute information, and includes a processor and a memory.
  • the processor uses the memory to classify each of the plurality of three-dimensional points into any one of a plurality of hierarchies including a first hierarchy and a second hierarchy, and to include the encoding included in the bitstream.
  • the first decoding table is used when the three-dimensional point to be decoded is located in the first layer
  • the first decoding table is used when the three-dimensional point is located in the second layer.
  • the attribute information of the three-dimensional point to be decoded is arithmetically decoded using a second decoding table that does not depend on the second decoding table.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus can appropriately decode the bit stream of the attribute information encoded using the encoding table that does not depend on each layer.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration of encoded three-dimensional data according to the present embodiment.
  • the three-dimensional space is divided into spaces (SPC) corresponding to pictures in coding of moving images, and three-dimensional data is coded in units of spaces.
  • the space is further divided into volumes (VLM) corresponding to macroblocks or the like in video encoding, and prediction and conversion are performed in units of VLM.
  • the volume includes a plurality of voxels (VXL) that are minimum units with which position coordinates are associated.
  • prediction is similar to the prediction performed in a two-dimensional image, refers to other processing units, generates predicted three-dimensional data similar to the processing unit to be processed, and generates the predicted three-dimensional data and the processing target.
  • the difference from the processing unit is encoded.
  • This prediction includes not only spatial prediction that refers to other prediction units at the same time but also temporal prediction that refers to prediction units at different times.
  • a three-dimensional data encoding device (hereinafter also referred to as an encoding device) encodes a three-dimensional space represented by point cloud data such as a point cloud
  • a point cloud is selected according to the voxel size. Or a plurality of points included in a voxel are collectively encoded. If the voxel is subdivided, the three-dimensional shape of the point cloud can be expressed with high accuracy, and if the voxel size is increased, the three-dimensional shape of the point cloud can be roughly expressed.
  • the three-dimensional data is a point cloud
  • the three-dimensional data is not limited to the point cloud, and may be three-dimensional data in an arbitrary format.
  • hierarchical voxels may be used.
  • n-th layer it may be indicated in order whether or not the sample points are present in the n-1 and lower layers (lower layers of the n-th layer). For example, when decoding only the n-th layer, if there is a sample point in the (n ⁇ 1) th or lower layer, it can be decoded assuming that the sample point exists at the center of the voxel in the n-th layer.
  • the encoding apparatus acquires point cloud data using a distance sensor, a stereo camera, a monocular camera, a gyroscope, an inertial sensor, or the like.
  • Spaces can be decoded independently, such as intra-space (I-SPC), predictive space (P-SPC) that can only be unidirectionally referenced, and bi-directional references. Classified into any one of at least three prediction structures including a large bi-directional space (B-SPC).
  • the space has two types of time information, a decoding time and a display time.
  • GOS Group Of Space
  • WLD world
  • the space area occupied by the world is associated with the absolute position on the earth by GPS or latitude and longitude information. This position information is stored as meta information.
  • the meta information may be included in the encoded data or may be transmitted separately from the encoded data.
  • all SPCs may be adjacent three-dimensionally, or there may be SPCs that are not three-dimensionally adjacent to other SPCs.
  • processing such as encoding, decoding, or referring to three-dimensional data included in a processing unit such as GOS, SPC, or VLM is also simply referred to as encoding, decoding, or referencing the processing unit.
  • the three-dimensional data included in the processing unit includes at least one set of a spatial position such as three-dimensional coordinates and a characteristic value such as color information.
  • a plurality of SPCs in the same GOS or a plurality of VLMs in the same SPC occupy different spaces, but have the same time information (decoding time and display time).
  • the first SPC in the decoding order in GOS is I-SPC.
  • GOS There are two types of GOS: closed GOS and open GOS.
  • the closed GOS is a GOS that can decode all SPCs in the GOS when decoding is started from the head I-SPC.
  • the open GOS some SPCs whose display time is earlier than the first I-SPC in the GOS refer to different GOS, and decoding cannot be performed only by the GOS.
  • WLD may be decoded from the reverse direction to the encoding order, and reverse reproduction is difficult if there is a dependency between GOS. Therefore, in such a case, a closed GOS is basically used.
  • GOS has a layer structure in the height direction, and encoding or decoding is performed in order from the SPC of the lower layer.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a prediction structure between SPCs belonging to the lowest layer of GOS.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a prediction structure between layers.
  • I-SPCs there are one or more I-SPCs in GOS.
  • objects such as humans, animals, cars, bicycles, traffic lights, and buildings that are landmarks in the three-dimensional space, but it is particularly effective to encode an object having a small size as I-SPC.
  • a three-dimensional data decoding device (hereinafter also referred to as a decoding device) decodes only the I-SPC in the GOS when decoding the GOS with a low throughput or high speed.
  • the encoding device may switch the encoding interval or appearance frequency of the I-SPC according to the density of the objects in the WLD.
  • the encoding device or the decoding device encodes or decodes a plurality of layers in order from the lower layer (layer 1). Thereby, for example, the priority of data near the ground with a larger amount of information can be increased for an autonomous vehicle or the like.
  • encoded data used in a drone or the like may be encoded or decoded in order from the SPC of the upper layer in the height direction in the GOS.
  • the encoding device or decoding device may encode or decode a plurality of layers so that the decoding device can roughly grasp GOS and gradually increase the resolution.
  • the encoding device or the decoding device may encode or decode in the order of layers 3, 8, 1, 9.
  • static objects or scenes such as buildings or roads
  • dynamic objects such as cars or humans
  • Object detection is performed separately by extracting feature points from point cloud data or camera images such as a stereo camera.
  • the first method is a method of encoding without distinguishing between static objects and dynamic objects.
  • the second method is a method of discriminating between static objects and dynamic objects based on identification information.
  • GOS is used as the identification unit.
  • the GOS including the SPC configuring the static object and the GOS including the SPC configuring the dynamic object are distinguished by the identification information stored in the encoded data or separately from the encoded data.
  • SPC may be used as an identification unit.
  • the SPC that includes the VLM that configures the static object and the SPC that includes the VLM that configures the dynamic object are distinguished by the identification information.
  • VLM or VXL may be used as the identification unit.
  • a VLM or VXL including a static object and a VLM or VXL including a dynamic object are distinguished by the identification information.
  • the encoding device may encode the dynamic object as one or more VLMs or SPCs, and may encode the VLM or SPC including the static object and the SPC including the dynamic object as different GOSs. Also, when the GOS size is variable according to the size of the dynamic object, the encoding apparatus separately stores the GOS size as meta information.
  • the encoding device may encode the static object and the dynamic object independently of each other and superimpose the dynamic object on the world composed of the static objects.
  • the dynamic object is composed of one or more SPCs, and each SPC is associated with one or more SPCs constituting a static object on which the SPC is superimposed.
  • a dynamic object may be represented by one or more VLMs or VXLs instead of SPCs.
  • the encoding device may encode the static object and the dynamic object as different streams.
  • the encoding device may generate a GOS including one or more SPCs that constitute a dynamic object. Further, the encoding apparatus may set the GOS (GOS_M) including the dynamic object and the GOS of the static object corresponding to the GOS_M space area to the same size (occupy the same space area). Thereby, a superimposition process can be performed per GOS.
  • GOS including one or more SPCs that constitute a dynamic object.
  • the encoding apparatus may set the GOS (GOS_M) including the dynamic object and the GOS of the static object corresponding to the GOS_M space area to the same size (occupy the same space area). Thereby, a superimposition process can be performed per GOS.
  • the P-SPC or B-SPC constituting the dynamic object may refer to the SPC included in a different encoded GOS.
  • the reference across the GOS is effective from the viewpoint of the compression rate.
  • the first method and the second method may be switched according to the use of the encoded data. For example, when using encoded 3D data as a map, it is desirable to be able to separate dynamic objects, and therefore the encoding apparatus uses the second method. On the other hand, the encoding apparatus uses the first method when it is not necessary to separate dynamic objects when encoding three-dimensional data of events such as concerts or sports.
  • the GOS or SPC decoding time and display time can be stored in the encoded data or as meta information. Moreover, all the time information of static objects may be the same. At this time, the actual decoding time and display time may be determined by the decoding device. Alternatively, a different value may be given as the decoding time for each GOS or SPC, and the same value may be given as the display time. Furthermore, like a decoder model in moving picture coding such as HEVC's HRD (Hypothetical Reference Decoder), the decoder has a buffer of a predetermined size and can be decoded without failure if it reads a bitstream at a predetermined bit rate according to the decoding time. You may introduce a model that guarantees
  • the coordinates of the three-dimensional space in the world are expressed by three coordinate axes (x axis, y axis, z axis) orthogonal to each other.
  • encoding can be performed so that spatially adjacent GOSs are continuous in the encoded data.
  • GOS in the xz plane is continuously encoded.
  • the value of the y-axis is updated after encoding of all GOSs in a certain xz plane is completed. That is, as encoding progresses, the world extends in the y-axis direction.
  • the GOS index number is set in the encoding order.
  • the three-dimensional space of the world is associated with GPS or geographical absolute coordinates such as latitude and longitude in one-to-one correspondence.
  • the three-dimensional space may be expressed by a relative position from a preset reference position.
  • the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis directions in the three-dimensional space are expressed as direction vectors determined based on latitude and longitude, and the direction vectors are stored as meta information together with the encoded data.
  • the GOS size is fixed, and the encoding device stores the size as meta information. Further, the size of the GOS may be switched depending on, for example, whether it is an urban area or whether it is indoor or outdoor. That is, the size of the GOS may be switched according to the amount or nature of the object that is valuable as information. Alternatively, the encoding device may adaptively switch the GOS size or the I-SPC interval in the GOS in accordance with the object density or the like in the same world. For example, the higher the object density, the smaller the size of the GOS and the shorter the I-SPC interval in the GOS.
  • the density of objects is high, so that the GOS is subdivided in order to realize random access with fine granularity.
  • the seventh to tenth GOS exist on the back side of the third to sixth GOS, respectively.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram of 3D data encoding apparatus 100 according to the present embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing an operation example of the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 100.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 100 shown in FIG. 6 generates encoded three-dimensional data 112 by encoding the three-dimensional data 111.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 100 includes an acquisition unit 101, an encoding region determination unit 102, a division unit 103, and an encoding unit 104.
  • the acquisition unit 101 first acquires three-dimensional data 111 that is point cloud data (S101).
  • the coding area determination unit 102 determines a coding target area among the spatial areas corresponding to the acquired point cloud data (S102). For example, the coding area determination unit 102 determines a space area around the position as a coding target area according to the position of the user or the vehicle.
  • the dividing unit 103 divides the point cloud data included in the encoding target area into each processing unit.
  • the processing unit is the above-described GOS, SPC, or the like.
  • this encoding target area corresponds to the above-described world, for example.
  • the dividing unit 103 divides the point cloud data into processing units based on a preset GOS size or the presence or size of a dynamic object (S103). Further, the dividing unit 103 determines the start position of the SPC that is the head in the encoding order in each GOS.
  • the encoding unit 104 generates encoded three-dimensional data 112 by sequentially encoding a plurality of SPCs in each GOS (S104).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 100 generates the encoded three-dimensional data 112 by encoding the three-dimensional data 111.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 100 divides 3D data into first processing units (GOS) each of which is a random access unit and is associated with 3D coordinates.
  • the processing unit (GOS) is divided into a plurality of second processing units (SPC), and the second processing unit (SPC) is divided into a plurality of third processing units (VLM).
  • the third processing unit (VLM) includes one or more voxels (VXL) that are minimum units with which position information is associated.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 100 generates encoded three-dimensional data 112 by encoding each of the plurality of first processing units (GOS). Specifically, the three-dimensional data encoding device 100 encodes each of the plurality of second processing units (SPC) in each first processing unit (GOS). In addition, the 3D data encoding apparatus 100 encodes each of the plurality of third processing units (VLM) in each second processing unit (SPC).
  • GOS first processing unit
  • VLM third processing units
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 100 has the second processing unit to be processed included in the first processing unit (GOS) to be processed.
  • SPC is encoded with reference to another second processing unit (SPC) included in the first processing unit (GOS) to be processed. That is, the 3D data encoding apparatus 100 does not refer to the second processing unit (SPC) included in the first processing unit (GOS) different from the first processing unit (GOS) to be processed.
  • the processing target second processing unit (SPC) included in the processing target first processing unit (GOS) is set as the processing target first processing unit (GOS).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 100 uses the first type (I-SPC) that does not refer to another second processing unit (SPC) as the type of the second processing unit (SPC) to be processed, Select either the second type (P-SPC) that refers to the second processing unit (SPC) or the third type that refers to the other two second processing units (SPC), and process according to the selected type
  • the target second processing unit (SPC) is encoded.
  • FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a block of 3D data decoding apparatus 200 according to the present embodiment.
  • FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing an operation example of the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 200.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 8 generates decoded 3D data 212 by decoding the encoded 3D data 211.
  • the encoded three-dimensional data 211 is, for example, the encoded three-dimensional data 112 generated by the three-dimensional data encoding device 100.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 200 includes an acquisition unit 201, a decoding start GOS determination unit 202, a decoding SPC determination unit 203, and a decoding unit 204.
  • the acquisition unit 201 acquires the encoded three-dimensional data 211 (S201).
  • the decoding start GOS determination unit 202 determines a GOS to be decoded (S202). Specifically, the decoding start GOS determination unit 202 refers to the meta information stored in the encoded 3D data 211 or separately from the encoded 3D data, and the spatial position, object, or The GOS including the SPC corresponding to the time is determined as the GOS to be decrypted.
  • the decoding SPC determination unit 203 determines the type (I, P, B) of SPC to be decoded in the GOS (S203). For example, the decoding SPC determination unit 203 determines whether (1) only I-SPC is decoded, (2) I-SPC and P-SPC are decoded, or (3) all types are decoded. Note that this step may not be performed if the type of SPC to be decoded has been determined in advance, such as decoding all SPCs.
  • the decoding unit 204 acquires an address position where the head SPC in the decoding order (same as the coding order) in the GOS starts in the encoded three-dimensional data 211, and the code of the first SPC from the address position.
  • the data is acquired, and each SPC is sequentially decoded from the head SPC (S204).
  • the address position is stored in meta information or the like.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 200 decodes the decoded three-dimensional data 212. Specifically, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 200 decodes each of the encoded three-dimensional data 211 of the first processing unit (GOS) that is a random access unit and each is associated with a three-dimensional coordinate. Thus, the decoded three-dimensional data 212 of the first processing unit (GOS) is generated. More specifically, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 200 decodes each of the plurality of second processing units (SPC) in each first processing unit (GOS). The three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 200 decodes each of the plurality of third processing units (VLM) in each second processing unit (SPC).
  • SPC second processing units
  • VLM third processing units
  • This meta information is generated by the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 100 and is included in the encoded three-dimensional data 112 (211).
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a table included in the meta information. Note that not all the tables shown in FIG. 10 need be used, and at least one table may be used.
  • the address may be an address in a logical format or a physical address of an HDD or a memory.
  • Information specifying a file segment may be used instead of an address.
  • a file segment is a unit obtained by segmenting one or more GOSs.
  • a plurality of GOSs to which the object belongs may be indicated in the object-GOS table. If the plurality of GOSs are closed GOS, the encoding device and the decoding device can perform encoding or decoding in parallel. On the other hand, if the plurality of GOSs are open GOS, the compression efficiency can be further improved by referring to the plurality of GOSs.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 100 extracts a feature point specific to an object from a 3D point cloud or the like at the time of world encoding, detects an object based on the feature point, and detects the detected object as a random access point. Can be set as
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 100 includes the first information indicating the plurality of first processing units (GOS) and the three-dimensional coordinates associated with each of the plurality of first processing units (GOS). Is generated. Also, the encoded three-dimensional data 112 (211) includes this first information. The first information further indicates at least one of the object, the time, and the data storage destination associated with each of the plurality of first processing units (GOS).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 200 acquires the first information from the encoded three-dimensional data 211, and uses the first information to encode the first processing unit corresponding to the specified three-dimensional coordinate, object, or time.
  • the original data 211 is specified, and the encoded three-dimensional data 211 is decoded.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 100 may generate and store the following meta information. Further, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 200 may use this meta information at the time of decoding.
  • a profile may be defined according to the application, and information indicating the profile may be included in the meta information. For example, profiles for urban areas, suburbs, or flying objects are defined, and the maximum or minimum size of the world, SPC, or VLM is defined in each profile. For example, in a city area, detailed information is required more than in a suburb area, so the minimum size of the VLM is set smaller.
  • the meta information may include a tag value indicating the type of object.
  • This tag value is associated with the VLM, SPC, or GOS constituting the object. For example, the tag value “0” indicates “person”, the tag value “1” indicates “car”, the tag value “2” indicates “traffic light”, and the like. Also good.
  • a tag value indicating a size or a property such as a dynamic object or a static object may be used.
  • the meta information may include information indicating the range of the space area occupied by the world.
  • the meta information may store the SPC or VXL size as header information common to a plurality of SPCs such as the entire encoded data stream or SPC in GOS.
  • the meta information may include identification information such as a distance sensor or a camera used for generating the point cloud, or information indicating the position accuracy of the point cloud in the point cloud.
  • the meta information may include information indicating whether the world is composed of only static objects or includes dynamic objects.
  • the encoding device or decoding device may encode or decode two or more different SPCs or GOSs in parallel.
  • the GOS to be encoded or decoded in parallel can be determined based on meta information indicating the spatial position of the GOS.
  • the encoding device or the decoding device uses GPS, route information, zoom magnification, etc. You may encode or decode GOS or SPC included in the space specified based on it.
  • the decoding device may perform decoding in order from a space close to the self-position or the travel route.
  • the encoding device or the decoding device may encode or decode a space far from its own position or travel route with a lower priority than a close space.
  • lowering the priority means lowering the processing order, lowering the resolution (processing by thinning out), or lowering the image quality (increasing encoding efficiency, for example, increasing the quantization step).
  • the decoding device may decode only the lower layer when decoding the encoded data that is hierarchically encoded in the space.
  • the decoding device may decode preferentially from the lower hierarchy according to the zoom magnification or use of the map.
  • the encoding device or the decoding device encodes with a resolution reduced except for an area within a specific height from the road surface (an area for recognition). Or decoding may be performed.
  • the encoding device may individually encode the point clouds representing the indoor and outdoor space shapes. For example, by separating GOS (indoor GOS) representing the room and GOS (outdoor GOS) representing the room, the decoding device selects the GOS to be decoded according to the viewpoint position when using the encoded data. it can.
  • the encoding device may encode the indoor GOS and the outdoor GOS having close coordinates so as to be adjacent in the encoded stream.
  • the encoding apparatus associates both identifiers, and stores information indicating the identifiers associated with each other in the encoded stream or meta information stored separately.
  • the decoding apparatus can identify the indoor GOS and the outdoor GOS whose coordinates are close by referring to the information in the meta information.
  • the encoding device may switch the size of GOS or SPC between the indoor GOS and the outdoor GOS. For example, the encoding apparatus sets the size of GOS smaller in the room than in the outdoor. Further, the encoding device may change the accuracy when extracting feature points from the point cloud, the accuracy of object detection, or the like between the indoor GOS and the outdoor GOS.
  • the encoding device may add information for the decoding device to display the dynamic object separately from the static object to the encoded data.
  • the decoding apparatus can display a dynamic object and a red frame or explanatory characters together.
  • the decoding device may display only a red frame or explanatory characters instead of the dynamic object.
  • the decoding device may display a finer object type. For example, a red frame may be used for a car and a yellow frame may be used for a human.
  • the encoding device or the decoding device encodes the dynamic object and the static object as different SPC or GOS according to the appearance frequency of the dynamic object or the ratio of the static object to the dynamic object. Or you may decide whether to decode. For example, when the appearance frequency or ratio of a dynamic object exceeds a threshold, SPC or GOS in which a dynamic object and a static object are mixed is allowed, and the appearance frequency or ratio of a dynamic object does not exceed the threshold Does not allow SPC or GOS in which dynamic objects and static objects are mixed.
  • the encoding device When detecting a dynamic object from the two-dimensional image information of the camera instead of the point cloud, the encoding device separately acquires information for identifying the detection result (such as a frame or a character) and the object position, Such information may be encoded as part of the three-dimensional encoded data. In this case, the decoding device superimposes and displays auxiliary information (frame or character) indicating the dynamic object on the decoding result of the static object.
  • auxiliary information frame or character
  • the encoding device may change the density of VXL or VLM in the SPC according to the complexity of the shape of the static object. For example, the encoding device sets VXL or VLM more densely as the shape of the static object is more complicated. Further, the encoding apparatus may determine a quantization step or the like when quantizing the spatial position or color information according to the density of VXL or VLM. For example, the encoding apparatus sets the quantization step to be smaller as VXL or VLM is denser.
  • the encoding device or decoding device performs space encoding or decoding in units of space having coordinate information.
  • the encoding device and the decoding device perform encoding or decoding in units of volume in the space.
  • the volume includes a voxel that is a minimum unit with which position information is associated.
  • the encoding device and the decoding device associate arbitrary elements with a table in which each element of spatial information including coordinates, objects, time, etc. is associated with a GOP, or a table in which each element is associated Encoding or decoding.
  • the decoding apparatus determines coordinates using the value of the selected element, specifies a volume, voxel, or space from the coordinates, and decodes the space including the volume or voxel or the specified space.
  • the encoding device determines a volume, voxel, or space that can be selected by the element by feature point extraction or object recognition, and encodes it as a randomly accessible volume, voxel, or space.
  • a space refers to an I-SPC that can be encoded or decoded by the space alone, a P-SPC that is encoded or decoded with reference to any one processed space, and any two processed spaces. Are classified into three types of B-SPC encoded or decoded.
  • One or more volumes correspond to static objects or dynamic objects.
  • a space including a static object and a space including a dynamic object are encoded or decoded as different GOS. That is, the SPC including the static object and the SPC including the dynamic object are assigned to different GOSs.
  • a dynamic object is encoded or decoded for each object, and is associated with one or more spaces including static objects. That is, the plurality of dynamic objects are individually encoded, and the obtained encoded data of the plurality of dynamic objects is associated with the SPC including the static object.
  • the encoding device and the decoding device increase the priority of I-SPC in GOS and perform encoding or decoding.
  • the encoding apparatus performs encoding so that degradation of I-SPC is reduced (so that original three-dimensional data is reproduced more faithfully after decoding).
  • the decoding device decodes only I-SPC, for example.
  • the encoding device may perform encoding by changing the frequency of using I-SPC according to the density or number (quantity) of objects in the world. That is, the encoding device changes the frequency of selecting the I-SPC according to the number or density of objects included in the three-dimensional data. For example, the encoding device increases the frequency of using the I space as the objects in the world are denser.
  • the encoding apparatus sets random access points in units of GOS, and stores information indicating the space area corresponding to GOS in the header information.
  • the encoding device uses, for example, a default value as the GOS space size.
  • the encoding device may change the size of the GOS according to the number (amount) or density of objects or dynamic objects. For example, the encoding device reduces the GOS space size as the objects or dynamic objects are denser or more numerous.
  • the space or volume includes a feature point group derived using information obtained by a sensor such as a depth sensor, gyroscope, or camera.
  • the coordinates of the feature point are set at the center position of the voxel. Further, high accuracy of position information can be realized by subdividing voxels.
  • the feature point group is derived using a plurality of pictures.
  • the plurality of pictures have at least two types of time information: actual time information and the same time information (for example, encoding time used for rate control) in the plurality of pictures associated with the space.
  • encoding or decoding is performed in units of GOS including one or more spaces.
  • the encoding device and the decoding device refer to the space in the processed GOS and predict the P space or B space in the processing target GOS.
  • the encoding device and the decoding device do not refer to different GOS, and use the processed space in the processing target GOS to predict the P space or B space in the processing target GOS.
  • the encoding device and the decoding device transmit or receive the encoded stream in units of world including one or more GOSs.
  • GOS has a layer structure in at least one direction in the world, and the encoding device and the decoding device perform encoding or decoding from a lower layer.
  • a randomly accessible GOS belongs to the lowest layer.
  • GOS belonging to an upper layer refers to GOS belonging to the same layer or lower. That is, GOS includes a plurality of layers that are spatially divided in a predetermined direction and each include one or more SPCs.
  • the encoding device and the decoding device encode or decode each SPC with reference to the SPC included in the same layer as the SPC or a layer lower than the SPC.
  • the encoding device and the decoding device continuously encode or decode GOS within a world unit including a plurality of GOSs.
  • the encoding device and the decoding device write or read information indicating the order (direction) of encoding or decoding as metadata. That is, the encoded data includes information indicating the encoding order of a plurality of GOSs.
  • the encoding device and the decoding device encode or decode two or more different spaces or GOS in parallel.
  • the encoding device and the decoding device encode or decode space or GOS space information (coordinates, size, etc.).
  • the encoding device and the decoding device encode or decode a space or GOS included in a specific space specified based on external information related to its position or / and region size such as GPS, route information, or magnification. .
  • the encoding device or decoding device encodes or decodes a space far from its own position with a lower priority than a close space.
  • the encoding apparatus sets a certain direction of the world according to the magnification or application, and encodes GOS having a layer structure in the direction. Further, the decoding apparatus preferentially decodes GOS having a layer structure in one direction of the world set according to the magnification or use from the lower layer.
  • the encoding device changes the feature point included in the space, the accuracy of object recognition, or the size of the space area between the room and the room.
  • the encoding device and the decoding device encode or decode the indoor GOS and the outdoor GOS whose coordinates are close to each other in the world, and encode or decode these identifiers in association with each other.
  • a three-dimensional data encoding method and a three-dimensional data encoding device for providing a function of transmitting and receiving only necessary information according to applications in encoded data of a three-dimensional point cloud, and A 3D data decoding method and 3D data decoding apparatus for decoding encoded data will be described.
  • FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a sparse world and a world.
  • SWLD includes FGOS, which is a GOS composed of FVXL, FSPC, which is an SPC composed of FVXL, and FVLM, which is a VLM composed of FVXL.
  • FGOS which is a GOS composed of FVXL
  • FSPC which is an SPC composed of FVXL
  • FVLM which is a VLM composed of FVXL.
  • the data structure and prediction structure of FGOS, FSPC, and FVLM may be the same as those of GOS, SPC, and VLM.
  • the feature amount is a feature amount that expresses VXL three-dimensional position information or visible light information of the VXL position, and is a feature amount that is often detected particularly at corners and edges of solid objects.
  • this feature quantity is a three-dimensional feature quantity or visible light feature quantity as described below, but any other feature quantity that represents VXL position, luminance, color information, or the like can be used. It does n’t matter.
  • a SHOT feature value Signature of Histograms of Orientations
  • a PFH feature value Point Feature History
  • a PPF feature value Point Pair Feature
  • the SHOT feature value is obtained by dividing the periphery of the VXL, calculating the inner product of the reference point and the normal vector of the divided area, and generating a histogram.
  • This SHOT feature amount has a feature that the number of dimensions is high and the feature expression power is high.
  • the PFH feature value is obtained by selecting a large number of two-point sets in the vicinity of the VXL, calculating a normal vector from the two points, and forming a histogram. Since this PFH feature amount is a histogram feature, it has a feature that it has robustness against a certain amount of disturbance and has a high feature expression power.
  • the PPF feature value is a feature value calculated using a normal vector or the like for each two VXL points. Since all VXL is used for this PPF feature quantity, it has robustness against occlusion.
  • SIFT Scale-Invariant Feature Transform
  • SURF Speeded Up Robust Features
  • HOG Histogram of Orient
  • SWLD is generated by calculating the feature amount from each VXL of WLD and extracting FVXL.
  • the SWLD may be updated every time the WLD is updated, or may be updated periodically after a certain period of time regardless of the update timing of the WLD.
  • SWLD may be generated for each feature amount. For example, separate SWLDs may be generated for each feature quantity, such as SWLD1 based on SHOT feature quantity and SWLD2 based on SIFT feature quantity, and the SWLD may be used properly according to the application. Further, the calculated feature amount of each FVXL may be held in each FVXL as feature amount information.
  • SWLD Sparse World
  • WLD and SWLD are held in the server as map information, and the network bandwidth and transfer time can be suppressed by switching the map information to be transmitted to WLD or SWLD according to the request from the client. . Specific examples will be shown below.
  • FIG. 12 and 13 are diagrams showing examples of using SWLD and WLD.
  • the client 1 which is an in-vehicle device needs map information for the purpose of self-position determination
  • the client 1 sends a request for acquiring map data for self-position estimation to the server (S301).
  • the server transmits the SWLD to the client 1 in response to the acquisition request (S302).
  • the client 1 performs self-position determination using the received SWLD (S303).
  • the client 1 obtains VXL information around the client 1 by various methods such as a distance sensor such as a range finder, a stereo camera, or a combination of a plurality of monocular cameras. Estimate location information.
  • the self-position information includes the three-dimensional position information and orientation of the client 1.
  • the client 2 which is an in-vehicle device needs map information for the purpose of drawing a map such as a three-dimensional map
  • the client 2 sends a request for obtaining map data for map drawing to the server (S311). ).
  • the server transmits a WLD to the client 2 in response to the acquisition request (S312).
  • the client 2 performs map drawing using the received WLD (S313).
  • the client 2 creates a rendering image using, for example, an image captured by itself with a visible light camera or the like and a WLD acquired from the server, and draws the created image on a screen such as a car navigation system.
  • the server sends the SWLD to the client in applications that mainly require the feature amount of each VXL such as self-position estimation, and the WLD if detailed VXL information is required as in map drawing. Send to client. Thereby, it becomes possible to transmit / receive map data efficiently.
  • the client may determine whether SWLD or WLD is necessary, and may request the server to send SWLD or WLD. Further, the server may determine whether to transmit SWLD or WLD according to the situation of the client or the network.
  • SWLD sparse world
  • WLD world
  • FIG. 14 is a diagram showing an operation example in this case.
  • a low-speed network with a limited network bandwidth such as in an LTE (Long Term Evolution) environment
  • the client accesses the server via the low-speed network (S321), and maps from the server.
  • SWLD is acquired as information (S322).
  • a high-speed network with sufficient network bandwidth such as in a Wi-Fi (registered trademark) environment
  • the client accesses the server via the high-speed network (S323), and acquires the WLD from the server. (S324).
  • the client can acquire suitable map information according to the network bandwidth of the client.
  • the client receives the SWLD via LTE outdoors, and acquires the WLD via Wi-Fi (registered trademark) when entering a facility or the like indoors. As a result, the client can acquire more detailed map information indoors.
  • Wi-Fi registered trademark
  • the client may request WLD or SWLD from the server according to the network bandwidth used by the client.
  • the client may transmit information indicating the network bandwidth used by the client to the server, and the server may transmit data (WLD or SWLD) suitable for the client according to the information.
  • the server may determine the network bandwidth of the client and transmit data (WLD or SWLD) suitable for the client.
  • FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an operation example in this case.
  • the client when the client is moving at high speed (S331), the client receives SWLD from the server (S332).
  • the client receives the WLD from the server (S334).
  • the client can acquire map information matching the speed while suppressing the network bandwidth.
  • the client can update rough map information at an appropriate speed by receiving a SWLD with a small amount of data while traveling on an expressway.
  • the client can acquire more detailed map information by receiving the WLD while traveling on a general road.
  • the client may request WLD or SWLD from the server according to its moving speed.
  • the client may transmit information indicating its own moving speed to the server, and the server may transmit data (WLD or SWLD) suitable for the client according to the information.
  • the server may determine the moving speed of the client and transmit data (WLD or SWLD) suitable for the client.
  • the client may first acquire the SWLD from the server, and may acquire the WLD of an important area in the SWLD. For example, when acquiring map data, the client first acquires rough map information by SWLD, narrows down areas where many features such as buildings, signs, or people appear, and then narrows down the WLD of the narrowed area. Get it later. Thereby, the client can acquire detailed information on a necessary area while suppressing the amount of data received from the server.
  • the server may create a separate SWLD for each object from the WLD, and the client may receive each according to the application. Thereby, a network band can be suppressed.
  • the server recognizes a person or a car in advance from the WLD, and creates a human SWLD and a car SWLD.
  • the client receives a person's SWLD if he wants to obtain information on people around him, and receives a car's SWLD if he wants to obtain car information.
  • SWLD types may be distinguished by information (flag or type) added to a header or the like.
  • FIG. 16 is a block diagram of 3D data encoding apparatus 400 according to the present embodiment.
  • FIG. 17 is a flowchart of three-dimensional data encoding processing by the three-dimensional data encoding device 400.
  • the 16 generates encoded 3D data 413 and 414, which are encoded streams, by encoding the input 3D data 411.
  • the encoded 3D data 413 is encoded 3D data corresponding to WLD
  • the encoded 3D data 414 is encoded 3D data corresponding to SWLD.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 400 includes an acquisition unit 401, an encoding region determination unit 402, a SWLD extraction unit 403, a WLD encoding unit 404, and a SWLD encoding unit 405.
  • the acquisition unit 401 acquires input three-dimensional data 411 that is point cloud data in a three-dimensional space (S401).
  • the coding area determination unit 402 determines a space area to be coded based on the space area where the point cloud data exists (S402).
  • the SWLD extraction unit 403 defines a space area to be encoded as WLD, and calculates a feature amount from each VXL included in the WLD. Then, the SWLD extraction unit 403 extracts VXL whose feature amount is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold, defines the extracted VXL as FVXL, and adds the FVXL to the SWLD, thereby generating the extracted three-dimensional data 412. (S403). That is, extracted 3D data 412 having a feature amount equal to or greater than a threshold is extracted from the input 3D data 411.
  • the WLD encoding unit 404 generates encoded three-dimensional data 413 corresponding to WLD by encoding the input three-dimensional data 411 corresponding to WLD (S404). At this time, the WLD encoding unit 404 adds information for distinguishing that the encoded three-dimensional data 413 is a stream including WLD to the header of the encoded three-dimensional data 413.
  • the SWLD encoding unit 405 generates encoded three-dimensional data 414 corresponding to SWLD by encoding the extracted three-dimensional data 412 corresponding to SWLD (S405). At this time, the SWLD encoding unit 405 adds information for distinguishing that the encoded three-dimensional data 414 is a stream including SWLD to the header of the encoded three-dimensional data 414.
  • processing order of the process of generating the encoded three-dimensional data 413 and the process of generating the encoded three-dimensional data 414 may be reverse to the above. Also, some or all of these processes may be performed in parallel.
  • a parameter “world_type” is defined.
  • a specific flag may be included in one of the encoded three-dimensional data 413 and 414. For example, a flag including that the stream includes SWLD may be assigned to the encoded three-dimensional data 414. In this case, the decoding apparatus can determine whether the stream includes WLD or SWLD depending on the presence or absence of a flag.
  • the encoding method used when the WLD encoding unit 404 encodes WLD may be different from the encoding method used when the SWLD encoding unit 405 encodes SWLD.
  • inter prediction may be prioritized among intra prediction and inter prediction over the encoding method used for WLD.
  • the encoding method used for SWLD and the encoding method used for WLD may differ in the three-dimensional position representation method.
  • the three-dimensional position of FVXL may be represented by three-dimensional coordinates
  • WLD the three-dimensional position may be represented by an octree that will be described later, and vice versa.
  • the SWLD encoding unit 405 performs encoding so that the data size of the encoded three-dimensional data 414 of SWLD is smaller than the data size of the encoded three-dimensional data 413 of WLD.
  • SWLD may have a lower correlation between data than WLD.
  • the encoding efficiency decreases, and the data size of the encoded three-dimensional data 414 may become larger than the data size of the encoded three-dimensional data 413 of WLD. Therefore, when the data size of the obtained encoded three-dimensional data 414 is larger than the data size of the encoded three-dimensional data 413 of the WLD, the SWLD encoding unit 405 re-encodes the data size.
  • the encoded three-dimensional data 414 with reduced is regenerated.
  • the SWLD extraction unit 403 regenerates the extracted three-dimensional data 412 in which the number of feature points to be extracted is reduced, and the SWLD encoding unit 405 encodes the extracted three-dimensional data 412.
  • the degree of quantization in the SWLD encoding unit 405 may be made coarser.
  • the degree of quantization can be roughened by rounding the data in the lowest layer.
  • the SWLD encoding unit 405 does not generate the SWLD encoded three-dimensional data 414. May be.
  • the encoded 3D data 413 of WLD may be copied to the encoded 3D data 414 of SWLD. That is, the WLD encoded three-dimensional data 413 may be used as it is as the SWLD encoded three-dimensional data 414.
  • FIG. 18 is a block diagram of 3D data decoding apparatus 500 according to the present embodiment.
  • FIG. 19 is a flowchart of the 3D data decoding process performed by the 3D data decoding apparatus 500.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 500 shown in FIG. 18 generates decoded three-dimensional data 512 or 513 by decoding the encoded three-dimensional data 511.
  • the encoded 3D data 511 is, for example, the encoded 3D data 413 or 414 generated by the 3D data encoding device 400.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus 500 includes an acquisition unit 501, a header analysis unit 502, a WLD decoding unit 503, and a SWLD decoding unit 504.
  • the acquisition unit 501 acquires encoded three-dimensional data 511 (S501).
  • the header analysis unit 502 analyzes the header of the encoded three-dimensional data 511 and determines whether the encoded three-dimensional data 511 is a stream including WLD or a stream including SWLD (S502). For example, the determination is performed with reference to the above-described parameter of type_type.
  • the WLD decoding unit 503 When the encoded 3D data 511 is a stream including WLD (Yes in S503), the WLD decoding unit 503 generates the decoded 3D data 512 of WLD by decoding the encoded 3D data 511 (S504). . On the other hand, when the encoded three-dimensional data 511 is a stream including SWLD (No in S503), the SWLD decoding unit 504 generates the decoded three-dimensional data 513 of SWLD by decoding the encoded three-dimensional data 511 ( S505).
  • the decoding method used when the WLD decoding unit 503 decodes WLD may be different from the decoding method used when the SWLD decoding unit 504 decodes SWLD.
  • inter prediction may be prioritized among intra prediction and inter prediction over the decoding method used for WLD.
  • the three-dimensional position representation method may be different between the decoding method used for SWLD and the decoding method used for WLD.
  • the three-dimensional position of FVXL may be represented by three-dimensional coordinates
  • WLD the three-dimensional position may be represented by an octree that will be described later, and vice versa.
  • FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating an example of VXL of WLD.
  • FIG. 21 is a diagram showing an octree structure of the WLD shown in FIG. In the example shown in FIG. 20, there are three VXLs 1 to 3 that are VXLs including point clouds (hereinafter referred to as effective VXLs).
  • the octree structure is composed of nodes and leaves. Each node has a maximum of 8 nodes or leaves. Each leaf has VXL information. Of the leaves shown in FIG. 21, leaves 1, 2, and 3 represent VXL1, VXL2, and VXL3 shown in FIG. 20, respectively.
  • each node and leaf corresponds to a three-dimensional position.
  • Node 1 corresponds to the entire block shown in FIG.
  • the block corresponding to the node 1 is divided into eight blocks. Among the eight blocks, a block including the valid VXL is set as a node, and the other blocks are set as leaves.
  • the block corresponding to the node is further divided into eight nodes or leaves, and this process is repeated for the hierarchy of the tree structure. In addition, all the lowermost blocks are set to leaves.
  • FIG. 22 is a diagram showing an example of SWLD generated from the WLD shown in FIG. VXL1 and VXL2 shown in FIG. 20 are determined as FVXL1 and FVXL2 as a result of feature amount extraction, and are added to SWLD.
  • VXL3 is not determined as FVXL and is not included in SWLD.
  • FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating the octree structure of the SWLD illustrated in FIG. In the octree structure shown in FIG. 23, leaf 3 corresponding to VXL3 shown in FIG. 21 is deleted. As a result, the node 3 shown in FIG. 21 does not have a valid VXL and is changed to a leaf.
  • the number of leaves of SWLD is smaller than the number of leaves of WLD, and the encoded three-dimensional data of SWLD is also smaller than the encoded three-dimensional data of WLD.
  • a client such as an in-vehicle device receives SWLD from a server when performing self-position estimation, performs self-position estimation using SWLD, and performs obstacle detection when performing distance detection such as a range finder, stereo.
  • Obstacle detection may be performed based on surrounding three-dimensional information acquired by using various methods such as a camera or a combination of a plurality of monocular cameras.
  • SWLD hardly includes VXL data in a flat region. Therefore, the server may hold a sub-sample world (subWLD) obtained by sub-sampled WLD and send SWLD and subWLD to the client for detection of a static obstacle. Thereby, it is possible to perform self-position estimation and obstacle detection on the client side while suppressing the network bandwidth.
  • subWLD sub-sample world
  • the server may generate a mesh from WLD and hold it in advance as a mesh world (MWLD). For example, the client receives MWLD if it needs coarse 3D rendering and receives WLD if it needs detailed 3D rendering. Thereby, a network band can be suppressed.
  • MWLD mesh world
  • the server may calculate the FVXL by a different method. For example, the server determines that VXL, VLM, SPC, or GOS constituting a signal or intersection is necessary for self-position estimation, driving assistance, automatic driving, etc., and includes it in SWLD as FVXL, FVLM, FSPC, FGOS It doesn't matter if you do. Further, the above determination may be made manually. In addition, you may add FVXL etc. which were obtained by the said method to FVXL etc. which were set based on the feature-value. That is, the SWLD extraction unit 403 may further extract data corresponding to an object having a predetermined attribute from the input three-dimensional data 411 as the extracted three-dimensional data 412.
  • the server may separately hold FVXL necessary for self-position estimation such as signals or intersections, driving assistance, or automatic driving as an upper layer of SWLD (for example, lane world).
  • the server may add an attribute to the VXL in the WLD for each random access unit or every predetermined unit.
  • the attribute includes, for example, information indicating whether it is necessary or unnecessary for self-position estimation, or information indicating whether it is important as traffic information such as a signal or an intersection. Further, the attribute may include a correspondence relationship with a Feature (an intersection or a road) in the lane information (GDF: Geographic Data Files, etc.).
  • the following method may be used as a WLD or SWLD update method.
  • Update information indicating changes in people, construction, or row of trees (for trucks) is uploaded to the server as point clouds or metadata. Based on the upload, the server updates the WLD, and then updates the SWLD using the updated WLD.
  • the client may send the 3D information generated by itself to the server together with the update notification. Good.
  • the server updates SWLD using WLD. If the SWLD is not updated, the server determines that the WLD itself is old.
  • information for distinguishing between WLD and SWLD is added as header information of the encoded stream. For example, when there are multiple types of worlds such as a mesh world or a lane world, they are distinguished. Information may be added to the header information. In addition, when there are a large number of SWLDs having different feature amounts, information for distinguishing each may be added to the header information.
  • SWLD is composed of FVXL, it may include VXL that is not determined to be FVXL.
  • the SWLD may include an adjacent VXL used when calculating the feature amount of the FVXL. Accordingly, even when the feature amount information is not added to each FVXL of the SWLD, the client can calculate the feature amount of the FVXL when receiving the SWLD.
  • SWLD may include information for distinguishing whether each VXL is FVXL or VXL.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 400 extracts the extracted three-dimensional data 412 (second three-dimensional data) whose feature amount is equal to or greater than the threshold from the input three-dimensional data 411 (first three-dimensional data), and extracts Encoded three-dimensional data 414 (first encoded three-dimensional data) is generated by encoding the three-dimensional data 412.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 400 generates encoded three-dimensional data 414 in which data having a feature amount equal to or greater than a threshold value is encoded. Thereby, the amount of data can be reduced as compared with the case where the input three-dimensional data 411 is encoded as it is. Therefore, the three-dimensional data encoding device 400 can reduce the amount of data to be transmitted.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 400 further generates encoded three-dimensional data 413 (second encoded three-dimensional data) by encoding the input three-dimensional data 411.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 400 can selectively transmit the encoded three-dimensional data 413 and the encoded three-dimensional data 414, for example, according to the usage.
  • the extracted three-dimensional data 412 is encoded by the first encoding method
  • the input three-dimensional data 411 is encoded by a second encoding method different from the first encoding method.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 400 can use encoding methods suitable for the input 3D data 411 and the extracted 3D data 412 respectively.
  • inter prediction has priority over intra prediction and inter prediction over the second encoding method.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 400 can raise the priority of inter prediction with respect to the extracted three-dimensional data 412 in which the correlation between adjacent data tends to be low.
  • the first encoding method and the second encoding method differ in the three-dimensional position representation method.
  • a three-dimensional position is expressed by an octree
  • a three-dimensional position is expressed by a three-dimensional coordinate.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 400 can use a more suitable three-dimensional position representation method for three-dimensional data having different numbers of data (number of VXL or FVXL).
  • At least one of the encoded three-dimensional data 413 and 414 is the encoded three-dimensional data obtained by encoding the input three-dimensional data 411 or the input three-dimensional data 411.
  • the identifier which shows whether it is the encoding three-dimensional data obtained by encoding a part of is included. That is, the identifier indicates whether the encoded three-dimensional data is WLD encoded three-dimensional data 413 or SWLD encoded three-dimensional data 414.
  • the decoding apparatus can easily determine whether the acquired encoded 3D data is the encoded 3D data 413 or the encoded 3D data 414.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 400 encodes the extracted three-dimensional data 412 so that the data amount of the encoded three-dimensional data 414 is smaller than the data amount of the encoded three-dimensional data 413.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 400 can make the data amount of the encoded three-dimensional data 414 smaller than the data amount of the encoded three-dimensional data 413.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 400 further extracts data corresponding to an object having a predetermined attribute from the input three-dimensional data 411 as the extracted three-dimensional data 412.
  • an object having a predetermined attribute is an object necessary for self-position estimation, driving assistance, automatic driving, or the like, such as a signal or an intersection.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 400 can generate encoded three-dimensional data 414 including data necessary for the decoding device.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 400 (server) further transmits one of the encoded three-dimensional data 413 and 414 to the client according to the state of the client.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 400 can transmit appropriate data according to the state of the client.
  • the client status includes the communication status (for example, network bandwidth) of the client or the moving speed of the client.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 400 further transmits one of the encoded three-dimensional data 413 and 414 to the client in response to a request from the client.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 400 can transmit appropriate data in response to a client request.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus 500 decodes the encoded 3D data 413 or 414 generated by the 3D data encoding apparatus 400.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 500 performs first decoding on the encoded three-dimensional data 414 obtained by encoding the extracted three-dimensional data 412 whose feature amount extracted from the input three-dimensional data 411 is equal to or greater than a threshold value. Decrypt by method. In addition, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 500 decodes the encoded three-dimensional data 413 obtained by encoding the input three-dimensional data 411 by a second decoding method different from the first decoding method.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 500 selects the encoded three-dimensional data 414 obtained by encoding the data whose feature amount is equal to or greater than the threshold, and the encoded three-dimensional data 413, for example, according to the usage application. Can be received automatically. Thereby, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 500 can reduce the amount of data to be transmitted. Further, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 500 can use a decoding method suitable for each of the input three-dimensional data 411 and the extracted three-dimensional data 412.
  • inter prediction has priority over intra prediction and inter prediction over the second decoding method.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 500 can raise the priority of inter prediction with respect to the extracted three-dimensional data in which the correlation between adjacent data tends to be low.
  • the first decoding method and the second decoding method differ in the three-dimensional position representation method.
  • the three-dimensional position is expressed by an octree
  • the three-dimensional position is expressed by a three-dimensional coordinate.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 500 can use a more suitable three-dimensional position expression method for three-dimensional data having different numbers of data (number of VXL or FVXL).
  • At least one of the encoded three-dimensional data 413 and 414 is the encoded three-dimensional data obtained by encoding the input three-dimensional data 411 or the input three-dimensional data 411.
  • the identifier which shows whether it is the encoding three-dimensional data obtained by encoding a part of is included.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 500 refers to the identifier to identify the encoded three-dimensional data 413 and 414.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus 500 can easily determine whether the acquired encoded 3D data is the encoded 3D data 413 or the encoded 3D data 414.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus 500 further notifies the server of the state of the client (3D data decoding apparatus 500).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 500 receives one of the encoded three-dimensional data 413 and 414 transmitted from the server according to the state of the client.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus 500 can receive appropriate data according to the state of the client.
  • the client status includes the communication status (for example, network bandwidth) of the client or the moving speed of the client.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 500 further requests one of the encoded three-dimensional data 413 and 414 from the server, and in response to the request, one of the encoded three-dimensional data 413 and 414 transmitted from the server. Receive.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 500 can receive appropriate data according to the application.
  • FIG. 24 is a block diagram of the three-dimensional data creation device 620 according to the present embodiment.
  • the three-dimensional data creation device 620 is included in the host vehicle, for example, by synthesizing the received second three-dimensional data 635 with the first three-dimensional data 632 created by the three-dimensional data creation device 620, thereby making the denser.
  • the third 3D data 636 is created.
  • the three-dimensional data creation device 620 includes a three-dimensional data creation unit 621, a request range determination unit 622, a search unit 623, a reception unit 624, a decoding unit 625, and a synthesis unit 626.
  • the three-dimensional data creation unit 621 creates first three-dimensional data 632 using sensor information 631 detected by a sensor included in the host vehicle.
  • the required range determination unit 622 determines a required range that is a three-dimensional space range in which data is insufficient in the generated first three-dimensional data 632.
  • the search unit 623 searches for surrounding vehicles that possess the three-dimensional data of the requested range, and transmits requested range information 633 indicating the requested range to the surrounding vehicles specified by the search.
  • the receiving unit 624 receives encoded three-dimensional data 634 that is an encoded stream of a requested range from surrounding vehicles (S624).
  • the search part 623 may issue a request indiscriminately with respect to all the vehicles existing in the specific range, and may receive the encoded three-dimensional data 634 from a partner who has responded.
  • the search unit 623 may send a request to an object such as a traffic light or a sign, not limited to a vehicle, and receive the encoded three-dimensional data 634 from the object.
  • the decoding unit 625 acquires the second 3D data 635 by decoding the received encoded 3D data 634.
  • the synthesizing unit 626 synthesizes the first three-dimensional data 632 and the second three-dimensional data 635 to create denser third three-dimensional data 636.
  • FIG. 25 is a block diagram of the three-dimensional data transmission device 640.
  • the three-dimensional data transmission device 640 processes the fifth three-dimensional data 652 included in the surrounding vehicle described above and created by the surrounding vehicle into the sixth three-dimensional data 654 requested by the own vehicle, and the sixth three-dimensional data
  • the encoded three-dimensional data 634 is generated by encoding 654, and the encoded three-dimensional data 634 is transmitted to the host vehicle.
  • the three-dimensional data transmission device 640 includes a three-dimensional data creation unit 641, a reception unit 642, an extraction unit 643, an encoding unit 644, and a transmission unit 645.
  • the three-dimensional data creation unit 641 creates the fifth three-dimensional data 652 using the sensor information 651 detected by the sensors included in the surrounding vehicles.
  • the receiving unit 642 receives the request range information 633 transmitted from the host vehicle.
  • the extraction unit 643 extracts the three-dimensional data of the required range indicated by the required range information 633 from the fifth three-dimensional data 652, thereby processing the fifth three-dimensional data 652 into the sixth three-dimensional data 654. To do.
  • the encoding unit 644 generates encoded three-dimensional data 634 that is an encoded stream by encoding the sixth three-dimensional data 654. Then, the transmission unit 645 transmits the encoded three-dimensional data 634 to the host vehicle.
  • each vehicle includes the three-dimensional data generation device 620 and the three-dimensional data transmission device. It may have a function with 640.
  • 3D data of the vehicle acquired by a sensor such as a range finder (LiDAR) mounted on the vehicle or a stereo camera.
  • a sensor such as a range finder (LiDAR) mounted on the vehicle or a stereo camera.
  • LiDAR range finder
  • 3D maps change not only in 3D point clouds, but also in 2D map data such as road and intersection shape information, or in real time such as traffic jams and accidents, such as HD maps proposed by HERE Information may be included.
  • a three-dimensional map is composed of a plurality of layers such as three-dimensional data, two-dimensional data, and metadata that changes in real time, and the apparatus can acquire or reference only necessary data.
  • the point cloud data may be the above-described SWLD, or may include point cloud data that is not a feature point.
  • transmission / reception of point cloud data is performed based on one or a plurality of random access units.
  • the following method can be used as a matching method between the 3D map and the vehicle detection 3D data.
  • the apparatus compares the shape of the point cloud in each point cloud, and determines that the parts with high similarity between feature points are at the same position.
  • the apparatus performs matching by comparing the feature points constituting the SWLD and the three-dimensional feature points extracted from the own vehicle detection three-dimensional data.
  • FIG. 26 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of the three-dimensional information processing apparatus 700 according to the present embodiment.
  • the 3D information processing apparatus 700 is mounted on an animal body such as an automobile, for example. As shown in FIG. 26, the three-dimensional information processing apparatus 700 includes a three-dimensional map acquisition unit 701, a vehicle detection data acquisition unit 702, an abnormal case determination unit 703, a coping action determination unit 704, and an operation control unit 705. With.
  • the three-dimensional information processing apparatus 700 is not shown for detecting a structure or moving object around the vehicle such as a camera that acquires a two-dimensional image, or a one-dimensional data sensor using ultrasonic waves or laser. A two-dimensional or one-dimensional sensor may be provided.
  • the three-dimensional information processing apparatus 700 may include a communication unit (not shown) for acquiring a three-dimensional map by a mobile communication network such as 4G or 5G, or vehicle-to-vehicle communication or road-to-vehicle communication. .
  • the 3D map acquisition unit 701 acquires a 3D map 711 in the vicinity of the travel route.
  • the three-dimensional map acquisition unit 701 acquires the three-dimensional map 711 through a mobile communication network, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, or road-to-vehicle communication.
  • the own vehicle detection data acquisition unit 702 acquires the own vehicle detection three-dimensional data 712 based on the sensor information. For example, the own vehicle detection data acquisition unit 702 generates the own vehicle detection three-dimensional data 712 based on sensor information acquired by a sensor included in the own vehicle.
  • the abnormal case determination unit 703 detects an abnormal case by performing a predetermined check on at least one of the acquired three-dimensional map 711 and the own vehicle detection three-dimensional data 712. That is, the abnormal case determination unit 703 determines whether at least one of the acquired three-dimensional map 711 and own vehicle detection three-dimensional data 712 is abnormal.
  • the coping operation determination unit 704 determines the coping operation for the abnormal case.
  • the operation control unit 705 controls the operation of each processing unit, such as the three-dimensional map acquisition unit 701, which is necessary for performing the countermeasure operation.
  • the three-dimensional information processing apparatus 700 ends the process.
  • the three-dimensional information processing apparatus 700 performs self-position estimation of the vehicle having the three-dimensional information processing apparatus 700 using the three-dimensional map 711 and the own vehicle detection three-dimensional data 712. Next, the three-dimensional information processing apparatus 700 automatically drives the vehicle using the result of self-position estimation.
  • the three-dimensional information processing apparatus 700 acquires map data (three-dimensional map 711) including the first three-dimensional position information via the communication path.
  • the first three-dimensional position information is encoded in units of subspaces having three-dimensional coordinate information, each of which is an aggregate of one or more subspaces, each of which can be decoded independently. Includes access units.
  • the first three-dimensional position information is data (SWLD) in which feature points whose three-dimensional feature amounts are equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold are encoded.
  • the three-dimensional information processing apparatus 700 generates second three-dimensional position information (own vehicle detection three-dimensional data 712) from information detected by the sensor. Next, the three-dimensional information processing apparatus 700 performs the abnormality determination process on the first three-dimensional position information or the second three-dimensional position information, so that the first three-dimensional position information or the second three-dimensional position information is processed. It is determined whether or not the three-dimensional position information is abnormal.
  • the three-dimensional information processing apparatus 700 determines a countermeasure operation for the abnormality. Next, the three-dimensional information processing apparatus 700 performs control necessary for performing the countermeasure operation.
  • the three-dimensional information processing apparatus 700 can detect an abnormality in the first three-dimensional position information or the second three-dimensional position information and perform a coping operation.
  • FIG. 27 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of the three-dimensional data creation device 810 according to the present embodiment.
  • the three-dimensional data creation device 810 is mounted on a vehicle, for example.
  • the three-dimensional data creation device 810 transmits / receives three-dimensional data to / from an external traffic monitoring cloud, a preceding vehicle or a following vehicle, and creates and accumulates three-dimensional data.
  • the three-dimensional data creation device 810 includes a data reception unit 811, a communication unit 812, a reception control unit 813, a format conversion unit 814, a plurality of sensors 815, a three-dimensional data creation unit 816, and a three-dimensional data synthesis unit. 817, a three-dimensional data storage unit 818, a communication unit 819, a transmission control unit 820, a format conversion unit 821, and a data transmission unit 822.
  • the data receiving unit 811 receives the three-dimensional data 831 from the traffic monitoring cloud or the preceding vehicle.
  • the three-dimensional data 831 includes, for example, information such as a point cloud, visible light video, depth information, sensor position information, or speed information including an area that cannot be detected by the sensor 815 of the host vehicle.
  • the communication unit 812 communicates with the traffic monitoring cloud or the preceding vehicle, and transmits a data transmission request or the like to the traffic monitoring cloud or the preceding vehicle.
  • the reception control unit 813 exchanges information such as a compatible format with the communication destination via the communication unit 812, and establishes communication with the communication destination.
  • the format conversion unit 814 generates three-dimensional data 832 by performing format conversion or the like on the three-dimensional data 831 received by the data reception unit 811. Further, the format conversion unit 814 performs expansion or decoding processing when the three-dimensional data 831 is compressed or encoded.
  • the plurality of sensors 815 is a sensor group that acquires information outside the vehicle, such as LiDAR, visible light camera, or infrared camera, and generates sensor information 833.
  • the sensor information 833 is three-dimensional data such as a point cloud (point cloud data) when the sensor 815 is a laser sensor such as LiDAR. Note that the sensor 815 may not be plural.
  • the 3D data creation unit 816 generates 3D data 834 from the sensor information 833.
  • the three-dimensional data 834 includes information such as a point cloud, visible light video, depth information, sensor position information, or speed information, for example.
  • the three-dimensional data composition unit 817 synthesizes the three-dimensional data 832 created by the traffic monitoring cloud or the preceding vehicle with the three-dimensional data 834 created based on the sensor information 833 of the own vehicle.
  • the three-dimensional data 835 including the space ahead of the preceding vehicle that cannot be detected by the sensor 815 is constructed.
  • the three-dimensional data storage unit 818 stores the generated three-dimensional data 835 and the like.
  • the communication unit 819 communicates with the traffic monitoring cloud or the following vehicle, and transmits a data transmission request or the like to the traffic monitoring cloud or the following vehicle.
  • the transmission control unit 820 exchanges information such as a compatible format with the communication destination via the communication unit 819, and establishes communication with the communication destination.
  • the transmission control unit 820 uses the 3D data construction information of the 3D data 832 generated by the 3D data synthesis unit 817 and the data transmission request from the communication destination in the space of the transmission target 3D data. A certain transmission area is determined.
  • the transmission control unit 820 determines a transmission area including a space ahead of the host vehicle that cannot be detected by the sensor of the subsequent vehicle, in response to a data transmission request from the traffic monitoring cloud or the subsequent vehicle. In addition, the transmission control unit 820 determines a transmission area by determining whether or not a space that can be transmitted or a transmitted space is updated based on the three-dimensional data construction information. For example, the transmission control unit 820 determines an area specified by the data transmission request and an area where the corresponding three-dimensional data 835 exists as the transmission area. Then, the transmission control unit 820 notifies the format conversion unit 821 of the format and transmission area corresponding to the communication destination.
  • the format conversion unit 821 converts the three-dimensional data 836 in the transmission area out of the three-dimensional data 835 stored in the three-dimensional data storage unit 818 to convert the three-dimensional data 837 into a format supported by the reception side. Generate. Note that the format conversion unit 821 may reduce the data amount by compressing or encoding the three-dimensional data 837.
  • the data transmission unit 822 transmits the three-dimensional data 837 to the traffic monitoring cloud or the following vehicle.
  • the three-dimensional data 837 includes, for example, information such as a point cloud ahead of the host vehicle, a visible light image, depth information, or sensor position information including an area that becomes a blind spot of the following vehicle.
  • format conversion or the like is performed in the format conversion units 814 and 821
  • format conversion may not be performed.
  • the three-dimensional data creation device 810 obtains from the outside three-dimensional data 831 in a region that cannot be detected by the sensor 815 of the host vehicle, and sensor information 833 detected by the three-dimensional data 831 and the sensor 815 of the host vehicle.
  • the three-dimensional data 835 is generated by combining the three-dimensional data 834 based on the above. Accordingly, the three-dimensional data creation device 810 can generate three-dimensional data in a range that cannot be detected by the sensor 815 of the host vehicle.
  • the three-dimensional data creation device 810 generates three-dimensional data including the space ahead of the host vehicle that cannot be detected by the sensor of the following vehicle in response to a data transmission request from the traffic monitoring cloud or the following vehicle. It can be transmitted to vehicles.
  • FIG. 28 is a diagram showing a configuration of a three-dimensional map and sensor information transmission / reception system according to the present embodiment.
  • This system includes a server 901 and client devices 902A and 902B. Note that the client devices 902A and 902B are also referred to as client devices 902 unless otherwise distinguished.
  • the client device 902 is, for example, an in-vehicle device mounted on a moving body such as a vehicle.
  • the server 901 is, for example, a traffic monitoring cloud and can communicate with a plurality of client devices 902.
  • the server 901 transmits a three-dimensional map composed of a point cloud to the client device 902.
  • the configuration of the three-dimensional map is not limited to the point cloud, and may represent other three-dimensional data such as a mesh structure.
  • the client device 902 transmits the sensor information acquired by the client device 902 to the server 901.
  • the sensor information includes, for example, at least one of LiDAR acquisition information, visible light image, infrared image, depth image, sensor position information, and velocity information.
  • Data transmitted / received between the server 901 and the client device 902 may be compressed for data reduction, or may remain uncompressed to maintain data accuracy.
  • a three-dimensional compression method based on an octree structure can be used for the point cloud.
  • a two-dimensional image compression method can be used for the visible light image, the infrared image, and the depth image.
  • the two-dimensional image compression method is, for example, MPEG-4 AVC or HEVC standardized by MPEG.
  • the server 901 transmits a three-dimensional map managed by the server 901 to the client device 902 in response to a three-dimensional map transmission request from the client device 902.
  • the server 901 may transmit the three-dimensional map without waiting for the three-dimensional map transmission request from the client device 902.
  • the server 901 may broadcast a three-dimensional map to one or more client devices 902 in a predetermined space.
  • the server 901 may transmit a three-dimensional map suitable for the position of the client device 902 to the client device 902 that has received a transmission request once every predetermined time. Further, the server 901 may transmit the three-dimensional map to the client device 902 every time the three-dimensional map managed by the server 901 is updated.
  • the client device 902 issues a 3D map transmission request to the server 901. For example, when the client device 902 wants to perform self-position estimation during traveling, the client device 902 transmits a transmission request for a three-dimensional map to the server 901.
  • the client device 902 may send a transmission request for a three-dimensional map to the server 901.
  • the client device 902 may issue a transmission request for the 3D map to the server 901.
  • the client device 902 may issue a three-dimensional map transmission request to the server 901 when a certain period of time has elapsed since the client device 902 acquired the three-dimensional map.
  • the client device 902 may issue a transmission request for the three-dimensional map to the server 901 before a certain time when the client device 902 goes out from the space indicated by the three-dimensional map held by the client device 902. For example, when the client device 902 exists within a predetermined distance from the boundary of the space indicated by the 3D map held by the client device 902, the client device 902 issues a 3D map transmission request to the server 901. May be. Further, when the movement path and movement speed of the client device 902 can be grasped, the time when the client device 902 goes out is predicted based on these information from the space indicated by the three-dimensional map held by the client device 902. May be.
  • the client device 902 may send a transmission request for the three-dimensional map to the server 901.
  • the client device 902 transmits the sensor information to the server 901 in response to the sensor information transmission request transmitted from the server 901.
  • the client device 902 may send the sensor information to the server 901 without waiting for a sensor information transmission request from the server 901. For example, when the client apparatus 902 once obtains a sensor information transmission request from the server 901, the client apparatus 902 may periodically transmit the sensor information to the server 901 for a certain period.
  • the client device 902 has a peripheral area around the client device 902 when an error in alignment between the three-dimensional data created by the client device 902 based on the sensor information and the three-dimensional map obtained from the server 901 is greater than or equal to a certain value. It may be determined that there is a possibility that the three-dimensional map has changed, and that fact and sensor information may be transmitted to the server 901.
  • the server 901 issues a sensor information transmission request to the client device 902.
  • the server 901 receives position information of the client device 902 such as GPS from the client device 902.
  • position information of the client device 902 such as GPS from the client device 902.
  • the server 901 determines that the client device 902 is approaching a space with little information in the three-dimensional map managed by the server 901 based on the position information of the client device 902
  • the client 902 generates a new three-dimensional map.
  • a request for transmitting sensor information is sent to the device 902.
  • the server 901 issues a sensor information transmission request when it is desired to update the three-dimensional map, when it is desired to confirm road conditions such as during snowfall or at a disaster, or when it is necessary to confirm traffic conditions or incident / accident situations. Also good.
  • the client device 902 may set the data amount of the sensor information to be transmitted to the server 901 according to the communication state or the bandwidth when the sensor information transmission request received from the server 901 is received. Setting the amount of sensor information to be transmitted to the server 901 is, for example, increasing or decreasing the data itself, or selecting a compression method as appropriate.
  • FIG. 29 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of the client device 902.
  • the client device 902 receives a three-dimensional map composed of a point cloud or the like from the server 901, and estimates the self-position of the client device 902 from the three-dimensional data created based on the sensor information of the client device 902. In addition, the client device 902 transmits the acquired sensor information to the server 901.
  • the client device 902 includes a data reception unit 1011, a communication unit 1012, a reception control unit 1013, a format conversion unit 1014, a plurality of sensors 1015, a 3D data creation unit 1016, a 3D image processing unit 1017, A three-dimensional data storage unit 1018, a format conversion unit 1019, a communication unit 1020, a transmission control unit 1021, and a data transmission unit 1022 are provided.
  • the data receiving unit 1011 receives the three-dimensional map 1031 from the server 901.
  • the three-dimensional map 1031 is data including a point cloud such as WLD or SWLD.
  • the three-dimensional map 1031 may include either compressed data or non-compressed data.
  • the communication unit 1012 communicates with the server 901 and transmits a data transmission request (for example, a three-dimensional map transmission request) to the server 901.
  • a data transmission request for example, a three-dimensional map transmission request
  • the reception control unit 1013 exchanges information such as a compatible format with the communication destination via the communication unit 1012, and establishes communication with the communication destination.
  • the format conversion unit 1014 generates a three-dimensional map 1032 by performing format conversion or the like on the three-dimensional map 1031 received by the data receiving unit 1011.
  • the format conversion unit 1014 performs decompression or decoding processing when the three-dimensional map 1031 is compressed or encoded. Note that the format conversion unit 1014 does not perform decompression or decoding processing if the three-dimensional map 1031 is non-compressed data.
  • the plurality of sensors 1015 is a sensor group that acquires information outside the vehicle on which the client device 902 is mounted, such as a LiDAR, a visible light camera, an infrared camera, or a depth sensor, and generates sensor information 1033.
  • the sensor information 1033 is three-dimensional data such as a point cloud (point cloud data) when the sensor 1015 is a laser sensor such as LiDAR. Note that the number of sensors 1015 may not be plural.
  • the 3D data creation unit 1016 creates 3D data 1034 around the host vehicle based on the sensor information 1033.
  • the three-dimensional data creation unit 1016 creates point cloud data with color information around the host vehicle using information acquired by LiDAR and a visible light image obtained by a visible light camera.
  • the three-dimensional image processing unit 1017 performs self-position estimation processing of the host vehicle using the received three-dimensional map 1032 such as a point cloud and the three-dimensional data 1034 around the host vehicle generated from the sensor information 1033. . Note that the three-dimensional image processing unit 1017 generates the three-dimensional data 1035 around the host vehicle by synthesizing the three-dimensional map 1032 and the three-dimensional data 1034, and self-position estimation is performed using the generated three-dimensional data 1035. Processing may be performed.
  • 3D data storage unit 1018 stores 3D map 1032, 3D data 1034, 3D data 1035, and the like.
  • the format conversion unit 1019 generates sensor information 1037 by converting the sensor information 1033 into a format supported by the receiving side.
  • the format conversion unit 1019 may reduce the data amount by compressing or encoding the sensor information 1037. Further, the format conversion unit 1019 may omit the process when the format conversion is not necessary. Further, the format conversion unit 1019 may control the amount of data to be transmitted according to the designation of the transmission range.
  • the communication unit 1020 communicates with the server 901 and receives a data transmission request (sensor information transmission request) from the server 901.
  • the transmission control unit 1021 establishes communication by exchanging information such as a compatible format with a communication destination via the communication unit 1020.
  • the data transmission unit 1022 transmits the sensor information 1037 to the server 901.
  • the sensor information 1037 includes, for example, a plurality of sensors such as information acquired by LiDAR, a luminance image acquired by a visible light camera, an infrared image acquired by an infrared camera, a depth image acquired by a depth sensor, sensor position information, and velocity information.
  • the information acquired by 1015 is included.
  • FIG. 30 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of the server 901.
  • the server 901 receives the sensor information transmitted from the client device 902, and creates three-dimensional data based on the received sensor information.
  • the server 901 updates the 3D map managed by the server 901 using the created 3D data. Further, the server 901 transmits the updated three-dimensional map to the client device 902 in response to the three-dimensional map transmission request from the client device 902.
  • the server 901 includes a data reception unit 1111, a communication unit 1112, a reception control unit 1113, a format conversion unit 1114, a 3D data creation unit 1116, a 3D data synthesis unit 1117, and a 3D data storage unit 1118.
  • the data receiving unit 1111 receives the sensor information 1037 from the client device 902.
  • the sensor information 1037 includes, for example, information acquired by LiDAR, a luminance image acquired by a visible light camera, an infrared image acquired by an infrared camera, a depth image acquired by a depth sensor, sensor position information, speed information, and the like.
  • the communication unit 1112 communicates with the client device 902 and transmits a data transmission request (for example, a sensor information transmission request) to the client device 902.
  • a data transmission request for example, a sensor information transmission request
  • the reception control unit 1113 exchanges information such as a compatible format with the communication destination via the communication unit 1112, and establishes communication.
  • the format conversion unit 1114 When the received sensor information 1037 is compressed or encoded, the format conversion unit 1114 generates sensor information 1132 by performing decompression or decoding processing. Note that the format conversion unit 1114 does not perform decompression or decoding processing if the sensor information 1037 is non-compressed data.
  • the 3D data creation unit 1116 creates 3D data 1134 around the client device 902 based on the sensor information 1132. For example, the three-dimensional data creation unit 1116 creates point cloud data with color information around the client device 902 using information acquired by LiDAR and a visible light image obtained by a visible light camera.
  • the three-dimensional data combining unit 1117 updates the three-dimensional map 1135 by combining the three-dimensional data 1134 created based on the sensor information 1132 with the three-dimensional map 1135 managed by the server 901.
  • 3D data storage unit 1118 stores 3D map 1135 and the like.
  • the format conversion unit 1119 generates the three-dimensional map 1031 by converting the three-dimensional map 1135 into a format supported by the receiving side. Note that the format conversion unit 1119 may reduce the amount of data by compressing or encoding the three-dimensional map 1135. Further, the format conversion unit 1119 may omit the process when it is not necessary to perform format conversion. Further, the format conversion unit 1119 may control the amount of data to be transmitted according to the designation of the transmission range.
  • the communication unit 1120 communicates with the client device 902 and receives a data transmission request (transmission request for a three-dimensional map) and the like from the client device 902.
  • the transmission control unit 1121 establishes communication by exchanging information such as a compatible format with a communication destination via the communication unit 1120.
  • the data transmission unit 1122 transmits the three-dimensional map 1031 to the client device 902.
  • the three-dimensional map 1031 is data including a point cloud such as WLD or SWLD.
  • the three-dimensional map 1031 may include either compressed data or non-compressed data.
  • FIG. 31 is a flowchart showing an operation when the client device 902 acquires a three-dimensional map.
  • the client device 902 requests the server 901 to transmit a three-dimensional map (such as a point cloud) (S1001).
  • the client apparatus 902 may request the server 901 to transmit a three-dimensional map related to the position information by transmitting the position information of the client apparatus 902 obtained by GPS or the like together.
  • the client device 902 receives a three-dimensional map from the server 901 (S1002). If the received three-dimensional map is compressed data, the client device 902 generates a non-compressed three-dimensional map by decoding the received three-dimensional map (S1003).
  • the client device 902 creates three-dimensional data 1034 around the client device 902 from the sensor information 1033 obtained by the plurality of sensors 1015 (S1004).
  • the client device 902 estimates the self-position of the client device 902 using the three-dimensional map 1032 received from the server 901 and the three-dimensional data 1034 created from the sensor information 1033 (S1005).
  • FIG. 32 is a flowchart showing an operation at the time of transmitting sensor information by the client device 902.
  • the client device 902 receives a transmission request for sensor information from the server 901 (S1011).
  • the client device 902 that has received the transmission request transmits the sensor information 1037 to the server 901 (S1012).
  • the sensor information 1033 includes a plurality of pieces of information obtained by the plurality of sensors 1015
  • the client device 902 generates the sensor information 1037 by compressing each piece of information using a compression method suitable for each piece of information. Good.
  • FIG. 33 is a flowchart illustrating an operation when the server 901 acquires sensor information.
  • the server 901 requests the client device 902 to transmit sensor information (S1021).
  • the server 901 receives the sensor information 1037 transmitted from the client device 902 in response to the request (S1022).
  • the server 901 creates three-dimensional data 1134 using the received sensor information 1037 (S1023).
  • the server 901 reflects the created three-dimensional data 1134 in the three-dimensional map 1135 (S1024).
  • FIG. 34 is a flowchart showing an operation when the server 901 transmits a three-dimensional map.
  • the server 901 receives a three-dimensional map transmission request from the client device 902 (S1031).
  • the server 901 that has received the three-dimensional map transmission request transmits the three-dimensional map 1031 to the client device 902 (S1032).
  • the server 901 may extract a nearby three-dimensional map in accordance with the position information of the client device 902, and transmit the extracted three-dimensional map.
  • the server 901 may compress a three-dimensional map configured by a point cloud using, for example, a compression method using an octree structure, and transmit the compressed three-dimensional map.
  • the server 901 creates three-dimensional data 1134 near the position of the client device 902 using the sensor information 1037 received from the client device 902. Next, the server 901 calculates a difference between the three-dimensional data 1134 and the three-dimensional map 1135 by matching the created three-dimensional data 1134 with the three-dimensional map 1135 of the same area managed by the server 901. . If the difference is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold, the server 901 determines that some abnormality has occurred around the client device 902. For example, when a land subsidence occurs due to a natural disaster such as an earthquake, a large difference occurs between the three-dimensional map 1135 managed by the server 901 and the three-dimensional data 1134 created based on the sensor information 1037. It is possible.
  • the sensor information 1037 may include information indicating at least one of the sensor type, the sensor performance, and the sensor model number. Further, a class ID or the like corresponding to the sensor performance may be added to the sensor information 1037. For example, when the sensor information 1037 is information acquired by LiDAR, a sensor that can acquire information with accuracy of several millimeters is class 1, a sensor that can acquire information with accuracy of several centimeters is class 2, and a sensor that can acquire information with accuracy of several centimeters It is conceivable to assign an identifier to the sensor performance, such as class 3, for sensors that can acquire information with accuracy. Further, the server 901 may estimate sensor performance information and the like from the model number of the client device 902.
  • the server 901 may determine the sensor specification information from the vehicle type of the vehicle. In this case, the server 901 may acquire information on the vehicle type of the vehicle in advance, or the sensor information may include the information. The server 901 may switch the degree of correction for the three-dimensional data 1134 created using the sensor information 1037 using the acquired sensor information 1037. For example, when the sensor performance is high accuracy (class 1), the server 901 does not correct the three-dimensional data 1134. When the sensor performance is low accuracy (class 3), the server 901 applies correction according to the accuracy of the sensor to the three-dimensional data 1134. For example, the server 901 increases the degree of correction (intensity) as the accuracy of the sensor is lower.
  • the server 901 may simultaneously send sensor information transmission requests to a plurality of client devices 902 in a certain space.
  • the server 901 receives a plurality of pieces of sensor information from a plurality of client devices 902, it is not necessary to use all the sensor information for creating the three-dimensional data 1134.
  • a sensor to be used according to the sensor performance Information may be selected.
  • the server 901 selects highly accurate sensor information (class 1) from a plurality of received sensor information, and creates three-dimensional data 1134 using the selected sensor information. May be.
  • the server 901 is not limited to a server such as a traffic monitoring cloud, but may be another client device (on-vehicle).
  • FIG. 35 is a diagram showing a system configuration in this case.
  • the client apparatus 902C issues a sensor information transmission request to the client apparatus 902A nearby, and acquires the sensor information from the client apparatus 902A. Then, the client device 902C creates three-dimensional data using the acquired sensor information of the client device 902A, and updates the three-dimensional map of the client device 902C. Thereby, the client device 902C can generate a three-dimensional map of the space that can be acquired from the client device 902A by taking advantage of the performance of the client device 902C. For example, such a case is considered to occur when the performance of the client device 902C is high.
  • the client apparatus 902A that provided the sensor information is given the right to acquire a highly accurate three-dimensional map generated by the client apparatus 902C.
  • the client device 902A receives a highly accurate three-dimensional map from the client device 902C according to the right.
  • the client device 902C may send a sensor information transmission request to a plurality of nearby client devices 902 (client device 902A and client device 902B).
  • client device 902A and client device 902B When the sensor of the client device 902A or the client device 902B has high performance, the client device 902C can create three-dimensional data using sensor information obtained by the high performance sensor.
  • FIG. 36 is a block diagram illustrating the functional configuration of the server 901 and the client device 902.
  • the server 901 includes, for example, a three-dimensional map compression / decoding processing unit 1201 that compresses and decodes a three-dimensional map, and a sensor information compression / decoding processing unit 1202 that compresses and decodes sensor information.
  • the client device 902 includes a three-dimensional map decoding processing unit 1211 and a sensor information compression processing unit 1212.
  • the three-dimensional map decoding processing unit 1211 receives the compressed encoded data of the three-dimensional map, decodes the encoded data, and acquires the three-dimensional map.
  • the sensor information compression processing unit 1212 compresses the sensor information itself instead of the three-dimensional data created from the acquired sensor information, and transmits encoded data of the compressed sensor information to the server 901.
  • the client device 902 only has to hold a processing unit (device or LSI) that performs processing for decoding a three-dimensional map (point cloud or the like), and the three-dimensional data of the three-dimensional map (point cloud or the like). There is no need to hold a processing unit that performs processing for compressing the. Thereby, the cost and power consumption of the client device 902 can be suppressed.
  • the client device 902 is mounted on the moving body, and the sensor information 1033 obtained by the sensor 1015 mounted on the moving body indicates the surrounding state of the moving body.
  • the surrounding three-dimensional data 1034 is created.
  • the client device 902 estimates the self position of the moving object using the created three-dimensional data 1034.
  • the client device 902 transmits the acquired sensor information 1033 to the server 901 or another moving body 902.
  • the client device 902 transmits the sensor information 1033 to the server 901 or the like. Thereby, there is a possibility that the data amount of the transmission data can be reduced as compared with the case of transmitting the three-dimensional data. Further, since it is not necessary to perform processing such as compression or encoding of three-dimensional data in the client device 902, the processing amount of the client device 902 can be reduced. Therefore, the client device 902 can reduce the amount of data transmitted or simplify the configuration of the device.
  • the client device 902 further transmits a transmission request for a 3D map to the server 901 and receives the 3D map 1031 from the server 901.
  • the client device 902 estimates the self-position using the three-dimensional data 1034 and the three-dimensional map 1032.
  • the sensor information 1033 includes at least one of information obtained by a laser sensor, a luminance image, an infrared image, a depth image, sensor position information, and sensor speed information.
  • the sensor information 1033 includes information indicating the performance of the sensor.
  • the client device 902 encodes or compresses the sensor information 1033, and transmits sensor information 1037 after encoding or compression to the server 901 or another mobile unit 902 in the transmission of the sensor information. According to this, the client device 902 can reduce the amount of data to be transmitted.
  • the client device 902 includes a processor and a memory, and the processor performs the above processing using the memory.
  • the server 901 can communicate with the client device 902 mounted on the mobile body, and sensor information 1037 indicating the surrounding state of the mobile body obtained by the sensor 1015 mounted on the mobile body. Is received from the client device 902. The server 901 creates three-dimensional data 1134 around the moving object from the received sensor information 1037.
  • the server 901 creates the three-dimensional data 1134 using the sensor information 1037 transmitted from the client device 902. Thereby, there is a possibility that the data amount of the transmission data can be reduced as compared with the case where the client device 902 transmits the three-dimensional data. Further, since it is not necessary to perform processing such as compression or encoding of three-dimensional data in the client device 902, the processing amount of the client device 902 can be reduced. Therefore, the server 901 can reduce the amount of data to be transmitted or simplify the configuration of the apparatus.
  • the server 901 further transmits a sensor information transmission request to the client device 902.
  • the server 901 updates the three-dimensional map 1135 using the created three-dimensional data 1134, and sends the three-dimensional map 1135 to the client device 902 in response to a transmission request for the three-dimensional map 1135 from the client device 902. Send.
  • the sensor information 1037 includes at least one of information obtained by a laser sensor, a luminance image, an infrared image, a depth image, sensor position information, and sensor speed information.
  • the sensor information 1037 includes information indicating the performance of the sensor.
  • the server 901 further corrects the three-dimensional data according to the performance of the sensor. According to this, the three-dimensional data creation method can improve the quality of the three-dimensional data.
  • the server 901 receives the sensor information by receiving a plurality of sensor information 1037 from the plurality of client devices 902, and based on the plurality of information indicating the performance of the sensor included in the plurality of sensor information 1037, the three-dimensional data 1134.
  • the sensor information 1037 used for creating is selected. According to this, the server 901 can improve the quality of the three-dimensional data 1134.
  • the server 901 decodes or expands the received sensor information 1037, and creates three-dimensional data 1134 from the sensor information 1132 after decoding or expansion. According to this, the server 901 can reduce the amount of data to be transmitted.
  • the server 901 includes a processor and a memory, and the processor performs the above processing using the memory.
  • FIG. 37 is a block diagram of 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 according to the present embodiment.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 1300 generates an encoded bit stream (hereinafter also simply referred to as a bit stream) that is an encoded signal by encoding three-dimensional data. As shown in FIG.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 1300 includes a dividing unit 1301, a subtracting unit 1302, a transforming unit 1303, a quantizing unit 1304, an inverse quantizing unit 1305, an inverse transforming unit 1306, An adding unit 1307, a reference volume memory 1308, an intra prediction unit 1309, a reference space memory 1310, an inter prediction unit 1311, a prediction control unit 1312, and an entropy encoding unit 1313 are provided.
  • the dividing unit 1301 divides each space (SPC) included in the three-dimensional data into a plurality of volumes (VLM) which are encoding units. In addition, the dividing unit 1301 converts the voxels in each volume into an octree representation (Octree). Note that the dividing unit 1301 may make the space and the volume the same size and express the space as an octree. Further, the dividing unit 1301 may add information (depth information or the like) necessary for octree conversion to the header of the bitstream or the like.
  • the subtraction unit 1302 calculates a difference between the volume (encoding target volume) output from the division unit 1301 and a prediction volume generated by intra prediction or inter prediction described later, and uses the calculated difference as a prediction residual.
  • the data is output to the conversion unit 1303.
  • FIG. 38 is a diagram illustrating a calculation example of the prediction residual. Note that the bit string of the encoding target volume and the prediction volume shown here is, for example, position information indicating the position of a three-dimensional point (for example, a point cloud) included in the volume.
  • FIG. 39 is a diagram illustrating a structure example of a volume including a plurality of voxels.
  • FIG. 40 is a diagram showing an example in which the volume shown in FIG. 39 is converted into an octree structure.
  • the leaves 1, 2, and 3 represent the voxels VXL1, VXL2, and VXL3 shown in FIG. 39, respectively, and express VXL (hereinafter, effective VXL) including a point group.
  • the octree is expressed by a binary sequence of 0 and 1, for example. For example, if a node or valid VXL has a value of 1 and a value other than 0 has a value of 0, a binary string shown in FIG. 40 is assigned to each node and leaf. Then, this binary string is scanned according to the scan order of width priority or depth priority. For example, when scanning is performed with priority given to the width, a binary string shown in A of FIG. 41 is obtained. When scanning is performed with depth priority, a binary string shown in FIG. 41B is obtained. The binary sequence obtained by this scan is encoded by entropy encoding, and the amount of information is reduced.
  • depth information in octree representation will be described.
  • the depth in the octree representation is used to control to what granularity the point cloud information contained in the volume is retained. If the depth is set large, the point cloud information can be reproduced to a finer level, but the amount of data for expressing the nodes and leaves increases. Conversely, if the depth is set small, the amount of data decreases, but the point cloud information with different positions and colors is considered to be the same position and the same color, so the information of the original point cloud information is lost. become.
  • the octree shown in FIG. 42 has a smaller amount of data than the octree shown in FIG. That is, the octree shown in FIG. 42 has fewer bits after binarization than the octree shown in FIG.
  • leaf 1 and leaf 2 shown in FIG. 40 are expressed by leaf 1 shown in FIG. That is, the information that leaf 1 and leaf 2 shown in FIG. 40 are at different positions is lost.
  • FIG. 43 is a diagram showing a volume corresponding to the octree shown in FIG. VXL1 and VXL2 shown in FIG. 39 correspond to VXL12 shown in FIG.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 generates the color information of VXL12 shown in FIG. 43 from the color information of VXL1 and VXL2 shown in FIG.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 1300 calculates the average value, intermediate value, or weighted average value of the color information of VXL1 and VXL2 as the color information of VXL12.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 may control the reduction of the data amount by changing the depth of the octree.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 may set the depth information of the octree in any of world units, space units, and volume units. At this time, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 may add depth information to world header information, space header information, or volume header information. Further, the same value may be used for depth information in all worlds, spaces, and volumes at different times. In this case, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 may add depth information to header information that manages the world for the entire time.
  • the conversion unit 1303 applies frequency conversion such as orthogonal conversion to the prediction residual of the color information of the voxel in the volume. For example, the conversion unit 1303 creates a one-dimensional array by scanning prediction residuals in a certain scan order. Thereafter, the transform unit 1303 transforms the one-dimensional array into the frequency domain by applying a one-dimensional orthogonal transform to the created one-dimensional array. Thereby, when the value of the prediction residual in the volume is close, the value of the low frequency component becomes large and the value of the high frequency component becomes small. Therefore, the code amount can be more efficiently reduced in the quantization unit 1304.
  • frequency conversion such as orthogonal conversion
  • the conversion unit 1303 creates a one-dimensional array by scanning prediction residuals in a certain scan order. Thereafter, the transform unit 1303 transforms the one-dimensional array into the frequency domain by applying a one-dimensional orthogonal transform to the created one-dimensional array.
  • the transform unit 1303 may use orthogonal transform of two or more dimensions instead of one dimension.
  • the conversion unit 1303 maps prediction residuals to a two-dimensional array in a certain scan order, and applies a two-dimensional orthogonal transform to the obtained two-dimensional array.
  • the transform unit 1303 may select an orthogonal transform method to be used from a plurality of orthogonal transform methods.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 adds information indicating which orthogonal transform method is used to the bitstream.
  • the transform unit 1303 may select an orthogonal transform method to be used from a plurality of orthogonal transform methods having different dimensions. In this case, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 1300 adds to the bitstream which dimension of the orthogonal transform method is used.
  • the conversion unit 1303 matches the scan order of the prediction residual with the scan order (width priority or depth priority, etc.) in the octree in the volume. This eliminates the need to add information indicating the scan order of prediction residuals to the bitstream, thereby reducing overhead.
  • the conversion unit 1303 may apply a scan order different from the scan order of the octree.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 adds information indicating the scan order of prediction residuals to the bitstream.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 can efficiently encode the prediction residual.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 adds information (such as a flag) indicating whether or not to apply the scan order of the octree to the bitstream, and predicts when the scan order of the octree is not applied.
  • Information indicating the scan order of the residuals may be added to the bitstream.
  • the conversion unit 1303 may convert not only the prediction residual of color information but also other attribute information possessed by the voxel.
  • the conversion unit 1303 may convert and encode information such as reflectivity obtained when a point cloud is acquired using LiDAR or the like.
  • the conversion unit 1303 may skip the process when the space does not have attribute information such as color information. Also, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 may add information (flag) indicating whether or not to skip the processing of the conversion unit 1303 to the bitstream.
  • the quantization unit 1304 generates a quantization coefficient by performing quantization on the frequency component of the prediction residual generated by the conversion unit 1303 using the quantization control parameter. This reduces the amount of information.
  • the generated quantization coefficient is output to the entropy encoding unit 1313.
  • the quantization unit 1304 may control the quantization control parameter in units of world, space, or volume. In that case, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 adds the quantization control parameter to each header information or the like. Also, the quantization unit 1304 may perform quantization control by changing the weight for each frequency component of the prediction residual. For example, the quantization unit 1304 may finely quantize the low frequency component and coarsely quantize the high frequency component. In this case, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 may add a parameter representing the weight of each frequency component to the header.
  • the quantization unit 1304 may skip the process when the space does not have attribute information such as color information. Also, the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 may add information (flag) indicating whether or not to skip the processing of the quantization unit 1304 to the bitstream.
  • the inverse quantization unit 1305 generates an inverse quantization coefficient of the prediction residual by performing inverse quantization on the quantization coefficient generated by the quantization unit 1304 using the quantization control parameter, and generates the generated inverse quantum.
  • the quantization coefficient is output to the inverse transform unit 1306.
  • the inverse transform unit 1306 generates a prediction residual after applying inverse transform by applying inverse transform to the inverse quantization coefficient generated by the inverse quantization unit 1305. Since the prediction residual after applying the inverse transform is a prediction residual generated after quantization, the prediction residual output by the transform unit 1303 may not completely match.
  • the addition unit 1307 includes a prediction residual generated after the inverse transformation applied by the inverse transformation unit 1306, and a prediction volume generated by intra prediction or inter prediction, which will be described later, used to generate a prediction residual before quantization. Are added to generate a reconstructed volume. This reconstructed volume is stored in the reference volume memory 1308 or the reference space memory 1310.
  • the intra prediction unit 1309 uses the attribute information of the adjacent volume stored in the reference volume memory 1308 to generate a prediction volume of the encoding target volume.
  • the attribute information includes voxel color information or reflectivity.
  • the intra prediction unit 1309 generates color information or a predicted value of reflectivity of the encoding target volume.
  • FIG. 44 is a diagram for explaining the operation of the intra prediction unit 1309.
  • the volume idx is identifier information added to the volume in the space, and a different value is assigned to each volume.
  • the order of volume idx allocation may be the same as the encoding order, or may be an order different from the encoding order.
  • a prediction residual is generated by subtracting the predicted value of the color information from the color information of each voxel included in the encoding target volume.
  • the processing after the conversion unit 1303 is performed on this prediction residual.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 adds the adjacent volume information and the prediction mode information to the bitstream.
  • the adjacent volume information is information indicating the adjacent volume used for prediction, and indicates, for example, the volume idx of the adjacent volume used for prediction.
  • the prediction mode information indicates a mode used for generating a predicted volume.
  • the mode is, for example, an average value mode for generating a predicted value from an average value of voxels in an adjacent volume, an intermediate value mode for generating a predicted value from an intermediate value of voxels in an adjacent volume, or the like.
  • FIG. 45 is a diagram schematically illustrating the inter prediction process according to the present embodiment.
  • the inter prediction unit 1311 encodes (inter prediction) a space (SPC) at a certain time T_Cur using a coded space at a different time T_LX.
  • the inter prediction unit 1311 performs encoding processing by applying rotation and translation processing to encoded spaces at different times T_LX.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 adds RT information related to rotation and translation processing applied to spaces at different times T_LX to the bitstream.
  • the different time T_LX is, for example, a time T_L0 before the certain time T_Cur.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 may add RT information RT_L0 related to the rotation and translation processing applied to the space at time T_L0 to the bitstream.
  • the different time T_LX is, for example, a time T_L1 after the certain time T_Cur.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 may add RT information RT_L1 related to the rotation and translation processing applied to the space at time T_L1 to the bitstream.
  • the inter prediction unit 1311 performs encoding (bi-prediction) with reference to both spaces at different times T_L0 and T_L1.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 may add both RT information RT_L0 and RT_L1 related to rotation and translation applied to each space to the bitstream.
  • T_L0 is the time before T_Cur
  • T_L1 is the time after T_Cur.
  • the present invention is not limited to this.
  • both T_L0 and T_L1 may be prior to T_Cur.
  • both T_L0 and T_L1 may be later than T_Cur.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 manages a plurality of encoded spaces to be referenced with two reference lists (L0 list and L1 list).
  • the first reference space in the L0 list is L0R0
  • the second reference space in the L0 list is L0R1
  • the first reference space in the L1 list is L1R0
  • the second reference space in the L1 list is L1R1.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 adds RT information RT_L0R0 of L0R0, RT information RT_L0R1 of L0R1, RT information RT_L1R0 of L1R0, and RT information RT_L1R1 of L1R1 to the bitstream.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 1300 adds these RT information to a bitstream header or the like.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 determines whether to apply rotation and translation for each reference space. At this time, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 may add information (RT application flag or the like) indicating whether or not rotation and translation are applied for each reference space to the header information of the bitstream. For example, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 1300 calculates RT information and an ICP error value by using an ICP (Interactive Closest Point) algorithm for each reference space referred from the encoding target space. If the ICP error value is equal to or less than a predetermined value, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 determines that rotation and translation are not necessary and sets the RT application flag to OFF. On the other hand, when the ICP error value is larger than the predetermined value, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 sets the RT application flag to ON and adds the RT information to the bitstream.
  • ICP Interactive Closest Point
  • FIG. 46 is a diagram illustrating a syntax example in which RT information and an RT application flag are added to a header.
  • the number of bits assigned to each syntax may be determined within a range that the syntax can take. For example, when the number of reference spaces included in the reference list L0 is 8, MaxRefSpc_10 may be assigned 3 bits.
  • the number of bits to be assigned may be variable according to the value that can be taken by each syntax, or may be fixed regardless of the value that can be taken.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 may add the fixed number of bits to another header information.
  • MaxRefSpc — 10 shown in FIG. 46 indicates the number of reference spaces included in the reference list L0.
  • RT_flag_l0 [i] is an RT application flag of the reference space i in the reference list L0.
  • RT_flag_10 [i] is 1, rotation and translation are applied to the reference space i.
  • RT_flag_10 [i] is 0, rotation and translation are not applied to the reference space i.
  • R_l0 [i] and T_l0 [i] are RT information of the reference space i in the reference list L0.
  • R_l0 [i] is rotation information of the reference space i in the reference list L0.
  • the rotation information indicates the content of the applied rotation process, and is, for example, a rotation matrix or a quaternion.
  • T_l0 [i] is the translation information of the reference space i in the reference list L0.
  • the translation information indicates the content of the applied translation process, and is, for example, a translation vector.
  • MaxRefSpc_l1 indicates the number of reference spaces included in the reference list L1.
  • RT_flag_l1 [i] is an RT application flag of the reference space i in the reference list L1. When RT_flag_l1 [i] is 1, rotation and translation are applied to the reference space i. When RT_flag_l1 [i] is 0, rotation and translation are not applied to the reference space i.
  • R_l1 [i] and T_l1 [i] are RT information of the reference space i in the reference list L1.
  • R_l1 [i] is rotation information of the reference space i in the reference list L1.
  • the rotation information indicates the content of the applied rotation process, and is, for example, a rotation matrix or a quaternion.
  • T_l1 [i] is the translation information of the reference space i in the reference list L1.
  • the translation information indicates the content of the applied translation process, and is, for example, a translation vector.
  • the inter prediction unit 1311 generates a prediction volume of the encoding target volume using the encoded reference space information stored in the reference space memory 1310. As described above, the inter prediction unit 1311 uses the encoding target space and the reference space in order to approximate the overall positional relationship between the encoding target space and the reference space before generating the prediction volume of the encoding target volume.
  • RT information is obtained using an ICP (Interactive Closest Point) algorithm. Then, the inter prediction unit 1311 obtains the reference space B by applying rotation and translation processing to the reference space using the obtained RT information. Thereafter, the inter prediction unit 1311 generates a predicted volume of the encoding target volume in the encoding target space using the information in the reference space B.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 1300 adds the RT information used for obtaining the reference space B to the header information of the encoding target space.
  • the inter prediction unit 1311 applies the rotation and translation processing to the reference space to bring the overall positional relationship between the encoding target space and the reference space closer, and then uses the reference space information to predict the prediction volume.
  • the accuracy of the predicted volume can be improved by generating.
  • the prediction residual can be suppressed, the code amount can be reduced.
  • the inter prediction unit 1311 performs ICP using at least one of an encoding target space obtained by thinning out the number of voxels or point clouds and a reference space obtained by thinning out the number of voxels or point clouds.
  • RT information may be obtained.
  • the inter prediction unit 1311 performs rotation and rotation when the ICP error value obtained as a result of ICP is smaller than a predetermined first threshold, that is, when the positional relationship between the encoding target space and the reference space is close, for example. It is determined that the translation process is not necessary, and the rotation and translation need not be performed. In this case, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 may suppress overhead by not adding RT information to the bitstream.
  • the inter prediction unit 1311 determines that the shape change between the spaces is large, and applies the intra prediction to all the volumes in the encoding target space. May be.
  • a space to which intra prediction is applied is referred to as an intra space.
  • the second threshold value is larger than the first threshold value.
  • any method may be applied as long as it is a method for obtaining RT information from two voxel sets or two point cloud sets, without being limited to ICP.
  • the inter prediction unit 1311 uses, for example, an encoding target volume in the reference space as a prediction volume of the encoding target volume in the encoding target space.
  • the volume with the closest attribute information such as shape or color is searched.
  • this reference space is a reference space after the rotation and translation processing described above are performed, for example.
  • the inter prediction unit 1311 generates a predicted volume from the volume (reference volume) obtained by the search.
  • FIG. 47 is a diagram for explaining a predicted volume generation operation.
  • the inter prediction unit 1311 scans the reference volume in the reference space in order and references the encoding target volume and the reference volume. Search for the volume with the smallest prediction residual, which is the difference with the volume.
  • the inter prediction unit 1311 selects the volume with the smallest prediction residual as the prediction volume.
  • the prediction residual between the encoding target volume and the prediction volume is encoded by the processing after the conversion unit 1303.
  • the prediction residual is a difference between the attribute information of the encoding target volume and the attribute information of the prediction volume.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 1300 adds the volume idx of the reference volume in the reference space referred to as the prediction volume to the header of the bit stream or the like.
  • the prediction control unit 1312 controls whether the encoding target volume is encoded using intra prediction or inter prediction.
  • a mode including intra prediction and inter prediction is referred to as a prediction mode.
  • the prediction control unit 1312 calculates, as evaluation values, the prediction residual when the encoding target volume is predicted by intra prediction and the prediction residual when prediction is performed by inter prediction, and the prediction having the smaller evaluation value is calculated. Select a mode.
  • the prediction control unit 1312 calculates the actual code amount by applying orthogonal transform, quantization, and entropy coding to the prediction residual of intra prediction and the prediction residual of inter prediction, respectively.
  • the prediction mode may be selected by using the code amount as an evaluation value. Further, overhead information other than the prediction residual (reference volume idx information or the like) may be added to the evaluation value. Also, the prediction control unit 1312 may always select intra prediction when it is determined in advance that the encoding target space is encoded with intra space.
  • the entropy encoding unit 1313 generates an encoded signal (encoded bitstream) by variable-length encoding the quantization coefficient that is an input from the quantization unit 1304. Specifically, the entropy encoding unit 1313 binarizes the quantization coefficient, for example, and arithmetically encodes the obtained binary signal.
  • FIG. 48 is a block diagram of 3D data decoding apparatus 1400 according to the present embodiment.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 1400 includes an entropy decoding unit 1401, an inverse quantization unit 1402, an inverse transformation unit 1403, an addition unit 1404, a reference volume memory 1405, an intra prediction unit 1406, and a reference space memory 1407.
  • the inter prediction unit 1408 and the prediction control unit 1409 are provided.
  • the entropy decoding unit 1401 performs variable length decoding on the encoded signal (encoded bit stream). For example, the entropy decoding unit 1401 arithmetically decodes the encoded signal to generate a binary signal, and generates a quantization coefficient from the generated binary signal.
  • the inverse quantization unit 1402 generates an inverse quantization coefficient by inversely quantizing the quantization coefficient input from the entropy decoding unit 1401 using a quantization parameter added to a bit stream or the like.
  • the inverse transform unit 1403 generates a prediction residual by performing inverse transform on the inverse quantization coefficient input from the inverse quantization unit 1402. For example, the inverse transform unit 1403 generates a prediction residual by performing inverse orthogonal transform on the inverse quantization coefficient based on information added to the bitstream.
  • the addition unit 1404 adds the prediction residual generated by the inverse conversion unit 1403 and the prediction volume generated by intra prediction or inter prediction to generate a reconstructed volume.
  • the reconstructed volume is output as decoded three-dimensional data and stored in the reference volume memory 1405 or the reference space memory 1407.
  • the intra prediction unit 1406 generates a prediction volume by intra prediction using the reference volume in the reference volume memory 1405 and information added to the bitstream. Specifically, the intra prediction unit 1406 acquires adjacent volume information (for example, volume idx) added to the bitstream and prediction mode information, and uses the adjacent volume indicated by the adjacent volume information to use the prediction mode information. A predicted volume is generated in the mode indicated by. Note that the details of these processes are the same as the processes by the intra prediction unit 1309 described above, except that the information provided to the bitstream is used.
  • adjacent volume information for example, volume idx
  • the inter prediction unit 1408 generates a prediction volume by inter prediction using the reference space in the reference space memory 1407 and the information added to the bit stream. Specifically, the inter prediction unit 1408 applies rotation and translation processing to the reference space using the RT information for each reference space added to the bitstream, and calculates the prediction volume using the applied reference space. Generate. Note that if the RT application flag for each reference space exists in the bitstream, the inter prediction unit 1408 applies rotation and translation processing to the reference space according to the RT application flag. Note that the details of these processes are the same as the processes performed by the inter prediction unit 1311 described above, except that the information provided to the bitstream is used.
  • the prediction control unit 1409 controls whether the decoding target volume is decoded by intra prediction or by inter prediction. For example, the prediction control unit 1409 selects intra prediction or inter prediction according to information indicating a prediction mode to be used, which is added to the bitstream. Note that the prediction control unit 1409 may always select intra prediction when it is determined in advance that the space to be decoded is to be decoded in the intra space.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 may divide a space into subspaces and apply rotation and translation in units of subspaces. In this case, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 1300 generates RT information for each subspace, and adds the generated RT information to a bitstream header or the like. Also, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 1300 may apply rotation and translation in units of volumes that are encoding units.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 generates RT information in units of encoding volumes, and adds the generated RT information to a bitstream header or the like. Furthermore, the above may be combined. That is, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 may apply rotation and translation in large units, and then apply rotation and translation in fine units. For example, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 may apply rotation and translation in units of space, and may apply different rotation and translation to each of a plurality of volumes included in the obtained space.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 may change the size of the three-dimensional data by applying a scale process, for example.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 1300 may apply any one or two of rotation, translation, and scale.
  • the types of processing applied to each unit may be different. For example, rotation and translation may be applied in space units, and translation may be applied in volume units.
  • FIG. 48 is a flowchart of inter prediction processing performed by the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 1300 uses the position information of the three-dimensional points included in the reference three-dimensional data (for example, the reference space) at a different time from the target three-dimensional data (for example, the encoding target space) to predict the position information. (For example, a predicted volume) is generated (S1301). Specifically, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 generates predicted position information by applying rotation and translation processing to position information of 3D points included in the reference 3D data.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 performs rotation and translation processing in a first unit (for example, a space), and generates predicted position information in a second unit (for example, a volume) that is finer than the first unit. Also good.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus 1300 selects a volume having a minimum difference in position information from the encoding target volume included in the encoding target space among a plurality of volumes included in the reference space after the rotation and translation processing. The volume obtained by searching is used as the predicted volume.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 may perform rotation and translation processing and generation of predicted position information in the same unit.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 applies the first rotation and translation processing in the first unit (for example, a space) to the position information of the three-dimensional point included in the reference three-dimensional data, and performs the first rotation and translation processing.
  • the predicted position information may be generated by applying the second rotation and translation processing in the second unit (for example, volume) finer than the first unit to the position information of the three-dimensional point obtained by the above.
  • the position information and the predicted position information of the three-dimensional point are expressed by an octree structure, for example, as shown in FIG.
  • the position information and the predicted position information of a three-dimensional point are represented in the scan order in which the width is given priority among the depth and width in the octree structure.
  • the position information and the predicted position information of the three-dimensional point are expressed in the scan order giving priority to the depth among the depth and the width in the octree structure.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 encodes an RT application flag indicating whether to apply rotation and translation processing to the position information of the three-dimensional point included in the reference three-dimensional data. To do. That is, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 generates an encoded signal (encoded bit stream) including the RT application flag. The three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 encodes RT information indicating the contents of the rotation and translation processing. That is, the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 generates an encoded signal (encoded bit stream) including RT information. Note that the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 encodes RT information when the RT application flag indicates that the rotation and translation processing is applied, and the RT application flag indicates that the rotation and translation processing is not applied. It is not necessary to encode RT information.
  • the 3D data includes, for example, position information of 3D points and attribute information (color information etc.) of each 3D point.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 generates prediction attribute information using the attribute information of the 3D points included in the reference 3D data (S1302).
  • the 3D data encoding device 1300 encodes the position information of the 3D points included in the target 3D data using the predicted position information. For example, the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 calculates difference position information that is a difference between position information of a three-dimensional point included in the target three-dimensional data and predicted position information as shown in FIG. 38 (S1303).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 encodes the attribute information of the three-dimensional point included in the target three-dimensional data using the predicted attribute information. For example, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 calculates difference attribute information that is a difference between the attribute information of the 3D point included in the target 3D data and the prediction attribute information (S1304). Next, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 performs conversion and quantization on the calculated difference attribute information (S1305).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 encodes (for example, entropy encoding) the difference position information and the difference attribute information after quantization (S1306). That is, the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 generates an encoded signal (encoded bit stream) including difference position information and difference attribute information.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 may not perform steps S1302, S1304, and S1305. Also, the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 may perform only one of encoding of 3D point position information and encoding of 3D point attribute information.
  • the order of the processing shown in FIG. 49 is an example, and the present invention is not limited to this.
  • the processing for position information (S1301, S1303) and the processing for attribute information (S1302, S1304, S1305) are independent of each other, and may be performed in an arbitrary order, or some of them are processed in parallel. May be.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 generates the predicted position information using the position information of the 3D points included in the reference 3D data at a time different from that of the target 3D data, and the target tertiary Difference position information that is a difference between position information of a three-dimensional point included in the original data and predicted position information is encoded.
  • the target tertiary Difference position information that is a difference between position information of a three-dimensional point included in the original data and predicted position information is encoded.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus 1300 generates prediction attribute information using the attribute information of the 3D points included in the reference 3D data, and the 3D points of the 3D points included in the target 3D data. Difference attribute information which is a difference between attribute information and predicted attribute information is encoded. Thereby, since the data amount of an encoding signal can be reduced, encoding efficiency can be improved.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 1300 includes a processor and a memory, and the processor performs the above processing using the memory.
  • FIG. 48 is a flowchart of the inter prediction process performed by the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 1400.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding device 1400 decodes (for example, entropy decoding) differential position information and differential attribute information from the encoded signal (encoded bitstream) (S1401).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus 1400 decodes an RT application flag indicating whether to apply rotation and translation processing to the position information of the 3D points included in the reference 3D data from the encoded signal. Also, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 1400 decodes RT information indicating the contents of the rotation and translation processing. Note that the 3D data decoding apparatus 1400 decodes RT information when the RT application flag indicates that the rotation and translation processing is applied, and when the RT application flag indicates that the rotation and translation processing is not applied. It is not necessary to decode the RT information.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus 1400 performs inverse quantization and inverse transform on the decoded difference attribute information (S1402).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding device 1400 uses the position information of the three-dimensional points included in the reference three-dimensional data (for example, the reference space) at a different time from the target three-dimensional data (for example, the decoding target space) to predict predicted position information (for example, a predicted volume) is generated (S1403). Specifically, the 3D data decoding apparatus 1400 generates predicted position information by applying rotation and translation processing to position information of 3D points included in the reference 3D data.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus 1400 when the RT application flag indicates that the rotation and translation processing is to be applied, the 3D data decoding apparatus 1400 includes the position information of the 3D points included in the reference 3D data indicated by the RT information. Apply rotation and translation processing. On the other hand, if the RT application flag indicates that the rotation and translation processing is not applied, the 3D data decoding apparatus 1400 does not apply the rotation and translation processing to the position information of the 3D points included in the reference 3D data. .
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus 1400 may perform rotation and translation processing in a first unit (for example, a space) and generate predicted position information in a second unit (for example, a volume) that is finer than the first unit. Good. Note that the 3D data decoding apparatus 1400 may perform rotation and translation processing and generation of predicted position information in the same unit.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 1400 applies the first rotation and translation processing in the first unit (for example, space) to the position information of the three-dimensional points included in the reference three-dimensional data, and performs the first rotation and translation processing.
  • the predicted position information may be generated by applying the second rotation and translation processing to the obtained three-dimensional point position information in a second unit (for example, volume) finer than the first unit.
  • the position information and the predicted position information of the three-dimensional point are expressed by an octree structure, for example, as shown in FIG.
  • the position information and the predicted position information of a three-dimensional point are represented in the scan order in which the width is given priority among the depth and width in the octree structure.
  • the position information and the predicted position information of the three-dimensional point are expressed in the scan order giving priority to the depth among the depth and the width in the octree structure.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus 1400 generates prediction attribute information using the attribute information of the 3D points included in the reference 3D data (S1404).
  • the 3D data decoding device 1400 restores the position information of the 3D points included in the target 3D data by decoding the encoded position information included in the encoded signal using the predicted position information.
  • the encoded position information is, for example, difference position information
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 1400 adds the difference position information and the predicted position information to thereby determine the three-dimensional point included in the target three-dimensional data.
  • the position information is restored (S1405).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus 1400 restores the attribute information of the 3D point included in the target 3D data by decoding the encoded attribute information included in the encoded signal using the prediction attribute information.
  • the encoding attribute information is, for example, difference attribute information
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus 1400 adds the difference attribute information and the prediction attribute information to the 3D point included in the target 3D data.
  • the attribute information is restored (S1406).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 1400 does not have to perform steps S1402, S1404, and S1406. Also, the 3D data decoding apparatus 1400 may perform only one of the decoding of the position information of the 3D point and the decoding of the attribute information of the 3D point.
  • processing for position information S1403, S1405
  • processing for attribute information S1402, S1404, S1406
  • S1403, S1405 the processing for position information
  • S1402, S1404, S1406 the processing for attribute information
  • S1402, S1404, S1406 are independent of each other, and may be performed in an arbitrary order, or some of them are processed in parallel. May be.
  • FIG. 51 and 52 are diagrams showing the reference relationship according to the present embodiment, FIG. 51 is a diagram showing the reference relationship on an octree structure, and FIG. 52 is a diagram showing the reference relationship on the spatial domain.
  • FIG. 51 is a diagram showing the reference relationship on an octree structure
  • FIG. 52 is a diagram showing the reference relationship on the spatial domain.
  • the 3D data encoding device encodes encoding information of a node to be encoded (hereinafter referred to as a target node) in a parent node to which the target node belongs.
  • a target node a node to which the target node belongs.
  • the encoding information of each node Refer to the encoding information of each node.
  • parent adjacent node the encoding information of each node in another node in the same layer as the parent node (hereinafter, parent adjacent node) is not referred to. That is, the 3D data encoding apparatus sets the reference of the parent adjacent node to be disabled or prohibits the reference.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may permit reference to encoding information in a parent node to which the parent node belongs (hereinafter referred to as a grandparent node). That is, the 3D data encoding apparatus may encode the encoding information of the target node with reference to the encoding information of the parent node and grandfather node to which the target node belongs.
  • the encoding information is, for example, an occupancy code.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus refers to information indicating whether or not each node in the parent node to which the target node belongs (hereinafter referred to as occupancy information). To do.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus refers to the occupancy code of the parent node when encoding the occupancy code of the target node.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus does not refer to the occupation information of each node in the parent adjacent node. That is, the 3D data encoding apparatus does not refer to the occupancy code of the parent adjacent node.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may refer to the occupation information of each node in the grandfather node. That is, the 3D data encoding apparatus may refer to the occupation information of the parent node and the parent adjacent node.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device is used when entropy encoding the occupancy code of the target node using the occupancy code of the parent node or grandfather node to which the target node belongs when encoding the occupancy code of the target node. Switch the encoding table. Details of this will be described later.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may not refer to the occupancy code of the parent adjacent node. Thereby, when encoding the occupancy code of the target node, the 3D data encoding apparatus can appropriately switch the encoding table according to the information of the occupancy code of the parent node or the grandfather node. Efficiency can be improved.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus can suppress the confirmation process of the information of the parent adjacent node and the memory capacity for storing them by not referring to the parent adjacent node. Further, it becomes easy to scan and encode the occupancy codes of the nodes of the octree in the depth priority order.
  • FIG. 53 is a diagram illustrating an example of the target node and the adjacent reference node.
  • FIG. 54 is a diagram illustrating a relationship between a parent node and a node.
  • FIG. 55 is a diagram illustrating an example of the occupancy code of the parent node.
  • the adjacent reference node is a node that is referred to when encoding the target node among nodes spatially adjacent to the target node.
  • the adjacent node is a node belonging to the same layer as the target node.
  • a node X adjacent in the x direction of the target block, a node Y adjacent in the y direction, and a node Z adjacent in the z direction are used as reference adjacent nodes. That is, one adjacent block is set as a reference adjacent block in each of the x, y, and z directions.
  • node number shown in FIG. 54 is an example, and the relationship between the node number and the position of the node is not limited to this.
  • node 0 is assigned to the lower bits and node 7 is assigned to the upper bits. However, assignment may be performed in the reverse order. Each node may be assigned to an arbitrary bit.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus determines an encoding table for entropy encoding the occupancy code of the target node, for example, using the following equation.
  • CodingTable indicates an encoding table for the occupancy code of the target node, and indicates one of values 0 to 7.
  • FlagX is occupancy information of the adjacent node X, and indicates 1 if the adjacent node X includes a point group (occupation), and indicates 0 otherwise.
  • FlagY is occupancy information of the adjacent node Y, and indicates 1 if the adjacent node Y includes (occupies) a point group, and indicates 0 otherwise.
  • FlagZ is occupancy information of the adjacent node Z, and indicates 1 if the adjacent node Z includes a point group (occupation), and indicates 0 otherwise.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus encodes using the value indicated in the occupancy code of the parent node.
  • a table may be selected.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can improve the encoding efficiency by switching the encoding table using information indicating whether or not a point cloud is included in the adjacent node of the target node.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may switch the adjacent reference node according to the spatial position of the target node in the parent node. That is, the 3D data encoding apparatus may switch the adjacent node to be referred to among the plurality of adjacent nodes according to the spatial position in the parent node of the target node.
  • FIG. 56 is a block diagram of 3D data encoding apparatus 2100 according to the present embodiment.
  • a three-dimensional data encoding device 2100 shown in FIG. 56 includes an octree generation unit 2101, a geometric information calculation unit 2102, an encoding table selection unit 2103, and an entropy encoding unit 2104.
  • the octree generation unit 2101 generates, for example, an octree from the input three-dimensional point (point cloud), and generates an occupancy code for each node included in the octree.
  • the geometric information calculation unit 2102 acquires occupancy information indicating whether or not the adjacent reference node of the target node is occupied. For example, the geometric information calculation unit 2102 acquires occupancy information of adjacent reference nodes from the occupancy code of the parent node to which the target node belongs. As shown in FIG. 53, the geometric information calculation unit 2102 may switch the adjacent reference node according to the position in the parent node of the target node. The geometric information calculation unit 2102 does not refer to the occupation information of each node in the parent adjacent node.
  • the encoding table selection unit 2103 selects an encoding table to be used for entropy encoding of the occupancy code of the target node using the occupancy information of the adjacent reference node calculated by the geometric information calculation unit 2102.
  • the entropy encoding unit 2104 generates a bitstream by entropy encoding the occupancy code using the selected encoding table. Note that the entropy encoding unit 2104 may add information indicating the selected encoding table to the bitstream.
  • FIG. 57 is a block diagram of 3D data decoding apparatus 2110 according to the present embodiment.
  • a three-dimensional data decoding device 2110 shown in FIG. 57 includes an octree generation unit 2111, a geometric information calculation unit 2112, an encoding table selection unit 2113, and an entropy decoding unit 2114.
  • the octree generation unit 2111 generates an octree of a certain space (node) using the bitstream header information and the like.
  • the octree generation unit 2111 generates, for example, a large space (root node) using the sizes of the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis directions of a certain space added to the header information, and the space is converted to the x-axis, Eight small spaces A (nodes A0 to A7) are generated by dividing into two in the y-axis and z-axis directions, and an octree is generated. Nodes A0 to A7 are set in order as target nodes.
  • the geometric information calculation unit 2112 acquires occupancy information indicating whether or not the adjacent reference node of the target node is occupied. For example, the geometric information calculation unit 2112 acquires occupancy information of adjacent reference nodes from the occupancy code of the parent node to which the target node belongs. As shown in FIG. 53, the geometric information calculation unit 2112 may switch the adjacent reference node according to the position within the parent node of the target node. Further, the geometric information calculation unit 2112 does not refer to the occupation information of each node in the parent adjacent node.
  • the encoding table selection unit 2113 selects an encoding table (decoding table) to be used for entropy decoding of the occupancy code of the target node using the occupancy information of the adjacent reference node calculated by the geometric information calculation unit 2112.
  • the entropy decoding unit 2114 generates a three-dimensional point by entropy decoding the occupancy code using the selected encoding table.
  • the encoding table selection unit 2113 decodes and acquires information on the selected encoding table added to the bitstream, and the entropy decoding unit 2114 uses the encoding table indicated by the acquired information. May be.
  • Each bit of the occupancy code (8 bits) included in the bit stream indicates whether or not a point group is included in each of the eight small spaces A (node A0 to node A7). Furthermore, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus divides the small space node A0 into eight small spaces B (nodes B0 to B7) to generate an octree, and each node in the small space B includes a point group. Information indicating whether or not to be decoded is obtained by decoding the occupancy code. Thus, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus decodes the occupancy code of each node while generating an octree from a large space to a small space.
  • FIG. 58 is a flowchart of 3D data encoding processing in the 3D data encoding device.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus determines (defines) a space (target node) including a part or all of the input three-dimensional point group (S2101).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus divides the target node into eight to generate eight small spaces (nodes) (S2102).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device generates an occupancy code of the target node according to whether or not each node includes a point group (S2103).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus calculates (acquires) the occupancy information of the adjacent reference node of the target node from the occupancy code of the parent node of the target node (S2104).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus selects an encoding table to be used for entropy encoding based on the occupancy information of the adjacent reference node of the determined target node (S2105).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus entropy encodes the occupancy code of the target node using the selected encoding table (S2106).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus repeats the process of dividing each node into 8 parts and encoding the occupancy code of each node until the nodes cannot be divided (S2107). That is, the processing from steps S2102 to S2106 is recursively repeated.
  • FIG. 59 is a flowchart of the 3D data decoding method in the 3D data decoding apparatus.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus determines (defines) a space (target node) to be decoded using the header information of the bitstream (S2111).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus divides the target node into eight to generate eight small spaces (nodes) (S2112).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus calculates (acquires) occupancy information of adjacent reference nodes of the target node from the occupancy code of the parent node of the target node (S2113).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus selects an encoding table used for entropy decoding based on the occupation information of adjacent reference nodes (S2114).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus entropy-decodes the occupancy code of the target node using the selected encoding table (S2115).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus repeats the process of dividing each node into eight parts and decoding the occupancy code of each node until the node cannot be divided (S2116). That is, the processing from steps S2112 to S2115 is recursively repeated.
  • FIG. 60 is a diagram illustrating an example of coding table switching.
  • the same context model may be applied to a plurality of occupancy codes.
  • a separate context model may be assigned to each occupancy code.
  • a context model that updates the probability table according to the appearance frequency of the occupancy code may be used.
  • a context model with a fixed probability table may be used.
  • FIG. 61 is a diagram showing a reference relationship in the present modification.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus does not refer to the occupancy code of the parent adjacent node, but switches whether to reference the occupancy encoding of the parent adjacent node according to a specific condition. Also good.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus encodes the occupancy code of the target node with reference to the occupancy information of the node in the parent adjacent node when performing the encoding while scanning the octree with the width priority.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus prohibits reference to the occupancy information of the nodes in the parent adjacent node. In this way, by switching the nodes that can be referred to appropriately according to the scan order (encoding order) of the nodes of the octree, it is possible to improve the encoding efficiency and suppress the processing load.
  • FIG. 62 is a diagram illustrating a syntax example of header information in this case.
  • the octree_scan_order shown in FIG. 62 is coding order information (coding order flag) indicating the coding order of the octree. For example, when octree_scan_order is 0, it indicates width priority, and when it is 1, it indicates depth priority. Thereby, the 3D data decoding apparatus can know whether the bitstream is encoded with width priority or depth priority by referring to the octree_scan_order, and can appropriately decode the bitstream.
  • limit_refer_flag is prohibition switching information (prohibition switching flag) indicating whether or not reference to the parent adjacent node is prohibited. For example, when limit_refer_flag is 1, it indicates that reference to the parent adjacent node is prohibited, and when it is 0, there is no reference restriction (reference to the parent adjacent node is permitted).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus determines whether or not to prohibit the reference of the parent adjacent node, and switches whether to prohibit or permit the reference of the parent adjacent node based on the determination result. Further, the 3D data encoding apparatus generates a bit stream including prohibition switching information indicating whether or not reference to the parent adjacent node is prohibited as a result of the determination.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus acquires prohibition switching information indicating whether or not to prohibit reference to the parent adjacent node from the bitstream, and prohibits or permits reference to the parent adjacent node based on the prohibition switching information. Switch between.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus can acquire information indicating whether or not reference to a parent adjacent node is prohibited from the header of the bit stream.
  • the encoding process of the occupancy code is described as an example of the encoding process for prohibiting the reference of the parent adjacent node, but the present invention is not necessarily limited thereto.
  • the same method can be applied when encoding other information of the nodes of the octree.
  • the method of this embodiment may be applied when encoding other attribute information such as a color, normal vector, or reflectance added to a node.
  • the same method can also be applied when encoding the encoding table or the predicted value.
  • FIG. 53 an example in which three reference adjacent nodes are used has been described. However, four or more reference adjacent nodes may be used.
  • FIG. 64 is a diagram illustrating examples of the target node and the reference adjacent node.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus calculates an encoding table for entropy encoding the occupancy code of the target node shown in FIG.
  • CodingTable (FlagX0 ⁇ 3) + (FlagX1 ⁇ 2) + (FlagY ⁇ 1) + (FlagZ)
  • CodingTable indicates an encoding table for the occupancy code of the target node, and indicates one of values 0 to 15.
  • FlagY is occupancy information of the adjacent node Y, and indicates 1 if the adjacent node Y includes (occupies) a point group, and indicates 0 otherwise.
  • FlagZ is occupancy information of the adjacent node Z, and indicates 1 if the adjacent node Z includes a point group (occupation), and indicates 0 otherwise.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may use 1 (occupied) or 0 (unoccupied) as an alternative value. A fixed value may be used.
  • FIG. 65 is a diagram illustrating an example of the target node and adjacent nodes.
  • the occupancy information of the adjacent node may be calculated with reference to the occupancy code of the grandfather node of the target node.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus calculates FlagX0 of the above equation using the occupation information of the adjacent node G0 instead of the adjacent node X0 shown in FIG. 65, and uses the calculated FlagX0 to calculate the value of the encoding table. You may decide.
  • the adjacent node G0 shown in FIG. 65 is an adjacent node that can determine whether or not it is occupied by the occupancy code of the grandfather node.
  • the adjacent node X1 is an adjacent node that can determine whether or not it is occupied by the occupancy code of the parent node.
  • FIG. 66 and 67 are diagrams showing a reference relationship according to this modification.
  • FIG. 66 is a diagram showing the reference relationship on an octree structure
  • FIG. 67 is a diagram showing the reference relationship on a spatial domain.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus encodes each node in the parent node to which the target node 2 belongs when encoding the encoding information of the encoding target node (hereinafter referred to as the target node 2).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus permits reference to information (for example, occupancy information) of a child node of a first node having the same parent node as the target node among a plurality of adjacent nodes.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus encodes a node existing in the parent node to which the target node 2 belongs, for example, the occupancy of the target node shown in FIG.
  • the occupancy code of the target node shown in FIG. 66 represents whether each node in the target node adjacent to the target node 2 is occupied, for example, as shown in FIG. Therefore, the 3D data encoding apparatus can switch the encoding table of the occupancy code of the target node 2 in accordance with the finer shape of the target node, so that the encoding efficiency can be improved.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may calculate an encoding table for entropy encoding the occupancy code of the target node 2 using, for example, the following equation.
  • CodingTable (FlagX1 ⁇ 5) + (FlagX2 ⁇ 4) + (FlagX3 ⁇ 3) + (FlagX4 ⁇ 2) + (FlagY ⁇ 1) + (FlagZ)
  • CodingTable indicates an encoding table for the occupancy code of the target node 2 and indicates one of values 0 to 63.
  • FlagY is occupancy information of the adjacent node Y, and indicates 1 if the adjacent node Y includes (occupies) a point group, and indicates 0 otherwise.
  • FlagZ is occupancy information of the adjacent node Y. If the adjacent node Z includes a point group (occupied), 1 is indicated; otherwise, 0 is indicated.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may change the encoding table calculation method according to the node position of the target node 2 in the parent node.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may refer to the encoding information of each node in the parent adjacent node when the reference to the parent adjacent node is not prohibited. For example, when reference to a parent adjacent node is not prohibited, reference to information (for example, occupancy information) of a child node of a third node whose parent node is different from the target node is permitted.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus refers to the occupancy code of the adjacent node X0 whose parent node is different from the target node, and acquires the occupancy information of the child node of the adjacent node X0.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device switches the encoding table used for entropy encoding of the occupancy code of the target node based on the acquired occupancy information of the child node of the adjacent node X0.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device has information on target nodes included in an N (N is an integer of 2 or more) branch tree structure of a plurality of three-dimensional points included in three-dimensional data. (Eg, an occupancy code) is encoded.
  • N is an integer of 2 or more
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus is the first node in which the target node and the parent node are the same among the plurality of adjacent nodes spatially adjacent to the target node.
  • Information for example, occupancy information
  • reference to information for example, occupancy information
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus permits the reference of parent node information (for example, occupancy code) in the above encoding, and information (for example, occupancy) of other nodes (parent adjacent nodes) in the same layer as the parent node. Reference to the sign is prohibited.
  • parent node information for example, occupancy code
  • information for example, occupancy
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus performs encoding by referring to the information of the first node having the same parent node as the target node among a plurality of adjacent nodes spatially adjacent to the target node. Efficiency can be improved.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus can reduce the processing amount by not referring to the information of the second node, which is different from the target node and the parent node, among the plurality of adjacent nodes.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can improve the encoding efficiency and reduce the processing amount.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus further determines whether or not to prohibit the reference to the information of the second node, and the encoding prohibits the reference to the information of the second node based on the determination result. Switch between enabling and disabling.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus further outputs a bit stream including prohibition switching information (for example, limit_refer_flag shown in FIG. 63) indicating whether or not reference to the information of the second node is prohibited as a result of the determination. Generate.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus can switch whether or not to prohibit the reference of the information of the second node. Further, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus can appropriately perform the decoding process using the prohibition switching information.
  • the information on the target node is information (for example, an occupancy code) indicating whether or not a three-dimensional point exists in each of the child nodes belonging to the target node, and the information on the first node is three-dimensional on the first node.
  • Information indicating whether a point exists occupation information of the first node
  • information of the second node is information indicating whether a three-dimensional point exists in the second node (occupation of the second node) Information).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus selects an encoding table based on whether or not a 3D point exists in the first node in the encoding, and uses the selected encoding table to select the target node.
  • a 3D point exists in the first node in the encoding
  • occupancy code is entropy encoded.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus permits reference to information (for example, occupancy information) of a child node of the first node among a plurality of adjacent nodes as shown in FIGS. 66 and 67. .
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can refer to more detailed information of adjacent nodes, the encoding efficiency can be improved.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus switches the adjacent node to be referred to from among a plurality of adjacent nodes according to the spatial position in the parent node of the target node.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus can refer to an appropriate adjacent node according to the spatial position in the parent node of the target node.
  • a three-dimensional data encoding device includes a processor and a memory, and the processor performs the above processing using the memory.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus has information (for example, an occupancy code) on a target node included in an N (N is an integer of 2 or more) branch tree structure of a plurality of 3D points included in 3D data. ).
  • N is an integer of 2 or more
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus is information on the first node having the same target node and the parent node among a plurality of adjacent nodes spatially adjacent to the target node. Reference to (for example, occupancy information) is permitted, and reference to information (for example, occupancy information) of a second node having a different parent node from the target node is prohibited.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus permits reference to information on the parent node (for example, occupancy code), and information on other nodes (parent adjacent nodes) in the same layer as the parent node (for example, occupancy code). The reference of is prohibited.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus refers to the encoding efficiency by referring to the information of the first node having the same parent node as the target node among a plurality of adjacent nodes spatially adjacent to the target node. Can be improved.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus can reduce the processing amount by not referring to the information of the second node having a different parent node from the target node among the plurality of adjacent nodes. As described above, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus can improve the encoding efficiency and reduce the processing amount.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus further obtains prohibition switching information (for example, limit_refer_flag shown in FIG. 63) indicating whether or not reference to the information of the second node is prohibited from the bitstream. Based on the switching information, switching is made between prohibiting or permitting reference to the information of the second node.
  • prohibition switching information for example, limit_refer_flag shown in FIG. 63
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus can appropriately perform the decoding process using the prohibition switching information.
  • the information on the target node is information (for example, an occupancy code) indicating whether or not a three-dimensional point exists in each of the child nodes belonging to the target node, and the information on the first node is three-dimensional on the first node.
  • Information indicating whether a point exists occupation information of the first node
  • information of the second node is information indicating whether a three-dimensional point exists in the second node (occupation of the second node) Information).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus selects a coding table based on whether or not a three-dimensional point exists in the first node in the decoding, and uses the selected coding table to obtain information on the target node.
  • a coding table based on whether or not a three-dimensional point exists in the first node in the decoding, and uses the selected coding table to obtain information on the target node.
  • occupancy code For example, occupancy code
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus permits reference to information (for example, occupancy information) of a child node of the first node among a plurality of adjacent nodes as shown in FIGS. 66 and 67.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus can refer to more detailed information of adjacent nodes, the encoding efficiency can be improved.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus switches the adjacent node to be referred to from among a plurality of adjacent nodes in the decoding, according to the spatial position in the parent node of the target node.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus can refer to an appropriate adjacent node according to the spatial position in the parent node of the target node.
  • a three-dimensional data decoding device includes a processor and a memory, and the processor performs the above processing using the memory.
  • the information of the three-dimensional point group includes position information (geometry) and attribute information (attribute).
  • the position information includes coordinates (x coordinate, y coordinate, z coordinate) based on a certain point.
  • the position of each three-dimensional point is represented by an octree representation, and the information is encoded by encoding the information of the octree. A method of reducing the amount is used.
  • the attribute information includes information indicating color information (RGB, YUV, etc.), reflectance, and normal vector of each three-dimensional point.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can encode the attribute information using an encoding method different from the position information.
  • an attribute information encoding method will be described.
  • description will be made using an integer value as the value of attribute information.
  • each color component of the color information RGB or YUV has 8-bit accuracy
  • each color component takes an integer value of 0 to 255.
  • the reflectance value has 10-bit accuracy
  • the reflectance value takes an integer value of 0 to 1023.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may round the integer information after multiplying the value by the scale value so that the value of the attribute information becomes an integer value. .
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may add this scale value to the header of the bit stream or the like.
  • a predicted value of the attribute information of the three-dimensional point may be calculated, and a difference (prediction residual) between the value of the original attribute information and the predicted value may be encoded.
  • the code amount can be reduced by entropy encoding the absolute difference value Diffp using a coding table in which the smaller the value, the smaller the number of generated bits.
  • the reference three-dimensional point is a three-dimensional point within a predetermined distance range from the target three-dimensional point.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can perform the three-dimensional operation shown in (Expression A1). The Euclidean distance d (p, q) between the point p and the three-dimensional point q is calculated.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device determines that the position of the three-dimensional point q is close to the position of the target three-dimensional point p when the Euclidean distance d (p, q) is smaller than a predetermined threshold THd, and the target three-dimensional It is determined that the value of the attribute information of the three-dimensional point q is used for generating the predicted value of the attribute information of the point p.
  • the distance calculation method may be another method, for example, the Mahalanobis distance may be used.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may determine that a three-dimensional point outside the predetermined distance range from the target three-dimensional point is not used for the prediction process.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device predicts the three-dimensional point r. It may be determined not to be used. Note that the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may add information indicating the threshold value THd to the header of the bitstream or the like.
  • FIG. 68 is a diagram showing an example of a three-dimensional point.
  • the distance d (p, q) between the target three-dimensional point p and the three-dimensional point q is smaller than the threshold value THd. Therefore, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus determines the three-dimensional point q as the reference three-dimensional point of the target three-dimensional point p, and generates the predicted value Pp of the target three-dimensional p attribute information Ap. It is determined that the value of the information Aq is used.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus determines that the three-dimensional point r is not the reference three-dimensional point of the target three-dimensional point p, and generates the predicted value Pp of the attribute information Ap of the target three-dimensional point p. It is determined that the value of the attribute information Ar is not used.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus uses the already-encoded and decoded 3D point as the reference 3D point.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus uses the three-dimensional point that has already been decoded with the attribute information as the reference three-dimensional point.
  • each 3D point is classified into a plurality of layers using the 3D point position information.
  • each classified hierarchy is referred to as LoD (Level of Detail). The LoD generation method will be described with reference to FIG.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device selects the initial point a0 and assigns it to LoD0.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device extracts a point a1 whose distance from the point a0 is larger than the threshold Thres_LoD [0] of LoD0 and assigns it to LoD0.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device extracts a point a2 whose distance from the point a1 is larger than the threshold Thres_LoD [0] of LoD0 and assigns it to LoD0.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus configures LoD0 such that the distance between each point in LoD0 is greater than the threshold value Thres_LoD [0].
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device selects a point b0 that is not yet assigned LoD and assigns it to LoD1.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus extracts a point b1 whose distance from the point b0 is larger than the threshold Thres_LoD [1] of LoD1 and LoD is not assigned, and assigns it to LoD1.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device extracts a point b2 whose distance from the point b1 is larger than the threshold Thres_LoD [1] of LoD1 and LoD is not assigned, and assigns it to LoD1.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus configures LoD1 such that the distance between each point in LoD1 is greater than the threshold value Thres_LoD [1].
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus selects a point c0 to which LoD is not yet assigned and assigns it to LoD2.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device extracts a point c1 whose distance from the point c0 is larger than the threshold Thres_LoD [2] of LoD2 and LoD is not assigned, and assigns it to LoD2.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus extracts a point c2 whose distance from the point c1 is larger than the threshold Thres_LoD [2] of LoD2 and LoD is not assigned, and assigns it to LoD2.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus configures LoD2 such that the distance between each point in LoD2 is greater than the threshold value Thres_LoD [2].
  • Thres_LoD [0], Thres_LoD [1], and Thres_LoD [2] of each LoD are set.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may add information indicating the threshold value of each LoD to the header of the bit stream or the like. For example, in the case of the example illustrated in FIG. 70, the 3D data encoding apparatus may add thresholds Thres_LoD [0], Thres_LoD [1], and Thres_LoD [2] to the header.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may assign all the 3D points to which LoD is not assigned to the lowest layer of LoD. In this case, the 3D data encoding apparatus can reduce the code amount of the header by not adding the lowest threshold of LoD to the header. For example, in the case of the example illustrated in FIG. 70, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus adds thresholds Thres_LoD [0] and Thres_LoD [1] to the header, and does not add Thres_LoD [2] to the header. In this case, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus may estimate the value 0 of Thres_LoD [2]. The 3D data encoding apparatus may add the number of LoD layers to the header. Thereby, the 3D data decoding apparatus can determine the lowest layer LoD using the number of layers of the LoD.
  • the upper layer (layer closer to LoD0) becomes a sparse point group (sparse) in which the distance between the three-dimensional points is farther away.
  • the lower layer becomes a dense point group (dense) in which the distance between the three-dimensional points is closer.
  • LoD0 is the highest layer.
  • the method of selecting an initial three-dimensional point when setting each LoD may depend on the coding order at the time of position information coding. For example, the three-dimensional data encoding device selects the three-dimensional point encoded first at the time of position information encoding as the initial point a0 of LoD0, and selects the points a1 and a2 based on the initial point a0. Configure LoD0. Then, the 3D data encoding apparatus may select the 3D point whose position information is encoded earliest among the 3D points that do not belong to LoD0 as the initial point b0 of LoD1.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus uses the three-dimensional point whose position information is encoded earliest among three-dimensional points that do not belong to the upper layer (LoD0 to LoDn-1) of LoDn as the initial point n0 of LoDn. May be selected. Thereby, since the same LoD as the time of encoding can be comprised by using the same initial point selection method at the time of decoding, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus can decode a bit stream appropriately. Specifically, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus selects, as an initial point n0 of LoDn, a three-dimensional point whose position information is decoded earliest among three-dimensional points that do not belong to the upper layer of LoDn.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus sequentially encodes the 3D points included in LoD0, the target 3D points included in LoD1 are encoded and decoded included in LoD0 and LoD1 (hereinafter, simply “ (Also referred to as “encoded”).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus uses the predicted value of the attribute information of the three-dimensional point as the number of N or less three-dimensional points among the encoded three-dimensional points around the target three-dimensional point to be encoded. Generated by calculating the average of attribute values.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may add the value N to a bitstream header or the like. Note that the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may change the value of N for each three-dimensional point and add the value of N for each three-dimensional point. Thereby, since appropriate N can be selected for every three-dimensional point, the precision of a predicted value can be improved. Therefore, the prediction residual can be reduced.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may add a value of N to the header of the bit stream and fix the value of N in the bit stream. This eliminates the need to encode or decode the value of N for each three-dimensional point, thereby reducing the amount of processing. Further, the three-dimensional data encoding device may encode the value of N separately for each LoD. Thereby, encoding efficiency can be improved by selecting appropriate N for every LoD.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may calculate the predicted value of the attribute information of the three-dimensional point based on the weighted average value of the attribute information of the N encoded three-dimensional points around. For example, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus calculates weights using distance information between the target three-dimensional point and the surrounding N three-dimensional points.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus sets a larger value of N for the upper layer of LoD and a smaller value of N for the lower layer. Since the distance between the three-dimensional points belonging to the upper layer of LoD is increased, the prediction accuracy may be improved by setting a large value of N and selecting and averaging a plurality of surrounding three-dimensional points. In addition, since the distance between the three-dimensional points belonging to the lower layer of LoD is close, efficient prediction can be performed while setting the value of N small to suppress the amount of averaging processing.
  • FIG. 71 is a diagram showing an example of attribute information used for a predicted value.
  • the surrounding point P ′ is selected based on the distance from the point P.
  • the predicted value of the attribute information of the point b2 illustrated in FIG. 71 is generated using the attribute information of the points a0, a1, a2, b0, and b1.
  • the predicted value is calculated by a distance-dependent weighted average.
  • the predicted value a2p of the point a2 is calculated by the weighted average of the attribute information of the points a0 and a1, as shown in (Expression A2) and (Expression A3).
  • a i is the value of the attribute information of the point ai.
  • the predicted value b2p of the point b2 is calculated by the weighted average of the attribute information of the points a0, a1, a2, b0, b1, as shown in (Expression A4) to (Expression A6).
  • B i is the value of the attribute information of the point bi.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus calculates a difference value (prediction residual) between the value of the attribute information of the 3D point and the predicted value generated from the surrounding points, and can quantize the calculated prediction residual.
  • prediction residual a difference value between the value of the attribute information of the 3D point and the predicted value generated from the surrounding points.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus performs quantization by dividing a prediction residual by a quantization scale (also referred to as a quantization step).
  • a quantization scale also referred to as a quantization step.
  • the quantization scale also referred to as a quantization step
  • the quantization scale also referred to as a quantization step
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may change the quantization scale to be used for each LoD.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus decreases the quantization scale in the upper layer and increases the quantization scale in the lower layer. Since the attribute information value of the 3D point belonging to the upper layer may be used as a predicted value of the attribute information of the 3D point belonging to the lower layer, the quantization scale of the upper layer is reduced and the upper layer Coding efficiency can be improved by suppressing the quantization error that may occur and increasing the accuracy of the predicted value.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may add a quantization scale used for each LoD to the header or the like. Thereby, since the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus can correctly decode the quantization scale, the bit stream can be appropriately decoded.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may convert a signed integer value (signed quantized value), which is a prediction residual after quantization, into an unsigned integer value (unsigned quantized value). This eliminates the need to consider the occurrence of negative integers when entropy encoding the prediction residual. Note that the three-dimensional data encoding device does not necessarily need to convert a signed integer value into an unsigned integer value, and for example, a sign bit may be separately entropy encoded.
  • the prediction residual is calculated by subtracting the prediction value from the original value.
  • the prediction residual a2r of the point a2 as shown in (Equation A7), from the values A 2 of the attribute information of the point a2, is calculated by subtracting the prediction value a2p the point a2.
  • the prediction residual is quantized by being divided by QS (Quantization Step).
  • the quantized value a2q of the point a2 is calculated by (Equation A9).
  • the quantized value b2q of the point b2 is calculated by (Equation A10).
  • QS_LoD0 is a QS for LoD0
  • QS_LoD1 is a QS for LoD1. That is, QS may be changed according to LoD.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus converts the signed integer value, which is the quantized value, into an unsigned integer value as follows.
  • the signed integer value a2q is smaller than 0, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus sets the unsigned integer value a2u to ⁇ 1 ⁇ (2 ⁇ a2q).
  • the signed integer value a2q is 0 or more, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus sets the unsigned integer value a2u to 2 ⁇ a2q.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus sets the unsigned integer value b2u to ⁇ 1 ⁇ (2 ⁇ b2q).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus sets the unsigned integer value b2u to 2 ⁇ b2q.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may encode the prediction residual (unsigned integer value) after quantization by entropy encoding.
  • prediction residual unsigned integer value
  • binary arithmetic coding may be applied after binarizing an unsigned integer value.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may switch the binarization method according to the value of the prediction residual. For example, when the prediction residual pu is smaller than the threshold R_TH, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus binarizes the prediction residual pu with a fixed number of bits necessary for expressing the threshold R_TH. In addition, when the prediction residual pu is equal to or greater than the threshold value R_TH, the 3D data encoding apparatus uses the exponential Golomb or the like to convert the binarized data of the threshold value R_TH and the value of (pu ⁇ R_TH) into an exponential Golomb or the like. Convert to value.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus binarizes the prediction residual pu with 6 bits. Further, when the prediction residual pu is 63 or more, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus binarizes the binary data (111111) and (pu ⁇ 63) of the threshold R_TH using an exponent Golomb. Perform arithmetic coding.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device when the prediction residual pu is 32, the three-dimensional data encoding device generates 6-bit binary data (100,000) and arithmetically encodes this bit string. Further, when the prediction residual pu is 66, the three-dimensional data encoding device generates binary data (111111) of the threshold value R_TH and a bit string (00100) in which the value 3 (66-63) is represented by an exponential Golomb. The bit string (111111 + 00100) is arithmetically encoded.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device switches the binarization method according to the size of the prediction residual, thereby increasing the number of binarization bits when the prediction residual increases. It is possible to encode while suppressing.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may add a threshold value R_TH to a header of a bit stream or the like.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus sets the threshold value R_TH to be large.
  • the possibility of encoding the binarized data of the threshold value R_TH is reduced, and the encoding efficiency is improved.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus sets the threshold value R_TH to be small. As a result, it is possible to prevent a rapid bit length increase of the binarized data.
  • the 3D data encoding device may switch the threshold value R_TH for each LoD and add the threshold value R_TH for each LoD to the header or the like. That is, the 3D data encoding apparatus may switch the binarization method for each LoD. For example, since the distance between the three-dimensional points is long in the upper layer, the prediction accuracy may be poor and the prediction residual may increase as a result. Therefore, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus prevents a rapid increase in the bit length of the binarized data by setting the threshold value R_TH small for the upper layer. Further, since the distance between the three-dimensional points is short in the lower layer, the prediction accuracy is high and as a result, the prediction residual may be small. Therefore, the 3D data encoding apparatus improves the encoding efficiency by setting a large threshold value R_TH for the hierarchy.
  • FIG. 72 is a diagram illustrating an example of an exponential Golomb code, and is a diagram illustrating a relationship between a value before binarization (multi-level) and a bit (code) after binarization. Note that 0 and 1 shown in FIG. 72 may be reversed.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device applies arithmetic encoding to the binary data of the prediction residual.
  • arithmetic coding when arithmetic coding is applied, n-bit code (n-bit code) that is a binarized portion of binarized data and the remaining binarized portion using exponent Golomb There is a possibility that the tendency of the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 of each bit differs depending on the code (remaining code). Therefore, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may switch the application method of arithmetic encoding between the n-bit code and the remaining code.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus performs arithmetic encoding on an n-bit code by using a different encoding table (probability table) for each bit.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may change the number of encoding tables used for each bit.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus performs arithmetic encoding using one encoding table for the first bit b0 of the n-bit code.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus uses two encoding tables for the next bit b1.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus switches the encoding table used for the arithmetic encoding of bit b1 according to the value of b0 (0 or 1).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus further uses four encoding tables for the next bit b2. Also, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus switches the encoding table used for the arithmetic encoding of bit b2 according to the values (0 to 3) of b0 and b1.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus uses 2 n ⁇ 1 encoding tables when arithmetically encoding each bit bn ⁇ 1 of the n-bit code.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus switches the encoding table to be used according to the bit value (generation pattern) before bn-1.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus can use an appropriate encoding table for every bit, it can improve encoding efficiency.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may reduce the number of encoding tables used for each bit. For example, when the 3D data encoding apparatus arithmetically encodes each bit bn ⁇ 1, 2 m pieces are generated according to the value (generation pattern) of m bits (m ⁇ n ⁇ 1) before bn ⁇ 1. The encoding table may be switched. As a result, the encoding efficiency can be improved while suppressing the number of encoding tables used for each bit.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may update the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in each encoding table according to the value of the binarized data actually generated. The three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may fix the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in the encoding table of some bits. Thereby, the number of updates of the occurrence probability can be suppressed, so that the processing amount can be reduced.
  • n-bit code when the n-bit code is b0b1b2... Bn ⁇ 1, there is one coding table for b0 (CTb0). There are two encoding tables for b1 (CTb10, CTb11). Also, the encoding table to be used is switched according to the value of b0 (0 to 1). There are four encoding tables for b2 (CTb20, CTb21, CTb22, CTb23). Also, the encoding table to be used is switched according to the values of b0 and b1 (0 to 3). There are 2 n ⁇ 1 coding tables for bn ⁇ 1 (CTbn0, CTbn1,..., CTbn (2 n ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1)). Also, the encoding table to be used can be switched according to the value of b0b1... Bn-2 (0 to 2 n-1 ⁇ 1).
  • FIG. 73 is a diagram for explaining processing when the remaining code is an exponential Golomb code, for example.
  • the remaining code which is a portion binarized using the exponent Golomb, includes a prefix portion and a suffix portion as shown in FIG.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus switches the encoding table between the prefix part and the suffix part. That is, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus arithmetically encodes each bit included in the prefix part using the encoding table for the prefix, and uses each encoding bit for the suffix part using the encoding table for the suffix. Perform arithmetic coding.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may update the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in each encoding table according to the value of the actually generated binarized data.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may fix the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in either encoding table. Thereby, the number of updates of the occurrence probability can be suppressed, and the processing amount can be reduced.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may update the occurrence probability with respect to the prefix portion and fix the occurrence probability with respect to the suffix portion.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device decodes the prediction residual after quantization by inverse quantization and reconfiguration, and decodes the decoded prediction residual after the three-dimensional point to be encoded. Use for prediction.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus calculates an inverse quantization value by multiplying a quantized scale by a prediction residual (quantized value) after quantization, and obtains an inverse quantization value and a prediction value. Are added to obtain a decoded value (reconstructed value).
  • the inverse quantized value a2iq of the point a2 is calculated by (Equation A11) using the quantized value a2q of the point a2.
  • the inverse quantization value b2iq of the point b2 is calculated by (Equation A12) using the quantization value b2q of the point b2.
  • QS_LoD0 is a QS for LoD0
  • QS_LoD1 is a QS for LoD1. That is, QS may be changed according to LoD.
  • the decoded value a2rec of the point a2 is calculated by adding the predicted value a2p of the point a2 to the inverse quantized value a2iq of the point a2, as shown in (Formula A13).
  • the decoded value b2rec of the point b2 is calculated by adding the predicted value b2p of the point b2 to the inverse quantized value b2iq of the point b2, as shown in (Formula A14).
  • FIG. 74 is a diagram illustrating a syntax example of the attribute header (attribute_header) according to the present embodiment.
  • the attribute header is header information of attribute information.
  • the attribute header includes hierarchical number information (NumLoD), three-dimensional point information (NumOfPoint [i]), hierarchical threshold value (Thres_Lod [i]), and surrounding point information (NumNeighorPoint [i]).
  • THd [i] a prediction threshold
  • QS [i] quantization scale
  • R_TH [i] binarization threshold
  • Hierarchy number information indicates the number of LoD hierarchies used.
  • 3D point number information indicates the number of 3D points belonging to layer i.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may add 3D point total number information (AllNumOfPoint) indicating the total number of 3D points to another header.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may not add NumOfPoint [NumLoD-1] indicating the number of 3D points belonging to the lowest layer to the header.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus can calculate NumOfPoint [NumLoD-1] by (Expression A15). Thereby, the code amount of the header can be reduced.
  • the hierarchy threshold (Thres_Lod [i]) is a threshold used for setting the hierarchy i.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device and the three-dimensional data decoding device configure LoDi so that the distance between each point in LoDi is greater than the threshold Thres_LoD [i]. Further, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may not add the value of Thres_Lod [NumLoD-1] (lowermost layer) to the header. In this case, the 3D data decoding apparatus estimates the value of Thres_Lod [NumLoD-1] as 0. Thereby, the code amount of the header can be reduced.
  • Surrounding point information indicates an upper limit value of surrounding points used for generating predicted values of three-dimensional points belonging to the hierarchy i.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may calculate a predicted value using M number of surrounding points.
  • the 3D data encoding device can add one piece of peripheral point information (NumNeighorPoint) used for all LoDs to the header. Good.
  • the prediction threshold (THd [i]) indicates an upper limit value of the distance between the surrounding 3D points and the target 3D points used for prediction of the target 3D points to be encoded or decoded in the hierarchy i.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device and the three-dimensional data decoding device do not use a three-dimensional point whose distance from the target three-dimensional point is more than THd [i] for prediction.
  • the 3D data encoding device may add one prediction threshold (THd) used in all LoDs to the header when it is not necessary to divide the value of THd [i] in each LoD. .
  • the quantization scale indicates a quantization scale used in the quantization and inverse quantization of the hierarchy i.
  • the binarization threshold (R_TH [i]) is a threshold for switching the binarization method of the prediction residual of the three-dimensional point belonging to the hierarchy i.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus binarizes the prediction residual pu with a fixed number of bits when the prediction residual is smaller than the threshold R_TH, and binarizes the threshold R_TH when the prediction residual is equal to or larger than the threshold R_TH.
  • the binarized data and the value of (pu ⁇ R_TH) are binarized using an exponent Golomb.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus adds one binarization threshold (R_TH) used in all LoDs to the header. Also good.
  • R_TH [i] may be the maximum value that can be expressed in nbits.
  • R_TH is 63 for 6 bits
  • R_TH is 255 for 8 bits.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may encode the number of bits instead of encoding the maximum value that can be expressed by n bits as the binarization threshold.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may define a minimum value (minimum bit number) of the number of bits representing R_TH [i] and add a relative bit number from the minimum value to the header.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus entropy-codes and adds at least one of NumLoD, Thres_Lod [i], NumNeighborPoint [i], THd [i], QS [i], and R_TH [i] to the header. Also good.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may binarize each value and perform arithmetic encoding. Further, the three-dimensional data encoding device may encode each value with a fixed length in order to reduce the processing amount.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may not add at least one of NumLoD, Thres_Lod [i], NumNeighborPoint [i], THd [i], QS [i], and R_TH [i] to the header.
  • at least one of these values may be defined by a profile or level such as a standard. As a result, the bit amount of the header can be reduced.
  • FIG. 75 is a diagram showing a syntax example of attribute data (attribute_data) according to the present embodiment.
  • This attribute data includes encoded data of attribute information of a plurality of three-dimensional points. As shown in FIG. 75, the attribute data includes an n-bit code (n-bit code) and a remaining code (remaining code).
  • the n-bit code (n-bit code) is encoded data of a prediction residual of the attribute information value or a part thereof.
  • the bit length of the n-bit code depends on the value of R_TH [i]. For example, when the value indicated by R_TH [i] is 63, the n-bit code is 6 bits, and when the value indicated by R_TH [i] is 255, the n-bit code is 8 bits.
  • the remaining code (remaining code) is encoded data encoded by exponential Gorom among encoded data of prediction residuals of attribute information values. This remaining code is encoded or decoded when the n-bit code is the same as R_TH [i].
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus decodes the prediction residual by adding the value of the n-bit code and the value of the remaining code. When the n-bit code is not the same value as R_TH [i], the remaining code may not be encoded or decoded.
  • FIG. 76 is a flowchart of 3D data encoding processing by the 3D data encoding device.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device encodes position information (geometry) (S3001). For example, three-dimensional data encoding is performed using an octree representation.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus reassigns the original three-dimensional point attribute information to the changed three-dimensional point when the position of the three-dimensional point is changed by quantization or the like after the position information is encoded ( S3002). For example, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus performs reallocation by interpolating the value of attribute information according to the amount of change in position. For example, the three-dimensional data encoding device detects N three-dimensional points before the change that are close to the three-dimensional position after the change, and performs weighted averaging of the attribute information values of the N three-dimensional points.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus determines the weight based on the distance from the three-dimensional position after the change to each of the N three-dimensional in the weighted average. Then, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus determines the value obtained by the weighted average as the value of the attribute information of the three-dimensional point after the change. In addition, when two or more three-dimensional points are changed to the same three-dimensional position due to quantization or the like, the three-dimensional data encoding device uses the attribute information value of the changed three-dimensional point as the value before the change. You may assign the average value of the attribute information of two or more three-dimensional points.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus encodes the attribute information (Attribute) after the reassignment (S3003).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may sequentially encode a plurality of types of attribute information.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may generate a bitstream in which the reflectance encoding result is added after the color encoding result.
  • the order of the plurality of encoding results of the attribute information added to the bitstream is not limited to this order, and may be any order.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may add information indicating the encoded data start location of each attribute information in the bitstream to the header or the like.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus can selectively decode attribute information that needs to be decoded, so that the decoding process of attribute information that does not need to be decoded can be omitted. Therefore, the processing amount of the three-dimensional data decoding device can be reduced.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may encode a plurality of types of attribute information in parallel and integrate the encoding results into one bit stream. As a result, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can encode a plurality of types of attribute information at high speed.
  • FIG. 77 is a flowchart of the attribute information encoding process (S3003).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus sets LoD (S3011). That is, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus assigns each three-dimensional point to one of a plurality of LoDs.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus starts a loop of LoD units (S3012). That is, the 3D data encoding apparatus repeatedly performs the processing of steps S3013 to S3021 for each LoD.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus starts a loop of 3D point units (S3013). That is, the 3D data encoding apparatus repeatedly performs the processing of steps S3014 to S3020 for each 3D point.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device searches for a plurality of surrounding points, which are three-dimensional points existing around the target three-dimensional point, used to calculate the predicted value of the target three-dimensional point to be processed (S3014).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus calculates a weighted average of the attribute information values of a plurality of surrounding points, and sets the obtained value as the predicted value P (S3015).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device calculates a prediction residual that is a difference between the attribute information of the target three-dimensional point and the predicted value (S3016).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus calculates a quantized value by quantizing the prediction residual (S3017).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus arithmetically encodes the quantized value (S3018).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device calculates an inverse quantization value by inverse quantization of the quantization value (S3019). Next, the three-dimensional data encoding device generates a decoded value by adding the predicted value to the inverse quantized value (S3020). Next, the three-dimensional data encoding device ends the loop of the three-dimensional point unit (S3021). Also, the three-dimensional data encoding device ends the loop of LoD units (S3022).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus decodes the binary data of the attribute information in the bitstream generated by the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus by arithmetic decoding in the same manner as the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus. Generate binarized data.
  • the method of applying arithmetic coding was switched between a part binarized with n bits (n-bit code) and a part binarized using an exponent Golomb (remaining code).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus performs decoding in accordance with arithmetic decoding.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus performs arithmetic decoding using an encoding table (decoding table) that is different for each bit in an n-bit code arithmetic decoding method.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus may change the number of encoding tables used for each bit. For example, arithmetic decoding is performed using one coding table for the first bit b0 of the n-bit code.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus uses two coding tables for the next bit b1. Also, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus switches the encoding table used for the arithmetic decoding of bit b1 according to the value of b0 (0 or 1).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus further uses four coding tables for the next bit b2. Further, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus switches the encoding table used for the arithmetic decoding of bit b2 according to the values (0 to 3) of b0 and b1.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus uses 2 n ⁇ 1 coding tables when arithmetically decoding each bit bn ⁇ 1 of the n bit code. Also, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus switches the encoding table to be used according to the value of the bit prior to bn ⁇ 1 (generation pattern). Thereby, the 3D data decoding apparatus can appropriately decode a bit stream with improved encoding efficiency using an appropriate encoding table for each bit.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus may reduce the number of encoding tables used for each bit. For example, when the 3D data decoding apparatus arithmetically decodes each bit bn ⁇ 1, 2 m codes according to the value (occurrence pattern) of m bits (m ⁇ n ⁇ 1) before bn ⁇ 1 The conversion table may be switched. As a result, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus can appropriately decode a bit stream with improved encoding efficiency while suppressing the number of encoding tables used for each bit.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus may update the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in each encoding table according to the value of the binarized data actually generated. The three-dimensional data decoding apparatus may fix the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in the coding table of some bits. Thereby, the number of updates of the occurrence probability can be suppressed, so that the processing amount can be reduced.
  • n-bit code when the n-bit code is b0b1b2... Bn ⁇ 1, there is one coding table for b0 (CTb0). There are two encoding tables for b1 (CTb10, CTb11). Also, the encoding table is switched according to the value of b0 (0 to 1). There are four encoding tables for b2 (CTb20, CTb21, CTb22, CTb23). Also, the encoding table is switched according to the values of b0 and b1 (0 to 3).
  • the encoding table for bn ⁇ 1 is 2 n ⁇ 1 (CTbn0, CTbn1,..., CTbn (2 n ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1)). Also, the encoding table is switched according to the values of b0b1... Bn-2 (0 to 2 n-1 ⁇ 1).
  • FIG. 78 is a diagram for explaining processing when the remaining code is an exponential Golomb code, for example.
  • the portion (remaining code) binarized and encoded by the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus using the exponent Golomb includes a prefix portion and a suffix portion as shown in FIG.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus switches the encoding table between the prefix part and the suffix part. That is, the 3D data decoding apparatus arithmetically decodes each bit included in the prefix part using the prefix encoding table, and arithmetically converts each bit included in the suffix part using the suffix encoding table. Decrypt.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus may update the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in each encoding table according to the value of the binarized data generated at the time of decoding.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus may fix the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in either encoding table. Thereby, the number of updates of the occurrence probability can be suppressed, and the processing amount can be reduced.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus may update the occurrence probability with respect to the prefix portion and fix the occurrence probability with respect to the suffix portion.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus multi-values the binarized data of the prediction residual obtained by arithmetic decoding in accordance with the encoding method used in the 3D data encoding apparatus, so that the prediction residual after quantization is obtained. Decode the difference (unsigned integer value).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus first calculates the value of the decoded n-bit code by arithmetically decoding the binarized data of the n-bit code. Next, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus compares the value of the n-bit code with the value of R_TH.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus determines that there is a next bit encoded with the exponent Golomb and uses the binary data encoded with the exponent Golomb. Arithmetic decode a certain remaining code. Then, the three-dimensional data decoding device calculates the value of the remaining code from the decoded remaining code using a reverse lookup table indicating the relationship between the remaining code and its value.
  • FIG. 79 is a diagram illustrating an example of a reverse lookup table indicating the relationship between remaining codes and their values.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus obtains a quantized prediction residual by adding the obtained value of the remaining code to R_TH to obtain a multilevel quantization residual.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus retains the n-bit code value as it is, and the prediction residual after the multilevel quantization. Decide on the difference. Thereby, the 3D data decoding apparatus can appropriately decode the bitstream generated by switching the binarization method according to the value of the prediction residual in the 3D data encoding apparatus.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus may decode the threshold value R_TH from the header and switch the decoding method using the decoded threshold value R_TH. Good.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus switches the decoding method using the threshold value R_TH decoded for each LoD.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus obtains the value of the remaining code by decoding the remaining code with an exponent Golomb. For example, in the example shown in FIG. 79, the remaining code is 00100, and 3 is obtained as the value of the remaining code. Next, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus obtains a prediction residual value 66 by adding the value 63 of the threshold R_TH and the value 3 of the remaining code.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus sets the n-bit code value 32 as the prediction residual value.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus converts the decoded prediction residual after quantization from an unsigned integer value to a signed integer value by a process reverse to the process in the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus, for example.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus can appropriately decode the generated bitstream without considering the occurrence of negative integers when entropy encoding the prediction residual.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus does not necessarily need to convert an unsigned integer value into a signed integer value. For example, when decoding a bitstream generated by entropy encoding a sign bit separately, the sign bit is decoded. May be.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding device generates a decoded value by decoding the prediction residual after quantization converted into a signed integer value by inverse quantization and reconstruction. Further, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus uses the generated decoded value for prediction after the three-dimensional point to be decoded. Specifically, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus calculates an inverse quantization value by multiplying a prediction residual after quantization by a decoded quantization scale, and adds the inverse quantization value and the prediction value. To obtain the decoded value.
  • the decoded unsigned integer value (unsigned quantized value) is converted into a signed integer value by the following processing.
  • the LSB least significant bit
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus sets the signed integer value a2q to ⁇ ((a2u + 1) >> 1).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus sets the signed integer value a2q to (a2u >> 1).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus sets the signed integer value b2q to ⁇ ((b2u + 1) >> 1).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus sets the signed integer value b2q to (b2u >> 1).
  • the details of the inverse quantization and reconstruction process performed by the 3D data decoding apparatus are the same as the inverse quantization and reconstruction process performed by the 3D data encoding apparatus.
  • FIG. 80 is a flowchart of 3D data decoding processing by the 3D data decoding apparatus.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus decodes position information (geometry) from the bitstream (S3031).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus performs decoding using an octree representation.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus decodes the attribute information (Attribute) from the bitstream (S3032). For example, when decoding a plurality of types of attribute information, the 3D data decoding apparatus may sequentially decode the plurality of types of attribute information. For example, when decoding color and reflectance as attribute information, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus decodes the color coding result and the reflectance coding result in the order added to the bitstream. For example, in the bitstream, when the reflectance encoding result is added after the color encoding result, the 3D data decoding apparatus decodes the color encoding result and then the reflectance encoding result. Is decrypted. Note that the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus may decode the encoding result of the attribute information added to the bitstream in any order.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus may acquire information indicating the encoded data start location of each attribute information in the bitstream by decoding the header or the like.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus can selectively decode attribute information that needs to be decoded, so that the decoding process of attribute information that does not need to be decoded can be omitted. Therefore, the processing amount of the three-dimensional data decoding device can be reduced.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding device may decode a plurality of types of attribute information in parallel and integrate the decoding results into one three-dimensional point group. Thereby, the 3D data decoding apparatus can decode a plurality of types of attribute information at high speed.
  • FIG. 81 is a flowchart of the attribute information decoding process (S3032).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus sets LoD (S3041). That is, the 3D data decoding apparatus assigns each of the plurality of 3D points having the decoded position information to any of the plurality of LoDs.
  • this allocation method is the same as the allocation method used in the three-dimensional data encoding device.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus starts a loop of LoD units (S3042). That is, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus repeats the processes of steps S3043 to S3049 for each LoD.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus starts a loop of 3D point units (S3043). That is, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus repeats the processes of steps S3044 to S3048 for each three-dimensional point.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus searches for a plurality of surrounding points that are three-dimensional points existing around the target three-dimensional point, which are used to calculate a predicted value of the target three-dimensional point to be processed (S3044).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus calculates a weighted average of the attribute information values of a plurality of surrounding points, and sets the obtained value as the predicted value P (S3045).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus arithmetically decodes the quantized value from the bit stream (S3046). Further, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus calculates an inverse quantization value by inversely quantizing the decoded quantization value (S3047). Next, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus generates a decoded value by adding the predicted value to the inverse quantized value (S3048). Next, the three-dimensional data decoding device ends the loop of the three-dimensional point unit (S3049). In addition, the 3D data decoding apparatus ends the loop of LoD units (S3050).
  • FIG. 82 is a block diagram showing a configuration of 3D data encoding apparatus 3000 according to the present embodiment.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device 3000 includes a position information encoding unit 3001, an attribute information reassignment unit 3002, and an attribute information encoding unit 3003.
  • the attribute information encoding unit 3003 encodes position information (geometry) of a plurality of three-dimensional points included in the input point group.
  • the attribute information reassignment unit 3002 reassigns the attribute information values of a plurality of three-dimensional points included in the input point group using the position information encoding and decoding results.
  • the attribute information encoding unit 3003 encodes the reassigned attribute information (attribute). Also, the 3D data encoding device 3000 generates a bit stream including the encoded position information and the encoded attribute information.
  • FIG. 83 is a block diagram showing a configuration of the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 3010 according to the present embodiment.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 3010 includes a position information decoding unit 3011 and an attribute information decoding unit 3012.
  • the position information decoding unit 3011 decodes position information (geometry) of a plurality of three-dimensional points from the bit stream.
  • the attribute information decoding unit 3012 decodes attribute information (attribute) of a plurality of three-dimensional points from the bitstream. Also, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus 3010 generates an output point group by combining the decoded position information and the decoded attribute information.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus performs the processing shown in FIG.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device encodes a three-dimensional point having attribute information.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus calculates a predicted value of attribute information of a 3D point (S3061).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device calculates a prediction residual that is a difference between the attribute information of the three-dimensional point and the predicted value (S3062).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device generates binary data by binarizing the prediction residual (S3063).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device arithmetically encodes the binary data (S3064).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device calculates the prediction residual of the attribute information, and further binarizes and arithmetically encodes the prediction residual, so that the code amount of the encoded data of the attribute information Can be reduced.
  • the three-dimensional data coding apparatus uses a different coding table for each bit of binary data. According to this, the three-dimensional data encoding device can improve the encoding efficiency.
  • the three-dimensional data coding apparatus selects a coding table to be used for arithmetic coding of the target bit according to the value of the upper bit of the target bit included in the binary data. . According to this, since the 3D data encoding apparatus can select the encoding table according to the value of the upper bits, it can improve the encoding efficiency.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device generates binary data by binarizing the prediction residual with a fixed number of bits when the prediction residual is smaller than the threshold (R_TH).
  • a first code n-bit code
  • a value obtained by subtracting the threshold (R_TH) from the prediction residual is an exponent Golomb.
  • Binary data including the binarized second code (remaining code) is generated.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus uses different arithmetic encoding methods for the first code and the second code in arithmetic encoding (S3064).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can arithmetically encode the first code and the second code by an arithmetic encoding method suitable for each of the first code and the second code, for example, so that the encoding efficiency can be improved. Can be improved.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus quantizes the prediction residual and binarizes the quantized prediction residual in binarization (S3063).
  • the threshold value (R_TH) is changed according to the quantization scale in the quantization. According to this, since the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can use an appropriate threshold according to the quantization scale, it can improve encoding efficiency.
  • the second code includes a prefix part and a suffix part.
  • the three-dimensional data coding apparatus uses different coding tables for the prefix part and the suffix part. According to this, the three-dimensional data encoding device can improve the encoding efficiency.
  • a three-dimensional data encoding device includes a processor and a memory, and the processor performs the above processing using the memory.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus performs the processing shown in FIG.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding device decodes a three-dimensional point having attribute information.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus calculates a predicted value of attribute information of a three-dimensional point (S3071).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus generates binary data by arithmetically decoding the encoded data included in the bitstream (S3072).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus multiplies the binary data to generate a prediction residual (S3073).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus calculates the decoded value of the attribute information of the 3D point by adding the predicted value and the prediction residual (S3074).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus appropriately calculates the attribute information bitstream generated by calculating the prediction residual of the attribute information, and further binarizing and arithmetically encoding the prediction residual. Can be decrypted.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus uses a different encoding table for each bit of binary data. According to this, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus can appropriately decode a bit stream with improved encoding efficiency.
  • the lower bits of binary data have a larger number of encoding tables to be used.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus selects an encoding table used for arithmetic decoding of the target bit according to the value of the upper bit of the target bit included in the binary data. According to this, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus can appropriately decode a bit stream with improved encoding efficiency.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding device multi-values the first code (n-bit code) having a fixed number of bits included in the binary data to generate the first value.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus determines the first value as a prediction residual when the first value is smaller than the threshold value (R_TH), and includes the binary data when the first value is equal to or larger than the threshold value (R_TH).
  • a second value (remaining code) that is an exponential Golomb code is multi-valued to generate a second value, and the first value and the second value are added to generate a prediction residual.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus uses different arithmetic decoding methods for the first code and the second code.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus can appropriately decode a bit stream with improved encoding efficiency.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus inversely quantizes the prediction residual, and in addition (S3074), the prediction value and the inversely quantized prediction residual are added.
  • the threshold value (R_TH) is changed according to the quantization scale in inverse quantization. According to this, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus can appropriately decode a bit stream with improved encoding efficiency.
  • the second code includes a prefix part and a suffix part.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus uses different encoding tables for the prefix part and the suffix part. According to this, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus can appropriately decode a bit stream with improved encoding efficiency.
  • a three-dimensional data decoding device includes a processor and a memory, and the processor performs the above processing using the memory.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device uses the method of encoding the attribute information of the three-dimensional point to be encoded using the prediction, and when the binary data of the prediction residual is arithmetically encoded,
  • the encoding table may be switched according to the LoD (Level of Detail) value to which the three-dimensional point belongs (that is, in which layer of the LoD the three-dimensional point is located).
  • LoD Level of Detail
  • arithmetic coding using LoD for example, arithmetic coding is performed in order from the upper layer to the lower layer of LoD.
  • the attribute information of a plurality of three-dimensional points located in the same layer is arithmetically encoded using the same encoding table.
  • arithmetic coding may be performed in order from the lower layer to the upper layer of LoD.
  • the encoding table used for at least one of the multiple layers of LoD is a table that does not depend on the encoding table used for the other layers.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can improve encoding efficiency by using different encoding tables when arithmetically encoding the prediction residual according to the LoD hierarchy.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus uses a different encoding table (probability table) for each bit as an arithmetic encoding method for n-bit codes in the prediction residual of the target three-dimensional point to be encoded.
  • calculation encoding is performed using a different encoding table according to the LoD value to which the encoding target 3D point belongs.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may change the number of encoding tables used for each bit.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus stores 1 ⁇ NumLoD (nNumLOD is the total number of layers of LoD) encoding table of the target 3D point to be encoded for the first bit b0 of the n-bit code. Arithmetic coding is performed while switching according to the LoD value to which it belongs, and for the next bit b1, 2 ⁇ NumLoD coding tables belong to the b0 value (0 or 1) and the target 3D point to be coded Arithmetic encoding may be performed while switching according to the LoD value.
  • NumLoD NumLoD
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus further converts the 4 encoding tables into b0b1 values (0 to 3) and LoD values to which the target 3D points to be encoded belong. Arithmetic coding may be performed while switching accordingly.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus uses an encoding table of 2 n ⁇ 1 ⁇ NumLoD when performing arithmetic encoding on each bit bn ⁇ 1 of the n-bit code, and uses a coding table of 2 n ⁇ 1 ⁇ NumLoD. Encoding may be performed while switching the encoding table according to the bit value (generation pattern) and the LoD value to which the target 3D point to be encoded belongs.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus can perform encoding using an appropriate encoding table for each bit, encoding efficiency can be improved.
  • the number of coding tables used in each bit may be reduced.
  • the coding tables used for each bit need not be all coding tables that are not dependent on each other (for example, all are different from each other), and some are common coding tables (for example, some are the same). Encoding table and / or encoding table on which a part depends).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus arithmetically encodes each bit bn ⁇ 1, 2 m pieces are generated according to the value (generation pattern) of m bits (m ⁇ n ⁇ 1) before bn ⁇ 1.
  • the encoding may be performed by switching the NumLoD encoding table.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device can improve the encoding efficiency while suppressing the number of encoding tables used for each bit.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may update the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in each encoding table in accordance with the value of the actually generated binarized data.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may reduce the processing amount by fixing the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in the encoding table of some bits and suppressing the number of updates of the occurrence probability.
  • the number of encoding tables for b0 is 1 ⁇ NumLoD (CTb0 [0],..., CTb0 [NumLoD-1]).
  • the number of coding tables for b1 is 2 ⁇ NumLoD (CTb10 [0],..., CTb10 [NumLoD-1], CTb11 [0],..., CTb11 [NumLoD-1]).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus switches the encoding table to be used in accordance with the b0 value (0 to 1) and the LoD value.
  • the encoding table for b2 is 4 ⁇ NumLoD (CTb20 [0], ..., CTb20 [NumLOD-1], CTb21 [0], ..., CTb21 [NumLOD-1], CTb22 [0], ..., CTb22 [NumLoD-1], CTb23 [0], ..., CTb23 [NumLoD-1]
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device uses codes that are used according to the b0b1 value (0 to 3) and the LoD value. Switch the conversion table.
  • the encoding table for bn ⁇ 1 is 2 n ⁇ 1 ⁇ NumLoD (CTbn0 [0]... CTbn0 [NumLoD-1],..., CTbn (2 n ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1) [0],. (2 n-1 -1) [NumLoD-1]).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus switches the encoding table according to the values of b0b1... Bn-2 (0 to 2 n ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1) and the LoD value.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus uses NumLoD encoding tables for m-ary arithmetic encoding and performs m-ary arithmetic encoding according to the LoD value to which the target 3D point to be encoded belongs.
  • the encoding table may be switched.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus can select an appropriate encoding table for each LoD, and can improve the encoding efficiency.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding device when an n-bit code is arithmetically encoded with m-ary in the three-dimensional data encoding device (encoder side), the three-dimensional data decoding device (decoder side) also applies m-ary arithmetic decoding to n The bit code may be restored.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus uses NumLoD decoding tables for m-ary arithmetic decoding, and uses a decoding table for m-ary arithmetic decoding according to the LoD value to which the target three-dimensional point to be decoded belongs. May be switched.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus uses different encoding tables for the prefix part and the suffix part as an arithmetic encoding method of the remaining code (remaining code) in the prediction residual of the target 3D point to be encoded. Furthermore, calculation encoding may be performed using a different encoding table depending on the LoD value to which the target 3D point to be encoded belongs.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus assigns 1 ⁇ NumLoD (for example, NumLoD is the total number of layers of LoD) encoding table to the target 3D point to be encoded for the prefix part of the remaining code. Arithmetic coding is performed while switching according to the LoD value, and for the suffix part of the remaining codes, arithmetic is performed while switching the 1 ⁇ NumLoD coding table according to the LoD value to which the target 3D point to be coded belongs. It may be encoded.
  • NumLoD for example, NumLoD is the total number of layers of LoD
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus arithmetically encodes each bit using the LoD prefix encoding table to which the 3D point to be encoded belongs to the prefix portion, and the suffix portion to the 3D point to be encoded.
  • Each bit is arithmetically encoded using the encoding table for LoD suffix to which belongs.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus uses the 1 ⁇ NumLoD encoding table to perform the target 3D points to be encoded when performing arithmetic encoding of the prefix part and the suffix part of the remaining code. Encoding may be performed while switching the encoding table in accordance with the LoD value to which.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus can use an appropriate encoding table for each of the prefix part and the suffix part, and can improve the encoding efficiency.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may update the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in each encoding table in accordance with the value of the actually generated binarized data.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may reduce the processing amount by fixing the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in the encoding table of the prefix part or the suffix part and suppressing the number of occurrence probability updates.
  • FIG. 86 is a diagram for explaining processing when the remaining code according to the present embodiment is an exponential Golomb code.
  • the remaining code which is a portion binarized by the three-dimensional data encoding device using the exponent Golomb code, includes a prefix portion and a suffix portion as shown in FIG.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus performs calculation encoding by switching the encoding table according to the LoD value to which the target three-dimensional point to be encoded belongs in the prefix unit and the suffix unit.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device arithmetically encodes each bit of the prefix unit using a LoD prefix encoding table to which the target three-dimensional point to be encoded belongs.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus arithmetically encodes each bit using the encoding table for the LoD suffix part to which the target 3D point to be encoded belongs.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may update the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in each encoding table in accordance with the value of the actually generated binarized data.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may fix the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in either encoding table.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may update the occurrence probability with respect to the prefix portion and fix the occurrence probability with respect to the suffix portion.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus arithmetically encodes the prediction residual of the attribute information by switching the encoding table according to the LoD value to which the target 3D point to be encoded belongs, for each LoD, Based on the maximum hierarchy (MaxLoDCT) for switching the coding table, for example, in LoD satisfying LoD ⁇ MaxLoDCT, the coding table may be switched.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may use the same encoding table without switching the encoding table in LoD of MaxLoDCT or higher.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can suppress the number of encoding tables by appropriately setting the value of MaxLoDCT even when the number of LoD layers is large.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may switch the encoding table in LoD satisfying LoD> MinLoDCT based on the minimum hierarchy (MinLoDCT) for switching the encoding table for each LoD.
  • MinLoDCT minimum hierarchy
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may use the same encoding table without switching the encoding table in LoD less than MinLoDCT.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can suppress the number of encoding tables by appropriately setting the value of MinLoDCT even when the number of LoD layers is large.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may add MaxLoDCT or MinLoDCT to the header of the bitstream.
  • the 3D data decoding device that receives and decodes the bitstream performs bit decoding by arithmetic decoding according to the LoD and the value of MaxLoDCT or MinLoDCT, similarly to the 3D data encoding device (encoder).
  • the stream can be decoded correctly.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may not add the MaxLoDCT or MinLoDCT value to the bitstream header or the like.
  • the value of MaxLoDCT or MinLoDCT may be defined (fixed) by a profile or level such as a standard.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus may decode the encoded 3D points included in the bitstream using the specified MaxLoDCT or MinLoDCT value.
  • FIG. 87 is a diagram for describing a first example of processing in which the three-dimensional data encoding device according to the present embodiment performs arithmetic encoding by switching the encoding table for each LoD.
  • CT indicates a coding table (Coding Table).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may perform arithmetic encoding using encoding tables that are all different from each other for each LoD.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may perform arithmetic encoding by switching the encoding table in LoD satisfying LoD ⁇ MaxLoDCT based on the maximum hierarchy MaxLoDCT for switching the encoding table for each LoD.
  • the MaxLoDCT may be arbitrarily determined in advance.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may perform arithmetic encoding by switching the encoding table in LoD satisfying LoD> MinLoDCT based on the minimum hierarchy MinLoDCT that switches the encoding table for each LoD.
  • MinLoDCT may be arbitrarily determined in advance.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus performs arithmetic encoding using the encoding table CT [0] in LoD satisfying LoD ⁇ LastLoDCT based on the parameters of the lowest layer LastLoDCT using the same encoding table, and LoD> LastLoDCT is set.
  • arithmetic coding may be performed using the coding table CT [1].
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may add the LastLoDCT to a bit stream such as a header.
  • FIG. 91 is a diagram for explaining a fifth example of a process in which the three-dimensional data encoding device according to the present embodiment switches the encoding table for each LoD and performs arithmetic encoding.
  • LoD satisfying N-1 arithmetic coding may be performed using the coding table CT [M].
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may add LastLoDCT [N-1] to a bit stream such as a header.
  • FIG. 92 is a diagram for explaining a sixth example of a process in which the 3D data encoding device according to the present embodiment performs arithmetic encoding by switching the encoding table for each LoD.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may perform arithmetic encoding by switching the encoding table used for each LoD using two encoding tables.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may perform arithmetic encoding by assigning the encoding table CT [0] to the even number of LoD and assigning the encoding table CT [1] to the odd number. That is, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus performs arithmetic encoding on the even-numbered LoD using the encoding table CT [0], and arithmetically encodes the odd-numbered LoD on the encoding table CT [1]. Also good.
  • FIG. 93 is a flowchart for explaining arithmetic residual encoding processing of a prediction residual executed by the three-dimensional data encoding device according to the present embodiment.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device encodes the quantized value for the target three-dimensional point P (S3101).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device converts the prediction residual from a signed integer value to an unsigned integer value (S3102).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device determines whether or not the prediction residual ⁇ R_TH [LoDN] is satisfied (S3103).
  • R_TH [LoDN] indicates the value of R_TH set by the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus according to the value of LoDN to which the target three-dimensional point P to be encoded belongs. Note that if R_TH does not need to be set separately for each LoD, the same value may be used for each LoD.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus determines that the prediction residual ⁇ R_TH [LoDN] is satisfied (Yes in S3103), the three-dimensional data encoding device binarizes the prediction residual into an n-bit code of n bits (S3104).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus arithmetically encodes the n-bit code (S3105).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus sets the binary data of R_TH [LoDN] to an n-bit code (S3106). .
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus arithmetically encodes the n-bit code (S3107).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus calculates a value obtained by binarizing the value of (prediction residual ⁇ R_TH [LoDN]) using an exponential Golomb code, and sets the binarized value as the remaining code (S3108). .
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus arithmetically encodes the set remaining code (S3109).
  • FIG. 94 is a flowchart showing an example of processing in which the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus according to the present embodiment arithmetically encodes an n-bit code.
  • FIG. 94 is a diagram for explaining the processing procedure of arithmetic coding when the n-bit code is b0b1b2... Bn ⁇ 1 among the prediction residuals of the attribute information included in the three-dimensional point belonging to LoDN. It is a flowchart.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus arithmetically encodes bi using the encoding table CTbi [cnt] [LoDN] (S3113).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus executes ++ i (S3116).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device determines whether i ⁇ n is satisfied (S3117).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device When it is determined that i ⁇ n is satisfied (Yes in S3117), the three-dimensional data encoding device outputs arithmetic encoded data of n-bit code (S3118).
  • FIG. 95 is a flowchart showing an example of processing in which the remaining code is arithmetically encoded by the three-dimensional data encoding device according to the present embodiment. Specifically, FIG. 95 is a flowchart for explaining the processing procedure of the arithmetic coding when the remaining code is b0b1b2... Among the prediction residuals of the attribute information included in the three-dimensional point belonging to LoDN.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus arithmetically encodes bi using the encoding table for LoDN prefix (S3123).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus determines whether cnt> 0 is satisfied (S3126).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device executes ++ i (S3127).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus arithmetically encodes bi using the encoding table for LoDN suffix (S3128).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus executes --cnt (S3129), and returns the process to step S3126.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device outputs arithmetic encoded data of the remaining code (S3130).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may switch the encoding table according to the value of LoDN.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may use the same encoding table regardless of the LoDN value.
  • MaxLoDCT the 3D data encoding apparatus may maintain the value of LoDN if LoDN ⁇ MaxLoDCT, and may set MaxLoDCT to LoDN if LoDN ⁇ MaxLoDCT.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may maintain the value of LoDN if LoDN> MinLoDCT, and may set MinLoDCT to LoDN if LoDN> MinLoDCT.
  • FIG. 96 is a flowchart for explaining the arithmetic decoding process of the prediction residual executed by the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus according to this embodiment.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus decodes the quantized value for the target 3D point P (S3131).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus arithmetically decodes the n-bit code (S3132).
  • R_TH [LoDN] indicates the value of R_TH set by the three-dimensional data encoding device (encoder) according to the value of LoDN to which the target three-dimensional point P to be decoded belongs and decoded from the bitstream.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus may use the value of R_TH decoded from the bit stream, or may use the value of R_TH defined by a profile or a level such as a standard.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus arithmetically decodes the remaining code (S3134).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus calculates the value of the remaining code using the exponent Golomb code table (S3135).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus sets (R_TH [LoDN] + remaining code value) to the prediction residual (S3136).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus converts the decoded prediction residual from an unsigned integer value to a signed integer value (S3137).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus sets the value of the n-bit code in the prediction residual (S3138). Exit.
  • FIG. 97 is a flowchart showing an example of processing in which the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus according to the present embodiment arithmetically decodes n-bit code arithmetically encoded data.
  • FIG. 96 is a flowchart for explaining the processing procedure of arithmetic decoding when the n-bit code is b0b1b2... Bn ⁇ 1 among the prediction residuals of the attribute information included in the three-dimensional points belonging to LoDN. It is.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus obtains arithmetic encoded data of n-bit code (S3141).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus arithmetically decodes bi using the decoding table CTbi [value] [LoDN] (S3143).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus executes ++ i (S3146).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus determines whether or not i ⁇ n is satisfied (S3147).
  • FIG. 98 is a flowchart showing an example of processing in which the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus according to the present embodiment arithmetically decodes the remaining code. Specifically, FIG. 98 is a flowchart for explaining the processing procedure of arithmetic decoding when the remaining code is b0b1b2... Among the prediction residuals of the attribute information included in the three-dimensional point belonging to LoDN.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus acquires arithmetic coding data of the remaining code (S3151).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus arithmetically decodes bi using the decoding table for the prefix part of LoDN (S3153).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus executes ++ i and ++ cnt (S3155), and returns the process to step S3153.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus determines whether cnt> 0 is satisfied (S3156).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus executes ++ i (S3157).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus arithmetically decodes bi using the decoding table for the suffix part of LoDN (S3158).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus executes --cnt (S3159), and returns the process to step S3156.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus may switch the decoding table according to the value of LoDN.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus may use the same decoding table regardless of the LoDN value.
  • MaxLoDCT the 3D data decoding apparatus may maintain the value of LoDN if LoDN ⁇ MaxLoDCT, and may set MaxLoDCT to LoDN if LoDN ⁇ MaxLoDCT.
  • FIG. 99 is a block diagram showing a configuration of attribute information encoding section 3100 provided in the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus according to the present embodiment. 99 shows details of the attribute information encoding unit among the position information encoding unit, the attribute information reallocation unit, and the attribute information encoding unit provided in the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus. .
  • the attribute information encoding unit 3100 includes a LoD generation unit 3101, a surrounding search unit 3102, a prediction unit 3103, a prediction residual calculation unit 3104, a quantization unit 3105, an arithmetic encoding unit 3106, and an inverse quantization unit. 3107, a decoded value generation unit 3108, and a memory 3109.
  • the LoD generation unit 3101 generates (sets) LoD using position information (geometry) of the three-dimensional point.
  • the surrounding search unit 3102 searches for neighboring 3D points adjacent to each 3D point using the LoD generation result by the LoD generation unit 3101 and distance information indicating the distance between each 3D point.
  • the prediction unit 3103 generates (calculates) a predicted value of the attribute information of the target 3D point to be encoded.
  • the prediction residual calculation unit 3104 calculates (generates) a prediction residual of the prediction value of the attribute information generated by the prediction unit 3103.
  • the quantization unit 3105 quantizes the prediction residual of the attribute information calculated by the prediction residual calculation unit 3104.
  • the arithmetic coding unit 3106 arithmetically codes the prediction residual after being quantized by the quantization unit 3105.
  • the arithmetic encoding unit 3106 outputs a bit stream including the arithmetically encoded prediction residual to, for example, a three-dimensional data decoding device.
  • prediction residual may be binarized by, for example, the quantization unit 3105 before being arithmetic encoded by the arithmetic encoding unit 3106.
  • the inverse quantization unit 3107 performs inverse quantization on the prediction residual after being quantized by the quantization unit 3105.
  • the decoded value generation unit 3108 generates a decoded value by adding the prediction value of the attribute information generated by the prediction unit 3103 and the prediction residual after the inverse quantization by the inverse quantization unit 3107.
  • the memory 3109 is a memory for storing the decoded value of the attribute information of each three-dimensional point decoded by the decoded value generation unit 3108. For example, when generating a predicted value of a three-dimensional point that has not yet been encoded, the prediction unit 3103 generates a predicted value by using the decoded value of the attribute information of each three-dimensional point stored in the memory 3109. .
  • FIG. 100 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of the attribute information decoding unit 3110 included in the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus according to the present embodiment.
  • FIG. 100 illustrates details of the attribute information decoding unit of the position information decoding unit and the attribute information decoding unit included in the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus.
  • the attribute information decoding unit 3110 includes a LoD generation unit 3111, a surrounding search unit 3112, a prediction unit 3113, an arithmetic decoding unit 3114, an inverse quantization unit 3115, a decoded value generation unit 3116, and a memory 3117. .
  • the LoD generation unit 3111 generates LoD using the position information (geometry information) of the three-dimensional points decoded by the position information decoding unit (not shown in FIG. 100).
  • the surrounding search unit 3112 searches for neighboring 3D points adjacent to each 3D point using the LoD generation result by the LoD generation unit 3111 and distance information indicating the distance between each 3D point.
  • the prediction unit 3113 generates a predicted value of the attribute information of the target 3D point to be decoded.
  • the arithmetic decoding unit 3114 arithmetically decodes the prediction residual in the bitstream acquired from the attribute information encoding unit 3100.
  • the inverse quantization unit 3115 inversely quantizes the prediction residual arithmetically decoded by the arithmetic decoding unit 3114.
  • the decoded value generation unit 3116 adds the prediction value generated by the prediction unit 3113 and the prediction residual after being dequantized by the inverse quantization unit 3115 to generate a decoded value.
  • the decoded value generation unit 3116 outputs the decoded attribute information data to another device.
  • the memory 3117 is a memory for storing the decoded value of the attribute information of each three-dimensional point decoded by the decoded value generation unit 3116. For example, when generating a predicted value of a three-dimensional point that has not yet been decoded, the prediction unit 3113 generates a predicted value by using the decoded value of the attribute information of each three-dimensional point stored in the memory 3117. .
  • FIG. 101 is a diagram illustrating an example in which the 3D data encoding apparatus according to the present modification applies an entropy encoding table using octree representation to arithmetic encoding. In FIG. 101, some branches are omitted.
  • the shape of a certain part naturally depends on the survey area. For example, the density state is different for each layer.
  • the lower layer for example, layer 0, layer 1, etc.
  • the higher layer for example, layer 5, layer 6 etc.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus can improve the efficiency of entropy encoding by initializing the encoding table when encoding a layer higher than the layer currently encoded. For example, when the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus sequentially performs encoding from layer 0 to layer 6, after encoding layer 3 shown in FIG. 101, the encoding table A is initialized to initialize the encoding. Using the table A, the layer 4 shown in FIG. 101 is encoded. Thereby, the efficiency of entropy coding is improved.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may initialize the encoding table for each layer when encoding the occupancy code of each layer.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus can apply entropy encoding according to the appearance pattern of the occupancy code for each layer, the encoding efficiency can be improved.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus does not initialize until encoding completion of layer 2 after initialization of encoding table A at layer 0, and encodes layer 3 It is not necessary to initialize the encoding table A and initialize the encoding table A up to layer 6.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus can apply entropy encoding according to the appearance pattern of the occupancy code for each layer group, the encoding efficiency can be improved.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may add to the header information indicating in which layer the encoding table is initialized in the output bit stream.
  • the layer for initializing the encoding table may be determined in advance by a standard or the like.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may add a flag indicating whether or not to initialize the encoding table for each layer to the output bit stream to the header.
  • the structure information includes layer information to which the current node (that is, the target node to be encoded) belongs.
  • the structure information is information indicating, for example, the geometrical arrangement of the occupied states of the peripheral blocks of the target node.
  • FIG. 102 is a flowchart of the three-dimensional data encoding process including the adaptive entropy encoding process using the structure information (geometric information) according to the present modification.
  • an octree is generated from the initial bounding box of the 3D points.
  • the bounding box is divided according to the position of the three-dimensional point in the bounding box.
  • a non-empty subspace is further divided.
  • the subspace occupancy code is encoded into an occupancy code in steps described below.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus acquires an input 3D point (point group) (S3161). Next, the 3D data encoding apparatus determines whether or not the unit length decomposition process is completed (S3162).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus If the unit length decomposition process has not been completed (No in S3162), the 3D data encoding apparatus generates an octree by performing the decomposition process on the target node (S3163).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus acquires structure information (for example, layer structure) (S3164).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device initializes the encoding table (S3165).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus entropy encodes the occupancy code of the target node using the initialized encoding table (S3166).
  • FIG. 103 is a flowchart of a three-dimensional data decoding process including an adaptive entropy decoding process using the structure information according to this modification.
  • Decomposition processing in decoding is similar to encoding processing. There are two differences. First, in the decoding process, the initial bounding box is decomposed using the encoded occupancy code. Second, in the decoding process, when the unit length is reached in the cultural process of the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus, the position of the bounding box is stored as the position of the three-dimensional point.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus acquires the input bit stream (for example, the bit stream output by the 3D data encoding apparatus in step S3167 in FIG. 102) (S3171).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus determines whether or not the unit length decomposition process has been completed (S3172).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus When the unit length decomposition process is not completed (No in S3172), the 3D data decoding apparatus generates an octree by performing the decomposition process on the target node (S3173).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus acquires structure information (for example, layer structure) (S3174).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus initializes a decoding table (S3175).
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus entropy-decodes the occupancy code of the target node using the initialized encoding table (S3176).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may always initialize the encoding table before starting the encoding of the layer 0 node.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may be initialized in a specific layer.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may add information on a layer for initializing the encoding table to the header or the like.
  • FIG. 104 is a flowchart of the encoding table initialization process using the structure information according to this modification.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus determines whether the initialization flag of the encoding table of the layer N is on before starting encoding of the first node of the layer N (S3181). .
  • the initialization table is initialized (S3182).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus is before starting encoding of the first node of layer N and does not determine that the initialization flag of the encoding table of layer N is on (No in S3181). That is, when it is determined that the encoding of the first node of layer N is not before the start or when it is determined that the initialization flag of the encoding table of layer N is not on, the encoding table is not initialized. The initialization process ends.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may switch whether to initialize an encoding table used for entropy encoding of an occupancy code using, for example, octet layer information as structure information.
  • FIG. 104 shows initialization information for each layer added to a header such as data acquired together with a three-dimensional point before the three-dimensional data encoding device encodes the occupancy code of the first node for each layer N.
  • initialization information for example, the initialization table is initialized when the initialization flag is on, and the decoding table is not initialized when the initialization flag is off.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus checks the initialization information for each layer added to the header such as a bitstream, and initializes information, for example, When the initialization flag is on, the decoding table is initialized, and when the initialization flag is off, the decoding table is not initialized.
  • the encoding table initialization method is not limited to the above, and the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may determine whether or not to initialize in a certain layer.
  • FIG. 105 is a block diagram of a three-dimensional data encoding device 3120 according to this modification.
  • the 105 includes an octree generation unit 3121, a similarity information calculation unit 3122, an encoding table initialization unit 3123, and an entropy encoding unit 3124.
  • the octree generation unit 3121 generates, for example, an octree from the input three-dimensional point, and generates an occupancy code for each node included in the octree.
  • the similarity information calculation unit 1902 acquires position information, structure information, or attribute information of the current node.
  • the encoding table initialization unit 3123 initializes an encoding table for entropy encoding the occupancy code according to the layer information of the current node.
  • the entropy encoding unit 3124 generates a bitstream by entropy encoding the occupancy code using the selected context.
  • the entropy encoding unit 3124 may add information indicating the selected context to the bitstream.
  • FIG. 106 is a block diagram of a 3D data decoding apparatus 3130 according to the present modification.
  • 106 includes an octree generation unit 3131, a similarity information calculation unit 3132, a decoding table initialization unit 3133, and an entropy decoding unit 3134.
  • the octree generation unit 3131 uses the information obtained from the entropy encoding unit 3124 shown in FIG. 105, for example, to generate an octree from the lower side to the upper side.
  • the similarity information calculation unit 3132 acquires position information, structure information, or attribute information of the current node.
  • the decoding table initialization unit 3133 initializes a decoding table for entropy decoding the occupancy code according to the layer information of the current node.
  • the entropy decoding unit 3134 generates a three-dimensional point (point group) by entropy decoding the occupancy code using the selected context.
  • the entropy decoding unit 3134 may acquire the information of the selected context by decoding the information added to the bitstream.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device encodes the attribute information of the target three-dimensional point to be encoded by arithmetic encoding the binary data of the prediction residual by a method of encoding using prediction.
  • the encoding table may be initialized in accordance with a change in the LoD value to which the target 3D point of interest belongs (in other words, switching of the LoD hierarchy).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can improve the encoding efficiency by initializing the encoding table when arithmetically encoding the prediction residual when the LoD hierarchy changes.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus uses a different encoding table (probability table) for each bit as an arithmetic encoding method for n-bit codes in the prediction residual of the target three-dimensional point to be encoded.
  • the encoding table is initialized and calculated and encoded.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may change the number of encoding tables used for each bit.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus uses one encoding table for the first bit b0 of the n-bit code, and each time the LoD value to which the target 3D point to be encoded changes changes the encoding table. Arithmetic coding may be performed while initializing.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus switches the two encoding tables for the next bit b1 using the value of b0 (0 or 1), while the LoD value to which the target 3D point to be encoded belongs is changed. You may perform arithmetic encoding, initializing an encoding table, whenever it changes. Similarly, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus further switches the LoD to which the target three-dimensional point to be encoded belongs while switching the four encoding tables for the next bit b2 using the values (0 to 3) of b0b1. It is also possible to perform arithmetic encoding while initializing the encoding table every time the value of is switched.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus uses the 2 n ⁇ 1 encoding tables to calculate the bits before bn ⁇ 1 when arithmetically encoding each bit bn ⁇ 1 of the n-bit code. Encoding may be performed while initializing the encoding table each time the LoD value to which the target three-dimensional point to be encoded is switched while switching the encoding table using the value (generation pattern).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus can perform encoding using an appropriate encoding table for each bit and layer, encoding efficiency can be improved.
  • the number of coding tables used in each bit may be reduced.
  • the coding tables used for each bit need not be all coding tables that are not dependent on each other (for example, all are different from each other), and some are common coding tables (for example, some are the same). Encoding table and / or encoding table on which a part depends).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus arithmetically encodes each bit bn ⁇ 1, 2 m pieces are generated according to the value (generation pattern) of m bits (m ⁇ n ⁇ 1) before bn ⁇ 1.
  • the encoding table may be initialized and the encoding table may be initialized each time the LoD value to which the target three-dimensional point to be encoded changes.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device can improve the encoding efficiency while suppressing the number of encoding tables used for each bit.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may update the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in each encoding table in accordance with the value of the actually generated binarized data.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may reduce the processing amount by fixing the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in the encoding table of some bits and suppressing the number of updates of the occurrence probability.
  • the number of encoding tables for b0 is one (CTb0 (probability table)).
  • CTb10 CTb10
  • CTb11 CTb10
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus switches the encoding table to be used according to the value of b0 (0 to 1).
  • encoding tables for b2 there are four encoding tables for b2 (CTb20, CTb21, CTb22, and CTb23).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device switches the encoding table to be used according to the value of b0b1 (0 to 3).
  • n-1 coding tables for bn-1 (CTbn0, CTbn1,..., And CTbn (2 n-1 -1).
  • CTbn0, CTbn1,..., And CTbn 2 n-1 coding tables for bn-1 (CTbn0, CTbn1,..., And CTbn (2 n-1 -1).
  • the encoding table to be used is switched according to the value of 2 (0 to 2 n ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may initialize the encoding table every time the LoD to be encoded is switched.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus uses one encoding table for m-ary arithmetic encoding and uses m-ary arithmetic encoding each time the LoD to which the target three-dimensional point to be encoded is switched.
  • the encoding table may be initialized.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus can select an appropriate encoding table for each LoD, and can improve the encoding efficiency.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding device (decoder) side When an n-bit code is arithmetically encoded with m-ary in the three-dimensional data encoding device (encoder side), the three-dimensional data decoding device (decoder) side also applies m-ary arithmetic decoding to make n The bit code may be restored.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus uses one decoding table for m-ary arithmetic decoding, and each time the LoD to which the target three-dimensional point to be decoded is switched, the decoding table for m-ary arithmetic decoding is changed. It may be initialized.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus further uses different encoding tables for the prefix part and the suffix part as an arithmetic encoding method of the remaining code in the prediction residual of the target 3D point to be encoded, Every time the LoD value to which the target three-dimensional point to be encoded switches is switched, the encoding table is initialized and calculated and encoded.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus performs arithmetic encoding while initializing the prefix portion of the remaining code using a single encoding table each time the LoD value to which the target 3D point to be encoded is switched. You may go.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may perform arithmetic encoding while initializing each time the LoD value to which the encoding target 3D point belongs is switched by using one encoding table for the suffix part of the remaining code. .
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus uses one encoding table to each belong to the target 3D point to be encoded when performing arithmetic encoding on the prefix part and the suffix part of the remaining code. Encoding may be performed while initializing the encoding table each time the LoD value is switched.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus can use an appropriate encoding table for each of the prefix part and the suffix part, and can improve the encoding efficiency.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may update the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in each encoding table in accordance with the value of the actually generated binarized data.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may reduce the processing amount by fixing the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in the encoding table of the prefix part or the suffix part and suppressing the number of occurrence probability updates.
  • FIG. 107 is a diagram for explaining processing when the remaining code according to this modification is an exponential Golomb code.
  • the remaining code that is a part binarized by the three-dimensional data encoding device using the exponent Golomb code includes a prefix part and a suffix part as shown in FIG.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus performs calculation encoding while initializing the encoding table every time the LoD value to which the target three-dimensional point to be encoded belongs is switched between the prefix unit and the suffix unit.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus initializes the encoding table for prefix every time the LoD value to which the target 3D point to be encoded is switched, and uses the encoding table for the prefix portion to set each bit. Is arithmetically encoded.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus initializes the encoding table for the suffix part every time the LoD value to which the target 3D point to be encoded is switched, and uses the encoding table for the suffix part. Each bit is arithmetically encoded.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may update the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in each encoding table in accordance with the value of the actually generated binarized data.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may fix the occurrence probability of 0 and 1 in either encoding table. Thereby, since the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can suppress the update frequency of occurrence probability, it can reduce a processing amount. For example, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may update the occurrence probability with respect to the prefix portion and fix the occurrence probability with respect to the suffix portion.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus initializes the encoding table every time the LoD value to which the target 3D point to be encoded is switched, and arithmetically encodes the prediction residual of the attribute information.
  • the encoding table may be initialized for each LoD based on the termination layer (EndLoDCT) that stops the initialization of the encoding table.
  • EndLoDCT termination layer
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device does not have to initialize the encoding table with a LoD larger than EndLoDCT.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus can suppress the number of times of initialization of the encoding table by appropriately setting the value of EndLoDCT even when the number of LoD layers is large.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may initialize the encoding table in LoD satisfying LoD ⁇ StartLoDCT based on the start hierarchy (StartLoDCT) for starting initialization of the encoding table for each LoD. .
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may not initialize the encoding table with an LoD smaller than the StartLoDCT except for the first LoD (LoD0).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device can suppress the number of times of initialization of the encoding table by appropriately setting the value of StartLoDCT even when the number of LoD layers is large.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may add EndLoDCT or StartLoDCT to the header of the bitstream.
  • the 3D data decoding device that receives and decodes the bitstream performs bit decoding by arithmetic decoding according to the LoD and the value of EndLoDCT or StartLoDCT, similarly to the 3D data encoding device (encoder).
  • the stream can be decoded correctly.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may not add the EndLoDCT or StartLoDCT value to a stream such as a header.
  • the value of EndLoDCT or StartLoDCT may be defined (fixed) by a profile or level such as a standard.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus may decode the encoded three-dimensional point included in the bitstream using the specified EndLoDCT or StartLoDCT value.
  • FIG. 108 is a diagram for describing an example of processing in which the 3D data encoding apparatus according to the present modification initializes the encoding table and arithmetically encodes every time LoD is switched.
  • CT indicates a coding table (Coding Table).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may initialize the encoding table and perform arithmetic encoding for each LoD.
  • FIG. 109 is a diagram for explaining an example of processing in which the three-dimensional data encoding device according to the present modification initializes the encoding table based on EndLoDCT and performs arithmetic encoding.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus initializes the encoding table in LoD satisfying LoD ⁇ EndLoDCT, based on EndLoDCT indicating the termination hierarchy that ends the initialization of the encoding table for each LoD. Arithmetic encoding may be performed.
  • the EndLoDCT may be arbitrarily determined in advance.
  • FIG. 110 is a diagram for explaining an example of processing in which the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus according to the present modification initializes the encoding table based on StartLoDCT and performs arithmetic encoding.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus initializes the encoding table in LoD satisfying LoD ⁇ StartLoDCT based on StartLoDCT indicating the start hierarchy for starting the encoding table for each LoD. Arithmetic encoding may be performed.
  • the StartLoDCT may be arbitrarily determined in advance.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may add InitLoDCT to a bitstream header or the like.
  • FIG. 112 is a diagram for describing an example of processing in which the 3D data encoding apparatus according to the present modification initializes the encoding table based on InitLoDCT [N] and performs arithmetic encoding.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus initializes the encoding table in each layer of LoD2 and NumLoD-2.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus uses InitLoDCT [N], which is a parameter for designating N layers to be initialized, to perform initialization at the layer indicated by InitLoDCT [N]. May be. IniLoDCT may be arbitrarily determined in advance.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may add InitLoDCT [N] to the header of the bit stream or the like.
  • FIG. 113 is a diagram for explaining another example of processing in which the 3D data encoding apparatus according to the present modification initializes the encoding table based on InitLoDCT [N] and performs arithmetic encoding.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may add InitLoDCT [N] (N is a value indicating each layer), which is information indicating whether or not to initialize the encoding table of each layer, to the bitstream.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus always sets the value of InitLoDCT [0] to 1 and does not have to add it to the bitstream.
  • FIG. 114 is a diagram illustrating a syntax example of the bitstream according to the present modification.
  • FIG. 114 is a diagram illustrating a syntax example of the attribute header (attribute_header) according to the present modification.
  • the attribute header is header information of attribute information.
  • the attribute header includes hierarchical number information (NumLoD), three-dimensional point information (NumOfPoint [i]), hierarchical threshold value (Thres_Lod [i]), and surrounding point information (NumNeigherPoint [i]). And a prediction threshold (THd [i]), a quantization scale (QS [i]), and an initialization threshold (InitLoDCT [i]).
  • Hierarchy number information indicates the number of LoD hierarchies used.
  • 3D point information (NumOfPoint [i]) indicates the number of 3D points belonging to the hierarchy i.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may add 3D point total number information (AllNumOfPoint) indicating the total number of 3D points to another header.
  • NumOfPoint [NumLoD-1] does not have to be added to the header.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can calculate NumOfPoint [NumLoD-1] by the following (formula B1).
  • the hierarchy threshold (Thres_Lod [i]) is a threshold used for setting the hierarchy i.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device and the three-dimensional data decoding device configure LoDi so that the distance between each point in LoDi is greater than the threshold Thres_LoD [i]. Further, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus may not add the value of Thres_Lod [NumLoD-1] (lowermost layer) to the header. In this case, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus may estimate the value of Thres_Lod [NumLoD-1] as 0.
  • Surrounding point information indicates an upper limit value of surrounding points used for generating predicted values of three-dimensional points belonging to the hierarchy i.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may calculate a predicted value using M number of surrounding points.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus adds one piece of peripheral point information (NumNeighorPoint) used in all LoDs to the header. Also good.
  • the prediction threshold (THd [i]) indicates an upper limit value of the distance between surrounding three-dimensional points used for prediction of a target three-dimensional point to be encoded or decoded in layer i.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device and the three-dimensional data decoding device do not use a three-dimensional point whose distance from the target three-dimensional point is more than THd [i] for prediction.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may add one prediction threshold (THd) used for all LoDs to the header. Good.
  • the quantization scale indicates a quantization scale used in the quantization and inverse quantization of the hierarchy i.
  • the initialization threshold is information indicating whether or not to initialize the encoding table of layer i.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus always sets the value of InitLoDCT [0] to 1 and does not have to add it to the bitstream. Thereby, the code amount of the header can be reduced.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus entropy-encodes and adds at least one of NumLoD, Thres_Lod [i], NumNeighborPoint [i], THd [i], QS [i], or InitLoDCT [i] to the header. May be.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may binarize each value and perform arithmetic encoding.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device may encode each value with a fixed length in order to reduce the processing amount.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus does not need to add at least one of NumLoD, Thres_Lod [i], NumNeighborPoint [i], THd [i], QS [i], or InitLoDCT [i] to the header. Good.
  • at least one of these values may be defined by a profile or level such as a standard.
  • FIG. 115 is a flowchart of the three-dimensional data encoding process performed by the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus according to this modification.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device encodes position information (geometry) (S3191).
  • position information geometry
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device performs encoding using an octree representation.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device re-creates the original three-dimensional point attribute information in the changed three-dimensional point.
  • Assign (S3192) the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus performs reallocation by interpolating the value of attribute information according to the amount of change in position.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device detects N three-dimensional points before the change that are close to the three-dimensional position after the change, and performs weighted averaging of the attribute information values of the N three-dimensional points.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus determines the weight based on the distance from the changed three-dimensional position to each of the N three-dimensional positions in the weighted average. Then, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus determines the value obtained by the weighted average as the value of the attribute information of the three-dimensional point after the change.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device uses the attribute information value of the changed three-dimensional point as the value before the change.
  • An average value of attribute information of two or more three-dimensional points may be assigned.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus encodes the attribute information (Attribute) after the reassignment (S3193). For example, when encoding a plurality of types of attribute information, the three-dimensional data encoding device may sequentially encode a plurality of types of attribute information. For example, when encoding color and reflectance as attribute information, the three-dimensional data encoding device may generate a bitstream in which the reflectance encoding result is added after the color encoding result. .
  • the order of the plurality of encoding results of the attribute information added to the stream is not limited to this order, and may be any order.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may add information indicating the encoded data start location of each attribute information in the bitstream to the header or the like.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus can decode attribute information that needs to be decoded, the decoding process of attribute information that does not need to be decoded can be omitted. Therefore, the processing amount of the three-dimensional data decoding device can be reduced.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus may encode a plurality of types of attribute information in parallel and integrate the encoding results into one bit stream.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus can encode a plurality of types of attribute information at high speed.
  • FIG. 116 is a flowchart of the attribute information encoding process (S3193) shown in FIG.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus sets LoD (S3201). That is, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus assigns each three-dimensional point to one of a plurality of LoDs.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus starts a loop of LoD units (S3202). That is, the three-dimensional data encoding apparatus repeatedly performs the processes in steps S3203 to S3212 for each LoD.
  • the 3D data encoding device initializes the encoding table (S3203).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus starts a loop for each 3D point (S3204). That is, the 3D data encoding apparatus repeatedly performs the processing of steps S3205 to S3211 for each 3D point for a certain LoD.
  • FIG. 116 illustrates encoding at the target three-dimensional point P to be encoded.
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device searches for a plurality of surrounding points, which are three-dimensional points existing around the target three-dimensional point P, used to calculate a predicted value of the target three-dimensional point P to be processed ( S3205).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus calculates a predicted value of the target 3D point P (S3206). Specifically, the three-dimensional data encoding device calculates a weighted average of the attribute information values of a plurality of surrounding points, and sets the obtained value as a predicted value.
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus calculates a prediction residual that is a difference between the attribute information of the target 3D point P and the predicted value (S3207).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus calculates a quantized value by quantizing the prediction residual (S3208).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus arithmetically encodes the quantized value (S3209).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus calculates an inverse quantization value by inversely quantizing the quantization value (S3210).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device generates a decoded value by adding the predicted value to the inverse quantized value (S3211).
  • the 3D data encoding apparatus ends the loop for each 3D point (S3212).
  • the three-dimensional data encoding device ends the loop for each LoD (S3213).
  • FIG. 117 is a flowchart of 3D data decoding processing by the 3D data decoding apparatus.
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus decodes position information (geometry) from the bit stream (S3214).
  • the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus may decode using, for example, an octree representation.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus decodes the attribute information (Attribute) from the bit stream (S3215). For example, when decoding a plurality of types of attribute information, the 3D data decoding apparatus may sequentially decode the plurality of types of attribute information. For example, when decoding color and reflectance as attribute information, the three-dimensional data decoding apparatus decodes the color coding result and the reflectance coding result in the order added to the bitstream. . For example, in the bitstream, when the reflectance encoding result is added after the color encoding result, the 3D data decoding apparatus decodes the color encoding result and then the reflectance encoding result. Is decrypted.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus may decode the encoding result of the attribute information added to the bitstream in any order.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus may acquire information indicating the encoded data start location of each attribute information in the stream by decoding the header or the like.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus can selectively decode attribute information that needs to be decoded, the decoding process of attribute information that does not require decoding can be omitted. Therefore, the processing amount of the three-dimensional data decoding device can be reduced.
  • the 3D data decoding apparatus may decode a plurality of types of attribute information in parallel and integrate the decoding results into one 3D point group.

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