Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
  • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B26/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing only organic binders, e.g. polymer or resin concrete
  • C04B26/02—Macromolecular compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B26/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing only organic binders, e.g. polymer or resin concrete
  • C04B26/02—Macromolecular compounds
  • C04B26/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B26/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing only organic binders, e.g. polymer or resin concrete
  • C04B26/02—Macromolecular compounds
  • C04B26/28—Polysaccharides or derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
  • C04B28/14—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing calcium sulfate cements
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
  • C04B40/06—Inhibiting the setting, e.g. mortars of the deferred action type containing water in breakable containers ; Inhibiting the action of active ingredients
  • C04B40/0608—Dry ready-made mixtures, e.g. mortars at which only water or a water solution has to be added before use
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B14/00—Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
  • C04B14/02—Granular materials, e.g. microballoons
  • C04B14/26—Carbonates
  • C04B14/28—Carbonates of calcium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
  • C04B2111/00663—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as filling material for cavities or the like
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/72—Repairing or restoring existing buildings or building materials

Definitions

• composition for a powder mortar and a powder mortar in particular
• the invention relates to a composition for a powder mortar and a powder mortar, in particular for use as a spackling compound.
• powder mortars and pasty mortars. They are known for filling joints or for being applied to surfaces, such as walls, in order to smooth out any unevenness and to additionally function as primer layer for another layer to be applied thereon.
• Powder mortars or powder fillers
• Mortars include generally at least one binding component (or binder) and at least one filler, while often other additives are included.
• the binders have the function to bind the components of the filler material and to bond adhesively the filler to the substrate, like a wall or the like.
• different classes of binders exist, for example mineral binders like for example cement, calcium sulfate hemihydrate or lime, or organic polymer binders like for example polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene vinyl acetate, polyacrylate or polyvinyl alcohol.
• organic polymer binders also known as dispersion powders
• dispersion powders are rather expensive not an environmentally sustainable resource.
• starch Compared to dispersion powders like polyvinyl acetate, starch as organic binder on the other hand has the advantage that it is cost-efficient to produce and is a renewable and environmentally sustainable resource.
• Starch (or amylum) is usually composed of two different polysaccharides, amylose and amylopectin, wherein amylopectin is much bigger compared to amylose, but they are both composed of alpha-D-glucose units. The difference is that the amylopectin is composed of alpha-D-glucose units joined by 1 -4- and 1 -6-glycosodic bonds, while amylose is composed of alpha-D-glucose units joined exclusively by 1 -4-glycosodic bonds.
• amylopectin is much more branched than amylose and therefore the much larger molecule in starch.
• amount by weight of amylopectin is at least double compared to the amount by weight amylose in starch (for example 70 % by weight of amylopectin to 30 % by weight of amylose).
• starches which are cultivated plant varieties that have mainly amylopectin starch without amylose, known as waxy starches.
• starch can be obtained from different plants (potato, corn, wheat, rice, cassava root (tapioca), peas and others) and therefore has different properties (starting with different amylose/amylopectin ratios).
• starch can be used as non-modified native starch or being modified in different ways (for example physical, chemical or enzymatic).
• pregelatinized starch there are for example, are but not limited to, pregelatinized starch, extruded starch, spray-cooked starch, spray-dried starch, drum-dried starch, or annealed starch, or any combination thereof.
• Different modifications of the starch result, of course, in different properties of the starch, like for example a cold-water-soluble starch or a cold-water-swellable (CWS) starch.
• CWS cold-water-swellable
• starches at their available hydroxyl groups can result for example, are but not limited to, in oxidized starches, crosslinked starches, etherified starches or esterified starches, or any combination thereof.
• etherified and esterified starches are not classified as binders but as thickeners, since their properties make them more useful as thickener than as binder.
• an etherified starch may be further modified, resulting in, but not limited to, for example a pregelatinized etherified starch, an extruded etherified starch, a spray-cooked etherified starch, spray-dried etherified starch, drum-dried etherified starch, cold-water-soluble etherified starch, cold-water- swellable (CWS) etherified starch, an annealed etherified starch oxidized etherified starch, a crosslinked etherified starch, or esterified etherified starch or any combination thereof.
• a pregelatinized etherified starch an extruded etherified starch, a spray-cooked etherified starch, spray-dried etherified starch, drum-dried etherified starch, cold-water-soluble etherified starch, cold-water- swellable (CWS) etherified starch, an annealed etherified starch oxidized etherified starch, a cross
• Powder mortars are often used as spackling compound or joint filler (after addition of water at the building site).
• Other names for spackling compound are for example “spackling paste” or“joint and finish compound”.
• powder mortars can be used for screed, putty or plasterwork, or to bind building blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units together or to fill and seal the irregular gaps between them.
• powder mortar compositions in particular for use as a spackling paste, should have the function to level unevenness of surfaces to provide a homogeneous surface for further coatings. They should further have a good workability, only very little abrasion, good adhesive tensile strength, providing a good adhesion for a joint tape or paper tape, a good mixing behavior and a comfortable working consistency.
• a mortar composition that is more cost-efficient to produce, needs less or less amounts of additives, has enhanced properties and contains renewable and environmentally sustainable resources. It is also an object of the present invention to provide a corresponding powder mortar, in particular for use as a spackling paste.
• the object of the present invention is solved by a composition comprising one or more fillers, one or more binders and one or more thickeners and optionally further additives, wherein at least one of the one or more binders is a starch, and wherein at least one of the one or more thickeners is an etherified starch.
• Preferred embodiments of the invention are defined in the respective dependent claims.
• starch as well as etherified starch is advantageous in a global way since it is following the general trend to use cost-efficient, renewable and environmentally sustainable resources.
• filler materials nodular and lamellar materials are used which usually are of mineral origin.
• the filler particles form the framework or skeleton of the coating and, thus, contribute to the layer thickness and sink characteristics depending on the amount of filler material added.
• the one or more fillers may be calcium carbonates, calcium magnesium carbonates (dolomite), calcium sulfates, perlite, expanded perlite, magnesium carbonate, glass, mica and resin microbeads, or any combination thereof, preferably calcium carbonates and/or calcium magnesium carbonates.
• the calcium sulfates used as fillers according to the invention should be understood as gypsum or anhydrite (dead burned).
• the one or more fillers according to the present invention may in present in the composition in an amount of from more than 90,0 % by weight to less than 99,5 % by weight of the total composition, preferably from more 92,0 % by weight to less than 99,0 % by weight of the total composition, more preferably of from 94,0 % by weight to 98,5 % by weight of the total composition.
• At least one of the one or more binder is a starch.
• suitable starches include but are not limited to, a potato starch, a wheat starch, a rice starch, a corn starch, a tapioca starch, a pea starch or any combinations thereof, preferably a wheat starch and/or a potato starch or any combinations thereof.
• the starch can be a native starch, a pregelatinized starch, an extruded starch, a spray-cooked starch, a spray-dried starch, a drum-dried starch, a cold-water-soluble starch, a cold-water-swellable starch, an annealed starch, an oxidized starch, a crosslinked starch, an esterified starch or a non-modified native starch, preferably a pregelatinized starch, a cold-water-swellable starch, an oxidized starch or a native starch.
• a pregelatinized starch according to some embodiments of the invention can be a pregelatinized, cold-water-swellable wheat starch (e.g. Foodgel by Kroner- Starke GmbH).
• Other examples for such starches are, but not limited to, cold-water- swellable wheat starch (e.g. Allstarch Banlstar CWS 10 by Interstarch GmbH), pregelatinized, native, cold-water-swellable potato starch (Pregeflo P 100 G by Roquette) or pregelatinized, cold-water-swellable wheat starch (e.g. Lightec by Kroner-Starke GmbH).
• a native starch that is as well an esterified starch is not possible, because after esterification the starch is not native anymore.
• a pregelatinized starch or a cold-water-swellable starch is still considered to be a native starch according to the present invention.
• the person skilled in the art is generally familiar with the mentioned modifications of starches.
• the at least one of the one or more binder may be a native, pregelatinized starch, an oxidized starch or a pregelatinized starch, preferably a native, pregelatinized wheat starch, a native pregelatinized, cold-water-swellable starch, an oxidized, cold-water-swellable wheat starch, or a pregelatinized, cold- water-swellable wheatstarch.
• the starch may be present in an amount of from more than 0,5 % by weight to less than 7 % by weight of the total composition, preferably more than 0,6 % by weight to less than 5 % by weight of the total composition, more preferably more than 0,7 % by weight to less than 3 % by weight of the total composition.
• the composition may comprise one or more polysaccharides having an average molecular weight M w of between 15.000 g/mol and 200.000.000 g/mol, preferably between 20.000 g/mol and 150.000.000 g/mol, more preferably between 30.000 g/mol and 100.000.000 g/mol, and most preferably between 50.000 g/mol and 50.000.000 g/mol.
• binders are possible in addition to a starch binder.
• These further binders may be for example mineral binders or organic binders.
• the inventive composition comprises at least two binders, wherein the at least two binders are a starch and a further binder, wherein the further binder is a mineral binder or an organic binder.
• binders that are mineral binders may be for example cement, calcium sulfate hemihydrate or lime.
• binders that are organic binders may be for example a further starch, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene vinyl acetate, polyacrylate or polyvinyl alcohol, preferably polyvinyl acetate or polyethylene vinyl acetate.
• additional binder may be Vinnapas 5043 N or Vinnapas 5044 N (both by Wacker).
• the further starch may be defined as anyone of the starches as defined above.
• binders according to the present invention are organic binders.
• a composition according to the present invention may comprise at least two binders, wherein the at least two binders are a starch and a further organic binder selected from the group consisting of a further starch, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene vinyl acetate, polyacrylate and polyvinyl alcohol, preferably polyvinyl acetate or polyethylene vinyl acetate.
• the composition comprises three binders, for example a starch, calcium sulfate hemihydrate and an organic binder selected from polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene vinyl acetate, polyacrylate or polyvinyl alcohol, preferably polyvinyl acetate or polyethylene vinyl acetate.
• binders for example a starch, calcium sulfate hemihydrate and an organic binder selected from polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene vinyl acetate, polyacrylate or polyvinyl alcohol, preferably polyvinyl acetate or polyethylene vinyl acetate.
• the etherified starch may be a potato etherified starch, a wheat etherified starch, a rice etherified starch, a corn etherified starch, a tapioca etherified starch, a pea etherified starch or any combinations thereof, preferably a wheat etherified starch and/or a potato etherified starch or any combinations thereof.
• etherified starches have a yield value, so that they stick to the wall and do not come down after time due to gravity.
• an etherification may be carried out.
• the etherified starch may be a pregelatinized etherified starch, an extruded etherified starch, a spray-cooked etherified starch, a spray-dried etherified starch, a drum-dried etherified starch, a cold-water-soluble etherified starch, a cold-water-swellable etherified starch, an annealed etherified starch, an oxidized etherified starch, a crosslinked etherified starch, or an esterified etherified starch, preferably a pregelatinized etherified starch or a crosslinked etherified starch.
• a etherified starch according to some embodiments of the invention can be a pregelatinized, crosslinked potato etherified starch (e.g. Solvitose ZPF by Avebe).
• Other examples for such etherified starches are, but not limited to, Lyckelit H 3 (by Lyckeby), Norstar E 7 (by Nordmann Rassmann), Opagel CMT (by Avebe), Opagel FP 6 (by Avebe), Opagel GPX (by Avebe), Solvitose C 5 F (by Avebe), Solvitose FC 50 (by Avebe), Solvitose H 2060 (by Avebe), Starpol 136 (by Staley/Amylum), Starpol 468 (by Staley/Amylum), Tylovis SE 7 (by SE Tylose), Amylotex 8100 (by Hercules), Amylotex 8100 P (by Hercules), Amylotex ST 2000 (by Hercules), Amylotex ST 2100 (by Hercules), Amitrolit 8850
• the least one of the one or more thickeners may be a pregelatinized etherified starch, preferably a pregelatinized, crosslinked etherified starch, more preferably a pregelatinized, crosslinked potato etherified starch.
• the etherified starch may be present in the composition in an amount of from more than 0,01 % by weight to less than 5 % by weight of the total composition, preferably more than 0,02 % by weight to less than 4 % by weight of the total composition, more preferably more than 0,03 % by weight to less than 3 % by weight of the total composition, most preferably more than 0,04 % by weight to less than 2 % by weight of the total composition.
• At least two thickeners are present in the composition according to the invention.
• These two thickeners may be an etherified starch and a further thickener selected from the group consisting of cellulosic ether, cellulose- based gum, methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose, dextran, carboxymethyl dextran, dextran-sulfonate salt, chitosan, xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose or a salt thereof, carrageenan, hydroxyethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, and methylhydroxylpropyl cellulose, polyacrylamide, polyacrylamide copolymer, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer, cross-linked carboxy-methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, cross-linked polyethylene oxide or an esterified starch preferably cellulosic ether or polyacrylamide.
• At least three thickeners are present in the composition according to the invention.
• These three thickeners may be an etherified starch and two further thickeners selected from the group consisting of cellulosic ether, cellulose-based gum, methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose, dextran, carboxymethyl dextran, dextran-sulfonate salt, chitosan, xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose or a salt thereof, carrageenan, hydroxyethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, and methylhydroxylpropyl cellulose, polyacrylamide, polyacrylamide copolymer, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer, cross-linked carboxy-methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, cross-linked polyethylene oxide or an esterified starch preferably cellulosic ether and polyacrylamide.
• thickeners may be, but not limited to, Bermocoll E 431 X, (cellulosic ether by Akzo Nobel Chemicals AG) or Agocel S 2000 (polyacrylamide by CHT Germany GmbH).
• composition according to the invention may comprise further additives.
• composition according to the invention may comprise fungicides and/or biocides. Biocides are added in order to prevent bacterial contamination, and finally, fungicides are added for preventing fungal infestation.
• Preferred biocides may be on the basis of 2-methyl-2H- isothiazoline-3-on (MIT) and 2-bromo-2-nitropopane-1.3-diol (BNPD) and preferred fungicides may be on the basis of isopropynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC).
• MIT 2-methyl-2H- isothiazoline-3-on
• BNPD 2-bromo-2-nitropopane-1.3-diol
• IPBC isopropynyl butylcarbamate
• the composition may comprise 0.1 to 1 % by weight of the total composition of biocides and/or 0,01 to 0,03 % by weight of the total composition of fungicides.
• the composition according to the invention may comprise a filler, a starch, an etherified starch and a cellulosic ether and optionally a dispersion powder and/ or polyacrylamide. It is also an object of the present invention to provide a powder mortar, in particular for use as a spackling paste, which is prepared from the composition according to the invention.
• Examples are prepared showing the effect in properties of the inventing composition. All examples (V) are prepared by mixing water with the composition in a“kitchen aid” mixing machine in a weight ratio of 0,48 : 1.
• the interspersing is carried out in about 15 seconds, while some soft mixing with a shovel is done. After waiting for 60 seconds, the mixture is mixed for 30 seconds on level 1 of the mixing machine, followed by 5 seconds on level 2 and finally followed by 25 seconds again on level 1. After a relaxing time for the mixture of 180 seconds, another mixing of 30 seconds on level 1 is followed.
• V0, V0-1 , VO-2, V1 and V2 are comparison examples.
• V0 only comprises dispersion powder, but no starch or etherified starch.
• V0-1 and VO-2 comprise only comprise dispersion powder and etherified starch but no starch.
• V1 and V2 comprise starch but no etherified starch.
• Examples V1 -1 , V1 -2 V2-1 and V2-2 are inventive since they comprise starch and etherified starch.
• Abrasion is tested by bringing up the mixture as prepared with a thickness of about 2 mm on a defined piece of a gypsum board. After drying at room temperature until constant weight (usually 3 days) the piece is weighed and put into an abrasion machine (Taber-Abraser Modell 503) and is rotated 100 times with 60 rotations per minute and sandpaper S 33 and 500 g of check weight. After that, the weight of the piece is checked again and the difference is the abrasion.
• an abrasion machine Tiber-Abraser Modell 503
• Adhesion is tested by bringing up the mixture as prepared with a thickness of about 2 mm on a gypsum board. Afterwards two tapes (paper or“Kurt”) are placed in the mixture in that way that about 5 cm of the tape are over the edge of the gypsum board. Then it is overdrawn twice with a putty knife. After drying for about 48 hours at room climate the tape is connected to a bucket that is slowly filled with water until the tape cracks off. Then the bucket with the water is weighed. Since there are two tapes the average is calculated.
• Adhesive tensile strength is the stress in N/mm 2 required to rip off a test surface (test disc) glued to a defined surface (substrate) by tensile stress perpendicular to it.
• substrate a gypsum plasterboard is used as substrate.
• Two rails with a thickness of 1 ,5 mm are to be arranged at a distance of about 20 cm on the plasterboard and are attached with an adhesive tape.
• the mixture is filled in evenly, without air bubbles and excess material is leveled on the rails with a spatula or putty knife. After complete drying (about 48 hours of room climate) a test disc is full-faced glued to the dried mixture with two-component adhesive, followed by inserting a screw into the test disc.
• a wooden plate with a cavity in the form of the test disc is put onto the substrate in that way that the test disc lies in the cavity.
• the measuring device (Sattec) is put on the wooden plate and a perpendicular connection with the screw is established.
• the crank of the measuring device is turned until the crack occurs. While turning the crank, the force has to rise constantly about 50 +/- 5 N/s.
• the adhesive tensile strength is then calculated by dividing the measured force with the square of the radius x p of the test disc (here: 1963 mm 2 , since the radius of the disc is 25 mm). According to abrasion, it has to be said that a smaller value (in g) is better, since then the composition is harder to destroy.
• inventive compositions show at least equal, but mostly enhanced properties compared to the respective comparison examples. Especially surprising are the very small amounts of etherified starch, which are enough to generate rather big effects in combination with starch as binder.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
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• Detergent Compositions (AREA)

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