Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
  • A61K31/18—Sulfonamides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C303/00—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides
  • C07C303/36—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of amides of sulfonic acids
  • C07C303/40—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of amides of sulfonic acids by reactions not involving the formation of sulfonamide groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C311/22—Sulfonamides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms
  • C07C311/29—Sulfonamides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms having the sulfur atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2602/00—Systems containing two condensed rings
  • C07C2602/02—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having only two atoms in common
  • C07C2602/04—One of the condensed rings being a six-membered aromatic ring

Definitions

• the invention relates generally to the field of pharmaceutical science. More particularly, the invention relates to compounds and compositions useful as pharmaceuticals for inhibiting STAT3. More specifically, the invention relates to compounds and their use in methods for treating conditions such as cancer, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis.
• STAT3 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
• STAT3 is one of seven members of the STAT protein family, which are signaling intermediates that mediate the actions of many cytokines and growth factors.
• STAT3 is an oncogene. See Bromberg, J.F., et al, STAT3 as an oncogene , CELL, 1998, 295-303; published erratum appears in CELL, 1999 Oct. 15, 1999(2), 239.
• STAT3 is constitutively active in many different cancers including prostate, breast, lung, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, multiple myeloma, colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinomas, and large granular lymphocytic leukemia.
• Muscle wasting is a debilitating complication of catabolic conditions including chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, cancer, or serious infections.
• CKD chronic kidney disease
• myostatin reduced circulating levels of IL-6 and TNFa, suggesting a link between inflammation and muscle wasting as reported in clinical studies.
• STAT3 was found to be activated by the IL-6 family of cytokines, thus suggesting that the STAT3 pathway could be linked to loss of muscle mass.
• Hirano, T., el al. Signaling mechanisms through gp ISO: a model of the cytokine system, CYTOKINE GROWTH FACTOR REV., 1997, 8, 241-252.
• Fibrosis is a pathological process involving the accumulation of excessive extra cellular matrix in tissues, leading to tissue damage and organ dysfunction, which can progress to organ failure and death.
• the trigger is postulated to be an autoimmune response that leads to tissue injury, production of growth factors, pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines, and accumulation of myofibroblasts.
• Two potential sources of myofibroblasts are the differentiation of local fibroblasts and the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
• EMT epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
• IL-6 is a proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokine increasingly recognized as an important mediator of fibrosis that may contribute to the accumulation of myofibroblasts. After engaging its receptor, IL-6 signals through the STAT3.
• STAT3 represents a potentially important protein to target to treat fibrosis.
• Asthma affects 10% of the population worldwide and its prevalence has been increasing over the last decade. See Akinbami LJ, Moorman JE, Bailey C, Zahran HS, King M, Johnson CA, el al., Trends in asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality in the United States, 2001 e2010, NCHS DATA BRIEF, NO 94, HYATTSVILLE, MD: NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS, 2012. Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with multiple variants, the most widely recognized of which is the Th2 -phenotype, characterized by atopy, eosinophilia, and responsiveness to steroids. See , e.g.
• STAT3 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
• STAT3 is essential for Thl7 lymphocyte development and cytokine production and its activation is linked to the development of airway inflammation.
• STAT3 Upon activation, STAT3 is recruited to cytokine-activated receptor complexes and becomes phosphorylated at Tyr (Y) 705. Phosphotyrosylated (p) STAT3 homodimerizes through reciprocal SH2-pY705 interactions, translocates to the nucleus, and binds to promoters to transcriptionally activate genes that drive Thl 7 differentiation and production of multiple cytokines.
• STAT3 activation also is involved in Th2 cytokine production (Doganci A, Eigenbrod T, Krug N, De Sanctis GT, Hausding M, Erpenbeck VJ, el al ., The IL-6R alpha chain controls lung CD4+CD25+ Treg development and function during allergic airway inflammation in vivo , J CLIN INVEST 2005,
• impaired STAT3 function may also protect against endothelial permeability during anaphylaxis. Histamine-induced anaphylaxis was blunted in STAT3 mutant AD-HIES mice and in wild-type mice subjected to small molecule STAT3 inhibition. Likewise, histamine skin prick responses were diminished in AD-HIES patients. Human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells
• vascular endothelial (VE)-Cadherin and b-catenin vascular endothelial (VE)-Cadherin and b-catenin. Diminished STAT3-target mirl7-92 expression in AD-HIES HUVECS was associated with increases in PTEN— which inhibits Src, and E2F1— which regulates b-catenin cellular dynamics.
• STAT3 -dependent transcriptional activity regulates critical components for the architecture and functional dynamics of endothelial junctions and permeability. Long-term functional ablation of STAT3 prevents vascular mediator-induced dissolution of adherens junctions, and suggests that clinical conditions of excess vascular permeability, such as anaphylaxis, can be modulated via small molecule inhibition of STAT3.
• mediators such as histamine, platelet activating factor (PAF), and thrombin act on target vascular endothelium to increase nitric oxide synthesis (Palmer, R. M., Ferrige, A. G. & Moncada, S., Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, NATURE 327, 524-526, doi: l0.l038/327524a0 (1987)), intracellular calcium release (Valone, F. H.
• mediators such as histamine, platelet activating factor (PAF), and thrombin act on target vascular endothelium to increase nitric oxide synthesis (Palmer, R. M., Ferrige, A. G. & Moncada, S., Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, NATURE 327, 524-526, doi: l0.l038/327524a0 (1987)), intracellular calcium release (Valone, F. H.
• Endothelial adherens junctions regulate vascular leak and are formed by VE-cadherin linked by its cytoplasmic tail to intracellular anchors such as alpha-catenin, b-catenin, and plakoglobin (Andriopoulou, P., Navarro, P., Zanetti, A., Lampugnani, M. G. & Dejana, E., Histamine induces tyrosine phosphorylation of endothelial cell-to-cell adherens junctions , ARTERIOSCLEROSIS,
• Vascular permeability can be achieved by uncoupling VE-cadherin from b-catenin via a Src/Yes kinase-dependent mechanism (Wiere, Y. et al. , Src kinase phosphorylates vascular endothelial-cadherin in response to vascular endothelial growth factor: identification of tyrosine 685 as the unique target site, ONCOGENE 26, 1067-1077, doi: 10. l038/sj . one.1209855 (2007); Weis, S., Cui, J., Barnes, L.
• IL-6- and IL1 l-induced vascular leakage down-regulation of VE-cadherin concomitant with phosphorylation of STAT3, and the STAT3/mirl7-92/E2Fl dependent regulation of b-catenin nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity.
• STAT3 down-regulation of VE-cadherin concomitant with phosphorylation of STAT3
• STAT3/mirl7-92/E2Fl dependent regulation of b-catenin nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity See , e.g. , Wei, L. H. el al, The role of IL-6 trans-signaling in vascular leakage: implications for ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome in a murine model , THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 98, E472-484, doi: l0.
• IBD ulcerative colitis
• CD Crohn’s disease
• n 2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• n 3 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
• each occurrence of Ri is independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, CF 3 , OCF 3 , ORa, or SRa.
• Ri is H.
• m is 0, 1, or 2.
• m is 1.
• each occurrence of R2 is independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, CF 3 , OCF 3 , ORa, or SRa.
• R2 is H.
• m is 0, 1, or 2.
• m is 1.
• m is 0.
• R3 is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, or CF3.
• R3 is alkyl, alkenyl, or cycloalkyl.
• R3 is H.
• R 4 is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, or ORa.
• R 4 is alkyl, alkenyl, or cycloalkyl.
• R 4 is OH. [0039] In any one or more of the embodiments described herein, R 4 is OMe.
• Rs, R6, and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, and CF3.
• Rs, R6, and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of OCF3, ORa, and SR a .
• Rs, R6, and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of OCF3 and ORa.
• m is 0, 1, or 2.
• each occurrence of Ra is independently hydrogen, alkyl, heterocycle, or aryl.
• each occurrence of Rb and Re is independently hydrogen, alkyl, heterocycle, or aryl.
• each occurrence of Rb and Rc is independently hydrogen or alkyl.
• Rb and Rc together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle comprising 1-4 heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S.
• R 2 is H, OH, alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, NRbRc, CF 3 , OCF 3 , or CN.
• R2 is NH2, OH, OMe, OEt, OCH2CH2CH3, or OCH(CH 3 )2.
• R2 is OMe.
• R is H, OH, alkyl, alkoxy, or halogen.
• R 3 is H.
• R 4 is H, alkyl, OH, NH2, alkoxy, halogen, CF3, or CN.
• R 4 is OH.
• the compound has the structure of Formula III,
• the compound is selected from the group consisting of the compounds in Table lb, or a pharmaceutically- acceptable salt thereof.
• a pharmaceutical composition is described, including at least one compound according to any one of the embodiments disclosed herein, or a
• a method of inhibiting STAT3 in a cell including delivering to the cell an effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of the embodiments disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the mammal is a human, a dog, a cat, a horse, a cow, a pig, a sheep, or a goat.
• the cell is a cancer cell.
• the method further includes inducing apoptosis in the cancer cell.
• the method further includes inhibiting angiogenesis in a tumor, enhancing anti-tumor immune-mediated cytotoxicity, decreasing tumor growth, improving the mammal’s survival, inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation, and/or inhibiting nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of STAT3.
• the human is suffering from, or known, suspected, or at risk for developing a neurodegenerative disease
• anaphylaxis muscle wasting, muscle weakness, cachexia, asthma, ulcerative colitis, non alcoholic fatty liver disease, fibrosis, steatohepatitis, chagasic cardiomyopathy, scleroderma, a hyperproliferative disease, a viral infection, myelodysplastic syndrome, asthma, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, uveitis, scleritis, multiple sclerosis, graft-versus-host diseases, pancreatitis, pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, age-related macular degeneration, amyloidosis, astrogliosis in Alzheimer’s or other neurodegenerative disease, or a combination thereof.
• the hyperproliferative disease is selected from the group consisting of head and neck cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer, kidney cancer, testicular cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, gastric cancer, metastatic melanoma, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, bone cancer, spleen cancer, gall bladder cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, anal cancer, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, restenosis, myelodysplastic syndrome, and leukemia.
• the leukemia is acute myelogenous leukemia.
• the fibrosis is selected from the group consisting of pulmonary fibrosis, bone marrow fibrosis, intestine fibrosis, pancreas fibrosis, joint fibrosis, liver fibrosis, retroperionteum, myelofibrosis, and dermal fibrosis.
• the viral infection is a chronic viral infection.
• the chronic viral infection is AIDS, HIV infection, Hepatitis B virus infection, Hepatitis C virus infection, or Epstein-Barr virus infection.
• hyperproliferative disease a viral infection, myelodysplastic syndrome, asthma, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, uveitis, scleritis, multiple sclerosis, graft-versus-host diseases, pancreatitis, pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, age-related macular degeneration, amyloidosis, astrogliosis in Alzheimer’s or other neurodegenerative disease, and a combination thereof.
• the mammalian species is a human, a dog, a cat, a horse, a cow, a pig, a sheep, or a goat.
• the mammalian species is a human.
• the leukemia is acute myelogenous leukemia.
• the viral infection is a chronic viral infection.
• the disorder is asthma, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, uveitis, scleritis, multiple sclerosis, graft-versus-host diseases, pancreatitis, pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, age-related macular degeneration, or amyloidosis.
• the disorder is selected from the group consisting of muscle wasting, muscle weakness, cachexia, and a combination thereof; and the human has or is at risk of having muscle wasting, cachexia, renal failure, cancer, AIDS, HIV infection, chronic obstructive lung disease (including emphysema), multiple sclerosis, congestive heart failure, tuberculosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, acrodynia, hormonal deficiency, metabolic acidosis, infectious disease, chronic pancreatitis, autoimmune disorder, celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, electrolyte imbalance, Addison’s disease, sepsis, bums, trauma, fever, long-bone fracture, hyperthyroidism, prolonged steroid therapy, surgery, bone marrow transplant, atypical pneumonia, brucellosis, endocarditis, Hepatitis B, lung abscess, mastocytosis, parane
• chronic obstructive lung disease including emphys
• the chronic obstructive lung disease is emphysema.
• the neurodegenerative disease is chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy, or chemobrain.
• a method of making a compound of Formula I including the step of oxidizing a compound of Formula lx to form the compound of Formula I using an oxidation reagent in step a):
• n 2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• n 3 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
• each occurrence of Ra, Rb, and Rc is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; or said R b and Rc together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle comprising 1-4 heteroatoms.
• the oxidation reagent is selected from the group consisting of NaI0 4 , H2O2, MCPBA, and a combination thereof.
• the oxidation reagent is NaI0 4.
• NaI0 4 is prepared in situ.
• the oxidation reagent is used in the amount of 1.5-4.0 equivalence to the compound of Formula lx.
• the oxidation reagent is used in the amount of 2.0-3.5 equivalence to the compound of Formula lx.
• step a) is conducted for 12 hours to 2 days.
• step a) is conducted for 1 day.
• each occurrence of Ri is independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, CF 3 , OCF 3 , OR a , or SR a.
• each occurrence of Ri is H.
• each occurrence of R2 is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, CF3, OCF3, OR a , or SR a .
• R2 is OMe and m is 1.
• R3 is OCF3, OR a , SR ⁇ ,
• R3 is H.
• Formula lx has the structure of Formula
• alkyl and“alk” refer to a straight or branched chain alkane
• hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• exemplary“alkyl” groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, and the like.
• (C1-C4) alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain alkane (hydrocarbon) radical containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, and isobutyl.
• “Substituted alkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment.
• each occurrence ofR ⁇ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said Rb and Rc together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R e is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl.
• groups such as alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkenyl,
• alkenyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
• Exemplary such groups include ethenyl or allyl.
• C2-C6 alkenyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond, such as ethylenyl, propenyl, 2-propenyl, (£)-but-2-enyl, (Z)-but- 2-enyl, 2-methy(£)-but-2-enyl, 2-methy(Z)-but-2-enyl, 2,3-dimethy-but-2-enyl, (Z)- pent-2- enyl, (£)-pent-l-enyl, (Z)- hex-l-enyl, (£)-pent-2-enyl, (Z)- hex-2-enyl, (£)-hex-2-enyl, (Z)- hex-l-enyl, (£)-hex-l-enyl, (
• Substituted alkenyl refers to an alkenyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment.
• each occurrence of Ra is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R b and Rc together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of Re is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl.
• the exemplary substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• alkynyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at least one carbon to carbon triple bond.
• Exemplary such groups include ethynyl.
• C 2 -C 6 alkynyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, such as ethynyl, prop-l-ynyl, prop-2-ynyl, but-l-ynyl, but-2-ynyl, pent-l-ynyl, pent-2-ynyl, hex-l-ynyl, hex-2-ynyl, or hex-3-ynyl.
• Substituted alkynyl refers to an alkynyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment.
• each occurrence of Ra is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of Rb, Rc and Rd is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said Rb and Rc, together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R e is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl.
• the exemplary substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• cycloalkyl refers to a fully-saturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 4 rings and 3 to 8 carbons per ring.
• C3-C7 cycloalkyl refers to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl.
• “Substituted cycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment.
• R a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl
• Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R b and Rc together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle
• each occurrence of Re is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl.
• exemplary substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• exemplary substituents also include spiro-attached or fused cyclic substituents, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro- attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle, and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• cycloalkenyl refers to a partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 4 rings and 3 to 8 carbons per ring. Exemplary such groups include cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, etc.“Substituted cycloalkenyl” refers to a cycloalkenyl group substituted with one more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment.
• exemplary substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• exemplary substituents also include spiro-attached or fused cyclic substituents, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle, and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• aryl refers to cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon groups that have 1 to 5 aromatic rings, especially monocyclic or bicyclic groups such as phenyl, biphenyl, or naphthyl. Where containing two or more aromatic rings (bicyclic, etc ), the aromatic rings of the aryl group may be joined at a single point ( e.g ., biphenyl), or fused (e.g., naphthyl, phenanthrenyl, and the like). “Substituted aryl” refers to an aryl group substituted by one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 3 substituents, at any available point of attachment.
• exemplary substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• exemplary substituents also include fused cyclic groups, especially fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle, and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• the term“carbocycle” refers to a fully saturated or partially saturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 4 rings and 3 to 8 carbons per ring, or cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon groups that have 1 to 5 aromatic rings, especially monocyclic or bicyclic groups such as phenyl, biphenyl, or naphthyl.
• the term“carbocycle” encompasses cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, and aryl as defined hereinabove.
• substituted carbocycle refers to carbocycle or carbocyclic groups substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment.
• substituents include, but are not limited to, those described above for substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkynyl, and substituted aryl.
• substituents also include spiro-attached or fused cyclic substituents at any available point or points of attachment, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle, and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• heterocycle and“heterocyclic” refer to fully saturated, or partially or fully unsaturated, including aromatic (i.e.,“heteroaryl”) cyclic groups (for example, 4 to 7 membered monocyclic, 7 to 11 membered bicyclic, or 8 to 16 membered tricyclic ring systems) which have at least one heteroatom in at least one carbon atom-containing ring.
• aromatic (i.e.,“heteroaryl”) cyclic groups for example, 4 to 7 membered monocyclic, 7 to 11 membered bicyclic, or 8 to 16 membered tricyclic ring systems
• Each ring of the heterocyclic group containing a heteroatom may have 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, and/or sulfur atoms, where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized.
• heteroarylium refers to a heteroaryl group bearing a quaternary nitrogen atom and thus a positive charge.
• the heterocyclic group may be attached to the remainder of the molecule at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring or ring system.
• Exemplary monocyclic heterocyclic groups include azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, oxetanyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, thienyl, oxadiazolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2- oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, azepinyl,
• hexahydrodiazepinyl 4-piperidonyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiamorpholinyl sulfone, l,3-dioxolane and tetrahydro-l,l-dioxothienyl, and the like.
• bicyclic heterocyclic groups include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzo[d][l,3]dioxolyl, 2,3- dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxinyl, quinuclidinyl, quinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl,
• Exemplary tricyclic heterocyclic groups include carbazolyl, benzidolyl, phenanthrolinyl, acridinyl
• Substituted heterocycle and“substituted heterocyclic” refer to heterocycle or heterocyclic groups substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment.
• each occurrence of R a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said Rb and Rc together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of Re is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl.
• exemplary substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• exemplary substituents also include spiro-attached or fused cyclic substituents at any available point or points of attachment, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle, and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.
• alkylamino refers to a group having the structure -NHR’, wherein R’ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, or cycloalkyl or substituted cyclolakyl, as defined herein.
• alkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, methylamino, ethylamino, n-propylamino, iso-propylamino, cyclopropylamino, n-butylamino, tert- butylamino, neopentylamino, n-pentylamino, hexylamino, cyclohexylamino, and the like.
• dialkylamino refers to a group having the structure -NRR’, wherein R and R’ are each independently alkyl or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cyclolalkenyl, aryl or substituted aryl, or heterocylyl or substituted heterocyclyl, as defined herein. R and R’ may be the same or different in a dialkyamino moiety.
• dialkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino, methyl ethylamino, diethylamino, methylpropylamino, di(n-propyl)amino, di(iso-propyl)amino, di(cyclopropyl)amino, di(n-butyl)amino, di(tert-butyl)amino, di(neopentyl)amino, di(n-pentyl)amino, di(hexyl)amino, di(cyclohexyl)amino, and the like.
• R and R’ are linked to form a cyclic structure.
• the resulting cyclic structure may be aromatic or non-aromatic.
• Examples of cyclic diaminoalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, aziridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, l,3,4-trianolyl, and tetrazolyl.
• halogen or“halo” refer to chlorine, bromine, fluorine, or iodine.
• any heteroatom with unsatisfied valences is assumed to have hydrogen atoms sufficient to satisfy the valences.
• the compounds of the present invention may form salts which are also within the scope of this invention.
• Reference to a compound of the present invention is understood to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwise indicated.
• the term“salt(s),” as employed herein, denotes acidic and/or basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids and bases.
• zwitterions inner salts may be formed and are included within the term“salt(s)” as used herein.
• Salts of the compounds of the present invention may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound described herein with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by
• the compounds of the present invention which contain a basic moiety, such as but not limited to an amine or a pyridine or imidazole ring, may form salts with a variety of organic and inorganic acids.
• Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates (such as those formed with acetic acid or trihaloacetic acid, for example, trifluoroacetic acid), adipates, alginates, ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, cyclopentane propionates, digluconates, dodecylsulfates, ethanesulfonates, fumarates, glucoheptanoates, glycerophosphates, hemisulfates, heptanoates, hexanoates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides,
• methanesulfonates methanesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates (e.g, 2-naphthalenesulfonates), nicotinates, nitrates, oxalates, pectinates, persulfates, phenylpropionates (e.g, 3-phenylpropionates), phosphates, picrates, pivalates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates (such as those formed with sulfuric acid), sulfonates, tartrates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates such as tosylates, undecanoates, and the like.
• naphthalenesulfonates e.g, 2-naphthalenesulfonates
• nicotinates nitrates, oxalates
• pectinates persulfates
• phenylpropionates
• the compounds of the present invention which contain an acidic moiety may form salts with a variety of organic and inorganic bases.
• Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as benzathines, dicyclohexylamines, hydrabamines (formed with N,N-bis(dehydroabietyl) ethylenediamine), N-methyl-D- glucamines, N-methyl-D-glycamides, t-butyl amines, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the like.
• Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g ., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g, decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and stearyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g, benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.
• lower alkyl halides e.g methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides
• dialkyl sulfates e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulf
• Prodrugs and solvates of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated herein.
• the term“prodrug” as employed herein denotes a compound that, upon
• Solvates of the compounds of the present invention include, for example, hydrates.
• the compound as described herein may be a prodrug itself and, upon administration to a subject, undergoes chemical conversion by metabolic or chemical processes to yield a compound or a salt and/or solvate thereof having desirable biological activities.
• All stereoisomers of the present compounds are contemplated within the scope of this invention.
• Individual stereoisomers of the compounds of the invention may, for example, be substantially free of other isomers (e.g, as a pure or substantially pure optical isomer having a specified activity), or may be admixed, for example, as racemates or with all other, or other selected, stereoisomers.
• the chiral centers of the present invention may have the S or R configuration as defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) 1974
• racemic forms can be resolved by physical methods, such as, for example, fractional crystallization, separation or crystallization of diastereomeric derivatives, or separation by chiral column chromatography.
• the individual optical isomers can be obtained from the racemates by any suitable method, including without limitation, conventional methods, such as, for example, salt formation with an optically active acid followed by crystallization.
• Compounds of the present invention are, subsequent to their preparation, preferably isolated and purified to obtain a composition containing an amount by weight equal to or greater than 90%, for example, equal to greater than 95%, equal to or greater than 99% of the compounds (“substantially pure” compounds), which is then used or formulated as described herein. Such“substantially pure” compounds of the present invention are also contemplated herein as part of the present invention.
• Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in particular geometric or stereoisomeric forms.
• the present invention contemplates all such compounds, including cis- and trans- isomers, R- and ⁇ -enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemic mixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within the scope of the invention.
• Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.
• Isomeric mixtures containing any of a variety of isomer ratios may be utilized in accordance with the present invention. For example, where only two isomers are combined, mixtures containing 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90: 10, 95:5, 96:4, 97:3, 98:2, 99: 1, or 100:0 isomer ratios are all contemplated by the present invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that analogous ratios are contemplated for more complex isomer mixtures.
• the present invention also includes isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to the compounds disclosed herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the present invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, U C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 0, 17 0, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, and 36 Cl, respectively.
• Compounds of the present invention or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, which contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention.
• Certain isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H and 14 C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, /. e. , 3 H, and carbon-l4, /. e. , 14 C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability.
• isotopically labeled compounds can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples below, by substituting a readily-available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
• a particular enantiomer of a compound of the present invention may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, or by derivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomeric mixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the pure desired enantiomers.
• the molecule contains a basic functional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such as carboxyl,
• diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriate optically active acid or base, followed by resolution of the diastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization or chromatographic means well known in the art, and subsequent recovery of the pure enantiomers.
• the compounds, as described herein, may be substituted with any number of substituents or functional moieties.
• the term“substituted” whether preceded by the term“optionally” or not, and substituents contained in formulas of this invention, refer to the replacement of hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent. When more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position.
• the term“substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds.
• the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic, substituents of organic compounds.
• heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms.
• this invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds.
• Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable compounds useful in the treatment, for example, of infectious diseases or proliferative disorders.
• the term“stable,” as used herein, preferably refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintain the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be detected and preferably for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein.
• the term inhibitor of STAT3 as used herein refers to one or more molecules that interfere at least in part with the activity of STAT3 to perform one or more activities, including the ability of STAT3 to bind to a molecule and/or the ability to be phosphorylated.
• the term“pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• cancer and equivalently,“tumor” refer to a condition in which abnormally replicating cells of host origin are present in a detectable amount in a subject.
• the cancer can be a malignant or non-malignant cancer. Cancers or tumors include but are not limited to biliary tract cancer; brain cancer; breast cancer; cervical cancer;
• choriocarcinoma colon cancer; endometrial cancer; esophageal cancer; gastric (stomach) cancer; intraepithelial neoplasms; leukemias; lymphomas; liver cancer; lung cancer ( e.g ., small cell and non-small cell); melanoma; neuroblastomas; oral cancer; ovarian cancer;
• pancreatic cancer pancreatic cancer
• prostate cancer rectal cancer
• renal (kidney) cancer renal (kidney) cancer
• sarcomas skin cancer
• testicular cancer testicular cancer
• thyroid cancer as well as other carcinomas and sarcomas.
• Cancers can be primary or metastatic.
• the term“at risk for having cancer” is used herein to refer to patients that have a chance to have cancer because of past, present, or future factors. These factors can include but are not limited to: patient history, family history, identification of markers of generic or tissue-specific cancer such as BRACA-l or CEA, age, race, diet, being a smoker, or certain exposures such as chemical or radiation exposure.
• the term“at risk for having muscle wasting” as used herein refers to an individual that is at risk for having less than their normal level of strength or too little muscle or having loss in muscle, such as an individual that has an underlying medical condition with such a symptom, or is elderly.
• an individual at risk for having cachexia is one that has an underlying condition that is known to cause or be associated with cachexia as at least one symptom.
• the condition may or may not be chronic.
• hyperthyroidism prolonged steroid therapy, surgery, bone marrow transplant, atypical pneumonia, brucellosis, endocarditis, Hepatitis B, lung abscess, mastocytosis, paraneoplastic syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myositis, polymyositis, dematomyosytis, rheumatological diseases, autoimmune disease, collagen- vascular disease, visceral leishmaniasis, prolonged bed rest, and/or addiction to drugs, such as amphetamine, opiates, or barbiturates.
• the term“at risk for having fibrosis” is used herein to refer to individuals that have a chance to have fibrosis because of past, present, or future factors.
• mammal is an appropriate subject for the method of the present invention.
• a mammal may be any member of the higher vertebrate class Mammalia, including humans; characterized by live birth, body hair, and mammary glands in the female that secrete milk for feeding the young. Additionally, mammals are characterized by their ability to maintain a constant body temperature despite changing climatic conditions.
• mammals examples include humans, cats, dogs, cows, mice, rats, and chimpanzees. Mammals may be referred to as“patients” or“subjects” or“individuals.”
• an effective amount refers to any amount that is necessary or sufficient for achieving or promoting a desired outcome.
• an effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount.
• a therapeutically effective amount is any amount that is necessary or sufficient for promoting or achieving a desired biological response in a subject.
• the effective amount for any particular application can vary depending on such factors as the disease or condition being treated, the particular agent being administered, the size of the subject, or the severity of the disease or condition.
• One of ordinary skill in the art can empirically determine the effective amount of a particular agent without necessitating undue experimentation.
• n 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
• n 2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• n 3 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
• each occurrence of Ra, Rb, and Rc is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; or said R b and Rc together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle comprising 1-4 heteroatoms.
• each occurrence of Ri is independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, CF 3 , OCF 3 , OR a , or SR a .
• each occurrence of Ri is independently alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heterocycle.
• Ri is H, Me, Et, Pr, i-Pr, Bu, or i- Bu.
• Ri is H, OH, SH, NH2, CF3, or OCF3.
• Ri is H.
• n is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 0. In some particular embodiments, Ri is H and m is 0.
• each occurrence of R2 is independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, CF3, OCF3, OR a , or SR a.
• each occurrence of R2 is independently alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heterocycle.
• R2 is H, Me, Et, Pr, i-Pr, Bu, or i- Bu.
• R2 is H, OH, SH, NH2, CF3, or OCF3.
• R2 is H.
• Ri and R2 are both H.
• R2 is H, OH, SH, NH2, CF3, or OCF3.
• R 4 is OH.
• Rs is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heterocycle.
• Rs is H, Me, Et, Pr, i-Pr, Bu, or i- Bu.
• Rs is H, OH, SH, NH2, CF3, or OCF3.
• Rs is H.
• R6 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heterocycle.
• R6 is H, Me, Et, Pr, i-Pr, Bu, or i- Bu.
• R6 is H, OH, SH, NH2, CF3, or OCF3. In some embodiments, R6 is H.
• each occurrence of R7 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heterocycle.
• each occurrence of R7 is independently H, Me, Et, Pr, i-Pr, Bu, or i-Bu.
• each occurrence of R7 is independently H, OH, SH, NH2, CF3, or OCF3.
• R7 is H.
• each occurrence of Rs, R 6 , and R7 is H.
• each occurrence of R a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, heterocycle, or aryl. In some embodiments, each occurrence of R a is independently hydrogen or alkyl. In some embodiments, each occurrence of is independently H, Me, Et, Pr, i-Pr, Bu, or i-Bu.
• each occurrence of Rb and Re is independently hydrogen, alkyl, heterocycle, or aryl. In some embodiments, each occurrence of Rb and Rc is independently hydrogen or alkyl.
• Rb and R c together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle comprising 1-4 heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S.
• Rb and Rc together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded form optionally substituted morpholine, piperidine, or piperazine.
• the compound has the structure of Formula II:
• R2 is H, OH, alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, NRbRc, CF3, OCF3, or CN. In some embodiments, R2 is NH 2 , OH, OMe, OEt, OCH2CH2CH3, or OCH(CH 3 )2.
• R2 is OMe, OEt, OPr, OBu, or O-iBu. In some embodiments, R2 is OMe.
• R3 is H, OH, alkyl, alkoxy, or halogen. In some embodiments, R3 is H, Me, Et, Pr, i-Pr, Bu, or i-Bu. In some embodiments, R3 is H.
• R 4 is H, alkyl, OH, NH2, alkoxy, halogen, CF3, or CN. In some embodiments, R 4 is H, OH, or alkoxy. In some embodiments, R 4 is OH. In some embodiments, R 4 is H.
• the compound has the structure of Formula III,
• the compound of Formula I is selected from the Examples of compounds shown in Table la, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the enumerated compounds in Table la are representative and non-limiting examples of compounds of Formula I.
• the compound of Formula II is selected from the Examples of compounds shown in Table lb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the enumerated compounds in Table lb are representative and non-limiting examples of compounds of Formula II.
• Schemes 1-4 describe which may be used for the synthesis of compounds having the structure of Formula I, where Ri, R2, R3, R4, Rs, R6, R7, m, m, and m are defined according to any one of the embodiments disclosed herein. Because compounds of Formulae II and III are encompassed by Formula I, these compounds can be prepared using the same methods described in Schemes 1-4. Various modifications to these methods may be envisioned by those skilled in the art to achieve similar results given below. The starting materials and reagents used in the method described in Schemes 1-4 are commercially available or can be prepared by methods known in the art.
• Step a aminonaphthelene X is reacted with phenulsulfonyl chloride XI to afford sulfonamide XII.
• phenulsulfonyl chloride XI is reacted with phenulsulfonyl chloride XI to afford sulfonamide XII.
• any salt of aminonaphthelene X can be used as starting material as well.
• the salts include HC1, H2SO4, HNO3, or HAc salt or any other salts known in the art.
• Any suitable base, organic or inorganic, may be used in step a.
• suitable bases include CFbCOONa, Na2C03, K2CO 3 , NaOH, KOH, CsOH, sodium hydride, potassium carbonate, triethylamine, and diisopropylethylamine.
• suitable solvents for this reaction include DMSO, ethanol, water, THF, methylene chloride, acetonitrile, chloroform, or toluene.
• sulfonamide XII is oxidized using one or more oxidation agents to afford
• Suitable oxidation agents for this reaction include NaI0 4 , H2O2, and MCPB A.
• suitable solvents for this reaction include DMSO, ethanol, water, THF, methylene chloride, acetonitrile, chloroform, or toluene.
• lewis acids may be used to facilitate this coupling reaction.
• suitable lewis acids for this reaction include BF3, FeCh, FeCb, CuCh, and AlCb.
• suitable solvents for this reaction include DMSO, ethanol, water, THF, methylene chloride, acetonitrile, chloroform, and toluene.
• the obtained compound of Formula lx is oxidized using one or more oxidation agents to afford compound of Formula I.
• suitable oxidation agents for this reaction include NaI0 4 , H2O2, and MCPB A.
• suitable solvents for this reaction include DMSO, ethanol, water, THF, methylene chloride, acetonitrile, chloroform, or toluene.
• n 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
• n 2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• the oxidation reagent is selected from the group consisting of NaI0 4 , H2O2, MCPBA, and a combination thereof.
• the oxidation reagent is NaI0 4.
• NaI0 4 is prepared in situ.
• the oxidation reagent is used in the amount of about 1.5- 4.0 equivalence to the compound of Formula lx. In some embodiments, the oxidation reagent is used in the amount of about 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, or 4.0 equivalence to the compound of Formula lx, or in an equivalence in an range bounded by any two values disclosed herein.
• the oxidation reagent is used in the amount of about 2.0- 3.5 equivalence to the compound of Formula lx. In some embodiments, the oxidation reagent is used in the amount of about 2.5 equivalence to the compound of Formula lx.
• step a is conducted for about 12 hours to about 2 days. In any one or more of the embodiments described herein, step a is conducted for about 1 day.
• each occurrence of Ri is independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, CF3, OCF3, OR a , or SR a.
• each occurrence of Ri is H.
• each occurrence of R2 is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, CF3, OCF3, OR a , or SR a .
• R2 is OMe and m is 1.
• Formula lx has the structure of Formula
• a method of inhibiting STAT3 in a cell comprising delivering to the cell an effective amount of at least one compound according to any one or more of the embodiments described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the cell is in vivo in a mammal.
• the mammal is a human, a dog, a cat, a horse, a cow, a pig, a sheep, goat, or a Kenyan devil.
• the mammal is a human.
• the cell is a cancer cell.
• the method further includes inducing apoptosis in the cancer cell.
• the method further includes inhibiting angiogenesis in a tumor, enhancing anti-tumor immune-mediated cytotoxicity, decreasing tumor growth, improving the mammal’s survival, inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation, and/or inhibiting nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of STAT3.
• neurodegenerative disease or a combination thereof.
• the hyperproliferative disease is selected from the group consisting of head and neck cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer, kidney cancer, testicular cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, gastric cancer, metastatic melanoma, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, bone cancer, spleen cancer, gall bladder cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, anal cancer, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, restenosis, myelodysplastic syndrome, and leukemia.
• the leukemia is acute myelogenous leukemia.
• the fibrosis is selected from the group consisting of pulmonary fibrosis, bone marrow fibrosis, intestine fibrosis, pancreatic fibrosis, joint fibrosis, liver fibrosis, retroperionteum, myelofibrosis, and dermal fibrosis.
• the viral infection is a chronic viral infection.
• the chronic viral infection is AIDS, HIV infection, Hepatitis B virus infection, Hepatitis C virus infection, or Epstein-Barr virus infection.
• the disorder is asthma, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, uveitis, scleritis, multiple sclerosis, graft-versus-host diseases, pancreatitis, pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, age-related macular degeneration, or amyloidosis.
• the anaphylaxis comprises anaphylactic shock.
• the disorder is selected from the group consisting of muscle wasting, muscle weakness, cachexia, and a combination thereof; and the human has or is at risk of having muscle wasting, cachexia, renal failure, cancer, AIDS, HIV infection, chronic obstructive lung disease (including emphysema), multiple sclerosis, congestive heart failure, tuberculosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, acrodynia, hormonal deficiency, metabolic acidosis, infectious disease, chronic pancreatitis, autoimmune disorder, celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, electrolyte imbalance, Addison’s disease, sepsis, burns, trauma, fever, long bone fracture, hyperthyroidism, prolonged steroid therapy, surgery, bone marrow transplant, atypical pneumonia, brucellosis, endocarditis, Hepatitis B, lung abscess, mastocytosis, paraneoplastic syndrome, polyarteritis no
• a method of treating or preventing a disorder in a mammalian species in need thereof comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to any one or more embodiments described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the disorder is selected from the group consisting of a neurodegenerative disease, anaphylaxis, muscle wasting, muscle weakness, cachexia, asthma, ulcerative colitis, non alcoholic fatty liver disease, fibrosis, steatohepatitis, chagasic cardiomyopathy, scleroderma, a hyperproliferative disease, a viral infection, myelodysplastic syndrome, asthma, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, uveitis, scleritis, multiple sclerosis, graft-versus-host diseases, pancreatitis, pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, age-related macular degeneration, amyloidosis, and
• the mammalian species is a human, a dog, a cat, a horse, a cow, a pig, a sheep, or a goat. In some embodiments, the mammalian species is a human. In some embodiments, the human is suffering from, at risk of having, or susceptible to have a disorder.
• the disorder is selected from the group consisting of a neurodegenerative disease, anaphylaxis, muscle wasting, muscle weakness, cachexia, asthma, ulcerative colitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, fibrosis, steatohepatitis, chagasic cardiomyopathy, scleroderma, a hyperproliferative disease, a viral infection, myelodysplastic syndrome, asthma, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, uveitis, scleritis, multiple sclerosis, graft-versus-host diseases, pancreatitis, pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, age-related macular degeneration, amyloidosis, and a
• the neurodegenerative disease is chemotherapy- induced peripheral neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy or chemobrain.
• STAT3 cellular inhibiton can be assayed using PY-Stat3 antibodies to measure PY-stat3 analyze in lysates of cells by luminex beads, immunoblotting, or eliza or in slides of tissue by immunohistochemistry in peripheral blood mononuclear cell and tumor cell lines (kasumi-l) in tumor samples.
• This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one of the compounds as described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• phrases“pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent, or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject pharmaceutical agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
• Each carrier must be“acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient.
• materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose, and sucrose; starches, such as com starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, com oil, and soybean oil; glycols, such as butylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic s
• carrier denotes an organic or inorganic ingredient, natural or synthetic, with which the active ingredient is combined to facilitate the application.
• the components of the pharmaceutical compositions also are capable of being comingled with the compounds of the present invention, and with each other, in a manner such that there is no interaction which would substantially impair the desired pharmaceutical efficiency.
• certain embodiments of the present pharmaceutical agents may be provided in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic, and organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed.
• Representative salts include the
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the subject compounds include the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts of the compounds, e.g ., from non toxic organic or inorganic acids.
• such conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, butionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like.
• the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups, and thus are capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic, and organic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
• Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum salts, and the like.
• Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine,
• wetting agents, emulsifiers, and lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium stearate, and polyethylene oxide-polybutylene oxide copolymer, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives, and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
• Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal, and/or parenteral administration.
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
• the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated and the particular mode of administration.
• the amount of active ingredient, which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect.
• Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association a compound of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients.
• the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely-divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
• Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non- aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouthwashes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient.
• a compound of the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary, or paste.
• the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose, and/or acacia; humectants, such as glycerol;
• pharmaceutically acceptable carriers such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose, and/or acacia; humectants, such as glycerol;
• disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, sodium carbonate, and sodium starch glycolate; solution-retarding agents, such as paraffin; absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol, glycerol monostearate, and polyethylene oxide-polybutylene oxide copolymer; absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay;
• a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxybutylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active, or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• binder for example, gelatin or hydroxybutylmethyl cellulose
• lubricant for example, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active, or dispersing agent.
• the tablets and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well-known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxybutylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes, and/or microspheres.
• compositions may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions, which can be dissolved in sterile water or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use.
• These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a compositions that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
• embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
• the active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs.
• the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, butylene glycol, 1, 3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
• inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents
• cyclodextrins e.g ., hydroxybutyl-P-cyclodextrin
• the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming, and preservative agents.
• Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax, or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active pharmaceutical agents of the invention.
• suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax, or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active pharmaceutical agents of the invention.
• administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams, or spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
• Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches, and inhalants.
• the active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required.
• the ointments, pastes, creams, and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc, and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc, and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates, and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances.
• Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane.
• Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body.
• dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the pharmaceutical agents in the proper medium.
• Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the pharmaceutical agents of the invention across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
• Ophthalmic formulations are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
• compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral
• administration comprise one or more compounds of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, or suspending or thickening agents.
• the absorption of the drug in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.
• One strategy for depot injections includes the use of polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide copolymers wherein the vehicle is fluid at room temperature and solidifies at body temperature.
• Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly (orthoesters) and poly (anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions, which are compatible with body tissue.
• compositions containing, for example, 0.1% to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5% to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be employed in combination therapies, that is, the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, one or more other desired therapeutics or medical procedures.
• the particular combination of therapies (therapeutics or procedures) to employ in a combination regimen will take into account compatibility of the desired therapeutics and/or procedures and the desired therapeutic effect to be achieved.
• the therapies employed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder (for example, the compound of the present invention may be administered concurrently with another anti-inflammatory or immunosupressant agent); such as but not limited to NSAIDS, DMARDS, steroids, or biologies such as antibody therapies), or they may achieve different effects (e.g., control of any adverse effects).
• the compounds of the invention may be administered intravenously,
• the compounds may be used to treat arthritic conditions in mammals (e.g, humans, livestock, and domestic animals), race horses, birds, lizards, and any other organism which can tolerate the compounds.
• the invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
• a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
• Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use, or sale of
• compositions useful according to the methods of the present invention thus can be formulated in any manner suitable for pharmaceutical use.
• compositions of the invention are administered in pharmaceutically acceptable solutions which may routinely contain pharmaceutically acceptable concentrations of salt, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, adjuvants, and optionally other therapeutic ingredients.
• an effective amount of the compound can be administered to a subject by any mode allowing the compound to be taken up by the appropriate target cells.
• administering the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be
• Specific routes of administration include but are not limited to oral, transdermal ( e.g ., via a patch), parenteral injection
• An injection can be in a bolus or a continuous infusion.
• compositions according to the invention are often administered by intravenous, intramuscular, or other parenteral means. They can also be administered by intranasal application, inhalation, topically, orally, or as implants, and even rectal or vaginal use is possible.
• Suitable liquid or solid pharmaceutical preparation forms are, for example, aqueous or saline solutions for injection or inhalation, microencapsulated, encochleated, coated onto microscopic gold particles, contained in liposomes, nebulized, aerosols, pellets for implantation into the skin, or dried onto a sharp object to be scratched into the skin.
• the pharmaceutical compositions also include granules, powders, tablets, coated tablets, (micro)capsules, suppositories, syrups, emulsions, suspensions, creams, drops, or preparations with protracted release of active compounds, in whose preparation excipients and additives and/or auxiliaries such as disintegrants, binders, coating agents, swelling agents, lubricants, flavorings, sweeteners, or solubilizers are customarily used as described above.
• the pharmaceutical compositions are suitable for use in a variety of drug delivery systems. For a brief review of present methods for drug delivery, see Langer R (1990) Science 249: 1527-33, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• concentration of compounds included in compositions used in the methods of the invention can range from about 1 nM to about 100 mM. Effective doses are believed to range from about 10 picomole/kg to about 100 micromole/kg.
• the pharmaceutical compositions are preferably prepared and administered in dose units.
• Liquid dose units are vials or ampoules for injection or other parenteral administration.
• Solid dose units are tablets, capsules, powders, and suppositories.
• purpose of the administration z.e., prophylactic or therapeutic
• nature and severity of the disorder age, and body weight of the patient, different doses may be necessary.
• the administration of a given dose can be carried out both by single administration in the form of an individual dose unit or else several smaller dose units. Repeated and multiple
• compositions can be administered per se (neat) or in the form of a
• salts When used in medicine, the salts should be
• salts can conveniently be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• Such salts include, but are not limited to, those prepared from the following acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, nitric, phosphoric, maleic, acetic, salicylic, p-toluene sulphonic, tartaric, citric, methane sulphonic, formic, malonic, succinic, naphthalene-2-sulphonic, and benzene sulphonic.
• such salts can be prepared as alkaline metal or alkaline earth salts, such as sodium, potassium, or calcium salts of the carboxylic acid group.
• Suitable buffering agents include: acetic acid and a salt (1-2% w/v); citric acid and a salt (1-3% w/v); boric acid and a salt (0.5-2.5% w/v); and phosphoric acid and a salt (0.8- 2% w/v).
• Suitable preservatives include benzalkonium chloride (0.003-0.03% w/v);
• compositions suitable for parenteral administration conveniently include sterile aqueous preparations, which can be isotonic with the blood of the recipient.
• acceptable vehicles and solvents are water, Ringer’s solution, phosphate buffered saline, and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed mineral or non-mineral oil may be employed, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
• fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
• Carrier formulations suitable for subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, etc. administrations can be found in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences , Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA.
• the compounds useful in the invention can be delivered in mixtures of more than two such compounds.
• a mixture can further include one or more adjuvants in addition to the combination of compounds.
• a variety of administration routes is available. The particular mode selected will depend, of course, upon the particular compound selected, the age and general health status of the subject, the particular condition being treated, and the dosage required for therapeutic efficacy.
• the methods of this invention generally speaking, can be practiced using any mode of administration that is medically acceptable, meaning any mode that produces effective levels of response without causing clinically unacceptable adverse effects. Preferred modes of administration are discussed above.
• compositions can conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and can be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the compounds into association with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the compounds into association with a liquid carrier, a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
• Other delivery systems can include time-release, delayed-release, or sustained- release delivery systems. Such systems can avoid repeated administrations of the
• release delivery systems are available and known to those of ordinary skill in the art. They include polymer base systems such as poly(lactide-glycolide), copolyoxalates, polycaprolactones, polyesteramides, polyorthoesters, polyhydroxybutyric acid, and polyanhydrides. Microcapsules of the foregoing polymers containing drugs are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,109.
• Delivery systems also include non-polymer systems that are: lipids including sterols such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and fatty acids or neutral fats such as mono-, di- and triglycerides; hydrogel release systems; silastic systems; peptide-based systems; wax coatings; compressed tablets using conventional binders and excipients;
• partially fused implants include, but are not limited to: (a) erosional systems in which an agent of the invention is contained in a form within a matrix such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,452,775, 4,675,189, and 5,736,152, and (b) diffusional systems in which an active component permeates at a controlled rate from a polymer such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,854,480, 5,133,974, and 5,407,686.
• pump-based hardware delivery systems can be used, some of which are adapted for implantation.
• Step 1 is the reaction of 4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (1) and 4-amino-l- napthol HC1 (2) in the presence of sodium acetate to afford sulfonamido-naphthol (3).
• 2 139.19 g, 694 mmol
• water 2.0 L
• sodium acetate 176. l2g, 2.13 mol
• 1 17.7.52 g, 816 mmol
• the reaction was heated to 85 °C via electric mantel and the temperature monitored with calibrated thermocouple.
• the reaction was monitored by TLC and cooled after 2 h at the set temperature.
• the purple precipitate formed during the reaction was filtered, washed with water (1400 mL in portions), and dried in a heated (55°C) vacuum oven for 18 h under a nitrogen purge.
• the purple intermediate 3 (223.78g, 95% yield) was characterized by 1H NMR and LCMS.
• Step 2 is the oxidation of sulfonamido-naphthol (3) with sodium periodate on silica in the presence of dichloromethane (DCM) to afford sulfonyl-iminoquinone (4).
• DCM dichloromethane
• sodium periodate on silica was generated in situ by combining sodium periodate in water.
• a 20 L, round-bottom flask was charged with water (370 mL) and heated to 90°C.
• Sodium periodate (157.7 g, 737 mmol) was added with stirring and allowed to dissolve. This solution was applied by vacuum to a 20 L flask containing silica gel (624.8 g). The resulting free-flowing solids were used as is in the next step.
• Intermediate 3 (120.3 g, 365 mmol) was added to a 5 L, round-bottom flask with mechanical stirring. Diehl or omethane (DCM, 3 L) was added and mechanical stirring begun. To the slurry was charged the sodium periodate/silica (280.6 g, 183 mmol).
• DCM Diehl or omethane
• Step 3 is the in situ condensation of the sulfonyl-iminoquinone (4) with 2-napthol (5) in the presence of dichloromethane (DCM) and catalytic boron trifluoride etherate to afford compound of Formula IIIx.
• DCM dichloromethane
• the solution was blanketed with nitrogen and stirred, and 5 (52.7 g, 365 mmol) was added.
• Boron trifluoride etherate (2.1 mL, 17.5 mmol) was added, and the reaction was heated to 35°C. A second portion of the same quantity was added 15 min later. The reaction was stirred for 2 h, and was then filtered over a coarse frit after cooling.
• the product was washed with DCM (300 mL portions) in two portions.
• the crude product (IIIx, 154.2 g) was dried in a heated (55°C) vacuum oven for 60 h under a nitrogen purge.
• reaction mixture was filtered and the flask and solids were washed with acetone.

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