WO2019192191A1 - 甜糯玉米的田间种植工艺 - Google Patents

甜糯玉米的田间种植工艺 Download PDF

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WO2019192191A1
WO2019192191A1 PCT/CN2018/117185 CN2018117185W WO2019192191A1 WO 2019192191 A1 WO2019192191 A1 WO 2019192191A1 CN 2018117185 W CN2018117185 W CN 2018117185W WO 2019192191 A1 WO2019192191 A1 WO 2019192191A1
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sweet
corn
gene
pollinator
planting
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PCT/CN2018/117185
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English (en)
French (fr)
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宋国宏
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张家口颐粟科技有限公司
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
    • A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H6/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their botanic taxonomy
    • A01H6/46—Gramineae or Poaceae, e.g. ryegrass, rice, wheat or maize
    • A01H6/4684—Zea mays [maize]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/20—Cereals

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  • the invention belongs to the technical field of crop planting, and particularly relates to a field planting process of sweet corn.
  • the sweet glutinous corn line has good palatability. It has both glutinous granules and sweet granules in the same ear. It tastes sweet, fragrant and delicious, thin and slag-free, soft and delicate, and can be eaten as vegetables. Ordinary corn can not be compared, it is favored by consumers, the market price is higher than ordinary waxy corn, and has broad development prospects.
  • the integration of sweet and scorpion into one grain has not yet been achieved.
  • Most of the prior art does not solve the problem in each grain, but instead assembles the sweet and glutinous grains onto an ear of corn, which is also a unified method of sweetness.
  • the researchers used some special techniques and methods, including the selection of new varieties, cultivation management, and some production methods.
  • Sweet corn has many gene types (including the common sweet gene Su, the enhanced sweet gene Se, the super sweet gene Sh2, bt1, bt2, including the new sweet corn gene that will be discovered later), and the waxy corn gene is wx.
  • the recessive gene sh2sh2 is homozygous, it behaves as sweet corn.
  • the recessive gene wxwx is homozygous, it behaves as waxy corn. With these two genes, the latter can be made sweet, or embarrassing.
  • the super sweet gene sh2 on the ear of corn needs pure synthetic sh2sh2, and the scorpion gene wx is also purely synthesized wxwx. Since the sh2sh2wxwx homozygous inbred line showed low starch content, shrinkage, and poor sputum, it could not meet the requirements of people's scent.
  • sweet waxy corn There are not many types of sweet waxy corn currently known.
  • the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing Zhongpin Kaiyuan Seed Co., Ltd. developed the Chinese sweet potato F1 corn, sweet glutinous grain ratio 1:3, white sweet glutinous corn hybrid, Beijing spring sowing from emergence to harvesting fresh ears 80-90
  • plant type is semi-compact
  • plant height is 240cm
  • ear position is 115cm
  • ear length is 24-26cm
  • ear diameter is 5.5cm
  • ear line number is 14-16 lines
  • ear is long cylindrical, grain white , neatly arranged, resistant to bacterial wilt, large and small spot disease.
  • Yield performance fresh fruit ear 400-500 grams, fresh ear yield is about 1200-1500Kg.
  • Planting points 2 kg per acre. Suitable for planting density 3000-3300 plants/mu, it is necessary to isolate more than 400 meters from other types of corn or arrange the planting time wrong flowering period to prevent the quality of the powder. Strengthen fertilizer and water management during cultivation to prevent silk smut, underground pests and corn borer. The best harvest period for this variety is 25 days after pollination. Late harvesting will affect quality.
  • Caizhong 10 (promotion name: Xia Meizhen No. 1) of Xiamen Zhongtian Golden Variety Miao Co., Ltd. Approved No.: Yue Juyu 2015003, Yan Xuyu 2015018, Zhejingyu 2016004, sweet potato ratio 1:3. Characteristics: sweet-tapped fresh corn hybrids. The whole growth period of spring planting is about 85-90 days, the whole growth period of autumn planting is about 75-80 days, and the planting of 2800-3300 plants is suitable.
  • the ear is close to the tube type, the plant height is about 190-210cm, the ear height is 70-75cm, the ear length is 20cm, the ear diameter is 4.7-5.3cm, the ear row number is 14-16 rows, the single carp fresh weight can reach 500g, the plant is strong, the strain The shape is compact and tidy; the leaves are green and green, the growth is strong in the front and middle stages, the green color is good in the later stage, the adaptability is wide, the lodging resistance and the disease resistance are strong; the ear rows are neatly arranged, the stalk leaves are firm, and the sweet glutinous grains are mature. When the harvest is suitable, the grain water is red, the ratio of sweet glutinous rice is 1:3, and the average yield per mu is about 1200 kg. Suitable for fresh food and quick-frozen.
  • the above-mentioned sweet-twisted type of fresh corn has a high proportion of glutinous grains, accounting for 75%, and has a strong sputum sensation, but the sweetness is insufficient.
  • the present invention provides a cross-pollination method for sweet glutinous corn and a field planting process for sweet glutinous corn.
  • the scorpion gene is homozygous and the sweet gene is heterozygous;
  • the cross-pollination comprises: adjusting the flowering period of the pollinator and the recipient to adapt to each other, the pollinator generates pollen when the receptor is drawn, and enables the pollinator's pollen to be inseminated to the recipient;
  • the ratio of the pollinator to the receptor is 1:1 to 1:10;
  • the planting density of the pollinator and the recipient is 2000-6000 plants/mu;
  • the mixed planting includes, but is not limited to, random planting and row planting;
  • the planting in the row is: pollinators and recipients are planted in rows, and mixed plants of equal rows or sizes are used;
  • the planting process adopts isolation planting to avoid interference of foreign pollen; the isolation includes spatial isolation and time isolation; preferably, the space isolation is: an isolation space of 300 meters or more with other corn; the time isolation is: Isolation time from other corn is more than 30 days.
  • the emasculation treatment is complete emasculation or partial emasculation; the emasculation method includes using male sterile seeds, chemical killing or artificial emasculation.
  • the pure sweet waxy corn is a double recessive genotype of the sweet gene gene
  • the pure sweet waxy corn adopts a pure sweet waxy corn hybrid
  • the pure sweet waxy corn hybrid is obtained by crossing the double recessive genotypes of the sweet gene gene of the parents;
  • the sweet gene is a common sweet gene Su, a sweetening gene Se, a super sweet gene sh2, bt1 or bt2, but is not limited to the above sweet gene;
  • the sweet gene is a super sweet gene sh2;
  • the cockroach gene is wx.
  • the genotype of the pure sweet waxy corn is sh2sh2wxwx, and the genotype of the waxy corn is SH2sh2wxwx;
  • the method for breeding the waxy corn comprises the following steps:
  • An inbred line with genotype sh2sh2wxwx was obtained by crossing with an inbred line of common waxy maize genotype SH2SH2wxwx.
  • the beneficial effects obtained by the present invention mainly include but are not limited to the following aspects:
  • the selection of the pollinator and the recipient of the invention is ingenious and rational, and the cross-pollination is adopted to create a new type of corn product through isolation, emasculation and other technologies, so that the corn can be perfectly integrated with sweetness and glutinous rice as expected, and the prepared corn is prepared.
  • the content of various nutrients in the ear is relatively high, and it is relatively balanced, which solves the problem of sweet, sturdy, tough and slippery taste.
  • the invention adjusts the sensation and sweetness of fresh corn, obtains fresh corn with suitable ratio of sweet glutinous grains and glutinous grains, fills the blank of fresh corn, is suitable for the needs of different regions, and is deeply affected by the market. welcome;
  • the invention adopts the mixed planting technology, the process is relatively simple, easy to grasp, the yield is relatively high, and there is no difference between the planting area and other corns, but the product value is high and can bring high value.
  • the invention can also increase the biological yield of the receptor by performing emasculation on the receptor;
  • the pure sweet glutinous corn parent used in the invention adopts the pure sweet glutinous corn hybrid, which is obtained by the hybridization of the parental sweet gene ⁇ gene double recessive genotype; the yield is higher than the inbred line, the stress resistance is good, the adaptability Strong, there are heterosis.
  • FIG. 1 Comparison of inbred lines and hybrid plants with genotype sh2sh2wxwx;
  • Figure 2 Field planting methods for complete emasculation of the recipient
  • Figure 3 Field planting methods for receptor emasculation
  • Figure 4 Field planting methods in which the recipient is completely devoid of emasculation.
  • the super sweet gene sh2 on the commercial ear needs pure synthetic sh2sh2, and the scorpion gene wx is also purely synthesized wxwx. Therefore, an inbred or hybrid is first bred so that its genotype is sh2sh2wxwx.
  • sh2sh2WXWX phenotype is super sweet
  • SH2SH2wxwx phenotype is not sweet but ⁇
  • the sex gene is expressed as " ⁇ ", which means hybridization; the details are as follows:
  • the F1 generation is not sweet, and then self-fertilized with F1 to get 9/16 of common corn, 3/16 of waxy corn, 3/16 super sweet corn, and 1/16 of super sweet waxy corn. 1:
  • the sweet corn traits should be selected first, so all the non-shrinking kernels are removed from the F2 kernels, leaving the shrinking and then screening.
  • the genotypes of the three genotypes were self-crossed, and the spikes in the F3 generation were used to react the grain starch of each ear with the iodine solution, if the whole ear appeared blue-violet, or there were blue-violet and purple-red (reddish-brown) proofs.
  • the genotypes are sh2sh2WXWX and sh2sh2WXwx, and only sh2sh2wxwx homozygous is the only reaction that is purple (reddish brown), and then selfed to obtain inbred lines.
  • the inbred line with genotype sh2sh2wxwx was crossed with the inbred line of common waxy corn (SH2SH2wxwx) to breed varieties with good resistance, high uniformity and good quality. As follows:
  • the inbred line with genotype sh2sh2wxwx is affected by uneven pollination, poor resistance to stress, and even normal growth and pollination, which cannot meet the actual production standards. Therefore, the further improvement of the quality of sweet corn is prohibited.
  • the pure sweet waxy maize parent used in the present invention adopts a pure sweet waxy corn hybrid, which is obtained by hybridizing the double recessive genotypes of the sweet gene gene of the parents; as shown in Fig. 1, the hybrid (left) is selfed.
  • the plants of the line (right) are obviously tall and strong, and have higher yield than inbred lines, good resistance to stress, strong adaptability and heterosis.
  • the sh2sh2wxwx hybrid is used as a pollinator. (Other embodiments may include, but are not limited to, the super sweet corn gene sh2sh2, other types of sweet, enhanced sweet, super sweet corn genes are also included);
  • the glutinous maize variety of type SH2sh2wxwx acts as a receptor (other embodiments may include, but are not limited to, SH2sh2 gene hybrids, other types of sweet, enhanced sweet, super sweet hybrid heterozygous waxy maize varieties are also included),
  • the sweet potato genotypes of the two maize species should be consistent.
  • the flowering period of the pollinator and the recipient should be adjusted to adapt to each other, that is, when the receptor is drawn, the pollinator produces pollen and can pollinate the pollinator's pollen to the recipient.
  • the spinning time is adjusted according to the loose powder time, and vice versa.
  • the best way is to solve the problem in breeding, so that the growth period of the two can be naturally pollinated in the same period, but agriculture is an industry that is greatly affected by the natural environment, that is, the same seeds in the same area are in different years. Different planting time, different climatic conditions (how many sunshine, precipitation), different water and fertilizer conditions will change, so it is necessary to adapt to local conditions, according to different situations in the field to take measures, mainly in the cultivation management management fuss, Adjusting the sowing date is an important measure.
  • the growth period of the recipient is shorter than that of the pollinator. If planted on May 1, it will be scattered on July 2, July. On the 4th, the sowing date needs to be postponed, the seeding period of the receptor is pushed back, the seeding is carried out on May 9th, and the silking is performed on July 11th, so that the spinning time of the period can be met exactly with the pollinator's pollen.
  • we must observe it in time adopt the method of controlling fertilizer, controlling water, partial fertilizer, and partial water to adjust the growth period. In extreme cases, we can also use the method of removing leaves and breaking roots to delay the growth rate of plants.
  • the pure sweet waxy corn (sh2sh2wxwx) is used as a pollinator and the same sweet corn genotype of waxy corn (SH2sh2wxwx) is used as a receptor (Jingke 928) to grow the sweet and granules of the receptor.
  • the ratio changes, and vice versa.
  • glutinous maize (SH2sh2wxwx) is a receptor that can increase the amount of sweet glutinous grains in its own ear.
  • the proportion of pure glutinous grains can be used. increase. But what is the ratio, then consider the appropriate method as needed.
  • the ear of the recipient is to be sweet granules: the granule ratio is 1:1, all the tassels of the recipient plants need to be removed.
  • the pollination method is shown in Fig. 2, wherein 1,5,9 is pollination. 2-4, 6-8 are receptors. The ratio of sweet glutinous grains to glutinous grains produced by the recipient after complete emasculation was 1:1.
  • the method of Figure 3-4 can be used, wherein 1,5 , 9 is the pollinator, 2-4, 6-8 is the receptor, the receptor is less male or not male, but the sweetness is not lower when it is not male.
  • the results of the pollinator can also be harvested together, so that in the case of 1), the product received can be based on the product of the recipient.
  • the male condition is 100% sweet granules of pollinator products (recipient 100% emasculation) and sweet glutinous grains in 25-50% of products (receptors do not emasculate or less emasculated), provided that pollinators and receptors The flowering season met well.
  • the granules are greater than 25% but less than 50% of the receptor product.
  • the chemical killing method is used in conjunction with the pollinator to produce corn products of various proportions of sweet gluten (completely killing or partially killing).
  • the planting method adopts the pollinator and the recipient mixed planting method.
  • the ratio of the pollinator and the recipient can be determined according to the planting experience, preferably 1:1 to 1:10, and can be planted by various rows or the like.
  • the density can be planted at 3000-5000 plants per mu; the preferred ratio is 1:3, and the planting density is planted at 3000-3500 plants per acre.
  • the ratio of pollinator to recipient is 1:3, pollinator and recipient are planted in rows; planting density is 3500 plants per acre; spring seeding is from emergence to harvesting.
  • the fresh ear is about 80-90 days, the summer is about 70-80 days, the plant type is semi-compact, the spring plant height is about 280cm, the ear position is about 110cm, the summer plant height is about 250cm, the ear position is about 105cm, and the ear length is 18-22cm.
  • the ear is about 5.5cm thick, the number of ear rows is 14-16 rows, the ear is long tubular, the grain is full, the arrangement is neat, a few twists, resistance to bacterial wilt, size and spot disease.
  • Yield performance fresh fruit ear 300-400 grams, fresh ear yield is 1200-1500Kg; soluble sugar content is about doubled compared with sweet potato grain ratio of 1:3 (provided that the two planting conditions and harvest Same time, comparable.)
  • the waxy corn is higher in soluble solids and amylopectin content, but the soluble sugar is low, and it has a sturdy, tough and smooth taste, but the sweet taste is insufficient;
  • Sweet corn has higher content of soluble solids, soluble sugar and crude fat, which solves the problem of sweetness in taste.
  • the moisture content is high, the content of total starch and amylopectin is low, and the skin feels thick and unresolved.
  • the problem of sputum, toughness and slipperiness in the palate is sweet and not awkward, lacking a chewing feeling.
  • the corn ear of the invention has high soluble sugar content, strong cockroach and thin seed coat, and better solves the problem of sweet, sturdy, tough and smooth mouthfeel.

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Abstract

一种甜糯玉米的田间种植工艺，其包括如下步骤：1)采用纯甜糯玉米作为授粉者，具有相同甜基因和糯基因型的糯玉米作为受体；或，采用纯甜糯玉米作为受体，具有相同甜基因和糯基因型的糯玉米作为授粉者；2)对受体进行去雄处理；3)授粉者和受体采用混合种植的方式；4)授粉者对受体进行异花授粉；5)收获受体产生的玉米穗；任选地，6)收获授粉者产生的玉米穗。该工艺提供了多元化的鲜食玉米产品以满足人们对鲜食玉米甜糯的口感要求。

Description

甜糯玉米的田间种植工艺 技术领域
本发明属于农作物种植技术领域，具体涉及甜糯玉米的田间种植工艺。
背景技术
甜糯玉米品系适口性好，其在同一果穗中既有糯粒成分，又有甜粒成分，吃起来糯中带甜，清香可口，皮薄无渣，柔软细腻，还可当蔬菜食用，是普通玉米无法比拟的，备受消费者青睐，市场价比普通糯玉米高，具有广阔的发展前景。
目前国内外鲜食玉米的品种很多，适合从南到北各种生态类型和生育期的品种都有，因此，世界各国基本能种玉米的地方均有鲜食玉米的种植。全世界种植鲜食玉米的国家很多，最大的是中国，其次是美国，欧洲国家如法国德国，亚洲的日本、韩国、泰国及我国的台湾也广泛种植。但各国对鲜食玉米的喜好程度各不相同，如美国和欧洲基本上是种植甜玉米，而亚洲国家则不同，南亚国家更喜欢甜玉米，而东北亚则更喜欢糯玉米。
鉴于甜基因和糯基因之间存在的矛盾，将甜和糯整合到一个籽粒中目前还没有实现。现有技术大多不是在每个籽粒中解决问题，而是将将甜和糯粒组装到一个玉米穗上，也是一种甜糯统一的方法。为了将甜粒和糯粒嵌合到一个玉米果穗上，研究人员采用了一些特别的技术和方法，包括新品种的选育，栽培管理，同时还有一些生产上的处理方法。
要将两种性状的籽粒整合到一个果穗中，首先要使一个玉米果穗中出现甜和糯的基因，这是产生需要性状的基础。甜玉米的基因类型很多(包括普通甜基因Su、加强甜基因Se、超甜基因Sh2、bt1、bt2、包括以后还会发现的新型甜玉米基因)，糯玉米的基因是wx。当隐性基因sh2sh2纯合时，表现为甜玉米。当隐性基因wxwx纯合时，表现为糯玉米。有了这两种基因，才能使后代表达出甜，或者糯。为了让甜和糯同时表达，玉米穗上的超甜基因sh2就需要纯合成sh2sh2，而糯性基因wx也要纯合成wxwx。由于sh2sh2wxwx纯合的自交系表现为淀粉含 量低，皱缩，糯性较差，无法满足人们对糯性口感的要求。
目前已知的甜糯玉米的种类并不多。其中，中国农科院北京中品开元种子有限公司开发的中品甜糯F1玉米，甜糯粒比1∶3，白色甜糯玉米杂交种，北京地区春播从出苗至采收鲜穗80-90天左右，夏播70-80天左右，株型半紧凑，株高240cm，穗位115cm，穗长24-26cm，穗粗5.5cm，穗行数14-16行，果穗长筒形，籽粒白色，排列整齐，抗青枯病，大小斑病。产量表现：鲜果穗400-500克，鲜穗亩产量1200-1500Kg左右。种植要点：每亩播种量2公斤。适合种植密度3000-3300株/亩，需与其他类型玉米隔离400米以上或合理安排种植时间错开花期，防止串粉影响品质。栽培期间加强肥水管理，防止丝黑穗病，地下害虫及玉米螟。该品种最佳采收期为授粉后25天。过晚采收将影响品质。
厦门中田金品种苗有限公司的彩糯10(推广名称：夏美糯1号)审定号：粤审玉2015003、黔审玉2015018、浙审玉2016004，甜糯比例1∶3。特征特性：甜加糯型鲜食玉米杂交种。春植全生育期85-90天左右，秋植全生育期75-80天左右，亩植2800-3300株为宜。果穗近筒型，株高190-210cm左右，穗位高70-75cm，穗长20cm，穗粗4.7-5.3cm，穗行数14-16排，单苞鲜重可达500g，植株健壮，株型紧凑整齐；叶色翠绿，前、中期生长强势，后期保绿度好，适应性广，抗倒性和抗病性强；穗行排列整齐紧凑，苞叶紧实，甜糯籽粒成熟一致，适收时籽粒水红色，甜糯比例1∶3，一般亩产鲜苞1200公斤左右。适宜鲜食和速冻。
上述甜加糯型鲜食玉米的糯粒比例较高，占75％，糯感较强，但是甜味不足。
发明内容
为了克服现有技术的缺陷，提供多元化的鲜食玉米产品以满足人们对鲜食玉米甜糯的口感要求，本发明提供了甜糯玉米的异花授粉方法以及甜糯玉米的田间种植工艺。
为了实现上述目的，本发明是通过如下技术方案来实现的：
甜糯玉米的田间种植工艺，其包括如下步骤：
1)采用纯甜糯玉米作为授粉者，具有相同甜基因和糯基因型的糯玉米作为受体；或，采用纯甜糯玉米作为受体，具有相同甜基因和糯基因型的糯玉米作为 授粉者；
2)对受体进行去雄处理；
3)授粉者和受体采用混合种植的方式；
4)授粉者对受体进行异花授粉；
5)收获受体产生的玉米穗；
任选地，
6)收获授粉者产生的玉米穗。
进一步地，
所述糯玉米中，糯基因为纯合，甜基因为杂合；
进一步地，所述异花授粉包括：对授粉者和受体的花期进行调节，使它们相互适应，在受体抽丝时，授粉者产生花粉，并能够使授粉者的花粉给受体授精；
进一步地，所述授粉者和受体的比例为1∶1-1∶10；
所述授粉者和受体的种植密度为2000-6000株/亩；
所述混合种植包括但是不限于随机种植和成行种植；
所述成行种植为：授粉者和受体各自成行种植，采用等行或者大小行的混合种植方式；
进一步地，
所述种植工艺采用隔离种植，避免外来花粉的干扰；所述隔离包括空间隔离和时间隔离；优选地，所述空间隔离为：与其它玉米有300米以上的隔离空间；所述时间隔离为：与其它玉米的隔离时间超过30天。
进一步地，所述去雄处理为完全去雄或者部分去雄；所述去雄方式包括采用雄性不育化种子、化学杀雄或人工去雄。
进一步地，
所述纯甜糯玉米为甜基因糯基因双隐性基因型；
所述纯甜糯玉米采用纯甜糯玉米杂交种；
所述纯甜糯玉米杂交种是通过父母本均为甜基因糯基因双隐性基因型进行杂交所得；
所述甜基因为普通甜基因Su、加强甜基因Se、超甜基因sh2、bt1或bt2，但是并不限于上述甜基因；
优选地，所述甜基因为超甜基因sh2；
所述糯基因为wx。
优选地，
所述纯甜糯玉米的基因型为sh2sh2wxwx，所述糯玉米的基因型为SH2sh2wxwx；
优选地，所述糯玉米的选育方法包括如下步骤：
用基因型为sh2sh2wxwx的自交系与基因型为SH2SH2wxwx的普通糯玉米的自交系进行杂交获得。
与现有技术相比较，本发明取得的有益效果主要包括但是并不限于以下几个方面：
本发明授粉者和受体的选择巧妙合理，采用异花授粉，通过隔离、去雄等技术，创造全新类型的玉米产品，使这种玉米按预想要求达到甜和糯的完美统一，制备的玉米穗各类营养物质含量较高，并且较为均衡，较好地解决了甜、糯、韧、滑的口感问题；
本发明对鲜食玉米在糯感和甜度进行了调整，获得了甜糯粒和糯粒比例合适的鲜食玉米，填补了鲜食玉米的空白，适合不同地区人群的需求，深受市场的欢迎；
本发明采用混合种植技术，工艺较为简易，容易掌握，产量相对较高，种植区域和其他玉米没有差异，但是产品价值高，可以带来较高的价值。
本发明通过对受体进行去雄处理还可以增加受体的生物学产量；
本发明使用的纯甜糯玉米亲本采用纯甜糯玉米杂交种，是通过父母本均为甜基因糯基因双隐性基因型进行杂交所得；比自交系产量高，抗逆性好，适应能力强，有杂种优势。
说明书附图
图1：基因型为sh2sh2wxwx的自交系和杂交种植株对比；
图2：受体完全去雄的田间种植方式；
图3：受体部分去雄的田间种植方式；
图4；受体完全不去雄的田间种植方式。
具体实施方式
为了使本技术领域的人员更好地理解本申请中的技术方案，下面将结合本申请具体实施例，对本发明进行更加清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本申请一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本申请中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都应当属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
SH2sh2wxwx杂交种和sh2sh2wxwx杂交种的培育：
为了让甜和糯同时表达，商品果穗上的超甜基因sh2就需要纯合成sh2sh2，而糯性基因wx也要纯合成wxwx。因此，要首先育成一种自交系或杂交种使其基因型是sh2sh2wxwx。首先要进行纯合自交系的选育，先用sh2sh2WXWX(表现型是超甜不糯)SH2SH2wxwx(表现型是不甜但糯)进行杂交；SH2是显性基因表现为不甜，WX也是显性基因表现为不糯，“×”表示杂交；具体如下所示：
Figure PCTCN2018117185-appb-000001
F1代表现为不甜不糯，然后用F1自交，得到9/16的普通玉米，3/16的糯玉米，3/16超甜玉米，还有1/16的超甜糯玉米，见表1：
表1 F1自交后的后代表现型
Figure PCTCN2018117185-appb-000002
Figure PCTCN2018117185-appb-000003
普通9/16 糯3/16 甜3/16 甜糯1/16
后代选育中要首先选择甜糯玉米性状，因此在F2籽粒中将所有不皱缩的籽粒都剔除出去，留下皱缩的再进行甄别。将3种基因型的籽粒进行套袋自交，在F3代中选穗将每穗的籽粒淀粉与碘溶液进行反应，如果全穗是出现蓝紫色，或有蓝紫色和紫红色(红棕色)证明基因型是sh2sh2WXWX和sh2sh2WXwx，只有全部为紫红色(红棕色)反应的才是sh2sh2wxwx纯合体，然后进行自交，获得自交系。
利用基因型为sh2sh2wxwx的自交系与普通糯玉米(SH2SH2wxwx)的自交系杂交，选育抗性好，整齐度高，品质好的品种。如下所示：
Figure PCTCN2018117185-appb-000004
这种品种的后代表现为加甜糯玉米，即甜糯粒∶糯粒＝1∶3，具体见表2：
表2 SH2sh2wxwx自交后代表现型
Figure PCTCN2018117185-appb-000005
基因型为sh2sh2wxwx的自交系由于授粉不均匀，抗逆性差，甚至正常生长和授粉都受到影响，无法达到实际生产使用标准，因此，禁锢了甜糯玉米品质的进一步改良。本发明使用的纯甜糯玉米亲本采用纯甜糯玉米杂交种，是通过父母本均为甜基因糯基因双隐性基因型进行杂交所得；如图1所示，杂交种(左)比自交系(右)的植株明显高大强壮，而且比自交系产量高，抗逆性好，适应能力强，有杂种优势。
实施例2
田间种植技术：
A、采用sh2sh2wxwx的杂交种作为授粉者为例，(其他实施例中还可以包括但不限于超甜玉米基因sh2sh2，其他类型的甜，加强甜，超甜玉米基因也包含在内)；将基因型为SH2sh2wxwx的糯玉米品种作为受体(其他实施例中还可以包括但不局限于SH2sh2基因杂合体，其他类型的甜，加强甜，超甜基因的杂合糯玉米品种也包括在内)，两种玉米的甜糯基因型要保持一致。
B、使授粉者和受体的抗性过关，即不会有什么致命的缺点或病害，使其不能正常产生花粉并结实。
C、要对授粉者和受体的花期进行调节，使它们相互适应，即：在受体抽丝时，授粉者产生花粉，并能够使授粉者的花粉给受体授精。
要做到授粉者给受体授上粉，最主要的就是要对二者的生育期进行调节。即：要根据散粉时间来调节抽丝时间，反之亦然。最好的方法是在育种上解决，使两者的生育期正好能在同期播的情况下自然授粉，但农业是一个受自然环境影响较大的产业，就是相同地区相同的种子在不同的年份，不同的播种时间，不同的气候条件(日照多寡，降水多少)，不同的水肥条件下都会产生变化，这样就需要因地制宜，根据不同情况在田间采取措施，主要是在栽培管理管理上做文章，调整播期就是重要一项措施。如：授粉者5月1日播种，7月10日散粉，7月16日散粉结束，受体生育期比授粉者短，如在5月1日播种，会在7月2日散粉，7月4日抽丝，那么就需要将受体的播种期推后，5月9日播种，7月11日抽丝，这样就可以使期的抽丝时间正好和授粉者的花粉相遇。当然，除此之外还要及时观察，采用控肥，控水，偏肥，偏水的方法进行生育期的调节，极端情况下还可以采用去叶，断根的方法延缓植株生长速度。
D、要防混杂
由于甜和糯的性状都是双隐性基因控制，因此没有外来花粉干扰是十分重要的环节，因为任何非甜糯或不同基因型的(主要是甜玉米的基因型不同)甜糯玉米的花粉都会使最种受体的品质完会改变。因此种植时要时行空间或时间隔离。一般和别的玉米要有300米以上的隔离空间，如时间隔离，春播一要达到40天以上，夏播也要至少超过30天。
实施例3
授粉方式对产品品质的影响
1)、采用纯甜糯玉米(sh2sh2wxwx)作为授粉者和具有相同甜玉米基因型的糯玉米(SH2sh2wxwx)作为受体(京科糯928)混合种植可使受体的甜糯粒和糯粒的比例发生改变，反之亦可。如糯玉米(SH2sh2wxwx)为受体可使它本身果穗中的甜糯粒增加，而用其作为授粉者，用纯甜糯玉米(sh2sh2wxwx)玉米作为受体时，则可以其纯糯粒的比例增加。但比例是多少，则要根据需要来考虑采用适当的方法。如想获得受体的果穗是甜糯粒∶糯粒比为1∶1时，需要将受体植株的全部雄穗去除，种植授粉方式见图2所示，其中，1，5，9是授粉者，2-4，6-8是受体。受体完全去雄后产生的果穗甜糯粒和糯粒的比为1∶1。
如果只想让受体的甜度比原来的甜度高一些，即受体的甜糯粒占比为大于25％但小于50％时，可采用图3-4的方法，其中，1，5，9是授粉者，2-4，6-8是受体，受体少去雄或不去雄，但是不去雄时甜度比去部分雄时要低。
2)、用糯玉米(SH2sh2wxwx)做为授粉者，用纯甜糯自交系或杂交种(sh2sh2wxwx)做为受体时，如要得到甜糯粒∶糯粒＝1∶1的果穗产品，则需要将受体的雄穗全部去掉。如需要受体产品是要求甜糯粒占比大于50％但小于100％时，可少去雄或不去雄，这样后代就会出现甜糯粒更多一些的产品，口味更甜一些。
3)、为了提高果穗产量产品除了从受体采收外，也可以把授粉者所结果穗一并采收，这样在1)的情况下所收的产品除了受体的产品外，可根据去雄情况得到100％甜糯粒的授粉者产品(受体100％去雄)和甜糯粒在25-50％的产品(受体不去雄或少去雄)，前提是授粉者和受体的花期相遇良好。在2)的情况下，可得到甜糯粒为25％的授粉者所出产品(受体100％去雄)和甜糯粒大于50％的受体所出产品(受体不去雄或少去雄)。这样在采收时可以增加产量并增加了产品种类。
4)、技术使用中的配套措施
为了使这种甜糯玉米生产方法更加有效并更加简单，可以在受体去雄上采用一些新技术。
采用雄性不育技术使受体不产生花粉，以此来生产甜糯粒∶糯粒＝1∶1的受体产 品；也可以使用部分雄生不育受体和部分可育受体混合生产甜糯粒为大于25％，但是小于50％的受体产品。
使用化学杀雄的方法配合授粉者生产各种比例的甜糯粒的玉米产品(完全杀雄或部分杀雄)。
种植方式采用授粉者和受体混合种植方式，授粉者和受体的比例可以根据种植经验来确定，优选1∶1-1∶10，可采用大小行或等行种植等多种种植方式，种植密度可按照每亩3000-5000株种植；优选设定比例为1∶3，种植密度按照每亩3000-3500株种植。
实施例4
以北京密云区的鲜食玉米试验田为例，设定授粉者和受体比例为1∶3，授粉者和受体均各自成行种植；种植密度按照3500株/每亩；春播从出苗至采收鲜穗80-90天左右，夏播70-80天左右，株型半紧凑，春播株高280cm左右，穗位110cm左右，夏播株高250cm左右，穗位105cm左右；穗长18-22cm，穗粗5.5cm左右，穗行数14-16行，果穗长筒形，籽粒饱满，排列整齐，少数扭曲，抗青枯病，大小斑病。产量表现：鲜果穗300-400克，鲜穗亩产量1200-1500Kg；可溶性糖含量较甜糯粒为1∶3的比例的鲜食玉米提高一倍左右(前提条件是，二者种植条件和收获时间相同，具备可比性)。
结论分析：糯玉米在可溶性固形物、支链淀粉含量等方面较高，但是可溶性糖偏低，具备糯、韧、滑的口感，但是甜味不足；
甜玉米的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、粗脂肪等含量较高，解决了口感中甜的问题，但水分含量较高、总淀粉和支链淀粉的含量较低，直观感觉皮厚，未能解决口感中糯、韧、滑的问题，感觉甜而不糯，缺少咀嚼感。
本发明的玉米穗可溶性糖含量较高，糯性强，种皮薄，较好地解决了甜、糯、韧、滑的口感问题。
在本说明书的描述中，参考术语“一个实施例”、“一些实施例”、“示例”、“具体示例”、或“一些示例”等的描述意指结合该实施例或示例描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点包含于本发明的至少一个实施例或示例中。在本说明书中，对上述术语的示意性表述不必须针对的是相同的实施例或示例。尽管上面已 经示出和描述了本发明的实施例，可以理解的是，上述实施例是示例性的，不能理解为对本发明的限制，本领域的普通技术人员在本发明的范围内可以对上述实施例进行变化、修改、替换和变型。

Claims (18)

  1. 甜糯玉米的田间种植工艺，其包括如下步骤：
    1)采用纯甜糯玉米作为授粉者，具有相同甜基因和糯基因型的糯玉米作为受体；或，采用纯甜糯玉米作为受体，具有相同甜基因和糯基因型的糯玉米作为授粉者；
    2)对受体进行去雄处理；
    3)授粉者和受体采用混合种植的方式；
    4)授粉者对受体进行异花授粉；
    5)收获受体产生的玉米穗；
    任选地，
    6)收获授粉者产生的玉米穗。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述糯玉米中，甜基因为杂合，糯基因为纯合。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述异花授粉包括：对授粉者和受体的花期进行调节，使二者相互适应，在受体抽丝时，授粉者产生花粉，并能够使授粉者的花粉给受体授精。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述授粉者和受体的种植比例为1∶1-1∶10；所述授粉者和受体的田间种植密度为2000-6000株/亩。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述混合种植包括但是不限于随机种植和成行种植。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述成行种植为：授粉者和受体各自成行种植，采用等行或者大小行的混合种植方式。
  7. 根据权利要求5所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述混合种植中，采用隔离种植，避免外来花粉的干扰。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述隔离包括空间隔离和时间隔离。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述空间隔离为：与其它玉米有300米以上的隔离空间；所述时间隔离为：与其它玉米的隔离时间超过30天。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述去雄处理为完全去雄或 者部分去雄。
  11. 根据权利要求1或10所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述去雄方式包括采用雄性不育化种子、化学杀雄或人工去雄。
  12. 根据权利要求1或2所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述纯甜糯玉米为甜基因糯基因双隐性基因型。
  13. 根据权利要求1或2所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述纯甜糯玉米采用纯甜糯玉米杂交种。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述纯甜糯玉米杂交种是通过父母本均为甜基因糯基因双隐性基因型进行杂交所得。
  15. 根据权利要求1或2所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述甜基因为普通甜基因Su、加强甜基因Se、超甜基因sh2、bt1或bt2，但是并不限于上述甜基因。
  16. 根据权利要求1或2所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述甜基因为超甜基因sh2；所述糯基因为wx。
  17. 根据权利要求1或2所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述纯甜糯玉米的基因型为sh2sh2wxwx，所述糯玉米的基因型为SH2sh2wxwx。
  18. 根据权利要求17所述的工艺，其特征在于，所述糯玉米的选育方法包括如下步骤：
    用基因型为sh2sh2wxwx的自交系与基因型为SH2SH2wxwx的普通糯玉米的自交系进行杂交获得。
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