WO2019110473A1 - Liquid-crystal medium - Google Patents

Liquid-crystal medium Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019110473A1
WO2019110473A1 PCT/EP2018/083283 EP2018083283W WO2019110473A1 WO 2019110473 A1 WO2019110473 A1 WO 2019110473A1 EP 2018083283 W EP2018083283 W EP 2018083283W WO 2019110473 A1 WO2019110473 A1 WO 2019110473A1
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Prior art keywords
atoms
compounds
formula
medium
independently
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PCT/EP2018/083283
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Nils Greinert
Matthias Bremer
Patrick SUESS
Christian Schoenefeld
Jochen SIEBERLING
Renate SEEGER
Anna Lisa HAWLITSCHEK
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Merck Patent Gmbh
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Priority to DE112018006182.5T priority Critical patent/DE112018006182T5/de
Publication of WO2019110473A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019110473A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/08—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
    • C09K19/30—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic rings, e.g. cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3001—Cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3066—Cyclohexane rings in which the rings are linked by a chain containing carbon and oxygen atoms, e.g. esters or ethers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/52—Liquid crystal materials characterised by components which are not liquid crystals, e.g. additives with special physical aspect: solvents, solid particles
    • C09K19/54—Additives having no specific mesophase characterised by their chemical composition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K2019/0444—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit characterized by a linking chain between rings or ring systems, a bridging chain between extensive mesogenic moieties or an end chain group
    • C09K2019/0448—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit characterized by a linking chain between rings or ring systems, a bridging chain between extensive mesogenic moieties or an end chain group the end chain group being a polymerizable end group, e.g. -Sp-P or acrylate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K2019/0444—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit characterized by a linking chain between rings or ring systems, a bridging chain between extensive mesogenic moieties or an end chain group
    • C09K2019/0466—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit characterized by a linking chain between rings or ring systems, a bridging chain between extensive mesogenic moieties or an end chain group the linking chain being a -CF2O- chain
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/08—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
    • C09K19/30—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic rings, e.g. cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3001—Cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3003—Compounds containing at least two rings in which the different rings are directly linked (covalent bond)
    • C09K2019/3004—Cy-Cy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/08—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
    • C09K19/30—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic rings, e.g. cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3001—Cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3003—Compounds containing at least two rings in which the different rings are directly linked (covalent bond)
    • C09K2019/301—Cy-Cy-Ph
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/34—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least one heterocyclic ring
    • C09K19/3402—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least one heterocyclic ring having oxygen as hetero atom
    • C09K2019/3422—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least one heterocyclic ring having oxygen as hetero atom the heterocyclic ring being a six-membered ring

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a liquid crystal (LC) medium comprising polymerizable compounds, to a process for its preparation, to its use for optical, electro-optical and electronic purposes, in particular in flexible LC displays, and to LC displays comprising it.
  • LC liquid crystal
  • LC liquid crystal
  • Free form LC displays can either have a permanent shape other than the flat shape of rigid flat panel displays, for example a curved shape, or can even have flexible shape.
  • the simplest form of the first type are curved TVs that have been developed in the recent past and offer the viewer an enhanced viewing experience. Thereby it is possible to provide displays which are not only shaped in one but in two dimensions, and which can be used for example as car dashboards or advertising screens.
  • Flexible displays another type of free form displays, have also been developed, and have been proposed for example for use in mobile phones or smart watches utilizing the advantages of flexibility. Further potential applications are foldable or Tollable mobile phones, as well as extra-large screens for presentations or home entertainment, which, due to their size, require to be Tollable or foldable for being transported or stowed.
  • Such devices are based on plastic substrates instead of rigid glass substrates as used in conventional, unflexible LC displays.
  • LC layer thickness is critical for proper device operation.
  • a proper combination of defined LC layer thickness and LC material properties ensures that the pixels can be switched between a black state and light transmitting state.
  • unwanted interference with the gap distance between the substrates can result in visible optical defects. It should therefore be ensured that the LC layer thickness is not altered by the bending or the lack of rigidity of flexible plastic substrates.
  • FIG. 1 shows an LC mixture consisting of LC host molecules (rods), polymerizable monomer (dots), and photo-initiator (not shown).
  • Fig. 1 (b) the LC mixture is filled into the display, or the LC mixture is spread on a first substrate and a second substrate applied on top, and UV radiation (indicated by the arrows) is applied through a photomask.
  • US6130738 and EP2818534 A1 disclose an LC display that comprises polymer walls formed from one or two polymerizable monomers that are contained in the LC host mixture.
  • the thickness of the polymer walls is often not constant but varying, which can lead to non-uniform pixel size. Besides the polymer walls do often still not show sufficient stability against mechanical pressure on the one hand and sufficient elasticity on the other hand. Also, the polymer walls are often too thick, which reduces transparency and contrast of the display.
  • a display mode is the polymer stabilized (PS or PSA) mode.
  • the LC medium contains a small amount of polymerizable mesogenic compounds or reactive mesogens, which are polymerized after the LC medium is filled into the display cell, typically while a voltage is applied to the display electrodes, and do thereby generate or stabilize a specific alignment of the LC molecules.
  • These reactive mesogens are usually selected from compounds that are polymerized by radical UV photopolymerization. Therefore, when using such an LC medium in displays with polymer walls, it is difficult to control polymerization of the monomers forming the polymer walls on the one hand, and polymerization of the reactive mesogens stabilizing the alignment on the other hand, independently from each other.
  • GH Guest-Host
  • the LC medium contains a dichroic dye which is reoriented together with the LC molecules when applying a voltage to the display, so that the display can be switched between states with different transmission and/or colour.
  • Such displays are used for example in smart windows.
  • the dyes typically used in GH mode displays are often unstable against free radicals. Therefore, when using such an LC medium in displays with polymer walls, the dye can be damaged during polymerization of the monomers forming the polymer walls. It is therefore desirable to have available improved LC mixtures and
  • the present invention is based on the object of providing novel suitable materials, in particular LC host mixtures comprising polymerizable monomers, for use in flexible LC displays with polymer walls, which do not have the disadvantages indicated above or do so only to a reduced extent.
  • the invention is based on the object of providing LC media comprising polymerizable monomers, which enable the formation of polymer walls in a time- and cost-effective manner, and which are suitable for mass production.
  • the formed polymer walls should show clear phase separation from the LC host mixture, without or with a reduced amount of defects or LC molecules trapped in the polymer wall, and without or with a reduced amount of polymer molecules dissolved in the LC host mixture.
  • the polymer walls should show constant thickness, high elasticity, high stability against mechanical pressure, and good adhesion to the substrates.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide improved LC host mixtures for flexible displays which should show high specific resistance values, high VHR values, high reliability, low threshold voltages, short response times, high birefringence, show good UV absorption especially at longer wavelengths, allow quick and complete polymerization of the monomers contained therein, and reduce or prevent the occurrence of image sticking in the display.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide LC media which enable the use of the polymer wall technology in display modes, like for example the PS mode or GH mode, which utilize materials that are sensitive to free radicals, such as dyes or reactive mesogens. Thereby it is possible to extend the range of polymer wall displays available to the expert.
  • an LC medium which comprises one or more monomers that are polymerizable by cationic polymerization, and further comprises a cationic polymerization initiator, for example a photoacid generator (PAG).
  • a cationic polymerization initiator for example a photoacid generator (PAG).
  • PAG photoacid generator
  • methacrylate groups which are, under the usually applied conditions, not capable of undergoing cationic polymerization but to radical polymerization, and do therefore not, or only at a small extent, participate in the cationic polymerization of the monomers forming the polymer walls.
  • a dichroic dye which may be unstable against free radicals but has higher stability stable against the cationic initiator (like for example the PAG).
  • the LC displays containing an LC medium according to the present invention can therefore also be operated in the PSA or GH mode. It has also been surprisingly found that the polymerizable compounds contained in the LC medium can also be used to form spacers to maintain a constant cell gap between the substrates of the LC display. This can support or even replace the spacer materials that are normally used in prior art.
  • the invention relates to a liquid crystal (LC) medium comprising a) a polymerizable component A) comprising one or more polymerizable compounds comprising one or more
  • a cationic photoinitiator preferably selected from photoacids (PAs) and photoacid generators (PAGs), optionally a stabiliser, b) a liquid-crystalline component B), hereinafter also referred to as "LC host mixture", which comprises, and preferably consists of, one or more mesogenic or liquid-crystalline compounds.
  • PAs photoacids
  • PAGs photoacid generators
  • LC host mixture a liquid-crystalline component B
  • the invention furthermore relates to an LC medium comprising, in addition to components A) and B) as described above and below, a second
  • polymerizable component C comprising one or more polymerizable compounds comprising one or more polymerizable groups that are capable of undergoing radical polymerization.
  • the invention furthermore relates to an LC medium comprising, in addition to components A) and B) as described above and below, one or more dyes, preferably selected from dichroic dyes.
  • the liquid-crystalline component B) of an LC medium according to the present invention is hereinafter also referred to as "LC host mixture", and preferably contains LC compounds that are selected only from low-molecu- lar-weight compounds which are unpolymerizable, and optionally contains further additives like stabilisers or chiral dopants.
  • the invention furthermore relates to an LC medium or LC display as described above and below, wherein the polymerizable compounds, or the compounds of component A), are polymerized by cationic polymerization.
  • the invention furthermore relates to a process for preparing an LC medium as described above and below, comprising the steps of mixing an LC host mixture or LC component B) as described above and below, with one or more polymerizable compounds or component A) as described above and below, and optionally with further LC compounds and/or additives.
  • the invention further relates to the use of LC medium in LC displays, preferably in flexible LC displays.
  • the invention furthermore relates to an LC display comprising an LC medium as described above and below.
  • the invention furthermore relates to an LC display comprising polymer walls obtainable by cationic polymerization of one or more polymerizable
  • the invention furthermore relates to an LC display comprising spacers obtainable by cationic polymerization of one or more polymerizable
  • the LC display according to the present invention is preferably a flexible LC display, and preferably a TN, OCB, IPS, FFS, posi-VA, VA or UB-FFS display.
  • the LC display according to the present invention is a display of the polymer stabilized alignment (PSA) mode, preferably a flexible LC display, and preferably a PS-TN, PS-OCB, PS-IPS, PS-FFS, PS-posi-VA, PS-VA or PS-UB-FFS display.
  • PSA polymer stabilized alignment
  • the LC display according to the present invention is a display of the self-aligned (SA) mode, preferably a flexible LC display, and preferably a SA-VA or SA-FFS display.
  • SA self-aligned
  • the invention furthermore relates to an LC display comprising two
  • substrates at least one which is transparent to light, an electrode provided on each substrate or two electrodes provided on only one of the substrates, and located between the substrates a layer of an LC medium as described above and below, wherein the polymerizable compounds are polymerized by cationic polymerization between the substrates of the display.
  • the invention furthermore relates to a process for manufacturing an LC display as described above and below, comprising the steps of filling or otherwise providing an LC medium as described above and below between the substrates of the display, and polymerizing the polymerizable compounds by cationic polymerization.
  • the displays according to the invention have two electrodes, preferably in the form of transparent layers, which are applied to one or both of the substrates.
  • one electrode is applied to each of the two substrates.
  • both electrodes are applied to only one of the two substrates.
  • the polymerizable compounds of the polymerizable component are preferably polymerized by cationic photopolymerization, very preferably by cationic UV photopolymerization, further preferably by thermal cationic polymerization.
  • Fig. 1 schematically illustrates the polymer wall formation process in displays according to prior art and according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 2-7 show polarization microscope images of test cells containing polymerizable mixtures P1 -P6 according to the invention after polymerization.
  • free form display will be understood to mean a display that has either a permanent shape other than a plane-parallel shape, like for example a curved shape, or a flexible display.
  • flexible display will be understood to mean a display which is bendable without breaking, like for example a display having flexible plastic substrates instead of rigid glass substrates and not comprising any other rigid layers.
  • curved display will be understood to mean a display which has top and bottom subtrates that are not plane-parallel but curved.
  • flat display with reduced touch Mura sensitivity will be understood to mean a display wherein irregular luminosity variation defects, which are caused by touching the front screen of a display, are reduced.
  • bi- or polycyclic group will be understood to mean a group that consists of two or more fused rings, i.e. rings that share at last one common atom (in contrast to rings that are connected via covalent bonds between atoms belonging to different rings), wherein fusion of the rings occurs a) across a sequence of atoms (bridgehead), like for example in
  • bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (norbornane) or tricyclo[3.3.3.1]decane (adamantane), hereinafter also referred to as“bridged bi- or polycyclic groups”,
  • RM across a bond between two atoms, like for example in bicyclo[4.4.0]decane (decalin), hereinafter also referred to as“fused bi- or polycyclic groups” c) at a single atom (spiro atom), like for example in spiro[4.5]decane, hereinafter also referred to as“spirocyclic groups”.
  • spirocyclic groups like for example in spiro[4.5]decane
  • polymerizable compounds or RMs with one polymerizable reactive group are also referred to as “monoreactive”
  • polymerizable compounds or RMs with two polymerizable reactive groups are also referred to as “direactive”
  • polymerizable compounds or RMs with three polymerizable reactive groups are also referred to as “trireactive”.
  • LC mixture is used when referring to the LC host mixture (i.e. without the RMs or polymerizable compounds), while the expression “LC medium” is used when referring to the LC host mixture plus the RM(s) or polymerizable compounds.
  • the polymerizable compounds and RMs are preferably selected from achiral compounds.
  • active layer and “switchable layer” mean a layer in an electrooptical display, for example an LC display, that comprises one or more molecules having structural and optical anisotropy, like for example LC molecules, which change their orientation upon an external stimulus like an electric or magnetic field, resulting in a change of the transmission of the layer for polarized or unpolarized light.
  • reactive mesogen and "RM” will be understood to mean a compound containing a mesogenic or liquid crystalline skeleton, and one or more functional groups attached thereto which are suitable for polymerization and are also referred to as “polymerizable group” or "P".
  • polymerizable compound as used herein will be understood to mean a polymerizable monomeric compound.
  • unpolymerizable compound will be understood to mean a compound that does not contain a functional group that is suitable for polymerization under the conditions usually applied for the polymerization of the RMs or polymerizable compounds.
  • mesogenic group as used herein is known to the person skilled in the art and described in the literature, and means a group which, due to the anisotropy of its attracting and repelling interactions, essentially contributes to causing a liquid-crystal (LC) phase in low-molecular-weight or polymeric substances.
  • Compounds containing mesogenic groups do not necessarily have to have an LC phase themselves. It is also possible for mesogenic compounds to exhibit LC phase behaviour only after mixing with other compounds and/or after polymerization. Typical mesogenic groups are, for example, rigid rod- or disc-shaped units.
  • spacer group hereinafter also referred to as "Sp”, as used herein is known to the person skilled in the art and is described in the literature, see, for example, Pure Appi Chem. 2001 , 73(5), 888 and C. Tschierske, G. Pelzl, S. Diele, Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 6340-6368.
  • spacer group or “spacer” mean a flexible group, for example an alkylene group, which connects the mesogenic group and the polymerizable group(s) in a polymerizable mesogenic compound.
  • organic group denotes a carbon or hydrocarbon group.
  • Carbon group denotes a mono- or polyvalent organic group containing at least one carbon atom, where this either contains no further atoms (such as, for example, -CoC-) or optionally contains one or more further atoms, such as, for example, N, O, S, B, P, Si, Se, As, Te or Ge (for example carbonyl, etc.).
  • hydrocarbon group denotes a carbon group which
  • H atoms additionally contains one or more H atoms and optionally one or more heteroatoms, such as, for example, N, O, S, B, P, Si, Se, As, Te or Ge.
  • heteroatoms such as, for example, N, O, S, B, P, Si, Se, As, Te or Ge.
  • Halogen denotes F, Cl, Br or I.
  • a carbon or hydrocarbon group can be a saturated or unsaturated group. Unsaturated groups are, for example, aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups.
  • a carbon or hydrocarbon radical having more than 3 C atoms can be straight- chain, branched and/or cyclic and may also contain spiro links or condensed rings.
  • alkyl also encompass polyvalent groups, for example alkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, etc.
  • aryl denotes an aromatic carbon group or a group derived therefrom.
  • heteroaryl denotes “aryl” as defined above, containing one or more heteroatoms, preferably selected from N, O, S, Se, Te, Si and Ge.
  • Preferred carbon and hydrocarbon groups are optionally substituted, straight- chain, branched or cyclic, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy and alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 40, preferably 1 to 20, very preferably 1 to 12, C atoms, optionally substituted aryl or aryloxy having 5 to 30, preferably 6 to 25, C atoms, or optionally substituted alkylaryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylcarbonyloxy and aryloxycarbonyloxy having 5 to 30, preferably 6 to 25, C atoms, wherein one or more C atoms may also be replaced by hetero atoms, preferably selected from N, O, S, Se, Te, Si and Ge.
  • hetero atoms preferably selected from N, O, S, Se, Te, Si
  • carbon and hydrocarbon groups are C1-C20 alkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, C2-C20 alkynyl, C3-C20 allyl, C 4 -C2o alkyldienyl, C -C20 polyenyl, Ce- C20 cycloalkyl, C 4 -Cis cycloalkenyl, C6-C30 aryl, C6-C3o alkylaryl, C6-C30 arylalkyl, C6-C30 alkylaryloxy, C6-C3o arylalkyloxy, C2-C30 heteroaryl, C2-C30 heteroaryloxy.
  • Particular preference is given to C1 -C12 alkyl, C2-C12 alkenyl, C2-C12 alkynyl, C6-C25 aryl and C2-C25 heteroaryl.
  • R S1 denotes H, F, Cl, CN, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl chain having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -O-CO-O- and in which one or more FI atoms may be replaced by F or Cl, or denotes an optionally substituted aryl or aryloxy group with 6 to 30 C atoms, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy group with 2 to 30 C atoms.
  • Preferred alkyl groups are, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, 2-methylbutyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, 2-ethyl hexyl, n-heptyl, cycloheptyl, n-octyl, cyclooctyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, dodecanyl, trifluoromethyl, perfluoro- n-butyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, peril uorooctyl, perfluorohexyl, etc.
  • Preferred alkenyl groups are, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, cyclopentenyl, hexenyl, cyclohexenyl, heptenyl, cycloheptenyl, octenyl, cyclooctenyl, etc.
  • Preferred alkynyl groups are, for example, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, octynyl, etc.
  • Preferred alkoxy groups are, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, 2-methoxy- ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, 2- methylbutoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, n-heptoxy, n-octoxy, n-nonoxy, n- decoxy, n-undecoxy, n-dodecoxy, etc.
  • Preferred amino groups are, for example, dimethylamino, methylamino, methylphenylamino, phenylamino, etc.
  • Aryl and heteroaryl groups can be monocyclic or polycyclic, i.e. they can contain one ring (such as, for example, phenyl) or two or more rings, which may also be fused (such as, for example, naphthyl) or covalently bonded (such as, for example, biphenyl), or contain a combination of fused and linked rings.
  • Heteroaryl groups contain one or more heteroatoms, preferably selected from O, N, S and Se. Particular preference is given to mono-, bi- or tricyclic aryl groups having 6 to 25 C atoms and mono-, bi- or tricyclic heteroaryl groups having 5 to 25 ring atoms, which optionally contain fused rings and are optionally substituted.
  • Preferred aryl groups are, for example, phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl,
  • Preferred heteroaryl groups are, for example, 5-membered rings, such as pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, 1 ,2,3-triazole, 1 ,2,4-triazole, tetrazole, furan, thiophene, selenophene, oxazole, isoxazole, 1 ,2-thiazole, 1 ,3-thiazole, 1 ,2,3- oxadiazole, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole, 1 ,2,5-oxadiazole, 1 ,3,4-oxadiazole, 1 ,2,3- thiadiazole, 1 ,2,4-thiadiazole, 1 ,2,5-thiadiazole, 1 ,3,4-thiadiazole, 6-membered rings, such as pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 1 ,3,5-triazine, 1 ,2,4- triazine, 1
  • benzimidazole benzotriazole, purine, naphthimidazole, phenanthrimidazole, pyridimidazole, pyrazinimidazole, quinoxalinimidazole, benzoxazole, naphthoxazole, anthroxazole, phenanthroxazole, isoxazole, benzothiazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, dibenzofuran, quinoline, isoquinoline, pteridine, benzo-5, 6-quinoline, benzo-6, 7-quinoline, benzo-7, 8-quinoline, benzoisoquin- oline, acridine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzopyridazine, benzopyrimi- dine, quinoxaline, phenazine, naphthyridine, azacarbazole, benzocarboline, phenanthridine, phenanthroline, thieno
  • aryl and heteroaryl groups mentioned above and below may also be substituted by alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, fluorine, fluoroalkyl or further aryl or heteroaryl groups.
  • the (non-aromatic) alicyclic and heterocyclic groups encompass both saturated rings, i.e. those containing exclusively single bonds, and also partially unsaturated rings, i.e. those which may also contain multiple bonds.
  • Heterocyclic rings contain one or more heteroatoms, preferably selected from Si, 0, N, S and Se.
  • the (non-aromatic) alicyclic and heterocyclic groups can be monocyclic, i.e. contain only one ring (such as, for example, cyclohexane), or polycyclic, i.e. contain a plurality of rings (such as, for example, decahydronaphthalene or bicyclooctane). Particular preference is given to saturated groups. Preference is furthermore given to mono-, bi- or tricyclic groups having 5 to 25 ring atoms, which optionally contain fused rings and are optionally substituted.
  • Preferred alicyclic and heterocyclic groups are, for example, 5-membered groups, such as cyclopentane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiofuran, pyrroli dine, 6-membered groups, such as cyclohexane, silinane, cyclohexene, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrothiopyran, 1 ,3-dioxane, 1 ,3-dithiane, piperidine,
  • 7-membered groups such as cycloheptane, and fused groups, such as tetrahydronaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene, indane, bicyclo[1.1.1]- pentane-1 ,3-diyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1 ,4-diyl, spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-diyl, octahydro-4,7-methanoindane-2,5-diyl.
  • cycloheptane and fused groups, such as tetrahydronaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene, indane, bicyclo[1.1.1]- pentane-1 ,3-diyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1 ,4-diyl, spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-diyl, octahydro-4,7-methan
  • Preferred substituents are, for example, solubility-promoting groups, such as alkyl or alkoxy, electron-withdrawing groups, such as fluorine, nitro or nitrile, or substituents for increasing the glass transition temperature (Tg) in the polymer, in particular bulky groups, such as, for example, t-butyl or optionally substituted aryl groups.
  • Y s denotes halogen, preferably F.
  • Substituted silyl or aryl preferably means substituted by halogen, -CN,
  • R°, -OR 0 , -CO-R 0 , -CO-O-R 0 , -O-CO-R 0 or -O-CO-O-R 0 wherein R° denotes FI or alkyl with 1 to 20 C atoms.
  • Particularly preferred substituents L are, for example, F, Cl, CN, NO2, CH3, C2H5, OCHs, OC2H5, COCH3, COC2H5, COOCHs, COOC2H5, CFs, OCFs, OCFIF2, OC2F5, furthermore phenyl.
  • L has one of the meanings indicated above and r is 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4.
  • W 2 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, preferably H, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl, very preferably H, and ki denotes 0 or 1 .
  • the polymerizable groups that are capable of undergoing cationic polymerization are selected from the group consisting of vinyloxy, vinyl, styrene, epoxy, oxetane, acetolactone, propiolactone, acetolactame, propiolactame, most preferably from vinyloxy.
  • lactone and lactame groups are preferably selected from the group consisting of a-acetolacatone, b-propiolactone, a-acetolactame and b- propiolactame.
  • the polymerizable groups that are capable of undergoing cationic polymerization are selected from the group consisting of saturated heterocylic groups having 3, 4 or 5 ring atoms and containing one or more hetero atoms selected from O, S, N and B.
  • Very preferred polymerizable groups are aziridine, oxirane, thiirane, borirane, diaziridine, oxaziridine, dioxirane, azetidine, oxetane, thietane, diazetidine, dioxetane, dithiethane, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofurane, tetrahydrothiopene, borolane, imidazolidine, oxazolidine, thiazolidine, dioxolane, dithiolane.
  • a polymerizable group, or group P 1 ⁇ 2 which is capable of undergoing radical polymerization, is preferably selected from the group consisting of acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, chloroacrylate and cyanoacrylate, very preferably from acrylate and methacrylate.
  • Sp, Sp x or Sp 1 ⁇ 2 is different from a single bond, it is preferably selected of the formula Sp"-X", so that the respective radical P-Sp- conforms to the formula P-Sp"-X"-, wherein
  • R° and R°° each, independently of one another, denote FI or alkyl having 1 to 20 C atoms, and
  • Y 2 and Y 3 each, independently of one another, denote FI, F, Cl or CN.
  • X" is preferably -0-, -S-, -C0-, -COO-, -OCO-, -0-C00-, -CO-NR 0 -, -NR°- CO-, -NR°-CO-NR 00 - or a single bond.
  • Typical spacer groups Sp, Sp x , Sp 1 ⁇ 2 and -Sp"-X"- are, for example, -(CH 2 ) PI -, -(CH 2 CH 2 0)qi-CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 - or -(SiR°R 00 -O) pi -, in which p1 is an integer from 1 to 20, q1 is an integer from 1 to 6, and R° and R 00 have the meanings indicated above.
  • Particularly preferred groups Sp, Sp x , Sp 1 ⁇ 2 and -Sp”-X”- are -(CH 2 ) PI -, -(CH 2 ) PI - 0-, -(CH 2 ) PI -0-C0-, -(CH 2 ) PI -C0-0-, -(CH 2 ) pi -0-C0-0-, in which p1 and q1 have the meanings indicated above.
  • Particularly preferred groups Sp" are, in each case straight-chain, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene, decylene, undecylene, dodecylene, octadecylene, ethyleneoxyethylene, methyleneoxybutylene, ethylenethioethylene, ethylene-N-methylimino- ethylene, 1-methylalkylene, ethenylene, propenylene and butenylene.
  • a cationic polymerization initiator for example a photoacid (PA) or photoacid generator (PAG).
  • PA photoacid
  • PAG photoacid generator
  • Such a PAG upon its activation, for example by illumination, does not produce free radicals but forms strong acids releasing protons, for example by proton photodissociation, which initiate the cationic polymerization of the monomers. It is therefore possible to add to the LC medium according to the present invention further monomers or reactive mesogens with acrylate or
  • LC displays containing an LC medium according to the present invention can therefore also be operated in the PSA or GH mode.
  • the polymerizable compounds of component A) are selected from compounds having one, two, three or four polymerizable groups, more preferably from compounds having one, two or three polymerizable groups, most preferably from compounds having one or two polymerizable groups.
  • component A) of the LC medium comprises one or more polymerizable compounds selected of formula I
  • P x , P y a polymerizable group that is capable of undergoing cationic
  • Sp 1 , Sp 2 a spacer group or a single bond
  • R q FI, F, Cl, CN or straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CFI 2 -groups are
  • Y z halogen preferably F or Cl, m 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, n11 1 , 2, 3 or 4.
  • R x in these compounds is selected from the group consisting of primary alkyl or alkoxy having from 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, secondary alkyl or alkoxy having from 3 to 15, preferably 3 to 10 C atoms, or tertiary alkyl or alkoxy having from 4 to 18, preferably 4 to 12 C atoms.
  • P x and P y in formula I and its subformulae are selected from the group consisting of vinyloxy, vinyl, styrene, epoxy, oxetane, acetolactone, propiolactone, acetolactame, propiolactame, most preferably from vinyloxy.
  • Sp 1 and Sp 2 in formula I and its subformulae preferably denote -(CFteJpi-, - (CH 2 ) PI -0-, -(CH 2 ) PI -0-C0- or -(CH 2 ) PI -C0-0-, very preferably-(CH2) Pi -, in which p1 is an integer from 1 to 20.
  • a 1 in formula I and its subformulae is preferably selected from,4-phenylene, 1 ,3- phenylene, naphthalene-1 ,4-diyl, naphthalene-2, 6-diyl, phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, anthracene-2, 7-diyl, fluorene-2,7-diyl, coumarine, flavone, where, in addition, one or more CH groups in these groups may be replaced by N, cyclohexane-1 ,4-diyl, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CFh groups may be replaced by O and/or S, 1 ,4-cyclohexenylene, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1 ,3-diyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1 ,4-diy
  • a 1 in formula I and its subformulae is selected from 1 ,4- phenylene, naphthalene-2, 6-diyl and cyclohexane-1 ,4-diyl, which are
  • component A) of the LC medium comprises one or more compounds of formula I wherein m is > 1 , and is preferably 1 , 2 or 3, very preferably 2.
  • R y , R z independently of one another, denote H, F, CFI3 or CF3, Z 3 , Z 4 are independently of each other -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -CFI 2 0-, -
  • L on each occurrence has one of the meanings given above or below, and is preferably F, Cl, CN, N0 2 , CFI3, C 2 Fl5, C(CH 3 ) 3 , CH(CH 3 )2, CH 2 CH(CH 3 )C 2 H 5 , OCHs, OC 2 H 5 , COCHs, COC 2 H 5 , COOCFI3, COOC 2 Fl5, CF3, OCF3, OCFIF 2 , OC 2 F 5 or P x -Sp 1 -, very preferably F, Cl, CN, CFI3, C 2 Fl5, OCFI3, COCFI3, OCF3, more preferably F, Cl, CFI3, OCFI3, COCFI3, CF3 Oder OCF3, especially F or CFI3.
  • component A) of the LC medium comprises one or more compounds of formula I wherein m is 0.
  • P x -Sp x -R x IA wherein P x and R x have the meanings given above, and Sp x is straight chain or branched alkylene having 1 to 40 C atoms, wherein one or more non- adjacent CFte-groups are optionally replaced by -0-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-0-, -O- CO-, -O-CO-O- in such a manner that O- and/or S-atoms are not directly connected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, -CN or P x .
  • Preferred compounds of formula IA are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae: P x -(CHW 1 1 )n2-(CH 2 )n1-(CHW 12 )n3-H IA1
  • n1 an integer from 2 to 20, preferably from 3 to 16, n2, n3 0 or an integer from 1 to 6 n4 2, 3 or 4, and wherein in formula IA1 -IA5 in the group (CFI 2 ) ni one or more of the CFI 2 groups, which are not directly connected to P x or P y , are optionally replaced by -O- or -CO-, and one or more of the FI atoms are optionally replaced by F or alkyl with 1 to 6 C atoms.
  • Very preferred compounds of formula IA are selected from the following subformulae IA1 a
  • component A) of the LC medium comprises, preferably consists of, one or more polymerizable compounds, preferably of formula I or its subformulae, having exactly one polymerizable group or group P x that is capable of undergoing cationic polymerization (monoreactive compounds).
  • concentration of these monoreactive compounds of formula I in the LC medium is preferably from 5 to 25%, very preferably from 11 to 20% by weight.
  • component A) of the LC medium comprises, preferably consists of, one or more polymerizable compounds, preferably of formula I or its subformulae, having exactly two polymerizable groups or groups P x y that are capable of undergoing cationic polymerization (direactive compounds).
  • concentration of these direactive compounds of formula I in the LC medium is preferably from 5 to 15%, very preferably from 5 to 10% by weight.
  • component A) of the LC medium comprises one or more polymerizable compounds, preferably of formula I or its subformulae, having exactly three polymerizable groups or groups P x y that are capable of undergoing cationic polymerization (trireactive compounds).
  • concentration of these trireactive compounds of formula I in the LC medium is preferably from 1 to 10%, very preferably from 2 to 5% by weight.
  • component A) of the LC medium comprises one or more polymerizable compounds, preferably of formula I or its subformulae, having exactly one polymerizable group or group P x that is capable of undergoing cationic polymerization (monoreactive compounds), and further comprises one or more polymerizable compounds, preferably of formula I or its subformulae, having exactly two, three or four, very preferably two, polymerizable groups or groups P x y that are capable of undergoing cationic polymerization (multireactive compounds).
  • the concentration of the monoreactive compounds of formula I in the LC medium is preferably from 5 to 20%, very preferably from 12 to 20% by weight, and the concentration of the multireactive compounds of formula I in the LC medium is preferably from 2 to 10%, very preferably from 3 to 8% by weight.
  • the concentration of each individual polymerizable compound, preferably of formula I or its subformulae is preferably from 1 to 25%, very preferably from 5 to 20% by weight.
  • the total concentration of the polymerizable compounds, preferably of formula I or its subformulae is preferably from 2 to 30%, more preferably from 3 to 25%, very preferably from 5 to 22%, most preferably from 10 to 20% by weight.
  • LC media wherein the polymerizable component A) comprises one, two or three polymerizable compounds, preferably of formula I or its subformulae.
  • the polymerizable component A) additionally contains one or more polymerization initiators that are capable of initiating cationic polymerization. Suitable types and amounts of initiators are known to the person skilled in the art and are described in the literature.
  • the initiator is a
  • Such cationic polymerization initiators are commercially available.
  • the concentration of cationic polymerization initiator in the LC medium is from 0.001 to 5% by weight, very preferably 0.005 to 1 % by weight, most preferably 0.01 to 0.5% by weight.
  • polymerizable component A) of the LC medium contains a cationic photoinitiator selected from photoacids (PA) and photoacid generators (PAGs).
  • the initiator, PA and PAG can be a ionic or non-ionic compound.
  • Preferred PAs and PAGs are those comprising a sulfonyloxyimino group, a sulfonium ion, e.g. a triphenylsulfonium ion, or an iodonium ion, e.g. a diphenyliodonium ion.
  • Such PAs and PAGs are commercially available for example under the series Irgacure®, Irgacure® PAG, Irgacure® CGI or Irgacure® GSID (BASF).
  • Suitable and preferred PAs and PAGs of these types are those selected from the following formulae
  • PAs and PAGs are those comprising a sulfonyloxyimino group as disclosed for example in WO 2016/043558 A1 .
  • suitable and preferred PAs and PAGs of these types are those selected from the following formulae
  • Such PAs and PAGs are commercially available for example from Fleraeus.
  • Another suitable and preferred initiator has the following formula
  • PAs and PAGs are selected from Irgacure® 250, Irgacure® 261 , Irgacure® 270, Irgacure® PAG 103, Irgacure® PAG 108, Irgacure® PAG 121 , Irgacure® PAG 203, Irgacure® PAG 290, Irgacure® CGI 725, Irgacure® 1380, Irgacure® CGI 1907, Irgacure® GSID 26-1 (from BASF), and those of formulae P1 -P10 (from Heraeus).
  • the LC medium comprises one or more stabilisers in order to prevent undesired spontaneous polymerization of the polymerizable monomers, for example during storage or transport.
  • Suitable types and amounts of stabilisers are known to the person skilled in the art and are described in the literature. Particularly suitable are, for example, the commercially available stabilisers from the Irganox® series (Ciba AG), such as, for example, Irganox® 1076.
  • the total concentration of the stabilisers in the LC medium is from 0.001 to 3% by weight, very preferably 0.01 to 1 % by weight, most preferably 0.05 to 0.5% by weight.
  • the polymerizable component A) contains one or more photosensitizers.
  • suitable and preferred photosensitizers include isopropylthioxanthone (ITX) and thioxanthone.
  • the concentration of the photosensitizer in the LC medium is from 0.001 to 10% by weight, very preferably 0.01 to 5% by weight, most preferably 0.01 to 2% by weight.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to an LC medium comprising, in addition to components A) and B) as described above and below, a second polymerizable component C) comprising one or more polymerizable compounds comprising one or more polymerizable groups that are capable of undergoing radical polymerization.
  • Such an LC medium is suitable for use in a LC display of the PSA mode, or another mode where reactive monomers contained in the LC medium are polymerized by radical polymerization.
  • Preferred polymerizable compounds of component C) are those of formula R
  • Z 1 , Sp 1 , Sp 2 and m are as defined in formula I, and the other radicals, independently of each other, and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings P 1 , P 2 a polymerizable group that is not capable of undergoing cationic
  • B 1 , B 2 an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic group having 4 to 25 ring atoms, which may also contain fused rings, and which is unsubstituted, or mono- or polysubstituted by L x ,
  • Preferred compounds of formula R are those in which B 1 and B 2 each, independently of one another, denote 1 ,4-phenylene, 1 ,3-phenylene, naphthalene-1 , 4-diyl, naphthalene-2, 6-diyl, phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, 9,10- dihydro-phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, anthracene-2, 7-diyl, fluorene-2,7-diyl, coumarine, flavone, where, in addition, one or more CFI groups in these groups may be replaced by N, cyclohexane-1 , 4-diyl, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CFI 2 groups may be replaced by O and/or S, 1 ,4- cyclohexenylene, bicyclo[1 .1 .1 ]pentane-1 ,3-diyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]
  • Very preferred compounds of formula R are those in which B 1 and B 2 each independently of one another, denote 1 ,4-phenylene, 1 ,3-phenylene, naphthalene-1 , 4-diyl or naphthalene-2, 6-diyl, all of which are optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L x as defined above.
  • P 1 , P 2 , P 3 a vinyloxy, acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, chloro- acrylate, oxetane or epoxy group,
  • Sp 1 , Sp 2 , Sp 3 a single bond or a spacer group
  • one or more of the radicals P 1 -Sp 1 -, P 1 -Sp 2 - and P 3 -Sp 3 - may denote R aa , with the proviso that at least one of the radicals P 1 -Sp 1 -, P 2 -Sp 2 and P 3 -Sp 3 - present is different from R aa ,
  • R y and R z H, F, CHs or CFs,
  • trireactive compounds R15 to R30 in particular R17, R18, R19, R22, R23, R24, R25, R26, R30 and R31.
  • L on each occurrence has one of the meanings given above or below, and is preferably F, Cl, CN, NO2, CFI3, C2FI 5 , C(CH 3 ) 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 )C 2 H5, OCHS, OC2H5, COCHs, COC2H5, COOCFb, COOC2FI 5 , CF 3 , OCF 3J OCFIF2, OC2F 5 or P 1 -Sp 1 -, very preferably F, Cl, CN, CFI 3 , C2FI 5 , OCFI 3 , COCFI 3 , OCF 3 or P 1 -Sp 1 -, more preferably F, Cl, CFI 3 , OCFI 3 , COCFI 3 O der OCF 3 , especially F or CFI 3 .
  • Preferred compounds of formula R and its subformulae are those in which P 1 , P 2 and P 3 are selected from the group consisting of acrylate,
  • Further preferred compounds of formula R are those in which at least one of Sp 1 , Sp 2 and Sp 3 is a single bond and at least one of Sp 1 , Sp 2 and Sp 3 is different from a single bond, and is preferably selected from -(CH2) PI -, - (CFl 2 ) Pi -0-, -(CFl 2 ) Pi -0-C0- or -(CFl 2 ) Pi -C0-0-, very preferably-(CFl2) Pi -, in which p1 is an integer from 1 to 20.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to an LC medium comprising, in addition to components A) and B) as described above and below, one or more dyes, preferably selected from dichroic dyes.
  • an LC medium is suitable for use in displays of the GH mode, which are for example used in smart windows.
  • the dyes are preferably organic compounds, particularly preferably organic compounds containing at least one condensed aryl or heteroaryl group.
  • the LC medium preferably comprises at least two, particularly preferably at least three and very particularly preferably three or four different dyes.
  • two or more dyes are present in the mixture, they are preferably selected such that their absorption spectra complement one another in such a way that essentially the entire visible spectrum of light is absorbed.
  • the total proportion of the dyes in the LC medium as a whole is preferably from 0.01 to 20%, more preferably from 0.1 to 15% and very preferably from 0.2 to 12% by weight.
  • the proportion of each individual dye in the LC medium as a whole is preferably from 0.01 to 15%, more preferably from 0.05 to 12% and very preferably from 0.1 to 10% by weight.
  • the dyes present in the LC medium are preferably dissolved in the LC medium.
  • the dyes are preferably influenced in their alignment by the alignment of the molecules of the LC medium mixture in the LC state.
  • the dyes are preferably selected from dichroic dyes, particularly preferably positively dichroic dyes.
  • Positively dichroic is taken to mean that the dye has a positive degree of anisotropy R.
  • the degree of anisotropy R is particularly preferably greater than 0.4, very particularly preferably greater than 0.5 and most preferably greater than 0.6.
  • the degree of anisotropy R is determined as indicated in the working examples of the application text WO2015/154848.
  • Negatively dichroic is taken to mean that the dye has a negative degree of anisotropy R.
  • the dyes present in the LC medium are preferably either all positively dichroic, or all negatively dichroic.
  • the dyes in accordance with the present application absorb predominantly light in the UV-VIS-NIR region, i.e. in a wavelength range from 320 to 1500 nm.
  • the dyes particularly preferably absorb predominantly light in the VIS region, i.e. in a wavelength range from 380 to 780 nm.
  • the dyes particularly preferably have one or more absorption maxima in the UV-VIS-NIR region defined above, preferably in the VIS region, i.e. a wavelength of 380 nm to 780 nm.
  • the dye is furthermore preferably selected from the dye classes indicated in B. Bahadur, Liquid Crystals - Applications and Uses, Vol. 3, 1992, World Scientific Publishing, section 11.2.1 , and particularly preferably from the explicit compounds shown in the table.
  • the dyes are preferably selected from azo compounds, anthraquinones, methine compounds, azomethine compounds, merocyanine compounds, naphthoquinones, tetrazines, rylenes, in particular perylenes and terylenes, benzothiadiazoles, pyrromethenes and diketopyrrolopyrroles.
  • azo compounds anthraquinones, benzo- thiadiazoles, in particular as disclosed in WO 2014/187529, diketopyrrolo- pyrroles, in particular as disclosed in WO 2015/090497, and rylenes, in particular as disclosed in WO 2014/090373.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to an LC medium comprising, in addition to components A) and B) as described above, one or more self-aligning (SA) additives.
  • SA self-aligning
  • Such an LC medium is suitable for use in displays of the so-called“self-aligned” or“self-aligning” (SA) mode.
  • the alignment layers which are usually present in LCDs to ensure specific initial alignment of the LC molecules, are omitted on one or both of the substrates.
  • a self alignment agent is added to the LC medium that induces the desired alignment, for example homeotropic or planar alignment, in situ by a self assembling mechanism.
  • Suitable self-aligning additives are for example compounds having an organic core group and attached thereto one or more polar anchor groups, which are capable of interacting with the substrate surface, causing the additives on the substrate surface to align and induce the desired alignment also in the LC molecules.
  • Suitable self-aligning additives to induce homeotropic alignment are disclosed for example in US 2013/0182202 A1 , US 2014/0838581 A1 , US 2015/0166890 A1 and US 2015/0252265 A1.
  • Preferred SA additives are selected from compounds comprising a mesogenic group and a straight-chain or branched alkyl side chain that is terminated with one or more polar anchor groups selected from hydroxy, carboxy, amino or thiol groups.
  • Further preferred SA additives contain one or more polymerizable groups which are attached, optionally via spacer groups, to the mesogenic group. These polymerizable SA additives can be polymerized in the LC medium under similar conditions as applied for the RMs in the PSA process.
  • the LC medium preferably contains one or more SA additives in a
  • Another preferred LC medium according to the present invention contains, in addition to components A) and B) as described above and below, a second polymerizable component C) comprising one or more polymerizable
  • the LC medium according to the present invention comprises an LC component B), or LC host mixture, comprising one or more, preferably two or more LC compounds which are selected from low-molecular-weight compounds that are unpolymerizable. These LC compounds are selected such that they stable and/or unreactive to a polymerization reaction under the conditions applied to the polymerization of the polymerizable compounds. Preference is given to LC media in which the LC component B), or the LC host mixture, has a nematic LC phase, and preferably has no chiral liquid crystal phase.
  • the LC component B), or LC host mixture is preferably a nematic LC mixture. Preference is furthermore given to achiral polymerizable compounds, and to LC media in which the compounds of component A) and/or B) are selected exclusively from the group consisting of achiral compounds.
  • the proportion of the LC component B) in the LC medium is from 70 to 95% by weight.
  • the LC media and LC host mixtures of the present invention preferably have a nematic phase range > 80 K, very preferably > 100 K, and preferably a rotational viscosity ⁇ 250 mPa s, very preferably ⁇ 200 mPa s, at 20°C.
  • the birefringence Dh of LC media and LC host mixtures according to the invention is preferably preferably from 0.07 to 0.15, particularly preferably from 0.08 to 0.15.
  • the LC medium contains an component B) or LC host mixture having a positive dielectric anisotropy De.
  • Such LC media are especially suitable for use in TN, OCB-, Posi-VA-, IPS- or FFS-displays or related modes using LC-materials with De>0.
  • the LC media and LC host mixtures according to this first preferred embodiment preferably have a positive dielectric anisotropy De from +2 to +30, particularly preferably from +3 to +20, at 20°C and 1 kHz.
  • liquid-crystalline component B) or LC host mixture comprises one or more compounds selected from formula A and B
  • R 21 , R 31 each, independently of one another, alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl or alkoxyalkyl having 1 to 9 C atoms or alkenyl or alkenyloxy having 2 to 9 C atoms, all of which are optionally fluorinated,
  • L 21 , L 22 , L 31 , L 32 each, independently of one another, FI or F,
  • R 21 and R 31 are preferably selected from straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy with 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 C atoms, and straight-chain alkenyl with 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 C atoms.
  • g is preferably 1 or 2.
  • component B) of the LC medium comprises one or more compounds of formula A selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:
  • a 21 , A 22 , R 21 , X°, L 21 and L 22 have the meanings given in formula A, L 23 and L 24 each, independently of one another, are FI or F, and X° is preferably F.
  • Particularly preferred are compounds of formulae A1 and A2.
  • Particularly preferred compounds of formula A1 are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae:
  • R 21 , X°, L 21 and L 22 have the meaning given in formula A1 , L 23 , L 24 , L 25 and L 26 are each, independently of one another, FI or F, and X° is preferably F.
  • Very particularly preferred compounds of formula A1 are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae:
  • R 21 is as defined in formula A1.
  • Particularly preferred compounds of formula A2 are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae:
  • R 21 , X°, L 21 and L 22 have the meaning given in formula A2, L 23 , L 24 , L 25 and L 26 each, independently of one another, are FI or F, and X° is preferably F.
  • Very particularly preferred compounds of formula A2 are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae:
  • Particularly preferred compounds of formula A3 are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae:
  • R 21 , X°, L 21 and L 22 have the meaning given in formula A3, and X° is preferably F.
  • Particularly preferred compounds of formula A4 are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae:
  • R 21 is as defined in formula A4.
  • component B) of the LC medium comprises one or more compounds of formula B selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:
  • Particularly preferred compounds of formula B1 are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae:
  • R 31 , X°, L 31 and L 32 have the meaning given in formula B1 , and X° is preferably F.
  • Very particularly preferred compounds of formula B1 a are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae: in which R 31 is as defined in formula B1 .
  • Very particularly preferred compounds of formula B1 b are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae:
  • R 31 is as defined in formula B1.
  • Particularly preferred compounds of formula B2 are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae:
  • R 31 , X°, L 31 and L 32 have the meaning given in formula B2
  • L 33 , L 34 , L 35 and L 36 are each, independently of one another, H or F
  • X° is preferably F.
  • Very particularly preferred compounds of formula B2 are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae:
  • R 31 is as defined in formula B2.
  • R 31 is as defined in formula B2.
  • Very particularly preferred compounds of formula B2c are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae: in which R 31 is as defined in formula B2.
  • R 31 is as defined in formula B2.
  • Very particularly preferred compounds of formula B2f are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae:
  • R 31 is as defined in formula B2.
  • R 31 is as defined in formula B2.
  • R 31 is as defined in formula B2.
  • R 31 is as defined in formula B2.
  • R 31 is as defined in formula B2.
  • R 31 is as defined in formula B2.
  • the compounds of formula B1 and/or B2 component B) of the LC medium may also comprise one or more compounds of formula B3 as defined above.
  • Particularly preferred compounds of formula B3 are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae:
  • component B) of the LC medium comprises, in addition to the compounds of formula A and/or B, one or more compounds of formula C
  • R 41 , R 42 each, independently of one another, alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl or alkoxyalkyl having 1 to 9 C atoms or alkenyl or
  • Z 41 , Z 42 each, independently of one another, -CH2CH2-, -COO-, trans-
  • R 41 and R 42 are preferably selected from straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy with 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 C atoms, and straight- chain alkenyl with 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 C atoms.
  • h is preferably 0, 1 or 2.
  • Preferred compounds of formula C are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae:
  • R 41 and R 42 have the meanings given in formula C, and preferably denote each, independently of one another, alkyl, alkoxy, fluorinated alkyl or fluorinated alkoxy with 1 to 7 C atoms, or alkenyl, alkenyloxy, alkoxyalkyl or fluorinated alkenyl with 2 to 7 C atoms.
  • component B) of the LC medium comprises, in addition to the compounds of formula A and/or B, one or more compounds of formula D in which A 41 , A 42 , Z 41 , Z 42 , R 41 , R 42 and h have the meanings given in formula C or one of the preferred meanings given above.
  • Preferred compounds of formula D are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae:
  • component B) of the LC medium comprises, in addition to the compounds of formula A and/or B, one or more compounds of formula E containing an alkenyl group in which the individual radicals, on each occurrence identically or differently, each, independently of one another, have the following meaning:
  • R A2 alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or two non- adjacent Chte groups may be replaced by -0-, -CH CH-, -CO- , -OCO- or -COO- in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, x 1 or 2.
  • R A2 is preferably straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 8 C atoms or straight-chain alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms.
  • Preferred compounds of formula E are selected from the following sub- formulae:
  • n denotes 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, i denotes 0, 1 , 2 or 3, and R b1 denotes H, CH 3 or C 2 H 5 .
  • component B) of the LC medium comprises, in addition to the compounds of formula A and/or B, one or more compounds of formula F
  • R 21 alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl or alkoxyalkyl having 1 to 9 C
  • L 21 , L 22 , L 23 , L 24 each, independently of one another, FI or F, g 0, 1 , 2 or 3.
  • Particularly preferred compounds of formula F are selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:
  • R 21 , X°, L 21 and L 22 have the meaning given in formula F
  • L 25 and L 26 are each, independently of one another, FI or F
  • X° is preferably F.
  • Very particularly preferred compounds of formula F1 -F3 are selected from the group consisting of the following subformulae:
  • component B) of the LC medium comprises, in addition to the compounds of formula A and/or B, one or more compounds of formula G containing a cyano group.
  • R 51 alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl or alkoxyalkyl having 1 to 9 C
  • Preferred compounds of formula G are selected from the following
  • R 51 is as defined in formula G and L 1 and L 2 are each, independently of one another, H or F.
  • Very preferred are compounds of formula G1 , G2 and G5.
  • Preferred compounds of formula G1 -G9 are those wherein L 51 and L 52 are F.
  • R 51 is as defined in formula G.
  • R 51 is particularly preferably alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or alkenyl having from 2 to 7 carbon atoms.
  • the concentration of the compounds of formula A and B in the LC host mixture is preferably from 2 to 60%, very preferably from 3 to 45%, most preferably from 4 to 35%.
  • the concentration of the compounds of formula C and D in the LC host mixture is preferably from 2 to 70%, very preferably from 5 to 65%, most preferably from 10 to 60%.
  • the concentration of the compounds of formula E in the LC host mixture is preferably from 5 to 50%, very preferably from 5 to 35%.
  • the concentration of the compounds of formula F in the LC host mixture is preferably from 2 to 30%, very preferably from 5 to 20%.
  • the LC host mixture comprises one or more compounds of formula A and/or B with high positive dielectric anisotropy, preferably with De > 15.
  • the LC host mixture comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of formulae A1a2, A1 b1 , A1d1 , A1f1 , A2a1 , A2h1 , A2I1 , A2I2, A2k1 , B2h3, B2I1 , F1a.
  • the proportion of these compounds in the LC host mixture is preferably from 4 to 40%, very preferably from 5 to 35%.
  • the LC host mixture comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of formulae C3, C4, C5, C9 and D2. The proportion of these compounds in the LC host mixture is preferably from 8 to 70%, very preferably from 10 to 60%.
  • the LC host mixture comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of formulae G1 , G2 and G5, preferably G1a, G2a and G5a. The proportion of these compounds in the LC host mixture is preferably from 4 to 40%, very preferably from 5 to 35%.
  • the LC host mixture comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of formulae E1 , E3 and E6, preferably E1 a, E3a and E6a, very preferably E1 a2, E1 a5, E3a1 and E6a1.
  • the proportion of these compounds in the LC host mixture is preferably from 5 to 60%, very preferably from 10 to 50%.
  • the LC medium contains an component B) or LC host mixture having a negative dielectric anisotropy De.
  • Such LC media are especially suitable for use in VA, IPS and UB-FFS displays or related modes using LC-materials with De ⁇ 0.
  • the LC media and LC host mixtures according to this second preferred embodiment preferably have a negative dielectric anisotropy De from -0.5 to - 10, very preferably from -2.5 to -7.5, at 20°C and 1 kHz.
  • Particularly preferred embodiments of an LC medium according to this second preferred embodiment are those of sections a)-z2) below: a) LC medium wherein the component B) or LC host mixture comprises one or more compounds selected from formulae CY and PY:
  • a denotes 1 or 2
  • b denotes 0 or 1
  • R 1 and R 2 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to
  • Z x and Z y each, independently of one another, denote -CH2CH2-,
  • L 1 4 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, OCF3,
  • both L 1 and L 2 denote F or one of L 1 and L 2 denotes F and the other denotes Cl
  • both L 3 and L 4 denote F or one of L 3 and L 4 denotes F and the other denotes Cl.
  • the compounds of the formula CY are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:
  • alkyl and alkyl * each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1 -6 C atoms
  • alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms
  • (O) denotes an oxygen atom or a single bond.
  • the compounds of the formula PY are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:
  • alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1 -6 C atoms
  • alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms
  • (O) denotes an oxygen atom or a single bond.
  • the concentration of the compounds of formula CY and PY and their subformulae in the LC medium is from 10 to 70% by weight, very preferably from 15 to 50% by weight.
  • concentration of the compounds of formula CY and its subformulae in the LC medium is from 2 to 40% by weight, very preferably from 3 to 30% by weight.
  • the concentration of the compounds of formula PY and its subformulae in the LC medium is from 2 to 50% by weight, very preferably from 3 to 40% by weight.
  • LC medium wherein the component B) or LC host mixture comprises one or more mesogenic or LC compounds comprising an alkenyl group (hereinafter also referred to as "alkenyl compounds”), wherein said alkenyl group is stable to a polymerization reaction under the conditions used for polymerization of the polymerizable compounds contained in the LC medium.
  • component B) or LC host mixture comprises one or more alkenyl compounds selected from formulae AN and AY
  • R A2 alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or two non- adjacent CFh groups may be replaced by -0-, -CH CH-, -CO- , -OCO- or -COO- in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
  • L 1 - 4 H, F, Cl, OCFs, CFs, CHs, CH 2 F or CHF 2 , preferably H, F or Cl, x 1 or 2, z 0 or 1.
  • Preferred compounds of formula AN and AY are those wherein R A2 is selected from ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl and heptenyl.
  • the component B) or LC host mixture comprises one or more compounds of formula AN selected from the following sub-formulae:
  • Alkenyl and alkenyl * preferably denote
  • the component B) or LC host mixture comprises one or more compounds selected from formulae AN1 , AN2, AN3 and AN6, very preferably one or more compounds of formula AN1 .
  • component B) or LC host mixture comprises one or more compounds of formula AN selected from the following sub-formulae:
  • component B) or LC host mixture comprises one or more compounds selected from the following sub- formulae:
  • component B) or LC host mixture comprises one or more compounds of formula AY selected from the following sub-formulae:
  • alkyl and alkyl * each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1 -6 C atoms
  • "(O)" denotes an O- atom or a single bond
  • alkenyl and alkenyl * each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-7 C atoms.
  • component B) or LC host mixture comprises one or more compounds of formula AY selected from the following sub-formulae:
  • the proportion of compounds of formula AN and AY in the LC medium is from 2 to 70% by weight, very preferably from 5 to 60% by weight, most preferably from 10 to 50% by weight.
  • the LC medium or LC host mixture contains 1 to 5, preferably
  • the LC medium comprises one or more compounds of formula AY14, very preferably of AY14a.
  • AY14a in the LC medium is preferably 3 to 20% by weight.
  • LC medium wherein the component B) or LC host mixture comprises one or more compounds of the following formula: in which the individual radicals have the following meanings:
  • R 3 and R 4 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to
  • the compounds of the formula ZK are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:
  • alkyl and alkyl * each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1 -6 C atoms
  • alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms.
  • Particularly preferred compounds of formula ZK are selected from the following sub-formulae:
  • propyl, butyl and pentyl groups are straight-chain groups.
  • component B) or the LC host mixture additionally comprises one or more compounds of the following formula: in which the individual radicals on each occurrence, identically or differently, have the following meanings:
  • e denotes 1 or 2.
  • the compounds of the formula DK are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:
  • alkyl and alkyl * each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1 -6 C atoms
  • alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms.
  • LC medium wherein component B) or the LC host mixture additionally comprises one or more compounds of the following formula:
  • R 1 and R 2 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to
  • both radicals L 1 and L 2 denote F or one of the radicals L 1 and L 2 denotes F and the other denotes Cl.
  • the compounds of the formula LY are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:
  • R 1 has the meaning indicated above, alkyl denotes a straight- chain alkyl radical having 1 -6 C atoms, (O) denotes an oxygen atom or a single bond, and v denotes an integer from 1 to 6.
  • LC medium wherein component B) or the LC host mixture additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of the following
  • LC medium wherein component B) or the LC host mixture additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:
  • R 5 has one of the meanings indicated above for R 1 , alkyl denotes Ci- 6 -alkyl, d denotes 0 or 1 , and z and m each, independently of one another, denote an integer from 1 to 6.
  • R 5 in these compounds is particularly preferably Ci- 6 -alkyl or -alkoxy or C2-6-alkenyl, d is preferably 1 .
  • the LC medium according to the invention preferably comprises one or more compounds of the above-mentioned formulae in amounts of > 5% by weight.
  • component B) or the LC host mixture additionally comprises one or more biphenyl compounds selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:
  • alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1 -6 C atoms
  • alkenyl and alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms.
  • Alkenyl and alkenyl * preferably denote
  • the proportion of the biphenyls of the formulae BP1 to BP3 in the LC host mixture is preferably at least 3% by weight, in particular > 5% by weight.
  • the compounds of the formula BP2 are particularly preferred.
  • the compounds of the formulae BP1 to BP3 are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:
  • alkyl* denotes an alkyl radical having 1 -6 C atoms.
  • the medium according to the invention particularly preferably comprises one or more compounds of the formulae BP1 a and/or BP2c.
  • component B) or the LC host mixture additionally comprises one or more terphenyl compounds of the following formula: in which R 5 and R 6 each, independently of one another, have one of the meanings indicated above, and
  • L 5 denotes F or Cl, preferably F
  • L 6 denotes F, Cl, OCF3, CF3, CFI3, CFI2F or CFIF2, preferably F.
  • the compounds of the formula T are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:
  • R denotes a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 -7 C atoms
  • R* denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-7 C atoms
  • (O) denotes an oxygen atom or a single bond
  • m denotes an integer from 1 to 6.
  • R preferably denotes methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, methoxy ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy or pentoxy.
  • the LC host mixture according to the invention preferably comprises the terphenyls of the formula T and the preferred sub-formulae thereof in an amount of 0.5-30% by weight, in particular 1 -20% by weight.
  • R preferably denotes alkyl, furthermore alkoxy, each having 1 -5 C atoms.
  • terphenyls are preferably employed in LC media according to the invention if the Dh value of the mixture is to be > 0.1 .
  • Preferred LC media comprise 2-20% by weight of one or more terphenyl compounds of the formula T, preferably selected from the group of compounds T 1 k) LC medium wherein component B) or the LC host mixture additionally comprises one or more quaterphenyl compounds selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:
  • R Q is alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl or alkoxyalkyl having 1 to 9 C atoms or alkenyl or alkenyloxy having 2 to 9 C atoms, all of which are optionally fluorinated,
  • X Q is F, Cl, halogenated alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 6 C atoms or halogenated alkenyl or alkenyloxy having 2 to 6 C atoms,
  • L Q1 to L Q6 independently of each other are H or F, with at least one of
  • L Q1 to L Q6 being F.
  • Preferred compounds of formula Q are those wherein R Q denotes straight-chain alkyl with 2 to 6 C-atoms, very preferably ethyl, n-propyl or n-butyl.
  • Preferred compounds of formula Q are those wherein L Q3 and L Q4 are F. Further preferred compounds of formula Q are those wherein L Q3 ,
  • L Q4 and one or two of L Q1 and L Q2 are F.
  • Preferred compounds of formula Q are those wherein X Q denotes F or OCF3, very preferably F.
  • the compounds of formula Q are preferably selected from the following subformulae
  • R Q has one of the meanings of formula Q or one of its preferred meanings given above and below, and is preferably ethyl, n-propyl or n- butyl.
  • the proportion of compounds of formula Q in the LC host mixture is from >0 to ⁇ 5% by weight, very preferably from 0.1 to 2% by weight, most preferably from 0.2 to 1 .5% by weight.
  • the LC host mixture contains 1 to 5, preferably 1 or 2 compounds of formula Q.
  • quaterphenyl compounds of formula Q to the LC host mixture enables to reduce ODF mura, whilst maintaining high UV absorption, enabling quick and complete polymerization, enabling strong and quick tilt angle generation, and increasing the UV stability of the LC medium.
  • the addition of compounds of formula Q, which have positive dielectric anisotropy, to the LC medium with negative dielectric anisotropy allows a better control of the values of the dielectric constants e and ⁇ , and in particular enables to achieve a high value of the dielectric constant e while keeping the dielectric anisotropy De constant, thereby reducing the kick-back voltage and reducing image sticking.
  • component B) or the LC host mixture additionally comprises one or more compounds of formula CC:
  • R c denotes alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl or alkoxyalkyl having 1 to 9 C atoms or alkenyl or alkenyloxy having 2 to 9 C atoms, all of which are optionally fluorinated,
  • X c denotes F, Cl, halogenated alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 6 C atoms or halogenated alkenyl or alkenyloxy having 2 to 6 C atoms
  • L C1 , L C2 independently of each other denote FI or F, with at least one of L C1 and L C2 being F.
  • Preferred compounds of formula CC are those wherein R c denotes straight-chain alkyl with 2 to 6 C-atoms, very preferably ethyl, n-propyl or n-butyl.
  • Preferred compounds of formula CC are those wherein L C1 and L C2 are F.
  • Preferred compounds of formula CC are those wherein X c denotes F or OCF3, very preferably F.
  • Preferred compounds of formula CC are selected from the following formula
  • R c has one of the meanings of formula CC or one of its preferred meanings given above and below, and is preferably ethyl, n- propyl or n-butyl, very preferably n-propyl.
  • the proportion of compounds of formula CC in the LC host mixture is from >0 to ⁇ 10% by weight, very preferably from 0.1 to 8% by weight, most preferably from 0.2 to 5% by weight.
  • the LC host mixture contains 1 to 5, preferably 1 , 2 or 3 compounds of formula CC.
  • anisotropy allows a better control of the values of the dielectric constants e and e ⁇ , and in particular enables to achieve a high value of the dielectric constant e while keeping the dielectric anisotropy De constant, thereby reducing the kick-back voltage and reducing image sticking.
  • the addition of compounds of formula CC enables to reduce the viscosity and the response time of the LC medium.
  • R 1 and R 2 have the meanings indicated above and preferably each, independently of one another, denote straight-chain alkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms or straight-chain alkenyl having 2 to 6 C atoms.
  • Preferred media comprise one or more compounds selected from the formulae 01 , 03 and 04.
  • LC medium wherein component B) or the LC host mixture additionally comprises one or more compounds of the following formula:
  • R 9 denotes H, CH3, C2H5 or n-CsFF
  • (F) denotes an optional fluorine substituent
  • q denotes 1 , 2 or 3
  • R 7 has one of the meanings indicated for R 1 , preferably in amounts of > 3% by weight, in particular > 5% by weight and very particularly preferably 5-30% by weight.
  • Particularly preferred compounds of the formula FI are selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:
  • R 7 preferably denotes straight-chain alkyl
  • R 9 denotes CFI3, C2FI5 or n-C3Fl 7 .
  • Particular preference is given to the compounds of the formulae FI1 , FI2 and FI3.
  • LC medium wherein component B) or the LC host mixture additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:
  • LC medium wherein component B) or the LC host mixture additionally comprises one or more compounds which contain a tetrahydronaphthyl or naphthyl unit, such as, for example, the compounds selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:
  • Z 1 and Z 2 each, independently of one another, denote -C2H 4 -,
  • component B) or the LC host mixture additionally comprises one or more difluorodibenzochromans and/or chromans of the following formulae:
  • R 11 and R 12 each, independently of one another, have one of the
  • ring M is trans-1 ,4-cyclohexylene or 1 ,4-phenylene
  • c 0, 1 or 2
  • Particularly preferred compounds of the formulae BC, CR and RC are selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:
  • alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1 -6 C atoms
  • (O) denotes an oxygen atom or a single bond
  • c is 1 or 2
  • alkenyl and alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms.
  • LC host mixtures comprising one, two or three compounds of the formula BC-2.
  • component B) or the LC host mixture additionally comprises one or more fluorinated phenanthrenes and/or dibenzofurans of the following formulae:
  • R 11 and R 12 each, independently of one another, have one of the meanings indicated above for R 11 , b denotes 0 or 1 , L denotes F, and r denotes 1 , 2 or 3.
  • Particularly preferred compounds of the formulae PH and BF are selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae: in which R and R' each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 -7 C atoms. s) LC medium wherein component B) or the LC host mixture additionally comprises one or more monocyclic compounds of the following formula
  • R 1 and R 2 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to
  • L 1 and L 2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, OCF3,
  • both L 1 and L 2 denote F or one of L 1 and L 2 denotes F and the other denotes Cl,
  • the compounds of the formula Y are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:
  • Alkyl and Alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1 -6 C atoms
  • Alkoxy denotes a straight-chain alkoxy radical having 1-6 C atoms
  • Alkenyl and Alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms.
  • Alkenyl and Alkenyl * preferably denote
  • Particularly preferred compounds of the formula Y are selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:
  • Alkoxy preferably denotes straight-chain alkoxy with 3, 4, or 5 C atoms.
  • LC medium which, apart from the polymerizable compounds as
  • LC medium wherein component B) or the LC host mixture comprises 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 5, compounds of the formulae CY1 , CY2, PY1 and/or PY2.
  • the proportion of these compounds in the LC host mixture as a whole is preferably 5 to 60%, particularly preferably 10 to 35%.
  • LC medium wherein component B) or the LC host mixture comprises 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 5, compounds of the formulae CY9, CY10, PY9 and/or PY10. The proportion of these compounds in the LC host
  • LC medium wherein component B) or the LC host mixture comprises 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 8, compounds of the formula ZK, in particular
  • LC medium in which the proportion of compounds of the formulae CY, PY and ZK in the LC host mixture as a whole is greater than 70%, pref- erably greater than 80%.
  • LC medium in which the LC host mixture contains one or more
  • LC host mixture compounds containing an alkenyl group, preferably selected from formulae AN and AY, very preferably selected from formulae AN1 , AN3 AN6 and AY14, most preferably from formulae AN 1a, AN3a, AN6a and AY14.
  • concentration of these compounds in the LC host mixture is preferably from 2 to 70%, very preferably from 3 to 55%.
  • LC medium wherein component B) or the LC host mixture contains one or more, preferably 1 to 5, compounds selected of formula PY1 -PY8, very preferably of formula PY2.
  • the proportion of these compounds in the LC host mixture as a whole is preferably 1 to 30%, particularly preferably 2 to 20%.
  • the content of these individual compounds is preferably in each case 1 to 20%.
  • component B) or the LC host mixture contains one or more, preferably 1 , 2 or 3, compounds selected from formulae T1 , T2, T3 and T21 , very preferably from formula T2.
  • the content of these compounds in the LC host mixture as a whole is preferably 1 to 20%.
  • the LC host mixture preferably contains one or more, preferably 1 , 2 or 3 compounds of formula T, preferably selected from formula T1 , T2 and T3, very preferably from formula T2.
  • the proportion of the compounds of formula T in the LC host mixture medium is preferably from 0.5 to 15%, very preferably from 1 to 10%.
  • the use of an LC host mixture together with the use of a polymerizable component comprising a combination of a first, second and third polymerizable compound as described above leads to advantageous properties in LC displays.
  • one or more of the following advantages could be achieved: - easy and quick formation of polymer walls by polymerization-induced phase separation of the polymer formed by the first and second
  • the present invention also relates to a process for the production of an LC display as described above and below, comprising the steps of providing an LC medium as described above and below into the display, and polymerizing the polymerizable compounds in defined regions of the display.
  • the polymerizable compounds are photopolymerized by exposure to UV irradiation.
  • the polymerizable compounds are photopolymerized by exposure to UV irradiation through a photomask.
  • the UV radiation can be generated by a variety of light sources which are known to the skilled person, including but not limited to arc lamps, led lights, laser light sources, or others.
  • the photomask is preferably designed such that it comprises regions that are transparent to the UV radiation used for photopolymerization, and regions that are not transparent to the UV radiation used for photopolymerization, and wherein the transparent regions form a pattern or image that
  • a light source can be used that emits light with an already shaped profile.
  • Such profile can for example be generated by interference of two laser beams.
  • the display is subjected to a second UV irradiation step, preferably without a photomask applied, after the first UV irradiation step as described above.
  • the second UV step can have an emission spectrum and/or intensity which is the same as that of the first step, or which is different from the first step.
  • the intensity is changed during UV exposure.
  • the intensity is gradually increased during UV exposure.
  • an LC display according to the present invention can be manufactured as follows. Polymerizable compounds as described above and below are combined with a suitable LC host mixture. This resulting LC medium can then be included into the display by using conventional manufacturing processes. The resulting LC medium can be filled for example using capillary forces into the cell gap formed by two substrates.
  • the LC medium can be deposited as a layer onto a substrate, and another substrate is placed on top of the LC layer under vacuum in order to prevent inclusion of air bubbles.
  • the LC medium is in either case located in the cell gap formed by the two substrates, as exemplarily illustrated in Fig. 1a. These substrates usually are covered by an alignment layer which is in direct contact with the LC medium.
  • the substrates itself can carry other functional components like TFTs, black matrix, colour filter, or similar.
  • polymerization induced phase separation is initiated by exposure of the LC medium, which is either in the nematic or the isotropic phase, to UV radiation with collimated light through a photomask, as exemplarily illustrated in Fig. 1b. This leads to the formation of polymer wall structures, restoration of the LC host, and alignment of the LC phase with the alignment layer, as exemplarily illustrated in Fig. 1c.
  • This process can advantageously utilize display manufacturing processes that are established in the industry.
  • both the display filling process for example by one-drop-filling (ODF)
  • ODF one-drop-filling
  • PS-type display modes like PS-VA are established techniques in conventional LCD manufacturing.
  • a preferred LC display of the present invention comprises:
  • a first substrate including a pixel electrode defining pixel areas, the pixel electrode being connected to a switching element disposed in each pixel area and optionally including a micro-slit pattern, and optionally a first alignment layer disposed on the pixel electrode,
  • a second substrate including a common electrode layer, which may be disposed on the entire portion of the second substrate facing the first substrate, and optionally a second alignment layer,
  • an LC layer disposed between the first and second substrates and including an LC medium comprising a polymerizable component A) and a liquid-crystalline component B) as described above and below, wherein the polymerizable component A) is polymerized.
  • the LC display may comprise further elements, like a colour filter, a black matrix, a passivation layer, optical retardation layers, transistor elements for addressing the individual pixels, etc., all of which are well known to the person skilled in the art and can be employed without inventive skill.
  • the electrode structure can be designed by the skilled person depending on the individual display type. For example for VA displays a multi-domain orientation of the LC molecules can be induced by providing electrodes having slits and/or bumps or protrusions in order to create two, four or more different tilt alignment directions.
  • the first and/or second alignment layer controls the alignment direction of the LC molecules of the LC layer.
  • the alignment layer is selected such that it imparts to the LC molecules an orientation direction parallel to the surface
  • VA displays the alignment layer is selected such that it imparts to the LC molecules a homeotropic alignment, i.e. an orientation direction perpendicular to the surface.
  • Such an alignment layer may for example comprise a polyimide, which may also be rubbed, or may be prepared by a photoalignment method.
  • the substrate can be a glass substrate, for example in case of a curved display.
  • the use of an LC medium according to the present invention in an LC display with glass substrates can provide several advantages. For example, the formation of polymer wall structures in the LC medium helps to prevent the so-called“pooling effect” where pressure applied on the glass substrates causes unwanted optical defects. The stabilizing effect of the polymer wall structures also allows to further minimize the panel thickness. Moreover, in bent panels with glass substrates the polymer wall structures enable a smaller radius of curvature.
  • plastic substrates are used. These plastic substrates preferably have a low birefringence. Examples are polycarbonate (PC), polyethersulfone (PES), polycyclic olefine (PCO), polyarylate (PAR), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), or colourless polyimide (CPI) substrates.
  • PC polycarbonate
  • PES polyethersulfone
  • PCO polycyclic olefine
  • PAR polyarylate
  • PEEK polyetheretherketone
  • CPI colourless polyimide
  • the LC layer with the LC medium can be deposited between the substrates of the display by methods that are conventionally used by display
  • the display manufacturing process preferably comprises the following steps:
  • the LC medium containing the LC host and monomer precursor is applied to one of the two substrates, preferably by using one of the following deposition methods: one drop filling, ink jet printing, spin coating, slit coating, flexo printing, or a comparable method.
  • the substrate in that instance may carry a colour filter, TFT devices, a black matrix, a polyimide coating, or other components typically found on a display substrate.
  • the applied LC medium forms a thin, uniform film with the thickness of the targeted cell gap of the final device.
  • the applied film is subjected to UV radiation having an intensity profile.
  • This profile is generated for example by irradiating through a photomask, lithography, contact lithography, proximity lithography, projection lithography, using laser interference, direct laser writing, or a comparable method. Irradiation of the film can either occour from either side of the substrate.
  • the mask can either placed on the substrate and the LC film is cured by the light passing through the substrate, or the mask is directly brought in close proximity to the LC film and the LC medium is cured directly.
  • the second substrate which may also carry colour filter, TFT devices, a black matrix, a polyimide coating, or other components typically found on a display substarte, is place ontop of the first substrate so that the LC film comes to rest in between the two substrates.
  • a display manufacturing process may include a first UV irradiation step at room temperature to produce a pretilt angle, and subsequently, in a second polymerization step to polymerize or crosslink the compounds which have not reacted in the first step ("end curing").
  • the polymerizable compounds Upon polymerization the polymerizable compounds react with each other to a polymer which undergoes macroscopical phase-separation from the LC host mixture and forms polymer walls in the LC medium.
  • Suitable and preferred polymerization methods are, for example, thermal or photopolymerization, preferably photopolymerization, in particular UV induced photopolymerization, which can be achieved by exposure of the polymerizable compounds to UV radiation.
  • the LC medium contains one or more polymerization initiators.
  • the polymerizable compounds according to the invention are also suitable for polymerization without an initiator, which is accompanied by considerable advantages, such, for example, lower material costs and in particular less contamination of the LC medium by possible residual amounts of the initiator or degradation products thereof.
  • the polymerization can thus also be carried out without the addition of an initiator.
  • the LC medium contains a polymerization initiator.
  • the LC medium may also comprise one or more stabilisers or inhibitors in order to prevent undesired spontaneous polymerization of the RMs, for example during storage or transport.
  • Suitable types and amounts of stabilisers are known to the person skilled in the art and are described in the literature. Particularly suitable are, for example, the commercially available stabilisers from the Irganox® series (Ciba AG), such as, for example, Irganox® 1076. If stabilisers are employed, their proportion, based on the total amount of RMs or the polymerizable component (component A), is preferably 10-500,000 ppm, particularly preferably 50-50,000 ppm.
  • the LC medium according to the present invention does essentially consist of a polymerizable component A) and an LC component B) (or LC host mixture) as described above and below.
  • the LC medium may additionally comprise one or more further components or additives.
  • the LC media according to the invention may also comprise further additives which are known to the person skilled in the art and are described in the literature, such as, for example, polymerization initiators, inhibitors,
  • stabilisers for example, stabilisers, sensitizers, surface-active substances or chiral dopants. These may be polymerizable or non-polymerizable. Polymerizable additives, polymerization initiators and sensitizers are ascribed to the polymerizable component or component A). Other non-polymerizable additives are ascribed to the non-polymerizable component or component B).
  • Preferred additives are selected from the list including but not limited to co- monomers, chiral dopants, polymerization initiators, inhibitors, stabilizers, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, dispersing agents,
  • hydrophobing agents adhesive agents, flow improvers, defoaming agents, deaerators, diluents, reactive diluents, auxiliaries, colourants, dyes, pigments and nanoparticles.
  • the LC media contain one or more chiral dopants, preferably in a concentration from 0.01 to 1 % by weight, very preferably from 0.05 to 0.5% by weight.
  • the chiral dopants are preferably selected from the group consisting of compounds from Table B below, very preferably from the group consisting of R- or S-1011 , R- or S-2011 , R- or S-3011 , R- or S-4011 , and R- or S-5011.
  • the LC media contain a racemate of one or more chiral dopants, which are preferably selected from the chiral dopants mentioned in the previous paragraph.
  • LC media for example, 0 to 15% by weight of pleochroic dyes, furthermore nanoparticles, conductive salts, preferably ethyldimethyldodecylammonium 4-hexoxybenzoate, tetrabutyl- ammonium tetraphenyl borate or complex salts of crown ethers (cf., for example, Haller et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 24, 249-258 (1973)), for improving the conductivity, or substances for modifying the dielectric anisotropy, the viscosity and/or the alignment of the nematic phases.
  • conductive salts preferably ethyldimethyldodecylammonium 4-hexoxybenzoate, tetrabutyl- ammonium tetraphenyl borate or complex salts of crown ethers (cf., for example, Haller et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq
  • the LC media which can be used in accordance with the invention are prepared in a manner conventional per se, for example by mixing one or more of the above-mentioned compounds with one or more polymerizable compounds as defined above, and optionally with further liquid-crystalline compounds and/or additives.
  • the desired amount of the com- ponents used in lesser amount is dissolved in the components making up the principal constituent, advantageously at elevated temperature.
  • the invention furthermore relates to the process for the preparation of the LC media according to the invention.
  • the LC media according to the invention may also comprise compounds in which, for example, H, N, O, Cl, F have been replaced by the corresponding isotopes like deuterium etc.
  • Preferred mixture components are shown in Tables A1 and A2 below.
  • the compounds shown in Table A1 are especially suitable for use in LC mixtures with positive dielectric anisotropy.
  • the compounds shown in Table A2 are especially suitable for use in LC mixtures with negative dielectric anisotropy.
  • m and n are independently of each other an integer from 1 to 12, preferably 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, k is 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and (0)C m H 2 m+i means Cm H2m+1 or OC mH2m +1
  • m and n are independently of each other an integer from 1 to 12, preferably 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, k is 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and (0)C m H2 m+i means Cm H2m+1 or OC mH2m+1
  • the LC media according to the invention comprise one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of compounds from Table A1.
  • the LC media according to the invention especially those with negative dielectric
  • anisotropy comprise one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of compounds from Table A2.
  • Table B shows possible chiral dopants which can be added to the LC media according to the invention.
  • the LC media preferably comprise 0 to 10% by weight, in particular 0.01 to 5% by weight, particularly preferably 0.1 to 3% by weight, of dopants.
  • the LC media preferably comprise one or more dopants selected from the group consisting of compounds from Table B.
  • n denotes an integer from 1 to 12, preferably 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, and terminal methyl groups are not shown.
  • the LC media preferably comprise 0 to 10% by weight, in particular 1 ppm to 5% by weight, particularly preferably 1 ppm to 1 % by weight, of stabilisers.
  • the LC media preferably comprise one or more stabilisers selected from the group consisting of compounds from Table C.
  • threshold voltage for the present invention relates to the capa- citive threshold (Vo), also known as the Freedericks threshold, unless explicitly indicated otherwise.
  • the optical threshold may also, as generally usual, be quoted for 10% relative contrast (V10).
  • the nematic LC host mixture N1 is formulated as follows.
  • Polymerizable Mixtures Polymerizable mixture preparation: Polymerizable LC media for polymer wall formation are prepared by mixing LC host, monomers and photoinitiator (PI) and then homogenizing the resulting mixture by heating above its clearing point.
  • PI photoinitiator
  • the polymerizable mixture compositions are shown in Table 1 below.
  • Test Cells comprise two glass substrates coated with ITO, which are kept apart by spacer particles or foils at a layer thickness of 3-4 microns and glued together by an adhesive (usually Norland, NEA 123).
  • an adhesive usually Norland, NEA 123.
  • polyimide alignment layers Nisan SE-6514 or SE2414 are applied which are rubbed parallel or antiparallel.
  • the test cells are filled with the LC medium and placed on a black, non- reflecting surface.
  • a photomask is placed on top of the test cells and the sample is subjected to UV radiation (Hg/Xe arch lamp, LOT QuantumDesign Europe, LS0205).
  • the UV radation is applied in a first step for 30min with 4mW/cm 2 intensity, and in a second step for 30min with 10mW/cm 2 intensity (both steps at 365+/-10nm FWHM). Radiation of the emission spectrum below 320nm is removed by a dichroic mirror.
  • the photomask usually has a pattern of equidistant lines of the same thickness. The line thickness is 140 microns and the distance between the lines is 9 microns, unless stated otherwise.
  • Residual monomer content After exposurure through the photomask, the test cells are opened by cutting off the sealant frame and lifting off the top glass using a scalpel. The LC host and remaining monomer is washed down by applying 100pm Ethyl methyl keton p. A. (Merck KGaA, Art. -Nr.:
  • the fluid is collected in a glass bottle and passed on for analysis by gas chromatography (Agilent Technologies 6850, Detector:
  • Polymerizable LC mixtures M1 -M6 are each filled into a test cell and subjected to UV irradiation under a photomask as described above.
  • Fig. 2-7 show polarization microscope images of test cells prepared from polymerizable mixtures M1 -M6, respectively, after polymerization.
  • the formed polymer walls can be seen as dark lines, which means that the pattern of the mask has been reproduced in the reactive mixture.
  • LC medium according to the present invention is suitable for LC displays utilizing both the polymer wall technology and the PSA mode.

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CN112305824A (zh) * 2019-07-23 2021-02-02 默克专利股份有限公司 液晶显示器
WO2021150571A1 (en) * 2020-01-22 2021-07-29 Nitto Denko Corporation Light modulating device with polymer wall compartments and methods of making the same

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112305824A (zh) * 2019-07-23 2021-02-02 默克专利股份有限公司 液晶显示器
WO2021150571A1 (en) * 2020-01-22 2021-07-29 Nitto Denko Corporation Light modulating device with polymer wall compartments and methods of making the same

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