WO2019095312A1 - System and method for multiplexing communication resources - Google Patents

System and method for multiplexing communication resources Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019095312A1
WO2019095312A1 PCT/CN2017/111727 CN2017111727W WO2019095312A1 WO 2019095312 A1 WO2019095312 A1 WO 2019095312A1 CN 2017111727 W CN2017111727 W CN 2017111727W WO 2019095312 A1 WO2019095312 A1 WO 2019095312A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wireless communication
send
signal
communication resources
communication device
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PCT/CN2017/111727
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Wei Gou
Peng Hao
Bao ZHAO
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Zte Corporation
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Priority to CN201780096879.6A priority Critical patent/CN111357347B/zh
Priority to PCT/CN2017/111727 priority patent/WO2019095312A1/en
Publication of WO2019095312A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019095312A1/en

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0037—Inter-user or inter-terminal allocation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0048—Allocation of pilot signals, i.e. of signals known to the receiver
    • H04L5/0051—Allocation of pilot signals, i.e. of signals known to the receiver of dedicated pilots, i.e. pilots destined for a single user or terminal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0091—Signaling for the administration of the divided path
    • H04L5/0094—Indication of how sub-channels of the path are allocated
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
    • H04L5/0003—Two-dimensional division
    • H04L5/0005—Time-frequency
    • H04L5/0007—Time-frequency the frequencies being orthogonal, e.g. OFDM(A), DMT
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0053—Allocation of signaling, i.e. of overhead other than pilot signals

Definitions

  • the disclosure relates generally to wireless communications and, more particularly, to systems and methods for multiplexing communication resources.
  • a wireless communication node e.g., a base station (BS)
  • a wireless communication device e.g., a user equipment device (UE)
  • DL downlink
  • UL uplink
  • the BS sends plural DL signals, including control and/or data signals, to the UE for scheduling through respective DL channels (e.g., a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) , a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) , etc. ) .
  • DL channels e.g., a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) , a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) , etc.
  • the UE sends an UL control signal, including UL Control Information (UCI) , to the BS through a respective a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) .
  • UCI UL Control Information
  • the UCI includes various information such as, for example, ACKnowledgment (ACK) information, which is typically associated with a Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) process (HARQ-ACK) , Channel State Information (CSI) , Channel Quality Information (CQI) , a Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) , and a Rank Indicator (RI) , etc.
  • ACK ACKnowledgment
  • HARQ-ACK Channel State Information
  • CQI Channel Quality Information
  • PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator
  • RI Rank Indicator
  • Multiple HARQ-ACK information bits may be sent by the UE corresponding to positive acknowledgments (ACK’s ) , negative acknowledgements (NACK’s ) , or absence of reception, i.e., Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) , in response to the correct, incorrect, or no reception of TBs, respectively, by the UE.
  • ACK positive acknowledgments
  • NACK negative acknowledgements
  • DTX Discontinuous Transmission
  • the BS When the BS serves a plurality of UE’s , the BS typically allocates some communication resources (e.g., Resource Blocks (RB’s ) , Resource Elements (RE’s ) , etc. ) to be multiplexed (e.g., used) by such plural UE’s for sending respective PUCCH signals that include the UCI.
  • some communication resources e.g., Resource Blocks (RB’s ) , Resource Elements (RE’s ) , etc.
  • RB Resource Blocks
  • RE Resource Elements
  • the BS allocates the communication resources that can be multiplexed by plural UE’s to send respective PUCCH signals under various restrictions.
  • respective lengths of the communication resources e.g., respective numbers of RE’s
  • each UE is required to alternatively send a UCI signal and a corresponding reference signal (e.g., a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) , etc. ) using two neighboring RE’s
  • a corresponding reference signal e.g., a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) , etc.
  • DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal
  • an RE multiplexed by different UE’s is required to carry a same type of signal (e.g., either a respective DMRS or UCI signal) , which will be discussed in further detail below with respect to Figures 1A and 1B.
  • FIGS 1A and 1B illustrate exemplary formats, in existing techniques, that the BS allocates for plural UE’s to send respective PUCCH signals (hereinafter “PUCCH formats 102, 112, 122, and 132” ) .
  • PUCCH formats 102, 112, 122, and 132 are presented as either a contiguous or non-contiguous sequence of resource elements disposed in a frequency-time domain, typically known as a resource grid expanding across a time domain (the X axis) and a frequency domain (the Y axis) .
  • the PUCCH format 102 is allocated for a first UE (1 st UE) to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s ; and the PUCCH format 112, also with a frequency hopping from f1 to f2, is allocated for a second UE (2 nd UE) to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s .
  • the PUCCH format 122 is allocated for the 1 st UE to send respective UCI signals corresponding DMRS’s ; and the PUCCH format 132, also without any frequency hopping, is allocated for the second 2 nd UE to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s .
  • a first portion, 102-1, of the PUCCH format 102 expands across a first set of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) 113a, 113b, 113c, and 113d at the frequency f1, and a second portion of, 102-2, of the PUCCH format 102 expands across a second set of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) 113e, 113f, 113g, and 113h at the frequency f2.
  • a first set of symbols e.g., OFDM symbols
  • a first portion, 112-1, of the PUCCH format 112 (used by the 2 nd UE) also expands across the first set of symbols 113a, 113b, 113c, and 113d at the frequency f1, and a second portion of, 112-2, of the PUCCH format 112 also expands across the second set of symbols 113e, 113f, 113g, and 113h at the frequency f2.
  • the PUCCH format 122 (used by the 1 st UE) expands across plural contiguous symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) 133a, 133b, 133c, 133d, 133e, 133f, 133g, and 133h at the frequency f2; and the PUCCH format 132 (used by the 2 nd UE) also expands across the same contiguous symbols as the PUCCH format 122 (133a-133h) at the frequency f2.
  • contiguous symbols e.g., OFDM symbols
  • the BS allocates the RE containing the symbol 113a for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective first DMRS’s ; the RE containing the symbol 113b for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective first UCI signals; the RE containing the symbol 113c for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective second DMRS’s ; the RE containing the symbol 113d for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective second UCI signals; the RE containing the symbol 113e for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective third DMRS’s ; the RE containing the symbol 113f for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective first DMRS’s ; the RE containing the symbol 113b for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective first UCI signals; the RE containing the symbol 113c for the 1 st UE and 2
  • the BS allocates the RE’s containing the same symbols for the 1 st and 2 nd UE to send either the respective DMRS’s or UCI signals so that the discussions about the allocations of the RE’s in the PUCCH formats 122 and 132 are not repeated here.
  • the PUCCH formats 102 and 112 are required to have the same number of RE’s
  • both UE’s are required to send the same type of signal by multiplexing the same RE
  • each UE is required to alternatively send the UCI signal and the DMRS using neighboring RE’s .
  • the RE’s used to send DMRS’s e.g., the RE’s containing symbols 113a and 113c, and the RE’s containing symbols 113e and 113g
  • the RE’s used to send UCI signals are filled with diagonal stripe patterns, as shown in Figure 1A and the following figures.
  • each RE multiplexed by different UE’s for sending respective PUCCH signals
  • the BS may wrongly differentiate respective cyclic shift values.
  • the UCI includes various information, e.g., ACK, NACK, etc., as discussed above
  • each UE’s UCI signal may be further differentiated as at least two respective different signals -an ACK signal carrying the ACK information and a NACK signal carrying the NACK information, and each of the ACK and NACK signals are associated with a respective cyclic shift value.
  • exemplary embodiments disclosed herein are directed to solving the issues relating to one or more of the problems presented in the prior art, as well as providing additional features that will become readily apparent by reference to the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompany drawings.
  • exemplary systems, methods, devices and computer program products are disclosed herein. It is understood, however, that these embodiments are presented by way of example and not limitation, and it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art who read the present disclosure that various modifications to the disclosed embodiments can be made while remaining within the scope of the invention.
  • a method performed by a first wireless communication node includes: sending resource allocation signals to first and second wireless communication devices, respectively, wherein the resource allocation signals respectively indicate a plurality of first communication resources assigned to the first wireless communication device for use of sending a signal to the first wireless communication node, and a plurality of second communication resources assigned to the second wireless communication device for use of sending a signal to the first wireless communication node, and wherein at least a first one of the plurality of first communication resources and at least a first one of the plurality of second communication resources share a same time-frequency location, and are respectively used by the first wireless communication device to send a first reference signal and the second wireless communication device to send a first signal carrying control information.
  • a method performed by a first wireless communication device includes: receiving a resource allocation signal from a first wireless communication node, wherein the resource allocation signal indicates a plurality of communication resources assigned to the first wireless communication device for use of sending a signal to the first wireless communication node, and wherein at least a first one of the plurality of communication resources is used by the first wireless communication device to send a first reference signal, and is concurrently used by a second wireless communication device, different from the first wireless communication device, to send a first signal carrying control information.
  • Figures 1A and 1B illustrate exemplary formats, in existing techniques, that a BS allocates for plural UE’s to send respective PUCCH signals, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary cellular communication network in which techniques disclosed herein may be implemented, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Figure 3 illustrates block diagrams of an exemplary base station and a user equipment device, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Figures 4A and 4B respectively illustrate exemplary novel PUCCH formats that a BS allocates for two UE’s to send respective PUCCH signals, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Figures 5A and 5B respectively illustrate exemplary novel PUCCH formats that a BS allocates for two UE’s to send respective PUCCH signals, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Figures 6A and 6B respectively illustrate exemplary novel PUCCH formats that a BS allocates for two UE’s to send respective PUCCH signals, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Figures 7A and 7B respectively illustrate exemplary novel PUCCH formats that a BS allocates for two UE’s to send respective PUCCH signals, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Figures 8A, 8B, and 8C respectively illustrate exemplary novel PUCCH formats that a BS allocates for three UE’s to send respective PUCCH signals, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary wireless communication network 200 in which techniques disclosed herein may be implemented, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the exemplary communication network 200 includes a base station 202 (hereinafter “BS 202” ) and a user equipment device 204 (hereinafter “UE 204” ) that can communicate with each other via a communication link 210 (e.g., a wireless communication channel) , and a cluster of notional cells 226, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238 and 240 overlaying a geographical area 201.
  • a communication link 210 e.g., a wireless communication channel
  • the BS 202 and UE 204 are contained within the geographic boundary of cell 226.
  • Each of the other cells 230, 232, 234, 236, 238 and 240 may include at least one base station operating at its allocated bandwidth to provide adequate radio coverage to its intended users.
  • the BS 202 may operate at an allocated channel transmission bandwidth to provide adequate coverage to the UE 204.
  • the BS 202 and the UE 204 may communicate via a downlink (DL) radio frame 218, and an uplink (UL) radio frame 224 respectively.
  • Each radio frame 218/224 may be further divided into sub-frames 220/227 which may include data symbols 222/228.
  • the BS 202 and UE 204 are generally described herein as non-limiting examples of “wireless communication nodes” and “wireless communication devices, ” respectively, which can practice the methods disclosed herein. Such wireless communication nodes/devices may be capable of wireless and/or even wired communications, in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary wireless communication system 300 for transmitting and receiving wireless communication signals, e.g., OFDM/OFDMA signals, in accordance with some embodiments of the invention.
  • the system 300 may include components and elements configured to support known or conventional operating features that need not be described in detail herein.
  • the system 300 can be used to transmit and receive data symbols in a wireless communication environment such as the wireless communication environment 200 of Figure 2, as described above.
  • the System 300 generally includes a base station 302 (hereinafter “BS 302” ) and a user equipment device 304 (hereinafter “UE 304” ) .
  • the BS 302 includes a BS (base station) transceiver module 310, a BS antenna 312, a BS processor module 314, a BS memory module 316, and a network communication module 318, each module being coupled and interconnected with one another as necessary via a date communication bus 320.
  • the UE 304 includes a UE (user equipment) transceiver module 330, a UE antenna 332, a UE memory module 334, and a UE processor module 336, each module being coupled and interconnected with one another as necessary via a date communication bus 340.
  • the BS 302 communicates with the UE 304 via a communication channel 350, which can be any wireless channel or other medium known in the art suitable for transmission of data as described herein.
  • system 300 may further include any number of modules other than the modules shown in Figure 3.
  • modules other than the modules shown in Figure 3.
  • Those skilled in the art will understand that the various illustrative blocks, modules, circuits, and processing logic described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented in hardware, computer-readable software, firmware, or any practical combination thereof.
  • various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps are described generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware, firmware, or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those familiar with the concepts described herein may implement such functionality in a suitable manner for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the present invention.
  • the UE transceiver 330 may be referred to herein as an "uplink" transceiver 330 that includes a RF transmitter and receiver circuitry that are each coupled to the antenna 332.
  • a duplex switch (not shown) may alternatively couple the uplink transmitter or receiver to the uplink antenna in time duplex fashion.
  • the BS transceiver 310 may be referred to herein as a "downlink" transceiver 310 that includes RF transmitter and receiver circuity that are each coupled to the antenna 312.
  • a downlink duplex switch may alternatively couple the downlink transmitter or receiver to the downlink antenna 312 in time duplex fashion.
  • the operations of the two transceivers 310 and 330 are coordinated in time such that the uplink receiver is coupled to the uplink antenna 332 for reception of transmissions over the wireless transmission link 350 at the same time that the downlink transmitter is coupled to the downlink antenna 312.
  • the UE transceiver 330 and the BS transceiver 310 are configured to communicate via the wireless data communication link 350, and cooperate with a suitably configured RF antenna arrangement 312/332 that can support a particular wireless communication protocol and modulation scheme.
  • the UE transceiver 330 and the BS transceiver 310 are configured to support industry standards such as the Long Term Evolution (LTE) and emerging 5G standards, and the like. It is understood, however, that the invention is not necessarily limited in application to a particular standard and associated protocols. Rather, the UE transceiver 330 and the BS transceiver 310 may be configured to support alternate, or additional, wireless data communication protocols, including future standards or variations thereof.
  • the BS 302 may be an evolved node B (eNB) , a serving eNB, a target eNB, a femto station, or a pico station, for example.
  • eNB evolved node B
  • the UE 304 may be embodied in various types of user devices such as a mobile phone, a smart phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , tablet, laptop computer, wearable computing device, etc.
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • the processor modules 314 and 336 may be implemented, or realized, with a general purpose processor, a content addressable memory, a digital signal processor, an application specific integrated circuit, a field programmable gate array, any suitable programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof, designed to perform the functions described herein.
  • a processor may be realized as a microprocessor, a controller, a microcontroller, a state machine, or the like.
  • a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a digital signal processor and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a digital signal processor core, or any other such configuration.
  • the steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in firmware, in a software module executed by processor modules 314 and 336, respectively, or in any practical combination thereof.
  • the memory modules 316 and 334 may be realized as RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art.
  • memory modules 316 and 334 may be coupled to the processor modules 310 and 330, respectively, such that the processors modules 310 and 330 can read information from, and write information to, memory modules 316 and 334, respectively.
  • the memory modules 316 and 334 may also be integrated into their respective processor modules 310 and 330.
  • the memory modules 316 and 334 may each include a cache memory for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor modules 310 and 330, respectively.
  • Memory modules 316 and 334 may also each include non-volatile memory for storing instructions to be executed by the processor modules 310 and 330, respectively.
  • the network communication module 318 generally represents the hardware, software, firmware, processing logic, and/or other components of the base station 302 that enable bi-directional communication between the BS transceiver 310 and other network components and communication nodes configured to communication with the base station 302.
  • network communication module 318 may be configured to support internet or WiMAX traffic.
  • network communication module 318 provides an 802.3 Ethernet interface such that the BS transceiver 310 can communicate with a conventional Ethernet based computer network.
  • the network communication module 318 may include a physical interface for connection to the computer network (e.g., Mobile Switching Center (MSC) ) .
  • MSC Mobile Switching Center
  • the UE 204 when the UE 204 would like to send a PUCCH signal to the BS 202, the UE 204 follows a novel PUCCH format, allocated by the BS 102, to send respective UCI signals and DMRS. Further, in accordance with some embodiments, when plural UE’s (each of which may be substantially similar to the UE 204) would like to send respective PUCCH signals to the BS 202, the plural UE’s may follows the novel PUCCH format, allocated by the BS 102, to send respective UCI signals and DMRS’s using same resource elements (RE’s ) , or same symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) .
  • RE resource elements
  • each RE, multiplexed by different UE’s for sending respective PUCCH signals can concurrently carry at least one of the plural UE’s respective UCI signal and at least another one of the plural UE’s DMRS.
  • Various embodiments of such novel PUCCH formats will be discussed below.
  • FIGS 4A and 4B respectively illustrate exemplary novel PUCCH formats (402 and 412) and (422 and 432) that the BS allocates for two UE’s to send respective PUCCH signals.
  • Each of the PUCCH formats 402, 412, 422, and 432 is presented as either a contiguous or non-contiguous (in the presence of frequency hopping) sequence of resource elements disposed in a frequency-time domain, typically known as a resource grid expanding across a time domain (the X axis) and a frequency domain (the Y axis) .
  • the PUCCH format 402 with a frequency hopping from f1 to f2, is allocated for a first UE (1 st UE) to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s ; and the PUCCH format 412, also with a frequency hopping from f1 to f2, is allocated for a second UE (2 nd UE) to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s .
  • the PUCCH format 422 is allocated for the 1 st UE to send respective UCI signals corresponding DMRS’s ; and the PUCCH format 432, also without any frequency hopping, is allocated for the second 2 nd UE to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s .
  • a first portion, 402-1, of the PUCCH format 402 used by the 1 st UE expands across a first set of symbols 413a, 413b, 413c, and 413d at the frequency f1
  • a second portion of, 402-2, of the PUCCH format 402 used by the 1 st UE expands across a second set of symbols 413e, 413f, 413g, and 413h at the frequency f2.
  • a first portion, 412-1, of the PUCCH format 412 used by the 2 nd UE also expands across the first set of symbols 413a, 413b, 413c, and 413d at the frequency f1
  • a second portion of 412-2, of the PUCCH format 412 used by the 2 nd UE also expands across the second set of symbols 413e, 413f, 413g, and 413h at the frequency f2.
  • the PUCCH format 422 used by the 1 st UE expands across plural contiguous symbols 433a, 433b, 433c, 433d, 433e, 433f, 433g, and 433h at the frequency f2; and the PUCCH format 432 used by the 2 nd UE also expands across the same contiguous symbols as the PUCCH format 422 (433a-433h) at the frequency f2.
  • the different UE’s can use a same RE to send different types of PUCCH signals, which can be further illustrated in Figures 4A and 4B.
  • the BS allocates the RE containing the symbol 413a, which is illustrated as two respective squares for the 1 st UE (the square enclosed by a solid line) and 2 nd UE (the square enclosed by a dotted line) , to send the 1 st UE’s first DMRS (filled with a dotted pattern) and the 2 nd UE’s first UCI signal (filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) .
  • the square enclosed by the solid line i.e., the RE used by the 1 st UE
  • the square enclosed by the dotted line i.e., the RE used by the 2 nd UE
  • the squares enclosed by the solid lines and the dotted lines are herein referred to as the RE’s used by the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE, respectively, in the following figures.
  • the BS 202 allocates the RE containing the symbol 413b for the 1 st UE to send a respective first UCI signal (filled with a diagonal strip pattern) and for the 2 nd UE to send a respective first DMRS (filled with a dotted pattern) ; the RE containing the symbol 413c for the 1 st UE to send a respective second DMRS (filled with a dotted pattern) and for the 2 nd UE to send a respective second UCI signal (filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) ; the RE containing the symbol 413d for the 1 st UE to send a respective second UCI signal (filled with a diagonal strip pattern) and for the 2 nd UE to send a respective second DMRS (filled with a dotted pattern) ; the RE containing the symbol 413e for the 1 st UE to send a respective third DMRS (filled with a dotted pattern) and for the 2 nd UE to
  • the BS allocates the RE’s containing the same symbols for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send the respective DMRS’s or UCI signals except that the PUCCH formats 422 and 432 do not include a frequency hopping so that the discussions about the allocations of the RE’s in the PUCCH formats 422 and 432 are not repeated here. Allowing different UE’s (e.g., the above-described 1 st and 2 nd UE’s ) to use a same RE (or a same symbol) for sending different types of PUCCH signals (e.g., the 1 st UE sending a DMRS and the 2 nd UE sending a UCI signal) provides various advantages.
  • each UE’s UCI signal may be differentiated as at least two respective different signals -ACK and NACK signals, and each of the ACK and NACK signals are associated with a respective cyclic shift value.
  • each of the ACK and NACK signals are associated with a respective cyclic shift value.
  • the cyclic shift value difference when one of the 2 UE’s uses an RE to send a respective UCI signal, which is either an ACK or a NACK signal and the other of the two UE’s uses (multiplexes) the same RE to send a respective DMRS, only 3 different cyclic shift values would “occupy” the same RE since the RE can be only used to send a total of 3 different signals.
  • Figures 5A and 5B respectively illustrate exemplary novel PUCCH formats (502 and 512) and (522 and 532) that the BS allocates for two UE’s to send respective PUCCH signals.
  • the PUCCH formats 502 and 512 which are respectively allocated to be used by the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE, have different numbers of RE’s (i.e., numbers of symbols across which the PUCCH formats 502 and 512 are different) ; and similarly, the PUCCH formats 522 and 532, which are respectively allocated to be used by the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE, have different numbers of RE’s (numbers of symbols across which the PUCCH formats 522 and 532 are different) .
  • the number of RE’s of the PUCCH format 512 is equal to the number of RE’s of a portion of the PUCCH format 502 and the number of RE’s of the PUCCH format 532 is equal to the number of RE’s of a portion of the PUCCH format 522, which will be respectively discussed in further detail below.
  • Each of the PUCCH formats 502, 512, 522, and 532 is presented as either a contiguous or non-contiguous sequence of resource elements disposed in a frequency-time domain, typically known as a resource grid expanding across a time domain (the X axis) and a frequency domain (the Y axis) .
  • the PUCCH format 502, with a frequency hopping from f1 to f2 is allocated for the 1 st UE to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s ; and the PUCCH format 512, without any frequency hopping, is allocated for a the 2 nd UE to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s .
  • the PUCCH format 522 is allocated for the 1 st UE to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s ; and the PUCCH format 532, without any frequency hopping, is allocated for a the 2 nd UE to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s .
  • a first portion, 502-1, of the PUCCH format 502 used by the 1 st UE expands across a first set of symbols 513a, 513b, 513c, 513d, and 513e at the frequency f1
  • a second portion, 502-2, of the PUCCH format 502 used by the 1 st UE expands across a second set of symbols 513f, 513g, 513h, 513i, 513j, and 513k at the frequency f2.
  • the PUCCH format 512 used by the 2 nd UE expands across the second set of symbols 513f, 513g, 513h, 513i, 513j, and 513k at the frequency f2, same as the second portion 502-2 of the PUCCH format 502.
  • a first portion, 522-1, of the PUCCH format 522 used by the 1 st UE expands across a first set of symbols 533a, 533b, 533c, 533d, and 533e at the frequency f1
  • a second portion, 532-2, of the PUCCH format 532 used by the 1 st UE expands across a second set of symbols 533f, 533g, 533h, 533i, 533j, and 533k at the frequency f2.
  • the PUCCH format 532 used by the 2 nd UE expands across the second set of symbols 533f, 533g, 533h, 533i, 533j, and 533k at the frequency f2, same as the second portion 532-2 of the PUCCH format 532.
  • the PUCCH formats used by the different UE’s can have different numbers of RE’s , which can be further illustrated in Figures 5A and 5B.
  • the BS allocates the RE containing the symbol 513f, which is illustrated as two respective squares for the 1 st UE (the square enclosed by a solid line) and 2 nd UE (the square enclosed by a dotted line) , to send respective first UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) .
  • the square enclosed by the solid line i.e., the RE used by the 1 st UE
  • the square enclosed by the dotted line i.e., the RE used by the 2 nd UE
  • the BS 202 allocates the RE containing the symbol 513g for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective first DMRS (each filled with a dotted pattern) ; the RE containing the symbol 513h for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective second UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) ; the RE containing the symbol 513i for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective second DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern) ; the RE containing the symbol 513j for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective third UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) ; and the RE containing the symbol 413k for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective third DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern) .
  • the BS 202 allocates the RE containing the symbol 533f for the 1 st UE to send a respective first UCI signal (filled with a diagonal strip pattern) and for the 2 nd UE to send a respective first DMRS (filled with a dotted pattern) ; the RE containing the symbol 513g for the 1 st UE to send a respective first DMRS (filled with a dotted pattern) and for the 2 nd UE to send a respective first UCI signal (filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) ; the RE containing the symbol 513h for the 1 st UE to send a respective second UCI signal (filled with a diagonal strip pattern) and for the 2 nd UE to send a respective second DMRS (filled with a dotted pattern) ; the RE containing the symbol 513i for the 1 st UE to send a respective second DMRS (filled with a dotted pattern) and for the 2
  • FIGS 6A and 6B respectively illustrate exemplary novel PUCCH formats (602 and 612) and (622 and 632) that the BS allocates for two UE’s to send respective PUCCH signals.
  • the PUCCH formats 602, 612, 622, and 632 are substantially similar to the PUCCH formats 502, 512, 522, and 532 shown in Figures 5A-5B except that the number of RE’s of the PUCCH format 612 is not equal to the number of RE’s of any portion of the PUCCH format 602 and the number of RE’s of the PUCCH format 632 is not equal to the number of RE’s of any portion of the PUCCH format 622, which will be respectively discussed in further detail below.
  • Each of the PUCCH formats 602, 612, 622, and 632 is presented as either a contiguous or non-contiguous sequence of resource elements disposed in a frequency-time domain, typically known as a resource grid expanding across a time domain (the X axis) and a frequency domain (the Y axis) .
  • the PUCCH format 602, with a frequency hopping from f1 to f2 is allocated for the 1 st UE to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s ; and the PUCCH format 612, without any frequency hopping, is allocated for a the 2 nd UE to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s .
  • the PUCCH format 622 is allocated for the 1 st UE to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s ; and the PUCCH format 632, without any frequency hopping, is allocated for a the 2 nd UE to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s .
  • a first portion, 602-1, of the PUCCH format 602 used by the 1 st UE expands across a first set of symbols 613a, 613b, 613c, 613d, and 613e at the frequency f1
  • a second portion, 602-2, of the PUCCH format 602 used by the 1 st UE expands across a second set of symbols 613f, 613g, 613h, 613i, 613j, and 613k at the frequency f2.
  • the PUCCH format 612 used by the 2 nd UE expands across part of the second set of symbols 613g, 613h, 613i, 613j, and 613k at the frequency f2.
  • a first portion, 622-1, of the PUCCH format 622 used by the 1 st UE expands across a first set of symbols 633a, 633b, 633c, 633d, and 633e at the frequency f1
  • a second portion, 632-2, of the PUCCH format 632 used by the 1 st UE expands across a second set of symbols 633f, 633g, 633h, 633i, 633j, and 633k at the frequency f2.
  • the PUCCH format 632 used by the 2 nd UE expands across part of the second set of symbols 633g, 633h, 633i, 633j, and 633k at the frequency f2.
  • the PUCCH formats used by the different UE’s can have different numbers of RE’s , which can be further illustrated in Figures 6A and 6B.
  • the BS allocates the RE containing the symbol 513g, which is illustrated as two respective squares for the 1 st UE (the square enclosed by a solid line) and 2 nd UE (the square enclosed by a dotted line) , to send respective first DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern) .
  • the square enclosed by the solid line i.e., the RE used by the 1 st UE
  • the square enclosed by the dotted line i.e., the RE used by the 2 nd UE
  • the BS 202 allocates the RE containing the symbol 613h for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective first UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) ; the RE containing the symbol 613i for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective second DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern) ; the RE containing the symbol 613j for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective second UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) ; and the RE containing the symbol 613k for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send respective third DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern) .
  • the BS 202 allocates the RE containing the symbol 633g for the 1 st UE to send a respective first DMRS (filled with a dotted pattern) and for the 2 nd UE to send a respective first UCI signal (filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) ; the RE containing the symbol 613h for the 1 st UE to send a respective first UCI signal (filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) and for the 2 nd UE to send a respective first DMRS (filled with a dotted pattern) ; the RE containing the symbol 613i for the 1 st UE to send a respective second DMRS (filled with a dotted pattern) and for the 2 nd UE to send a respective second UCI signal (filled with a diagonal strip pattern) ; the RE containing the symbol 513j for the 1 st UE to send a respective second UCI signal (filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) and for
  • Figures 7A and 7B respectively illustrate exemplary novel PUCCH formats (702 and 712) and (722 and 732) that the BS allocates for two UE’s to send respective PUCCH signals.
  • the PUCCH formats 702 and 712 which are respectively allocated to be used by the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE, each has at least two neighboring RE’s for the use of sending a same type of PUCCH signal; and similarly, the PUCCH formats 722 and 732, which are respectively allocated to be used by the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE, each has at least two neighboring RE’s for the use of sending a same type of PUCCH signal.
  • Each of the PUCCH formats 702, 712, 722, and 732 is presented as either a contiguous or non-contiguous (in the presence of frequency hopping) sequence of resource elements disposed in a frequency-time domain, typically known as a resource grid expanding across a time domain (the X axis) and a frequency domain (the Y axis) .
  • the PUCCH format 702 with a frequency hopping from f1 to f2, is allocated for the 1 st UE to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s ; and the PUCCH format 712, also with a frequency hopping from f1 to f2, is allocated for the second 2 nd UE to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s .
  • the PUCCH format 722, without any frequency hopping is allocated for the 1 st UE to send respective UCI signals corresponding DMRS’s ; and the PUCCH format 732, also without any frequency hopping, is allocated for the second 2 nd UE to send respective UCI signals and corresponding DMRS’s .
  • a first portion, 702-1, of the PUCCH format 702 used by the 1 st UE expands across a first set of symbols 713a, 713b, 713c, 713d, 713e, 713f, and 713g at the frequency f1
  • a second portion of, 702-2, of the PUCCH format 702 used by the 1 st UE expands across a second set of symbols 713h, 713i, 713j, 713k, 713l, 713m, and 713n at the frequency f2.
  • a first portion, 712-1, of the PUCCH format 712 used by the 2 nd UE also expands across the first set of symbols 713a, 713b, 713c, 713d, 713e, 713f, and 713g at the frequency f1, and a second portion of 412-2, of the PUCCH format 712 used by the 2 nd UE also expands across the second set of symbols 713h, 713i, 713j, 713k, 713l, 713m, and 713n at the frequency f2.
  • the PUCCH format 422 used by the 1 st UE expands across plural contiguous symbols 733a, 733b, 733c, 733d, 733e, 733f, 733g, 733h, 733i, 733j, 733k, 733l, 733m, and 733n at the frequency f1; and the PUCCH format 732 used by the 2 nd UE also expands across the same contiguous symbols as the PUCCH format 722 (733a-733n) at the frequency f1.
  • the different UE’s can use a same RE to send different types of PUCCH signals and further, each UE can use at least two neighboring RE’s to send a same type of PUCCH signal, which can be further illustrated in Figures 7A and 7B.
  • the BS allocates the RE containing the symbol 713a, which is illustrated as two respective squares for the 1 st UE (the square enclosed by a solid line) to send a respective first UCI signal (filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) and for the 2 nd UE (the square enclosed by a dotted line) to send a respective first DMRS (filled with a dotted pattern)
  • the RE containing the symbol 713b which is again illustrated as two respective squares for the 1 st UE (the square enclosed by a solid line) to send a respective second UCI signal (filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) and for the 2 nd UE (the square enclosed by a dotted line) to send a respective second DMRS (filled with a dotted pattern) .
  • the square enclosed by the solid line i.e., the RE used by the 1 st UE
  • the square enclosed by the dotted line i.e., the RE used by the 2 nd UE
  • the squares enclosed by the solid lines and the dotted lines are herein referred to as the RE’s used by the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE, respectively, in the following figures.
  • the BS 202 allocates the RE’s respectively containing the symbols 713c-713e for the 1 st UE to send respective first, second, and third DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern) and for the 2 nd UE to send respective first, second, and third UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) ; the RE’s respectively containing the symbols 713f-713g for the 1 st UE to send respective third and fourth UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) and for the 2 nd UE to send respective third and fourth DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern) ; the RE’s respectively containing the symbols 713h-713i for the 1 st UE to send respective fifth and sixth UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) and for the 2 nd UE to send respective fifth and sixth DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern)
  • the BS allocates the RE’s across at least two neighboring symbols for the 1 st UE and 2 nd UE to send different types of PUCCH signals, and allows each of the 1 st and 2 nd UE’s to use the at least two neighboring symbols to send a same type of PUCCH signal except that the PUCCH formats 722 and 732 do not include a frequency hopping so that the discussions about the allocations of the RE’s in the PUCCH formats 722 and 732 are not repeated here.
  • FIGS. 3A-7B are directed to the RE’s (symbols) multiplexed by two UE’s (1 st and 2 nd UE’s )
  • the RE’s allocated according to the above-discussed PUCCH formats can also be multiplexed by two or more UE’s while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • Figures 8A, 8B, and 8C respectively illustrate exemplary novel PUCCH formats (802, 812, and 822) , (832, 842, and 852) , and (862, 872, 882) that the BS allocates for three UE’s to send respective PUCCH signals.
  • the BS allocates RE’s (the squares each enclosed by a solid line) of the PUCCH format 802 to be used by a 1 st UE to send respective UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) and DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern) , wherein a first subset of the RE’s of the PUCCH format 802 are located at frequency f1 and a second subset of the RE’s of the PUCCH format 802 are located at frequency f2.
  • the BS further allocates the first subset of the RE’s of the PUCCH format 802 as the RE’s (the squares each enclosed by a dotted line at the frequency f1) of the PUCCH format 812 that can be used by the 2 nd UE, and the second subset of the RE’s of the PUCCH format 802 as the RE’s (the squares each enclosed by a dotted line at the frequency f2) of the PUCCH format 822 that can be used by the 3 rd UE.
  • the 2 nd UE can use the RE’s of the PUCCH format 812 to send respective UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) and DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern)
  • the 3 rd UE can use the RE’s of the PUCCH format 822 to send respective UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) and DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern) .
  • the BS allocates RE’s (the squares each enclosed by a solid line) of the PUCCH format 832 to be used by a 1 st UE to send respective UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) and DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern) , wherein a first subset of the RE’s of the PUCCH format 832 are located at frequency f1 and a second subset of the RE’s of the PUCCH format 832 are located at frequency f2.
  • the BS further allocates the first subset of the RE’s of the PUCCH format 832 as the RE’s (the squares each enclosed by a dotted line at the frequency f1) of the PUCCH format 842 that can be used by the 2 nd UE, and the second subset of the RE’s of the PUCCH format 832 as the RE’s (the squares each enclosed by a dotted line at the frequency f2) of the PUCCH format 852 that can be used by the 3 rd UE.
  • the 2 nd UE can use the RE’s of the PUCCH format 842 to send respective UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) and DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern)
  • the 3 rd UE can use the RE’s of the PUCCH format 852 to send respective UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) and DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern) .
  • the BS allocates RE’s (the squares each enclosed by a solid line) of the PUCCH format 862 to be used by a 1 st UE to send respective UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) and DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern) , wherein a first subset of the RE’s of the PUCCH format 862 are located at frequency f1 and a second subset of the RE’s of the PUCCH format 862 are located at frequency f2.
  • the BS further allocates the first subset of the RE’s of the PUCCH format 862 as the RE’s (the squares each enclosed by a dotted line at the frequency f1) of the PUCCH format 872 that can be used by the 2 nd UE, and the second subset of the RE’s of the PUCCH format 862 as the RE’s (the squares each enclosed by a dotted line at the frequency f2) of the PUCCH format 862 that can be used by the 3 rd UE.
  • the 2 nd UE can use the RE’s of the PUCCH format 872 to send respective UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) and DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern)
  • the 3 rd UE can use the RE’s of the PUCCH format 882 to send respective UCI signals (each filled with a diagonal stripe pattern) and DMRS’s (each filled with a dotted pattern) .
  • each type of the PUCCH signal (the DMRS, the ACK signal, and the NACK signal) , sent by the UE, is associated with a respective cyclic shift value, which may be allocated by the BS or predefined in a protocol.
  • the DMRS is associated with a first cyclic shift value
  • the ACK signal is associated with a second cyclic shift value
  • the NACK signal is associated with a third cyclic shift value
  • the first, second, and third cyclic shift values may be respectively selected from a set of cyclic shift values of a sequence (e.g., a Chu sequence, a Frank-Zadoff sequence, a Zadoff-Chu sequence, a Generalized Chirp-Like sequence, or any computer generated CAZAC sequence) .
  • a sequence e.g., a Chu sequence, a Frank-Zadoff sequence, a Zadoff-Chu sequence, a Generalized Chirp-Like sequence, or any computer generated CAZAC sequence
  • the set of cyclic shift values may have 12 different numbers, for example, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11.
  • its DMRS, ACK signal, and NACK signal may be associated with respective cyclic shift values that can be selected from the following: ⁇ 0, 4, 8 ⁇ , ⁇ 1, 5, 9 ⁇ , ⁇ 2, 6, 10 ⁇ , ⁇ 3, 7, 11 ⁇ .
  • its DMRS, ACK signal, and NACK signal may be associated with respective cyclic shift values that can also be selected from the following: ⁇ 0, 4, 8 ⁇ , ⁇ 1, 5, 9 ⁇ , ⁇ 2, 6, 10 ⁇ , ⁇ 3, 7, 11 ⁇ .
  • the first and second UE’s when a same RE (symbol) is multiplexed by the first and second UE’s , the first and second UE’s can use the same RE to send different types of PUCCH signals. As such, the difference among different cyclic shift values occupying the same RE can be maximized. For example, when an RE multiplexed by the first UE’s ACK (associated with a cyclic shift value of 0) or NACK signal (associated with a cyclic shift value of 4) , and the second UE’s DMRS (associated with a cyclic shift value of 8) , the difference among different cyclic shift values occupying the same RE can be maximized to 4.
  • ACK associated with a cyclic shift value of 0
  • NACK signal associated with a cyclic shift value of 4
  • DMRS associated with a cyclic shift value of 8
  • different UE’s PUCCH signals occupying a same RE may have respective different cyclic shift values, as illustrated in the above example.
  • an Orthogonal Covering Code may be optionally used by each UE. Taking the PUCCH formats (402 and 412) of Figure 4A for example, the RE containing the symbol 413a, used by the 1 st UE to send the DMRS, and the RE containing the symbol 413a, used by the 2 nd UE to send the UCI signal, may be associated with a same cyclic shift value of a same sequence.
  • the RE containing the symbol 413a, used by the 1 st UE to send the DMRS may be associated with a first OCC signal
  • the RE containing the symbol 413a, used by the 2 nd UE to send the DMRS may be associated with a second OCC signal.
  • the first OCC signal may have a length of 2 (since the first portion 402-1 of the PUCCH format 402 has 2 RE’s (symbols) allocated for sending respective DMRS’s )
  • the second OCC signal may have a length of 2 (since the first portion 412-1 of the PUCCH format 412 has 2 RE’s (symbols) allocated for sending respective UCI signals) .
  • the RE containing the symbol 413f, used by the 1 st UE to send the UCI signal, and the RE containing the symbol 413f, used by the 2 nd UE to send the DMRS may be associated with a same cyclic shift value of a same sequence.
  • the RE containing the symbol 413f, used by the 1 st UE to send the UCI signal may be associated with a third OCC signal
  • the RE containing the symbol 413f, used by the 2 nd UE to send the UCI signal may be associated with a fourth OCC signal.
  • the third OCC signal may have a length of 2 (since the second portion 402-2 of the PUCCH format 402 has 2 RE’s (symbols) allocated for sending respective UCI signals)
  • the fourth OCC signal may have a length of 2 (since the second portion 412-2 of the PUCCH format 412 has 2 RE’s (symbols) allocated for sending respective DMRS’s ) .
  • the first, second, third, and fourth OCC signals may be independently determined by the BS.
  • any reference to an element herein using a designation such as “first, “ “second, “ and so forth does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. Rather, these designations can be used herein as a convenient means of distinguishing between two or more elements or instances of an element. Thus, a reference to first and second elements does not mean that only two elements can be employed, or that the first element must precede the second element in some manner.
  • any of the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, processors, means, circuits, methods and functions described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented by electronic hardware (e.g., a digital implementation, an analog implementation, or a combination of the two) , firmware, various forms of program or design code incorporating instructions (which can be referred to herein, for convenience, as "software” or a "software module) , or any combination of these techniques.
  • firmware e.g., a digital implementation, an analog implementation, or a combination of the two
  • firmware various forms of program or design code incorporating instructions
  • software or a “software module”
  • IC integrated circuit
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • ASIC application specific integrated circuit
  • FPGA field programmable gate array
  • the logical blocks, modules, and circuits can further include antennas and/or transceivers to communicate with various components within the network or within the device.
  • a general purpose processor can be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor can be any conventional processor, controller, or state machine.
  • a processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other suitable configuration to perform the functions described herein.
  • Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that can be enabled to transfer a computer program or code from one place to another.
  • a storage media can be any available media that can be accessed by a computer.
  • such computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer.
  • module refers to software, firmware, hardware, and any combination of these elements for performing the associated functions described herein. Additionally, for purpose of discussion, the various modules are described as discrete modules; however, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, two or more modules may be combined to form a single module that performs the associated functions according embodiments of the invention.
  • memory or other storage may be employed in embodiments of the invention.
  • memory or other storage may be employed in embodiments of the invention.
  • any suitable distribution of functionality between different functional units, processing logic elements or domains may be used without detracting from the invention.
  • functionality illustrated to be performed by separate processing logic elements, or controllers may be performed by the same processing logic element, or controller.
  • references to specific functional units are only references to a suitable means for providing the described functionality, rather than indicative of a strict logical or physical structure or organization.

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