WO2019080565A1 - 相位解码方法、相位解码接收装置和量子密钥分发系统 - Google Patents

相位解码方法、相位解码接收装置和量子密钥分发系统

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Publication number
WO2019080565A1
WO2019080565A1 PCT/CN2018/097524 CN2018097524W WO2019080565A1 WO 2019080565 A1 WO2019080565 A1 WO 2019080565A1 CN 2018097524 W CN2018097524 W CN 2018097524W WO 2019080565 A1 WO2019080565 A1 WO 2019080565A1
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phase
optical pulse
single photon
phase decoding
pulse
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PCT/CN2018/097524
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English (en)
French (fr)
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许华醒
程旭升
莫小范
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中国电子科技集团公司电子科学研究院
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Priority claimed from CN201711018889.6A external-priority patent/CN107612690B/zh
Priority claimed from CN201810791479.3A external-priority patent/CN108650091B/zh
Application filed by 中国电子科技集团公司电子科学研究院 filed Critical 中国电子科技集团公司电子科学研究院
Publication of WO2019080565A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019080565A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of optical transmission secure communication technologies, and in particular, to a phase decoding method, a phase decoding receiving apparatus, and a quantum key distribution system.
  • quantum secure communication can realize the security of information in the open channel and gradually move toward application.
  • the phase-encoding quantum key distribution system based on the unequal-arm interferometer, in the process of optical pulse transmission through the optical fiber quantum channel, there is a non-circular symmetry of the optical fiber, and the core refractive index is unevenly distributed in the radial direction.
  • Non-ideal conditions, as well as the birefringence effect of the optical fiber in the actual environment caused by temperature, strain, bending, etc. the polarization state of the optical pulse when it reaches the receiving end will randomly change, resulting in unstable output of the phase decoding interferometer, and This phenomenon is significantly degraded as the distance of the fiber increases.
  • an unequal-arm Faraday-Michaelson interferometer which can keep the optical pulse from being stably outputted by the interference result when it is affected by the random birefringence of the fiber channel and the polarization state change therefrom.
  • an interferometer has a large loss, and the insertion loss of the phase modulator is one of the main factors causing a large loss.
  • the optical pulse passes through the phase modulator twice due to the back and forth transmission, thereby causing a large loss of the interferometer and a low system efficiency.
  • the main object of the present invention is to provide a phase decoding method, a phase decoding receiving apparatus and a quantum key distribution system for solving the problem that the output result is unstable due to the aforementioned polarization state change in the phase encoding quantum key distribution application. .
  • a phase decoding method comprising:
  • phase decoding method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
  • phase decoding method wherein the phase decoding of the first path transmission optical pulse and the second path transmission optical pulse respectively comprises:
  • the phase is decoded by an unequal arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer or an unequal arm Michelson interferometer.
  • phase decoding method characterized in that in the process of polarization splitting to phase decoding each of the transmitted optical pulses and outputting them after phase decoding, a polarization maintaining type device is used to maintain each The polarization state of the light pulse remains unchanged.
  • phase decoding receiving apparatus comprises: a polarization beam splitter, a first phase decoder, a second phase decoder, a first single photon detector, and a second single photon detection Device, where
  • the polarizing beam splitter is configured to polarize and split an input optical pulse of an incident arbitrary polarization state into a first transmission optical pulse and a second transmission optical pulse whose polarization states are orthogonal to each other;
  • the first phase decoder is configured to perform phase decoding on the first path transmission optical pulse, and output the first path transmission optical pulse after phase decoding through two first sub-optical paths associated therewith;
  • the second phase decoder is configured to perform phase decoding on the second path transmission optical pulse, and output the second path transmission optical pulse after phase decoding through two second sub-optical paths associated therewith;
  • the first single photon detector is directly optically coupled to one of the two first sub-optical paths;
  • the second single photon detector is directly optically coupled to one of the two second sub-optical paths.
  • phase decoding receiving apparatus further comprises a third single photon detector and a fourth single photon detector, wherein
  • the third single photon detector is directly optically coupled to the other of the two first sub-optical paths;
  • the fourth single photon detector is directly optically coupled to the other of the two second sub-optical paths.
  • phase decoding receiving apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the phases modulated by the first phase decoder and the second phase decoder are identical.
  • phase decoding receiving apparatus employ an unequal arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer or an unequal arm Michelson interferometer.
  • phase decoding receiving apparatus characterized in that the polarization beam splitter, the phase decoder, and associated discrete device and waveguide device for conducting light therebetween Both are polarization-maintaining devices.
  • a quantum key distribution system comprising the phase decoding receiving apparatus according to any one of claims 5 to 9.
  • phase encoder adopts any one of the following: an unequal arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer, an unequal arm Michelson interferometer, an unequal arm. Faraday-Michaelson interferometer.
  • the invention can effectively solve the influence of the random variation of the polarization state of the input optical pulse on the stability of the system, and realize the stable phase decoding of the interference immunity of the transmission fiber environment.
  • the present invention has no constraint on the type of interferometer used by the phase decoding receiving device, and the most commonly used unequal-arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer can be used to reduce the optical pulse by only one phase modulator during decoding.
  • the insertion loss at the receiving end significantly increases the system efficiency.
  • the present invention provides a solution for a quantum key distribution system that establishes efficient environmental interference immunity based on an unequal-arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
  • phase interpolation which is independent of the polarization of the incident input light pulse, can be achieved at the receiving end by selecting a suitable interferometer.
  • the invention makes it possible to provide a stable and efficient quantum key distribution system technical solution with low insertion loss.
  • the requirements and complexity of optical path design and development can be reduced, and flexibility can be increased.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a phase decoding method according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a phase decoding receiving apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a phase decoding receiving apparatus according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • phase decoding receiving apparatus is a schematic structural diagram of a phase decoding receiving apparatus according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a quantum key distribution system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • a phase decoding method is as shown in FIG. 1 and includes the following steps:
  • Step S101 Polarizing and splitting an input light pulse of an incident arbitrary polarization state into a first transmission light pulse and a second transmission light pulse.
  • the polarization state of the incident input light pulse may be any polarization state, and the polarization states of the first transmitted light pulse and the second transmitted light pulse after the polarization splitting are orthogonal to each other.
  • Step S102 phase decoding the first transmission optical pulse and the second transmission optical pulse respectively, and output each transmitted optical pulse after phase decoding through two sub-optical paths associated therewith.
  • phase decoding the first path transmission light pulse and the second path transmission light pulse respectively includes: for each of the first path transmission light pulse and the second path transmission light pulse The optical pulse is transmitted all the way, and the phase is decoded by an unequal-arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer or an unequal-arm Michelson interferometer.
  • phase decoding of the first path transmission light pulse and the second path transmission light pulse may be performed separately as follows:
  • the transmission optical pulse is split into two sub-transmission optical pulses, and the two sub-transmission optical pulses are split. After the combination, the two sub-optical paths associated with it are output.
  • phase output optical pulses are obtained by phase decoding the first path transmission optical pulse and the second path transmission optical pulse, respectively.
  • the two sub-transmission optical pulses obtained by splitting one transmission optical pulse are combined after a relative delay and output through two sub-optical paths associated therewith.
  • the polarization state of the optical pulses is controlled during phase decoding of each transmitted optical pulse such that the polarization of the respective two-way transmitted optical pulses is the same when combined.
  • controlling the polarization state of each light pulse can include maintaining the polarization state of each light pulse constant by using a polarization-maintaining device; or subjecting the polarization state of each light pulse to known modulation.
  • polarization polarization is used during polarization splitting to phase decode each of the first transmitted light pulse and the second transmitted optical pulse to obtain a sub-output optical pulse.
  • the device maintains the polarization state of each light pulse unchanged.
  • phase modulation of the optical pulses is necessary for phase decoding at the receiving end.
  • Relative delay and phase modulation are performed in accordance with the requirements and regulations of the Quantum Key Distribution Protocol and are not described in detail herein.
  • Step S103 directly output an output light pulse from one of the two sub-optical paths associated with the first transmitted optical pulse to a first single photon detector for detection, and will be from the second The output light pulse of one of the two sub-optical paths associated with the path transmission optical pulse is directly outputted to a second single photon detector for detection.
  • first single photon detector and the second single photon detector may be associated and detected simultaneously, when the first single photon detector and the second single photon detector are present in one opening time When only one single photon detector detects a light pulse, it indicates a valid detection.
  • an output light pulse from another one of the two sub-optical paths associated with the first transmitted optical pulse may be directly output to a third single photon detector for detection, and The output light pulse of the other of the two sub-optical paths associated with the second transmitted optical pulse is directly output to a fourth single photon detector for detection.
  • the third single photon detector and the fourth single photon detector may be associated and detected simultaneously, when the third single photon detector and the fourth single photon detector are in one opening time When there is one and only one single photon detector detects the light pulse, it indicates a valid detection.
  • the phase decoding receiving apparatus of the present invention includes a polarization beam splitter, first and second phase decoders, and first and second single photon detectors.
  • the input port of the polarization beam splitter is configured to receive an input light pulse of an incident arbitrary polarization state and output a first path transmission light pulse and a second path transmission light pulse whose polarization states are orthogonal to each other through the two output ports thereof.
  • a first phase decoder is optically coupled to an output port of the polarization beam splitter and is optically coupled directly to the first single photon detector via a first one of the two associated first sub-paths.
  • a second phase decoder is optically coupled to the other output port of the polarization beam splitter and is optically coupled directly to the second single photon detector via a second one of the two associated second sub-paths.
  • a phase decoding receiving apparatus includes the following components: a polarization beam splitter 201, two phase decoders 202, and a pair of single photon detectors (not shown).
  • the polarization beam splitter 201 is configured to split the polarization of one input light pulse of any incident polarization state into a first transmission light pulse and a second transmission light pulse.
  • the polarization state of the incident input light pulse may be any polarization state, and the polarization states of the first transmission light pulse and the second transmission light pulse obtained by the polarization splitting are orthogonal to each other.
  • Two phase decoders 202 are optically coupled to the polarization beam splitter 201, respectively, for phase decoding the first path transmission optical pulse and the second path transmission optical pulse, respectively, and after each phase transmission optical pulse is phase decoded Output via the associated two sub-optical paths.
  • each phase decoder 202 is used to:
  • a transmission optical pulse is split into two sub-transmission optical pulses, and the two sub-transmission optical pulses after the splitting are combined and output through two sub-optical paths associated therewith.
  • the two sub-transmission optical pulses obtained by splitting the transmitted optical pulse are combined after the relative delay and output through the two sub-optical paths associated therewith.
  • the relative delay is performed in accordance with the provisions and requirements of the Quantum Key Distribution Protocol, and will not be described in detail herein.
  • the input optical pulse before polarization splitting may be phase-modulated by the quantum key distribution protocol before the polarization beam splitter 201, or may be obtained by polarization splitting.
  • Each of the transmitted light pulses and the second transmitted light pulses are phase-modulated according to a quantum key distribution protocol, or may be separated by a corresponding phase after each transmitted optical pulse is split into two paths of transmitted light pulses.
  • the decoder 202 phase modulates at least one of the sub-transmission optical pulses by a quantum key distribution protocol.
  • phase modulation by the phase decoder In the case of phase modulation by the phase decoder, the phases modulated by the two phase decoders 202 coincide.
  • the two phase decoders 202 can optionally employ an unequal arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer or an unequal arm Michelson interferometer.
  • the polarizing beam splitter 201, the phase decoder 202, and the associated discrete light and waveguide devices used for conducting light may each be a polarization maintaining type device. In this way, the polarization state of each light pulse can be maintained unchanged.
  • the eigenstates of the orthogonal bases of the polarization beam splitter 201 coincide with the mutually orthogonal polarization states of the two transmitted optical pulses obtained by the polarization splitting.
  • the phase decoder and associated discrete light and waveguide devices used for conducting light may be collectively referred to as optical devices on the optical path between the polarization beam splitter and each single photon detector.
  • one of the two sub-optical paths for output of the upper phase decoder 202 is optically coupled to one of the pair of single photon detectors, and the two of the lower phase decoder 202 are for output.
  • One of the strip light paths is optically coupled to another single photon detector of the pair of single photon detectors.
  • the pair of single photon detectors can be associated and configured to be synchronized for detection. An effective detection is indicated when one or only one single photon detector in the pair of single photon detectors detects a light pulse during a single opening time.
  • another pair of single photon detectors can be provided as needed.
  • the other one of the two sub-optical paths for outputting of the upper phase decoder 202 in FIG. 2 is optically coupled to one of the other pair of single photon detectors, the lower phase
  • the other of the two sub-optical paths of the decoder 202 for output is optically coupled to another single photon detector of the other pair of single photon detectors.
  • This other pair of single photon detectors can be associated and configured to be synchronized for detection. An effective detection is indicated when one and only one single photon detector in the other pair of single photon detectors detects a light pulse during one opening time.
  • a phase decoding receiving apparatus includes the following components: a polarization beam splitter 301, two phase decoders 302 and 303, and a pair of single photon detectors (not shown). ).
  • the polarization beam splitter 301 splits the polarization of one input light pulse into two transmitted light pulses.
  • One of the transmitted optical pulses is phase-decoded by the phase decoder 302 and output through the two sub-optical paths; the other transmitted optical pulse is phase-decoded by the phase decoder 303 and output through the two sub-optical paths.
  • Phase decoders 302 and 303 each employ an unequal arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
  • One of the two sub-optical paths of the phase decoder 302 for output is optically coupled to one of the pair of single photon detectors, one of the two sub-optical paths of the phase decoder 303 for output being optically coupled to Another single photon detector in the pair of single photon detectors.
  • the pair of single photon detectors can be associated and configured to be synchronized for detection. An effective detection is indicated when one or only one single photon detector in the pair of single photon detectors detects a light pulse during a single opening time
  • another pair of single photon detectors can be provided as needed.
  • the other of the two sub-optical paths of the phase decoder 302 for output is optically coupled to one of the other pair of single photon detectors, and the phase decoder 303 is for output.
  • the other of the two sub-optical paths is optically coupled to another single photon detector of the other pair of single photon detectors.
  • This other pair of single photon detectors can be associated and configured to be synchronized for detection. An effective detection is indicated when one and only one single photon detector in the other pair of single photon detectors detects a light pulse during one opening time.
  • phase decoder 302 and the phase decoder 303 coincide.
  • the polarization beam splitter, the phase decoder, and the devices on the optical path between the polarization beam splitter and the phase decoder are polarization control type devices.
  • phase modulation is performed here at the phase decoder 302 and the phase decoder 303, it is also possible to phase-modulate the input light pulses before polarization splitting by the quantum key distribution protocol before the polarization beam splitter 301.
  • each of the two transmitted optical pulses obtained by polarization splitting is phase modulated by a quantum key distribution protocol.
  • a phase decoding receiving apparatus includes the following components: a polarization beam splitter 401, two phase decoders 402 and 403, and a pair of single photon detectors (not shown). ).
  • the polarization beam splitter 401 splits the polarization of one input light pulse into two transmitted light pulses.
  • One of the transmitted optical pulses is phase-decoded by the phase decoder 402 and output through the two sub-optical paths; the other transmitted optical pulse is phase-decoded by the phase decoder 403 and output through the two sub-optical paths.
  • Phase decoders 402 and 403 each employ an unequal arm Michelson interferometer.
  • the sub-path light of the phase decoder 402 for output only is optically coupled to one of the pair of single photon detectors, and the sub-path light of the phase decoder 403 for output only is optically coupled to the pair of single photons.
  • the pair of single photon detectors can be associated and configured to be synchronized for detection. An effective detection is indicated when one or only one single photon detector in the pair of single photon detectors detects a light pulse during a single opening time.
  • phase decoder 402 and the phase decoder 403 are identical.
  • the polarization beam splitter, the phase decoder, and the devices on the optical path between the polarization beam splitter and the phase decoder are polarization control type devices.
  • phase modulation is performed at phase decoder 402 and phase decoder 403, it is also possible to phase modulate the input light pulses before polarization splitting by quantum key distribution protocol prior to polarization beam splitter 401.
  • each of the two transmitted optical pulses obtained by polarization splitting is phase modulated by a quantum key distribution protocol.
  • phase decoding receiving apparatus of the present invention can be considered to include two parts: a phase decoding apparatus and a single photon detector, wherein the phase decoding apparatus includes a polarization beam splitter And a phase decoder, the single photon detector can include one or two pairs of single photon detectors, each coupled directly to a respective phase decoder.
  • a quantum key distribution system includes the following components: a single photon source 501, a phase encoder 502, a quantum channel 503, and the phase decoding receiving device 504-506 described above.
  • phase decoding receiving means 504-506 includes phase decoding means 504 and a pair of single photon detectors 505, 506 coupled directly to the phase decoding means.
  • Phase decoding receiving devices 504-506 are coupled to phase encoder 502 via quantum channel 503.
  • phase decoding device 504 is coupled to phase encoder 502 via quantum channel 503.
  • a single photon source 501 is used to generate a single photon light pulse.
  • the phase encoder 502 is configured to phase encode the single photon optical pulses generated by the single photon source 501 in accordance with a quantum key distribution protocol.
  • Quantum channel 503 is used to transmit phase encoded single photon optical pulses to phase decoding device 504.
  • the phase decoding device 504 is configured to phase decode the single photon optical pulse transmitted through the quantum channel 503 in accordance with a quantum key distribution protocol.
  • the single photon detectors 505 and 506 in the phase decoding receiving device constitute a pair of single photon detectors as described above for detecting the output light pulses from the phase decoding device 504 when single photon detection is performed in one opening time A valid probe is recorded when there is one and only one of the responders 505 and 506.
  • another pair of single photon detectors may be added to the phase decoding receiving apparatus.
  • the phase decoding receiving apparatus in Fig. 5 can use the phase decoding receiving apparatus shown in any of Figs. 2-4 or other phase decoding receiving apparatus according to the present invention.
  • the single photon source 501 emits a single photon optical pulse into the phase encoder 502.
  • the phase encoder 502 phase encodes the single photon optical pulse, and the phase encoded optical pulse is transmitted to the phase decoding receiving device 504-506 via the quantum channel 503.
  • the decoding receiving devices 504-506 phase decode and detect the incident single photon pulses.
  • the phase encoder 502 and the phase decoding receiving means 504-506 respectively phase encode and decode the optical pulses in accordance with the quantum key distribution protocol, and perform key distribution according to the quantum key distribution protocol.
  • phase encoder 502 adopts any one of the following: an unequal arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer, an unequal arm Michelson interferometer, and an unequal arm Faraday-Michaelson interferometer.
  • the quantum channel 503 may be an optical waveguide, an optical fiber, a free space, a discrete optical element, a planar waveguide optical element, a fiber optic element, or a light propagation path in which any two or more of the above are combined.
  • the idea of the present invention is to perform polarization diversity processing on an incident input optical pulse at a receiving end, and split the input optical pulse into two transmitted optical pulses whose polarization states are orthogonal to each other, so that any polarization state can be applied.
  • the input light pulse uses a polarization control type device or a polarization maintaining type device; in addition, the output light pulse obtained by phase decoding at the receiving end is directly outputted to the single photon detector for detection, and the polarization state is omitted by appropriately operating the single photon detector.
  • the steps of polarization combining are performed by different output light pulses.
  • the present invention makes it possible to avoid system stability caused by the random variation of the polarization state of the optical pulse during transmission by using the polarization control type device or the polarization maintaining type device at the receiving end in the quantum key distribution application.
  • Problem without prior knowledge or determination of the polarization state of the input light pulse - ie eliminating the need for the aforementioned complex polarization state monitoring and/or calibration device; in addition, by operating the single photon detector from an electrical perspective and Control, to achieve proper detection of the output light pulse, while reducing the requirements and complexity of optical path design and development.
  • the interferometer used by the phase decoding receiving means at the receiving end can be of various types including the unequal arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and is not limited to the unequal arm Michelson interferometer. Therefore, by selecting a suitable interferometer, a lower insertion loss at the receiving end can be achieved while solving the problem of system stability.

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  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明提出了一种相位解码方法、接收装置和量子密钥分发系统，该方法包括：将入射的一路输入光脉冲偏振分束为第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲；将第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲中的每一路进行相位解码后经相关联的两条子光路输出；将来自与第一路传输光脉冲相关联的两条子光路中之一的输出光脉冲直接输出进行探测，并将来自与第二路传输光脉冲相关联的两条子光路中之一的输出光脉冲直接输出进行探测。本发明可有效解决光脉冲偏振态随机变化对系统稳定性产生的影响，实现抗环境干扰的稳定相位解码。此外，本发明使得可采用不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪，光脉冲在解码时只需经过一次相位调制器，减小了接收端的插入损耗，提高了系统效率。

Description

相位解码方法、相位解码接收装置和量子密钥分发系统 技术领域
本发明涉及光传输保密通信技术领域，尤其涉及一种相位解码方法、相位解码接收装置和量子密钥分发系统。
背景技术
基于量子密钥分发技术和一次一密密码原理，量子保密通信在公开信道可实现信息的安全，并逐步走向应用。对于以不等臂干涉仪为基础的相位编码量子密钥分发系统，在光脉冲经光纤量子信道传输的过程中，因光纤制作存在截面非圆对称、纤芯折射率沿径向不均匀分布等非理想情况，以及光纤在实际环境中受温度、应变、弯曲等影响而产生双折射效应，光脉冲在到达接收端时的偏振态会发生随机变化，造成相位解码干涉仪输出结果不稳定，并且此现象随着光纤距离的增加恶化明显。
在现有技术中提出了一种不等臂法拉第-迈克尔逊干涉仪，其可使光脉冲在受到光纤信道随机双折射及源于此的偏振态变化的影响时，仍保持干涉结果稳定输出。但是，这种干涉仪损耗大，其中相位调制器的插损是引起较大损耗的主要因素之一。具体而言，当相位调制器置于干涉仪的一臂时，光脉冲由于来回传输会经过相位调制器两次，从而造成干涉仪的损耗较大，系统效率偏低。
发明内容
本发明的主要目的在于提出一种相位解码方法、相位解码接收装置和量子密钥分发系统，用以解决相位编码量子密钥分发应用中因前述的偏振态变化而导致的输出结果不稳定的问题。
本发明提供至少以下技术方案：
1.一种相位解码方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括：
将入射的任意偏振态的一路输入光脉冲偏振分束为偏振态相互正交的第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲；
分别对所述第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲进行相位解码，且将所述第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲中的每一路传输光脉冲在相位解码后经与其相关联的两条子光路输出；以及
将来自与所述第一路传输光脉冲相关联的两条子光路中的一条子光路的输出光脉冲直接输出到一个第一单光子探测器进行探测，并将来自与所述第二路传输光脉冲相关联的两条子光路中的一条子光路的输出光脉冲直接输出到一个第二单光子探测器进行探测。
2.根据方案1所述的相位解码方法，其特征在于，所述方法还包括：
将来自与所述第一路传输光脉冲相关联的两条子光路中的另一条子光路的输出光脉冲直接输出到一个第三单光子探测器进行探测，并将来自与所述第二路传输光脉冲相关联的两条子光路中的另一条子光路的输出光脉冲直接输出到一个第四单光子探测器进行探测。
3.根据方案1或2所述的相位解码方法，其特征在于，所述分别对所述第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲进行相位解码包括：
对于所述第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲中的每一路传输光脉冲，采用不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪或不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪对其进行相位解码。
4.根据方案1所述的相位解码方法，其特征在于，在偏振分束至将每一路传输光脉冲进行相位解码并将其在相位解码后输出的过程中，使用偏振保持型器件，维持各光脉冲的偏振态保持不变。
5.一种相位解码接收装置，其特征在于，所述相位解码接收装置包括：偏振分束器、第一相位解码器、第二相位解码器、第一单光子探测器和第二单光子探测器，其中
所述偏振分束器用于将入射的任意偏振态的一路输入光脉冲偏振分束为偏振态相互正交的第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲；
所述第一相位解码器用于对所述第一路传输光脉冲进行相位解码，且将所述第一路传输光脉冲在相位解码后经与其相关联的两条第一子光路输出；
所述第二相位解码器用于对所述第二路传输光脉冲进行相位解码，且将所述第二路传输光脉冲在相位解码后经与其相关联的两条第二子光路输出；
所述第一单光子探测器直接光耦合至所述两条第一子光路中的一条第一子光路；
所述第二单光子探测器直接光耦合至所述两条第二子光路中的一条第二子光路。
6.根据方案5所述的相位解码接收装置，其特征在于，所述相位解码接收装置还包括第三单光子探测器和第四单光子探测器，其中
所述第三单光子探测器直接光耦合至所述两条第一子光路中的另一条第一子光路；
所述第四单光子探测器直接光耦合至所述两条第二子光路中的另一条第二子光路。
7.根据方案5所述的相位解码接收装置，其特征在于，所述第一相位解码器和第二相位解码器调制的相位一致。
8.根据方案5所述的相位解码接收装置，其特征在于，所述第一相位解码器和第二相位解码器采用不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪或不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪。
9.根据方案5至8中任一所述的相位解码接收装置，其特征在于，所述偏振分束器、所述相位解码器，以及相关联的在其间传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件均为偏振保持型器件。
10.一种量子密钥分发系统，其特征在于，包括根据方案5～9中任一所述的相位解码接收装置。
11.根据方案10所述的量子密钥分发系统，其特征在于，还包括单光子源和光耦合至所述单光子源的相位编码器，其中所述相位解码接收装置经量子信道耦合至所述相位编码器。
12.根据方案11所述的量子密钥分发系统，其特征在于，所述相位编码器采用以下任意一种：不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪、不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪、不等臂法拉第-迈克尔逊干涉仪。
本发明可有效解决输入光脉冲偏振态随机变化对系统稳定性产生的影响，实现传输光纤环境干扰免疫的稳定相位解码。此外，本发明对相位解码接收装置采用的干涉仪的类型没有约束，可使用最常用的不等臂马赫-曾德尔型干涉仪，使光脉冲在解码时只需经过一次相位调制器，减小了接收端的插入损耗，可观地提高了系统效率。本发明为基于不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪建立高效的环境干扰免疫的量子密钥分发系统提供了解决方案。利用本发明，可选地，可以通过选择合适的干涉仪，在接收端实现低插损的与入射的输入光脉冲的偏振无关的相位解码。本发明使得能够提供一种低插损的稳定高效量子密钥分发系统技术方案。另外，利用本发明，能降低光路设计和研制方面的要求和复杂度，增加灵活性。
附图说明
图1为本发明一优选实施例的相位解码方法的流程图；
图2为本发明一优选实施例的相位解码接收装置的组成结构示意图；
图3为本发明另一优选实施例的相位解码接收装置的组成结构示意图；
图4为本发明另一优选实施例的相位解码接收装置的组成结构示意图；
图5为本发明一优选实施例的量子密钥分发系统的组成结构示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图来具体描述本发明的优选实施例，其中，附图构成本申请的一部分，并与本发明的实施例一起用于阐释本发明的原理。为了清楚和简化目的，当其可能使本发明的主题模糊不清时，对本文所描述的器件的已知功能和结构的详细具体说明将省略。
本发明一优选实施例的一种相位解码方法如图1所示，包括以下步骤：
步骤S101：将入射的任意偏振态的一路输入光脉冲偏振分束为第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲。
具体的，入射的输入光脉冲的偏振态可以是任意偏振态，偏振分束后的第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲的偏振态相互正交。
步骤S102：分别对所述第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲进行相位解码，且将每一路传输光脉冲在相位解码后经与其相关联的两条子光路输出。
在一种可能的实施方式中，分别对所述第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲进行相位解码包括：对于所述第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲中的每一路传输光脉冲，采用不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪或不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪对其进行相位解码。
另外，可以如下所述地分别对所述第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲进行相位解码：
对于所述第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲中的每一路传输光脉冲，将该路传输光脉冲分束为两路子传输光脉冲，并将分束后的两路子传输光脉冲合束后经与其相关联的两条子光路输出。
这样，通过分别对所述第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲进行相位解码，得到两路子输出光脉冲。
这里，具体地，由一路传输光脉冲分束得到的两路子传输光脉冲在相对延时后合束并经与其相关联的两条子光路输出。
在本发明的一个实施例中，在对每一路传输光脉冲进行相位解码的过程中，控制光脉冲的偏振态，以使得相应的两路子传输光脉冲在合束时的偏振态相同。
例如，控制各光脉冲的偏振态可包括：通过使用偏振保持型器件，维持各光脉冲的偏振态始终保持不变；或者，使各光脉冲的偏振态经受已知的调制。
在本发明的一个实施例中，在偏振分束至将第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲中的每一路传输光脉冲进行相位解码得到子输出光脉冲的过程中，使用偏振保持型器件，维持各光脉冲的偏振态保持不变。
虽然上面没有明确说明，但本领域技术人员应理解，在接收端为进行相位解码，对光脉冲进行相位调制是必要的。
相对延时和相位调制按照量子密钥分发协议的要求和规定进行，本文不作详细说明。
步骤S103：将来自与所述第一路传输光脉冲相关联的两条子光路中的一条子光路的输出光脉冲直接输出到一个第一单光子探测器进行探测，并将来自与所述第二路传输光脉冲相关联的两条子光路中的一条子光路的输出光脉冲直接输出到一个第二单光子探测器进行探测。
这里，可以将第一单光子探测器和第二单光子探测器相关联、使其同步进行探测，当在一次开门时间内所述第一单光子探测器和第二单光子探测器中有且仅有一个单光子探测器探测到光脉冲时，指示一次有效探测。
可选地，可以将来自与所述第一路传输光脉冲相关联的两条子光路中的另一条子光路的输出光脉冲直接输出到一个第三单光子探测器进行探测，并将来自与所述第二路传输光脉冲相关联的两条子光路中的另一条子光路的输出光脉冲直接输出到一个第四单光子探测器进行探测。在此情况下，可以将第三单光子探测器和第四单光子探测器相关联、使其同步进行探测，当在一次开门时间内所述第三单光子探测器和第四单光子探测器中有且仅有一个单光子探测器探测到光脉冲时，指示一次有效探测。
本发明的相位解码接收装置包括偏振分束器、第一和第二相位解码器以及第一和第二单光子探测器。偏振分束器的输入端口用于接收 入射的任意偏振态的一路输入光脉冲并经其两个输出端口分别输出偏振态相互正交的第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲。第一相位解码器光耦合至偏振分束器的一个输出端口，并经其相关联的两条第一子光路中的一条第一子光路直接光耦合至所述第一单光子探测器。第二相位解码器光耦合至偏振分束器的另一个输出端口，并经其相关联的两条第二子光路中的一条第二子光路直接光耦合至第二单光子探测器。
本发明一优选实施例的一种相位解码接收装置如图2所示，包括以下组成部分：偏振分束器201、两个相位解码器202和一对单光子探测器(未示出)。
偏振分束器201用于将入射的任意偏振态的一路输入光脉冲偏振分束为第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲。
具体的，入射的输入光脉冲的偏振态可以是任意偏振态，偏振分束得到的第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲的偏振态相互正交。
两个相位解码器202分别光耦合至偏振分束器201，用于分别对所述第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲进行相位解码，且将每路传输光脉冲在相位解码后经由相关联的两条子光路输出。
具体的，每个相位解码器202用于：
将一路传输光脉冲分束为两路子传输光脉冲，并将分束后的两路子传输光脉冲合束后经与其相关联的两条子光路输出。
这里，具体的，由一路传输光脉冲分束得到的两路子传输光脉冲在相对延时后合束并经与其相关联的两条子光路输出。如前文所述，相对延时按照量子密钥分发协议的规定和要求进行，本文不进行赘述。
需要说明的是，对于图2的相位解码接收装置，可以在偏振分束器201之前对偏振分束前的输入光脉冲按量子密钥分发协议进行相位调制，或者可以对偏振分束得到的第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲中的每一路传输光脉冲按量子密钥分发协议进行相位调制，或者可以在每路传输光脉冲分束为两路子传输光脉冲后由相应的相位解码 器202对其中至少一路子传输光脉冲按量子密钥分发协议进行相位调制。
在由相位解码器进行相位调制的情况下，两个相位解码器202调制的相位一致。
两个相位解码器202可以可选地采用不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪或不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪。
另外，偏振分束器201、相位解码器202以及相关联的传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件均可为偏振保持型器件。如此，可维持各光脉冲的偏振态保持不变。偏振分束器201的正交基的本征态与偏振分束得到的两路传输光脉冲的相互正交的偏振态一致。这里，所述的相位解码器和相关联的传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件可以统称为偏振分束器与各单光子探测器之间的光路上的光器件。
图2中，上面的相位解码器202的用于输出的两条子光路中之一光耦合至这对单光子探测器中的一个单光子探测器，下面的相位解码器202的用于输出的两条子光路中之一光耦合至这对单光子探测器中的另一个单光子探测器。这对单光子探测器可以是相关联的，被配置为同步进行检测。当在一次开门时间内这对单光子探测器中有且仅有一个单光子探测器探测到光脉冲时，指示一次有效探测。
在应用中，根据需要，可设置另一对单光子探测器。在此情况下，图2中上面的相位解码器202的用于输出的两条子光路中的另一条子光路光耦合至该另一对单光子探测器中的一个单光子探测器，下面的相位解码器202的用于输出的两条子光路中的另一条子光路光耦合至该另一对单光子探测器中的另一个单光子探测器。这另一对单光子探测器可以是相关联的，被配置为同步进行检测。当在一次开门时间内这另一对单光子探测器中有且仅有一个单光子探测器探测到光脉冲时，指示一次有效探测。
本发明另一优选实施例的一种相位解码接收装置如图3所示，包括以下组成部分：偏振分束器301、两个相位解码器302和303以及一对单光子探测器(未示出)。
偏振分束器301将一路输入光脉冲偏振分束为两路传输光脉冲。一路传输光脉冲经过相位解码器302进行相位解码后经其两条子光路输出；另一路传输光脉冲经过相位解码器303进行相位解码后经其两条子光路输出。相位解码器302和303各自采用不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪。相位解码器302的用于输出的两条子光路中之一光耦合至这对单光子探测器中的一个单光子探测器，相位解码器303的用于输出的两条子光路中之一光耦合至这对单光子探测器中的另一个单光子探测器。这对单光子探测器可以是相关联的，被配置为同步进行检测。当在一次开门时间内这对单光子探测器中有且仅有一个单光子探测器探测到光脉冲时，指示一次有效探测。
在应用中，根据需要，可设置另一对单光子探测器。在此情况下，相位解码器302的用于输出的两条子光路中的另一条子光路光耦合至该另一对单光子探测器中的一个单光子探测器，相位解码器303的用于输出的两条子光路中的另一条子光路光耦合至该另一对单光子探测器中的另一个单光子探测器。这另一对单光子探测器可以是相关联的，被配置为同步进行检测。当在一次开门时间内这另一对单光子探测器中有且仅有一个单光子探测器探测到光脉冲时，指示一次有效探测。
相位解码器302和相位解码器303调制的相位一致。相位解码接收装置中，偏振分束器、相位解码器以及偏振分束器与相位解码器之间光路上的器件均为偏振控制型器件。尽管这里提到在相位解码器302和相位解码器303处进行相位调制，但也可能的是，在偏振分束器301之前对偏振分束前的输入光脉冲按量子密钥分发协议进行相位调制，或者对偏振分束得到的两路传输光脉冲中的每一路传输光脉冲按量子密钥分发协议进行相位调制。
本发明另一优选实施例的一种相位解码接收装置如图4所示，包括以下组成部分：偏振分束器401、两个相位解码器402和403以及一对单光子探测器(未示出)。
偏振分束器401将一路输入光脉冲偏振分束为两路传输光脉冲。一路传输光脉冲经过相位解码器402进行相位解码后经其两条子光路输出；另一路传输光脉冲经过相位解码器403进行相位解码后经其两条子光路输出。相位解码器402和403各自采用不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪。相位解码器402的仅用于输出的那条子光路光耦合至这对单光子探测器中的一个单光子探测器，相位解码器403的仅用于输出的那条子光路光耦合至这对单光子探测器中的另一个单光子探测器。这对单光子探测器可以是相关联的，被配置为同步进行检测。当在一次开门时间内这对单光子探测器中有且仅有一个单光子探测器探测到光脉冲时，指示一次有效探测。
相位解码器402和相位解码器403调制的相位一致。相位解码接收装置中，偏振分束器、相位解码器以及偏振分束器与相位解码器之间光路上的器件均为偏振控制型器件。尽管这里提到在相位解码器402和相位解码器403处进行相位调制，但也可能的是，在偏振分束器401之前对偏振分束前的输入光脉冲按量子密钥分发协议进行相位调制，或者对偏振分束得到的两路传输光脉冲中的每一路传输光脉冲按量子密钥分发协议进行相位调制。
本发明的相位解码接收装置，例如图2-4中任一示出的相位解码接收装置，可被视为包括两部分：相位解码装置和单光子探测器，其中相位解码装置包括偏振分束器和相位解码器，单光子探测器可包括一对或两对单光子探测器，每个单光子探测器直接耦合至相应的相位解码器。
本发明一优选实施例的一种量子密钥分发系统如图5所示，包括以下组成部分：单光子源501、相位编码器502、量子信道503，以及上述介绍的相位解码接收装置504-506，其中相位解码接收装置504- 506包括相位解码装置504和直接耦合至该相位解码装置的一对单光子探测器505、506。相位解码接收装置504-506经量子信道503耦合至相位编码器502。具体而言，相位解码装置504经量子信道503耦合至相位编码器502。
在一种实施方式中，单光子源501用于产生单光子光脉冲。相位编码器502用于对单光子源501产生的单光子光脉冲按照量子密钥分发协议进行相位编码。量子信道503用于将经相位编码的单光子光脉冲传输至相位解码装置504。相位解码装置504用于按照量子密钥分发协议对经量子信道503传输来的单光子光脉冲进行相位解码。
相位解码接收装置中的单光子探测器505和506构成如上文所述的一对单光子探测器，用于对来自相位解码装置504的输出光脉冲进行探测，当在一次开门时间内单光子探测器505和506中有且仅有一个响应时记录一次有效探测。
另外，如前文所述，根据情况，例如若需要记录两组输出结果，相位解码接收装置中可增加另外一对单光子探测器。
图5中的相位解码接收装置可以使用图2-4中任一所示的相位解码接收装置或根据本发明的其他相位解码接收装置。
单光子源501发射一个单光子光脉冲进入相位编码器502，相位编码器502对单光子光脉冲进行相位编码，相位编码后的光脉冲经量子信道503传输至相位解码接收装置504-506，相位解码接收装置504-506对入射的单光子脉冲进行相位解码和探测。相位编码器502和相位解码接收装置504-506按照量子密钥分发协议分别对光脉冲进行相位编码和解码，并根据量子密钥分发协议进行密钥分发。
具体的，相位编码器502采用以下任意一种：不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪、不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪、不等臂法拉第-迈克尔逊干涉仪。
量子信道503可以是光波导、光纤、自由空间、分立光学元件、平面波导光学元件、纤维光学元件或上述中任意两个以上组合成的光传播通道。
总体而言，本发明的思想在于：在接收端对入射的输入光脉冲进行偏振分集处理，将输入光脉冲偏振分束为偏振态相互正交的两路传输光脉冲，使得可以对任意偏振态的输入光脉冲使用偏振控制型器件或偏振保持型器件；另外，在接收端将相位解码后得到的输出光脉冲直接输出到单光子探测器进行探测，通过适当操作单光子探测器省略对偏振态不同的输出光脉冲进行偏振合束的步骤。
相应地，本发明使得可以：在量子密钥分发应用中，在接收端通过使用偏振控制型器件或偏振保持型器件来避免因光脉冲在传输过程中偏振态易随机变化而导致的系统稳定性问题，而无需事先知晓或确定输入光脉冲的偏振态——即消除对前面提到的复杂的偏振态监测和/或校准装置的需要；另外，通过从电气角度对单光子探测器进行操作和控制，实现对输出光脉冲的适当探测，同时降低光路设计和研制方面的要求和复杂度。
另外，利用本发明，接收端的相位解码接收装置所使用的干涉仪可以为各种类型的——包括不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪在内，而不限于不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪。因而，通过选择合适的干涉仪，在解决系统稳定性问题的同时可以实现接收端较低的插损。
通过上文的说明，应当可对本发明为达成预定目的所采取的技术手段及功效有更加深入且具体的了解，然而所附图示仅是提供参考与说明之用，并非用来对本发明加以限制。

Claims (12)

  1. 一种相位解码方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括：
    将入射的任意偏振态的一路输入光脉冲偏振分束为偏振态相互正交的第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲；
    分别对所述第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲进行相位解码，且将所述第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲中的每一路传输光脉冲在相位解码后经与其相关联的两条子光路输出；以及
    将来自与所述第一路传输光脉冲相关联的两条子光路中的一条子光路的输出光脉冲直接输出到一个第一单光子探测器进行探测，并将来自与所述第二路传输光脉冲相关联的两条子光路中的一条子光路的输出光脉冲直接输出到一个第二单光子探测器进行探测。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的相位解码方法，其特征在于，所述方法还包括：
    将来自与所述第一路传输光脉冲相关联的两条子光路中的另一条子光路的输出光脉冲直接输出到一个第三单光子探测器进行探测，并将来自与所述第二路传输光脉冲相关联的两条子光路中的另一条子光路的输出光脉冲直接输出到一个第四单光子探测器进行探测。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的相位解码方法，其特征在于，所述分别对所述第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲进行相位解码包括：
    对于所述第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲中的每一路传输光脉冲，采用不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪或不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪对其进行相位解码。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的相位解码方法，其特征在于，在偏振分束至将每一路传输光脉冲进行相位解码并将其在相位解码后输出的过程中，使用偏振保持型器件，维持各光脉冲的偏振态保持不变。
  5. 一种相位解码接收装置，其特征在于，所述相位解码接收装置包括：偏振分束器、第一相位解码器、第二相位解码器、第一单光子探测器和第二单光子探测器，其中
    所述偏振分束器用于将入射的任意偏振态的一路输入光脉冲偏振分束为偏振态相互正交的第一路传输光脉冲和第二路传输光脉冲；
    所述第一相位解码器用于对所述第一路传输光脉冲进行相位解码，且将所述第一路传输光脉冲在相位解码后经与其相关联的两条第一子光路输出；
    所述第二相位解码器用于对所述第二路传输光脉冲进行相位解码，且将所述第二路传输光脉冲在相位解码后经与其相关联的两条第二子光路输出；
    所述第一单光子探测器直接光耦合至所述两条第一子光路中的一条第一子光路；
    所述第二单光子探测器直接光耦合至所述两条第二子光路中的一条第二子光路。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的相位解码接收装置，其特征在于，所述相位解码接收装置还包括第三单光子探测器和第四单光子探测器，其中
    所述第三单光子探测器直接光耦合至所述两条第一子光路中的另一条第一子光路；
    所述第四单光子探测器直接光耦合至所述两条第二子光路中的另一条第二子光路。
  7. 根据权利要求5所述的相位解码接收装置，其特征在于，所述第一相位解码器和第二相位解码器调制的相位一致。
  8. 根据权利要求5所述的相位解码接收装置，其特征在于，所述第一相位解码器和第二相位解码器采用不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪或不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪。
  9. 根据权利要求5至8中任一项所述的相位解码接收装置，其特征在于，所述偏振分束器、所述相位解码器，以及相关联的在其间传导光使用的分立器件和波导器件均为偏振保持型器件。
  10. 一种量子密钥分发系统，其特征在于，包括根据权利要求5～9中任一项所述的相位解码接收装置。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的量子密钥分发系统，其特征在于，还包括单光子源和光耦合至所述单光子源的相位编码器，其中所述相位解码接收装置经量子信道耦合至所述相位编码器。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的量子密钥分发系统，其特征在于，所述相位编码器采用以下任意一种：不等臂马赫-曾德尔干涉仪、不等臂迈克尔逊干涉仪、不等臂法拉第-迈克尔逊干涉仪。
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