WO2019071445A1 - 提供变压环境的机械加工系统和机械加工方法 - Google Patents

提供变压环境的机械加工系统和机械加工方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019071445A1
WO2019071445A1 PCT/CN2017/105591 CN2017105591W WO2019071445A1 WO 2019071445 A1 WO2019071445 A1 WO 2019071445A1 CN 2017105591 W CN2017105591 W CN 2017105591W WO 2019071445 A1 WO2019071445 A1 WO 2019071445A1
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Prior art keywords
pressure
inert gas
pressure vessel
sealed pressure
sealed
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PCT/CN2017/105591
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
张之敬
肖木峥
苏江舟
叶志鹏
金鑫
杨一翀
Original Assignee
北京理工大学
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Application filed by 北京理工大学 filed Critical 北京理工大学
Priority to US16/080,132 priority Critical patent/US20210187613A1/en
Priority to PCT/CN2017/105591 priority patent/WO2019071445A1/zh
Priority to CN201780095442.0A priority patent/CN111246953A/zh
Publication of WO2019071445A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019071445A1/zh

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/80—Plants, production lines or modules
    • B22F12/82—Combination of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/84—Parallel processing within single device
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
    • B22F10/25—Direct deposition of metal particles, e.g. direct metal deposition [DMD] or laser engineered net shaping [LENS]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/32—Process control of the atmosphere, e.g. composition or pressure in a building chamber
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/70—Recycling
    • B22F10/77—Recycling of gas
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/30—Platforms or substrates
    • B22F12/37—Rotatable
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/38—Housings, e.g. machine housings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40—Radiation means
    • B22F12/46—Radiation means with translatory movement
    • B22F12/47—Radiation means with translatory movement parallel to the deposition plane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40—Radiation means
    • B22F12/46—Radiation means with translatory movement
    • B22F12/48—Radiation means with translatory movement in height, e.g. perpendicular to the deposition plane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/70—Gas flow means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/90—Means for process control, e.g. cameras or sensors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/0093—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring combined with mechanical machining or metal-working covered by other subclasses than B23K
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/12—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in a special atmosphere, e.g. in an enclosure
    • B23K26/123—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in a special atmosphere, e.g. in an enclosure in an atmosphere of particular gases
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/12—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in a special atmosphere, e.g. in an enclosure
    • B23K26/127—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in a special atmosphere, e.g. in an enclosure in an enclosure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/14—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor
    • B23K26/144—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor the fluid stream containing particles, e.g. powder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
    • B23K26/342—Build-up welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/20—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • B29C64/25—Housings, e.g. machine housings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/30—Auxiliary operations or equipment
    • B29C64/364—Conditioning of environment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a machining technique, and more particularly to a machining system for providing a variable pressure environment, and a machining method for providing a variable pressure environment, which is suitable for additive manufacturing (AM) and material reduction (for example, cutting). Processing) or the addition and subtraction of composite manufacturing.
  • AM additive manufacturing
  • material reduction for example, cutting
  • Processing or the addition and subtraction of composite manufacturing.
  • Additive manufacturing technology is a manufacturing technology that has emerged and developed rapidly in recent years. Especially in the field of additive manufacturing with metal as raw material, it has received particular attention due to its potential for direct rapid prototyping of engineering parts.
  • Metal-based additive manufacturing can produce parts with complex shapes, the basic principle is: raw materials (such as metal powder, metal wire, etc.) by heat source (such as laser, arc, ion beam and electron beam) Melting into a liquid or semi-solid state, and then stacking the liquid or semi-solid materials layer by layer according to a pre-generated slicing path corresponding to the target shape of the component.
  • heat source such as laser, arc, ion beam and electron beam
  • parts obtained by additive manufacturing tend to have defects such as pores and microcracks, and a large amount of residual stress is also present in parts obtained by additive manufacturing. Due to the above-mentioned defects and residual stresses, the parts are easily deformed, cracked, and insufficient in strength, which makes it difficult to apply the components obtained by additive manufacturing to practical engineering.
  • the prior art proposes a method of performing additive manufacturing in a positive pressure environment.
  • the implementation of this method requires the stability of a positive pressure environment, but conventional devices for additive manufacturing do not provide stable control of the positive pressure environment.
  • a machining system for providing a variable pressure environment includes: a sealed pressure vessel; a monitoring device that monitors environmental parameters in the sealed pressure vessel; and a processing device a processing device is located in the sealed pressure-resistant container; a vacuum pump, the vacuum pump is in communication with the sealed pressure-resistant container; a first inert gas source; an inert gas supply chamber, and the inert gas supply chamber and the first inert gas respectively The source is connected to the sealed pressure-resistant container; the numerical control device controls the vacuum pump to evacuate the sealed pressure-resistant container before the processing device performs processing; and according to the feedback of the monitoring device, after the vacuuming is completed, the control station
  • the first inert gas source inputs inert gas into the sealed pressure vessel through the inert gas supply tank until a pressure in the sealed pressure vessel reaches a positive pressure; and, according to feedback from the monitoring device, the control unit
  • the inert gas supply chamber dynamically compensates for the positive and negative deviations of the pressure in the sealed pressure vessel from the target pressure
  • the pressure resistant capacity of the hermetic pressure vessel is in the range of vacuum to 100 bar, for example, not less than 60 bar.
  • the processing device supports additive manufacturing, reduced material manufacturing, or augmented material composite manufacturing.
  • the processing device comprises: a work table having a bearing surface for placing a workpiece; a rotating assembly, the rotating table providing the table with two degrees of freedom of rotation about a longitudinal axis and a horizontal axis; a moving assembly that provides translational freedom with respect to the table in three directions; an additive processing head that is suspended above the table and is moved by the moving assembly Driving; a material reduction processing head, the material reduction processing head and the additive processing head are suspended side by side on the table and driven by the moving assembly.
  • the machining system further comprises: a feeding device that supplies a raw material to the additive processing head; and a heat source device that heats and melts the raw material sent to the additive processing head.
  • the feeding device is a powder feeding device.
  • the machining system further comprises: a second inert gas source, the second inert gas source provides the feed device with a gas pressure for injecting the raw material powder, and the second inert gas source is at the sealed withstand voltage When the container is evacuated, it is controlled by the numerical control device to be isolated from the sealed pressure vessel.
  • the feeding device is a wire feeding device.
  • the heat source provided by the heat source device is a laser beam, an electron beam, an electric arc or an ion beam.
  • a solid lubricating or non-volatile vacuum lubricating medium is employed in the rotating assembly, the moving assembly, and the reduced material processing head.
  • the inert gas supply chamber and the first inert gas source are connected by a pressure supply line, and the inert gas supply chamber and the sealed pressure-resistant container pass through a pressurizing line and a pressure reducing tube. a road communication; wherein, the inert gas input of the pressure supply line to the inert gas supply chamber, and the inert gas input of the pressure line to the sealed pressure container are controlled by the numerical control device
  • the inert gas venting of the pressure-tight line to the hermetic pressure vessel is controlled by a pressure difference between the hermetic pressure vessel and the inert gas supply tank.
  • the pressure supply pipeline is provided with a first pressure regulating valve controlled by the numerical control device, and the pressure regulating pipeline is provided with a second pressure regulating valve controlled by the numerical control device and A gas booster pump for charging the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas, and the pressure reducing conduit is provided with a safety valve that opens from the sealed pressure vessel to the inert gas supply warehouse.
  • a temperature adjustment assembly is further disposed in the sealed pressure vessel and/or the pressurized pipeline.
  • the temperature adjustment assembly includes a cooling assembly disposed in the pressurized line, and a heating assembly disposed in the sealed pressure container, and the inert gas supply station is further controlled by the numerical control device
  • An inert gas cooled by the cooling unit is input to the sealed pressure-resistant container, and an inert gas is further recovered from the sealed pressure-resistant container.
  • the pressure reducing pipeline is further provided with a gas filtering device to remove metal dust generated in the additive manufacturing process mixed in the gas, or to reduce metal scrap generated by cutting during the manufacturing process.
  • a machining method for providing a pressure swing environment includes:
  • Step a1 controlling the vacuum pump to evacuate the sealed pressure vessel
  • Step a2 controlling the first inert gas source to input the inert gas into the sealed pressure-resistant container forming the vacuum through the inert gas supply chamber until the pressure in the sealed pressure-resistant container reaches a positive pressure;
  • Step a3 performing mechanical processing in the sealed pressure vessel forming a positive pressure
  • Step a4 releasing a positive pressure in the sealed pressure vessel
  • Step a5 taking out the processed piece from the sealed pressure-resistant container
  • the machining method further comprises:
  • Step b1 Controlling the inert gas supply chamber to dynamically compensate for the positive and negative deviations of the pressure in the sealed pressure vessel from the target pressure.
  • said step a3 carries out additive manufacturing and/or material reduction manufacturing.
  • the additive manufacturing performed in the step a3 includes: conveying the raw material into the sealed pressure-resistant container; heating and melting the raw material conveyed into the sealed pressure-resistant container; and utilizing according to a preset path plan The molten material is added to the additive.
  • the conveyed metal raw material is in the form of a powder.
  • the additive manufacturing performed in the step a3 further comprises: controlling the second inert gas source to supply the gas pressure of the sprayed raw material powder; wherein the second inert gas source is controlled to be controlled when the sealed pressure resistant container is evacuated Isolated from the hermetic pressure vessel.
  • the delivered metal material is in the form of a continuous filament.
  • the machining method uses a laser beam, an electron beam, an electric arc or an ion beam to heat and melt the raw material.
  • the step b1 includes: controlling an inert gas input to the inert gas supply chamber, controlling an inert gas input to the sealed pressure container; and controlling the inert gas release of the sealed pressure container a pressure difference between the sealed pressure vessel and the inert gas supply chamber.
  • the machining method further provides a first pressure regulating valve for controlling an inert gas input to the inert gas supply tank between the first inert gas source and the inert gas supply chamber, a second pressure regulating valve for controlling inert gas input to the sealed pressure vessel and an inert gas for charging the sealed pressure vessel between the inert gas supply chamber and the sealed pressure vessel
  • a gas booster pump and a safety valve for venting the inert gas in the sealed pressure vessel are provided between the inert gas supply tank and the sealed pressure vessel.
  • the machining method further provides a gas filtering device between the inert gas supply chamber and the sealed pressure container.
  • the machining method further comprises: b2, adjusting a temperature in the sealed pressure vessel.
  • the step b2 includes cooling the inert gas input to the hermetic pressure vessel and heating the inert gas in the hermetic pressure vessel.
  • a variable pressure environment can be provided in the sealed pressure vessel to facilitate processing in a positive pressure environment, thereby effectively suppressing metallurgical defects of the metal for a metal-based processing process.
  • the inert gas supply chamber can be safe and stable to the positive pressure environment, so that a machining process that applies a continuous uniform positive pressure can be realized.
  • the above embodiments have strong versatility and can be applied to metal addition and subtraction materials. Manufacturing, compounding and reducing materials manufacturing, ultrasonic composite additive manufacturing, etc.
  • the above embodiments may further implement temperature control of the positive pressure environment to ensure temperature stability of the positive pressure environment.
  • the above embodiment selects a solid lubricating or non-volatile vacuum lubricating medium in the machining system, thereby preventing the lubricating medium from splashing the working environment under a vacuum environment and being able to withstand the positive pressure under positive pressure.
  • Figure 1 is a structural view of a machining system in one embodiment
  • FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a machining method in another embodiment.
  • a machining system for providing a variable pressure environment the machining system can at least achieve additive manufacturing, and includes a sealed pressure vessel 10, a processing device 20, a vacuum pump 30, and an inert gas.
  • Source 40 inert gas supply chamber 50, feed device 60, heat source device 70, inert gas source 80, and numerical control device 90.
  • the pressure resistant capacity of the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10 may be not less than 60 bar.
  • the sealed pressure-resistant container 10 is provided with a monitoring device (not shown) such as a pressure gauge, a thermometer, or the like to monitor environmental parameters such as pressure, temperature, and the like in the sealed pressure-resistant container 10 in real time.
  • a monitoring device such as a pressure gauge, a thermometer, or the like to monitor environmental parameters such as pressure, temperature, and the like in the sealed pressure-resistant container 10 in real time.
  • the hermetic pressure vessel 10 includes a base 11 and a cover 12 mounted on the base 11.
  • the processing device 20 is located in the sealed pressure vessel 10. That is, the processing device 20 is located in a sealed resistance
  • the base 11 of the pressure vessel 10 is covered by a cover 12 of the pressure-resistant container 10.
  • the processing apparatus 20 supports additive manufacturing and material reduction manufacturing, that is, the processing apparatus 20 supports the composite manufacturing of the addition and subtraction. Further, the processing apparatus 20 includes a table 21, a rotating assembly 22, an additive processing head 23, a material reduction processing head 24, and a moving assembly 25.
  • the table 21 has a bearing surface for placing a workpiece. Further, a jig for fixing the machined part can be loaded on the table 21.
  • the rotary assembly 22 includes a longitudinal rotary table 22a rotatable about a longitudinal axis parallel to the Z direction, and a lateral rotary table 22b rotatable about a horizontal axis parallel to the Y direction, the lateral rotary table 22b being mounted on the top of the longitudinal rotary table 22a
  • the end surface, the table 21 is mounted on the side end surface of the lateral rotating table 22b, so that by the linkage of the longitudinal selector 22a and the lateral rotating table 22b, the rotating assembly 22 can provide the table 21 with a rotation about the vertical axis and the horizontal axis. Degree of freedom.
  • the additive processing head 23 employs a laser cladding head in this embodiment, and the additive processing head 23 is suspended above the table 21.
  • the material reduction processing head 24 is selected in this embodiment as an electric spindle that supports cutting, and the material reduction processing head 24 is suspended side by side with the additive processing head 23 above the table 21.
  • the moving assembly 25 provides the additive processing head 23 and the material reduction head 24 with translational freedom with respect to the table 21 in the three directions of X, Y, and Z directions.
  • the moving assembly includes a first Z-axis 22a, a second Z-axis 22b, an X-axis 22c, and a Y-axis 22d.
  • the additive processing head 23 and the material reduction processing head 24 are respectively disposed on the first Z-axis 22a and the second Z-axis 22b, so that the Y-direction can be performed along the first Z-axis 22a and the second Z-axis 22b independently of each other.
  • the first Z-axis 22a and the second Z-axis 22b are loaded on the X-axis 22c to drive the X-direction movement within the processing size range of the additive processing head 23 and the reduction processing head 24 table 21;
  • the shaft 22a, the second Z-axis 22b and the X-axis 22c are integrally mounted on the Y-axis 22d by a support structure to drive the additive processing head 23 and the material reduction processing head 24 to perform Y-direction movement within the processing range of the table 21;
  • the Y-axis 22d is fixed to the airtight On the base of the pressure-resistant container 10.
  • the above-described rotating assembly 22, moving assembly 25, and the reduced material processing head 25 supporting the cutting process employ a solid lubricating or non-volatile vacuum lubricating medium.
  • processing device 20 may further include other structures such as a robotic arm (not shown in Figure 1).
  • the mechanical arm can also be a solid lubricating or non-volatile vacuum lubricating medium.
  • the feeding device 60 communicates with the additive processing head 23 in the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10 through the feed line Tm to supply the raw material to the additive processing head 23.
  • the feeding device 60 is a powder feeding device, that is, the material fed by the feeding device 60 is in the form of a powder.
  • the feeder 60 may be a wire feeder, i.e., the material being conveyed is in the form of a continuous filament.
  • the heat source device 70 communicates with the additive processing head 23 in the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10 through the heat energy line Th to heat and melt the raw material sent to the additive processing head 23.
  • the heat source provided by the heat source device 70 may be a laser beam.
  • the heat energy pipeline Th may be an optical fiber; or the heat source provided by the heat source device 70 may be an electron beam, an arc, or an ion beam.
  • the heat energy pipeline Th Can be a cable.
  • the vacuum pump 30 is in communication with the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10 through the evacuation line Tv
  • the inert gas supply tank 50 is in communication with the inert gas source 40 and the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10, that is, the inert gas supply.
  • the cartridge 50 communicates with the inert gas source 40 through the pressure supply line Ts, and communicates with the hermetic pressure vessel 10 through the pressurization line Ti and the pressure reducing line Td.
  • a gas booster pump 506 is disposed in the pressurizing line Ti.
  • the numerical control device 90 controls the vacuum pump 30 to evacuate the sealed pressure-resistant container 10 before the processing device 20 performs the processing, and closes the vacuum-removing line Tv after the vacuum is exhausted.
  • the numerical control device 90 also controls the inert gas source 40 to input the inert gas into the sealed pressure-resistant container 10 through the inert gas supply chamber 50 after the vacuuming is completed, until the pressure in the sealed pressure-resistant container 10 reaches a positive pressure, for example, according to the feedback of the monitoring device. 5MPa.
  • the numerical control device 90 is based on the feedback of the monitoring device,
  • the inert gas supply chamber 50 is controlled to dynamically compensate for the positive and negative deviations of the pressure in the sealed pressure vessel 10 from the target pressure.
  • the above target pressure may be a fixed value representing the standard pressure of the positive pressure environment; and for the pressure increasing process to form a positive pressure environment, the above target pressure may be indicative of the desired pressure A variable of the upward trend.
  • the so-called positive and negative deviation means that the pressure in the sealed pressure vessel 10 may be higher than the target pressure or may be lower than the target pressure. Accordingly, the so-called compensation means a tendency to cause the pressure in the pressure-resistant container 10 to change toward the target pressure.
  • the above-mentioned control realized by the numerical control device 90 can be specifically expressed as: the inert gas input of the pressure supply line Ts to the inert gas supply chamber 50, and the inert gas input of the pressurized line Ti to the sealed pressure-resistant container 10 are controlled by the numerical control Device 90.
  • the numerical control device 90 can control the pressure increase inside the inert gas supply chamber 50 by controlling the inert gas injection amount of the pressure supply line Ts to the inert gas supply chamber 50, and the numerical control device 90 can control the pressure line Ti by controlling The amount of inert gas injected into the pressure-resistant container 10 is controlled to control the pressure increase inside the pressure-resistant container 10.
  • the opening and closing of the pressurizing line Ti and the decompression line Td are also controlled by the numerical control device 90.
  • the pressurizing line Ti is opened, the decompression line Td is closed, and only the gas booster pump 506 in the pressurizing line Ti is allowed to input inertness to the hermetic pressure vessel 10.
  • the road Td discharges the inert gas of the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10.
  • the release of the inert gas from the pressure-tight line Td to the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10 does not need to be controlled by the numerical control device, but can be controlled by the pressure difference between the sealed pressure-resistant container 10 and the inert gas supply 50.
  • a gas filtering device 505 may be further provided in the pressure reducing pipe Td to filter and clean the inert gas recovered from the sealed pressure vessel 10.
  • the pressure inside the inert gas supply chamber 50 and the pressure inside the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10 need not be kept uniform, thereby allowing a pressure difference between the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10 and the inert gas supply 50, and further, according to the closed pressure resistance.
  • the pressure difference between the container 10 and the inert gas supply 50 is used to achieve adaptive pressure relief of the hermetic pressure vessel 10 through the pressure reducing line Td.
  • a pressure regulating valve 501 controlled by a numerical control device 90 is disposed in the pressure supply line Ts for controlling the inert gas injection amount of the pressure supply line Ts to the inert gas supply chamber 50 by the numerical control device 90;
  • a pressure regulating valve 502 controlled by the numerical control device 90 is disposed in the pipe Ti for controlling the inert gas injection amount of the pressurized pipe Ti to the sealed pressure vessel 10 by the numerical control device 90, and the pressure pipe Ti is further disposed.
  • a gas booster pump 506 for charging the sealed pressure vessel 10 with an inert gas
  • a pressure relief valve 503 for unidirectionally passing from the sealed pressure vessel 10 to the inert gas supply tank 50, It is used to respond to the pressure difference between the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10 and the inert gas supply 50, to achieve adaptive pressure relief of the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10 through the pressure-reducing line Td.
  • the pressure in the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10 forms a positive deviation with respect to the target pressure
  • the pressure difference between the inert gas supply chamber 50 and the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10 is sufficient to open the safety valve 503
  • the self-adaptation of the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10 can be adopted.
  • the positive pressure is compensated by the pressure relief; if the internal pressure of the sealed pressure vessel 10 is negatively deviated from the target pressure after the adaptive pressure relief, the inert gas supply tank 50 is passed to the sealed pressure vessel 10 .
  • By inputting an inert gas it is also possible to generate a pressure increase in the sealed pressure vessel 10 to compensate for the negative deviation.
  • the injection material 60 can be supplied from the inert gas source 80 to the feeding device 60 in the case where the feeding device 60 is the powder feeding device.
  • the air pressure and the inert gas source 80 are controlled by the numerical control unit 90 to be isolated from the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10 when the sealed pressure-resistant container 10 is evacuated.
  • the type of inert gas used in the inert gas sources 40 and 80 may vary depending on the needs of the machined part, and may be, for example, argon, nitrogen, helium or the like.
  • a variable pressure environment can be provided in the hermetic pressure vessel 10 to facilitate processing in a positive pressure environment, thereby effectively suppressing metallurgical defects of the metal for the metal-based processing.
  • the inert gas supply chamber 50 can be safe and stable to a positive pressure environment, so that a machining process that applies a continuous uniform positive pressure can be realized.
  • the above embodiments have strong versatility and can be applied to metal augmentation material manufacturing, addition and subtraction material composite manufacturing, ultrasonic composite additive manufacturing, and the like.
  • the above embodiment selects a solid lubricating or non-volatile vacuum lubricating medium in the machining system, thereby avoiding oil and grease lubrication splashing the working environment in a vacuum environment, and being able to withstand a positive pressure in a positive pressure environment.
  • the above embodiments may further implement temperature control of the positive pressure environment to ensure temperature stability of the positive pressure environment.
  • the pressure regulating pipe Ti is further provided with a temperature adjusting component 504 for realizing temperature adjustment of the inert gas in the input sealed pressure resistant container 10 between the inert gas supply tank 50 and the pressure regulating valve 502.
  • the temperature adjustment assembly 504 can include a cooling device that is sequentially connected in series between the inert gas supply chamber 50 and the pressure regulating valve 502 for effecting cooling of the inert gas within the input sealed pressure vessel 10. Therefore, the temperature adjustment component 504 can also be referred to as a cooling assembly.
  • a temperature regulating assembly (not shown in FIG. 1) for heating the inert gas in the hermetic pressure vessel 10 may be provided in the hermetic pressure vessel 10, which may be referred to as a heating component, such as a preheating coil.
  • the preheating coil may be fixed to an idle position in the hermetic pressure-resistant container 10 or to be fixed below the table 21.
  • the inert gas supply tank 50 recovers an equal or substantially equal amount of inert gas from the sealed pressure vessel 10 to maintain The pressure in the sealed pressure vessel 10 is balanced; when the ambient temperature in the sealed pressure vessel 10 is too low, the ambient temperature in the sealed pressure vessel 10 can be increased by the preheating coil heater.
  • a machining method for providing a variable pressure environment includes:
  • Step 211 Control the vacuum pump to evacuate the sealed pressure vessel.
  • Step 212 controlling the first inert gas source to input the inert gas into the vacuum-tight sealed pressure vessel through the inert gas supply tank until the pressure in the sealed pressure vessel reaches a positive pressure.
  • Step 213 performing machining in a sealed pressure vessel forming a positive pressure.
  • this step can carry out additive manufacturing and/or material reduction manufacturing.
  • additive manufacturing can be carried out by: feeding a raw material into a sealed pressure-resistant container; heating and melting the raw material conveyed into the sealed pressure-resistant container; and, using a molten material according to a predetermined path plan.
  • Additives are stacked.
  • the transported metal raw material may be in the form of a powder
  • the second inert gas source may be used to provide the gas pressure of the sprayed raw material powder
  • the transported metal raw material may also be in the form of a continuous filament.
  • the heat source used in the additive manufacturing process in this step may be a laser beam, an electron beam, an electric arc or an ion beam.
  • the material reduction can be performed by cutting.
  • Step 214 releasing the positive pressure in the sealed pressure vessel.
  • Step 215 taking out the processed piece from the sealed pressure-resistant container.
  • the method further includes:
  • Step 221 Control the inert gas supply chamber to dynamically compensate the positive and negative deviations of the pressure in the sealed pressure vessel from the target pressure.
  • Step 222 adjusting the temperature in the sealed pressure vessel.
  • the method may include: controlling the inertia of the inert gas supply chamber
  • the gas is input to and controls the inert gas input to the sealed pressure vessel.
  • the inert gas bleed of the hermetic pressure vessel can be controlled by the pressure difference between the hermetic pressure vessel and the inert gas supply tank.
  • a first pressure regulating valve for controlling the inert gas input to the inert gas supply tank may be provided between the first inert gas source and the inert gas supply tank, and between the inert gas supply chamber and the hermetic pressure resistant container may be provided.
  • a second pressure regulating valve for controlling the inert gas input to the sealed pressure vessel and a gas booster pump for charging the sealed pressure vessel with an inert gas, and for setting between the inert gas supply tank and the sealed pressure vessel A safety valve that vents inert gas in a sealed pressure vessel.
  • the pressure in the sealed pressure vessel forms a positive deviation from the target pressure
  • the pressure difference between the inert gas supply tank and the sealed pressure vessel is sufficient to open the safety valve
  • the pressure can be achieved by the adaptive pressure relief of the sealed pressure vessel.
  • the compensation of the positive deviation if the internal pressure of the sealed pressure-resistant container is negatively deviated from the target pressure after the adaptive pressure relief, the inert gas is supplied to the sealed pressure-resistant container through the inert gas supply chamber, and the gas can be sealed.
  • the pressure vessel produces a pressure increment that compensates for this negative deviation.
  • a gas filtering device may be further provided between the inert gas supply chamber and the hermetic pressure-resistant container.
  • step 222 cooling of the inert gas input to the sealed pressure vessel and heating of the inert gas in the sealed pressure vessel may be included.

Abstract

一种提供变压环境的机械加工系统和机械加工方法，能够适用于增材制造和减材制造，例如金属增减材制造、复合增减材制造、超声复合增材制造等。该机械加工系统在密闭耐压容器内提供可变的压力环境，以便于在正压环境下实施加工，从而，对于以金属为原料的加工过程，可以有效抑制金属的冶金缺陷所导致的各种问题。其中，惰性气体供给仓（50）可以对正压环境安全、稳定，从而可以实现施加持续均匀正压的机械加工过程。而且，还可以对正压环境进一步实施温度控制，以确保正压环境的温度稳定性。另外，在机械加工系统中选用固体自润滑方式，从而避免油、脂类润滑在真空环境下外溅污染加工环境，同时能够在正压环境下承受正压力。

Description

提供变压环境的机械加工系统和机械加工方法 技术领域
本发明涉及机械加工技术，特别涉及一种提供变压环境的机械加工系统、以及一种提供变压环境的机械加工方法，适用于增材制造(Additive Manufacturing，AM)、减材制造(例如切削加工)或增减材复合制造。
发明背景
增材制造技术是近年来新兴并快速发展的一种制造技术，特别在以金属为原料的增材制造领域，由于具有直接快速成形工程零件的潜力而尤其受到关注。
以金属为原料的增材制造可以制造具有一定复杂形状零部件，其基本原理为：通过热源(例如激光、电弧、离子束和电子束等)将原料(例如金属粉料、金属丝料等)熔化成液态或半固态，再按照预先生成的对应于零部件的目标形状的切片路径，将液态或半固态的原料逐层堆积。
由于金属本身存在的冶金缺陷，通过增材制造得到的零部件往往会存在例如气孔、微裂纹等缺陷，并且，通过增材制造得到的零部件还会存在大量的残余应力。由于上述的缺陷和残余应力的存在，零部件易变形、易开裂并且强度不足，从而导致增材制造得到的零部件难以应用到实际工程中。
为了改善增材制造的上述不足，现有技术提出了一种在正压环境下实施增材制造过的方法。该方法的实施需要保证正压环境的稳定性，但用于增材制造的传统装置并不能对正压环境实施稳定控制。
发明内容
在本发明的一个实施例中，一种提供变压环境的机械加工系统包括：密闭耐压容器；监测装置，所述监测装置监测所述密闭耐压容器内的环境参数；加工装置，所述加工装置位于所述密闭耐压容器中；真空泵，所述真空泵与所述密闭耐压容器连通；第一惰性气体源；惰性气体供给仓，所述惰性气体供给仓分别与所述第一惰性气体源和所述密闭耐压容器连通；数控装置，在所述加工装置实施加工之前控制所述真空泵对所述密闭耐压容器抽真空；根据所述监测装置的反馈，在抽真空完成后控制所述第一惰性气体源通过所述惰性气体供给仓向所述密闭耐压容器输入惰性气体，直至所述密闭耐压容器内的压力达到正压；以及，根据所述监测装置的反馈，控制所述惰性气体供给仓对所述密闭耐压容器内的压力相比于目标压力的正负偏差形成动态补偿。
优选地，所述密闭耐压容器的耐压能力在真空至100bar范围内，例如，不低于60bar。
优选地，所述加工装置支持增材制造、减材制造或增减材复合制造。
优选地，所述加工装置包括：工作台，所述工作台具有用于放置工件的承载面；旋转组件，所述旋转台为所述工作台提供绕纵轴和横轴旋转的双自由度；移动组件，所述移动组件在三个方向上提供相对于所述工作台的平移自由度；增材加工头，所述增材加工头悬置在所述工作台的上方并被所述移动组件驱动；减材加工头，所述减材加工头与所述增材加工头并排悬置在所述工作台的上方并被所述移动组件驱动。
优选地，所述机械加工系统进一步包括：送料装置，所述送料装置向所述增材加工头提供原料；热源装置，所述热源装置将送至所述增材加工头的原料加热熔化。
优选地，所述送料装置为送粉装置。
优选地，所述机械加工系统进一步包括：第二惰性气体源，所述第二惰性气体源为所述送料装置提供喷射原料粉末的气压，并且所述第二惰性气体源在所述密闭耐压容器抽真空时被所述数控装置控制与所述密闭耐压容器隔离。
优选地，所述送料装置为送丝装置。
优选地，所述热源装置提供的热源为激光束、电子束、电弧或离子束。
优选地，所述旋转组件、所述移动组件、以及所述减材加工头中采用固体润滑或非挥发性真空润滑介质。
优选地，所述惰性气体供给仓与所述第一惰性气体源之间通过供压管路连通，所述惰性气体供给仓与所述密闭耐压容器之间通过加压管路和减压管路连通；其中，所述供压管路对所述惰性气体供给仓的惰性气体输入、以及所述加压管路对所述密闭耐压容器的惰性气体输入受控于所述数控装置，所述减压管路对所述密闭耐压容器的惰性气体泄放受控于所述密闭耐压容器与所述惰性气体供给仓之间的压力差。
优选地，所述供压管路中设置有受控于所述数控装置的第一调压阀，所述加压管路中设置有受控于所述数控装置的第二调压阀和用于对所述密闭耐压容器充入惰性气体的气体增压泵，并且，所述减压管路中设置有从所述密闭耐压容器向所述惰性气体供给仓单向导通的安全阀。
优选地，所述密闭耐压容器和/或所述加压管路中进一步设置有温度调节组件。
优选地，所述温度调节组件包括设置于所述加压管路中的冷却组件、以及设置于所述密闭耐压容器中的加热组件，并且所述惰性气体供给站进一步被所述数控装置控制为向所述密闭耐压容器输入经所述冷却组件冷却的惰性气体、并进一步从所述密闭耐压容器回收惰性气体。
优选地，所述减压管路中进一步设置有气体过滤装置，以清除气体中混有的增材制造过程中产生的金属粉尘、或减材制造过程中由切削产生的金属碎屑。
在本发明的另一个实施例中，一种提供变压环境的机械加工方法包括：
步骤a1、控制真空泵对密闭耐压容器抽真空；
步骤a2、控制第一惰性气体源通过惰性气体供给仓将惰性气体输入至形成真空的所述密闭耐压容器中，直至所述密闭耐压容器内的压力达到正压；
步骤a3、在形成正压力的所述密闭耐压容器内实施机械加工；
步骤a4、释放所述密闭耐压容器内的正压力；
步骤a5、从所述密闭耐压容器内取出加工成件；
其中，在执行所述步骤a2和所述步骤a3中的至少之一的同时，所述机械加工方法进一步包括：
步骤b1、控制所述惰性气体供给仓对所述密闭耐压容器内的压力相比于目标压力的正负偏差形成动态补偿。
优选地，所述步骤a3实施增材制造和/或减材制造。
优选地，所述步骤a3实施的增材制造包括：向所述密闭耐压容器内输送原料；将输送至所述密闭耐压容器内的原料加热熔化；以及按照预先设定的路径规划，利用熔化的材料进行增材堆积。
优选地，输送的金属原料为粉末状。
优选地，所述步骤a3实施的增材制造进一步包括：控制第二惰性气体源提供喷射原料粉末的气压；其中，所述第二惰性气体源在所述密闭耐压容器抽真空时被控制为与所述密闭耐压容器隔离。
优选地，输送的金属原料为连续丝状。
优选地，所述机械加工方法使用激光束、电子束、电弧或离子束将原料加热熔化。
优选地，所述步骤b1包括：控制对所述惰性气体供给仓的惰性气体输入、控制对所述密闭耐压容器的惰性气体输入；并且，所述密闭耐压容器的惰性气体泄放受控于所述密闭耐压容器与所述惰性气体供给仓之间的压力差。
优选地，所述机械加工方法进一步在所述第一惰性气体源与所述惰性气体供给仓之间设置用于控制对所述惰性气体供给仓的惰性气体输入的第一调压阀、在所述惰性气体供给仓与所述密闭耐压容器之间设置用于控制对所述密闭耐压容器的惰性气体输入的第二调压阀和用于对所述密闭耐压容器充入惰性气体的气体增压泵、并且在所述惰性气体供给仓与所述密闭耐压容器之间设置用于所述密闭耐压容器泄放惰性气体的安全阀。
优选地，所述机械加工方法进一步在所述惰性气体供给仓与所述密闭耐压容器之间设置气体过滤装置。
优选地，在执行所述步骤a2和所述步骤a3中的至少之一的同时，所述机械加工方法进一步包括：b2、调节所述密闭耐压容器内的温度。
优选地，所述步骤b2包括对输入所述密闭耐压容器的惰性气体的冷却、以及在所述密闭耐压容器内对惰性气体加热。
基于上述的实施例，可以在所述密闭耐压容器内提供可变的压力环境，以便于在正压环境下实施加工，从而，对于以金属为原料的加工过程，可以有效抑制金属的冶金缺陷所导致的各种问题。其中，惰性气体供给仓可以对正压环境安全、稳定，从而可以实现施加持续均匀正压的机械加工过程。
而且，上述的实施例具有较强的通用性，可以适用于金属增减材制 造、复合增减材制造、超声复合增材制造等。
另外，上述的实施例可以对正压环境进一步实施温度控制，以确保正压环境的温度稳定性。
进一步，上述的实施例在机械加工系统中选用固体润滑或非挥发性真空润滑介质，从而避免润滑介质在真空环境下外溅污染加工环境、在正压下能够承受正压压力。
附图简要说明
图1为一个实施例中的机械加工系统的结构图；
图2为另一个实施例中的机械加工方法的流程图。
实施本发明的方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下参照附图并举实施例，对本发明进一步详细说明。
请参见图1，在一个实施例中，一种提供变压环境的机械加工系统，该机械加工系统至少可以实现增材制造，并包括密闭耐压容器10、加工装置20、真空泵30、惰性气体源40、惰性气体供给仓50、送料装置60、热源装置70、惰性气体源80、以及数控装置90。
密闭耐压容器10的耐压能力在真空至100巴(bar)范围内，1bar＝105帕斯卡(Pa)。例如，密闭耐压容器10的耐压能力可以不低于60bar。
并且，密闭耐压容器10内装设有监测装置(未在图中示出)，例如压力表、温度计等，以实时监测密闭耐压容器10内的环境参数，例如压力、温度等。在如图1所示的实施例中，密闭耐压容器10包括底座11和装设在底座11上的罩12。
加工装置20位于密闭耐压容器10中。即，加工装置20位于密闭耐 压容器10的底座11上，并被密闭耐压容器10的罩12覆盖。
在如图1所示的实施例中，加工装置20支持增材制造和减材制造，即，加工装置20支持增减材复合制造。并且，该加工装置20包括工作台21、旋转组件22、增材加工头23、减材加工头24、以及移动组件25。
工作台21具有用于放置工件的承载面。并且，工作台21上可以装载用于固定加工零件的夹具。
旋转组件22包括可绕平行于Z向的纵轴旋转的纵向旋转台22a、以及可绕平行于Y向的横轴旋转的横向旋转台22b，横向旋转台22b装设在纵向选转台22a的顶部端面，工作台21装设于横向旋转台22b的侧部端面，从而，通过纵向选转台22a和横向旋转台22b的联动，旋转组件22可以为工作台21提供绕纵轴和横轴旋转的双自由度。
增材加工头23在该实施例中选用激光熔覆头，该增材加工头23悬置在工作台21的上方。
减材加工头24在该实施例中选用支持切削加工的电主轴，该减材加工头24与增材加工头23并排悬置在工作台21的上方。
移动组件25在X向、Y向以及Z向这三个方向上为增材加工头23和减材加工头24提供相对于工作台21的平移自由度。
具体地，移动组件包括第一Z轴22a、第二Z轴22b、X轴22c以及Y轴22d。其中，增材加工头23和减材加工头24分别装设于第一Z轴22a、第二Z轴22b，从而可彼此独立地分别沿第一Z轴22a、第二Z轴22b进行Y向运动；第一Z轴22a和第二Z轴22b装载于X轴22c上，以带动在增材加工头23和减材加工头24工作台21的加工尺寸范围内进行X向运动；第一Z轴22a、第二Z轴22b以及X轴22c整体通过支撑结构安装在Y轴22d上，以带动增材加工头23和减材加工头24在工作台21的加工尺寸范围内进行Y向运动；以及，Y轴22d固定于密闭 耐压容器10的底座上。
上述的旋转组件22、移动组件25、以及支持切削加工的减材加工头25中采用固体润滑或非挥发性真空润滑介质。
另外，加工装置20还可以进一步包括机械臂(未在图1中示出)等其他结构。并且，机械臂也可以采用固体润滑或非挥发性真空润滑介质。
送料装置60通过送料管路Tm与密闭耐压容器10内的增材加工头23连通，以向增材加工头23提供原料。在如图1所示的实施例中，送料装置60为送粉装置，即，送料装置60输送的原料为粉末状。可以理解的是，作为一种替换方案，送料装置60可以选用送丝装置，即，输送的原料呈连续的丝状。
热源装置70通过热能管路Th与密闭耐压容器10内的增材加工头23连通，以将送至增材加工头23的原料加热熔化。其中，热源装置70提供的热源可以为激光束，此时，热能管路Th可以为光纤；或者，热源装置70提供的热源也可以为电子束、电弧或离子束，此时，热能管路Th可以为电缆。
在如图1所示的实施例中，真空泵30通过抽真空管路Tv与密闭耐压容器10连通，惰性气体供给仓50分别与惰性气体源40和密闭耐压容器10连通，即，惰性气体供给仓50通过供压管路Ts与惰性气体源40连通、并通过加压管路Ti和减压管路Td与密闭耐压容器10连通。其中，加压管路Ti中设置有气体增压泵506。
数控装置90在加工装置20实施加工之前控制真空泵30对密闭耐压容器10抽真空，抽完真空后关闭需抽真空管路Tv。数控装置90还根据监测装置的反馈，在抽真空完成后控制惰性气体源40通过惰性气体供给仓50向密闭耐压容器10输入惰性气体，直至密闭耐压容器10内的压力达到正压，例如5MPa。以及，数控装置90根据监测装置的反馈， 控制惰性气体供给仓50对密闭耐压容器10内的压力相比于目标压力的正负偏差形成动态补偿。
对于已形成正压环境的情况，上述的目标压力可以是表示正压环境的标准压力的一个固定值；而对于形成正压环境的升压过程而言，上述的目标压力可以是表示期望的压力上升趋势的一个变量。
而所谓的正负偏差，是指密闭耐压容器10内的压力有可能高于目标压力，也有可能低于目标压力。相应地，所谓的补偿就是指使耐压容器10内的压力产生向目标压力变化的趋势。
具体地，数控装置90实现的上述控制可以具体表现为：供压管路Ts对惰性气体供给仓50的惰性气体输入、加压管路Ti对密闭耐压容器10的惰性气体输入受控于数控装置90。
即，数控装置90可以通过控制供压管路Ts对惰性气体供给仓50的惰性气体注入量来控制惰性气体供给仓50内部的压力增量，并且数控装置90可以通过控制加压管路Ti对密闭耐压容器10的惰性气体注入量来控制密闭耐压容器10内部的压力增量。
并且，加压管路Ti和减压管路Td的开闭也受控于数控装置90。
例如，在加工初始状态，制造正压环境的环节，加压管路Ti打开、减压管路Td关闭，只允许加压管路Ti中的气体增压泵506向密闭耐压容器10输入惰性气体；在加工过程中，加压管路Ti和减压管路Td均打开，既允许加压管路Ti中的气体增压泵506向密闭耐压容器10输入惰性气体，也允许减压管路Td对密闭耐压容器10的惰性气体泄放。
而减压管路Td对密闭耐压容器10的惰性气体泄放则无需由数控装置控制，而是可以受控于密闭耐压容器10与惰性气体供给50仓之间的压力差。并且，上述的减压管路Td中可以进一步设置有气体过滤装置505，以对从密闭耐压容器10回收的惰性气体实施过滤清洁。
即，惰性气体供给仓50内部的压力和密闭耐压容器10内部的压力可以不需要保持一致，从而允许密闭耐压容器10与惰性气体供给50仓之间存在压力差，进而，根据密闭耐压容器10与惰性气体供给50仓之间的压力差来实现通过减压管路Td对密闭耐压容器10的自适应泄压。
具体参见图1，供压管路Ts中设置有受控于数控装置90的调压阀501，用于数控装置90控制供压管路Ts对惰性气体供给仓50的惰性气体注入量；加压管路Ti中设置有受控于数控装置90的调压阀502，用于数控装置90控制加压管路Ti对密闭耐压容器10的惰性气体注入量，并且加压管路Ti中还设置有气体增压泵506，用于对密闭耐压容器10充入惰性气体；并且，减压管路Td中设置有从密闭耐压容器10向惰性气体供给仓50单向导通的安全阀503，用于响应密闭耐压容器10与惰性气体供给50仓之间的压力差，以实现通过减压管路Td对密闭耐压容器10的自适应泄压。
当密闭耐压容器10内的压力相对于目标压力形成正偏差时，若惰性气体供给仓50与密闭耐压容器10的压力差足以开启安全阀503，则可以通过密闭耐压容器10的自适应泄压而实现对该正偏差的补偿；若密闭耐压容器10在自适应泄压后，其内部的压力相对于目标压力又形成负偏差，则通过惰性气体供给仓50向密闭耐压容器10输入惰性气体，也可以对密闭耐压容器10产生补偿该负偏差的压力增量。
另外，由于密闭耐压容器10内在实施加工时充满由惰性气体源40提供的惰性气体，因此，对于送料装置60为送粉装置的情况，可以由惰性气体源80为送料装置60提供喷射原料粉末的气压，并且惰性气体源80在密闭耐压容器10抽真空时被数控装置90控制与密闭耐压容器10隔离。惰性气体源40和80所使用的惰性气体种类可以根据加工零件的需求而定，例如可以为氩气、氮气、氦气等。
基于上述的实施例，可以在密闭耐压容器10内提供可变的压力环境，以便于在正压环境下实施加工，从而，对于以金属为原料的加工过程，可以有效抑制金属的冶金缺陷所导致的各种问题。其中，惰性气体供给仓50可以对正压环境安全、稳定，从而可以实现施加持续均匀正压的机械加工过程。而且，上述的实施例具有较强的通用性，可以适用于金属增减材制造、增减材复合制造、超声复合增材制造等。进一步，上述的实施例在机械加工系统中选用固体润滑或非挥发性真空润滑介质，从而避免油、脂类润滑在真空环境下外溅污染加工环境，同时能够在正压环境下承受正压力。
另外，上述的实施例可以对正压环境进一步实施温度控制，以确保正压环境的温度稳定性。
具体地，加压管路Ti中进一步设置有温度调节组件504，以在惰性气体供给仓50与调压阀502之间实现对输入密闭耐压容器10内的惰性气体的温度调节。
例如，温度调节组件504可以包括顺序串联在惰性气体供给仓50与调压阀502之间的冷却装置，用于实现对输入密闭耐压容器10内的惰性气体的冷却。故，温度调节组件504也可称为冷却组件。
此时，密闭耐压容器10中也可以设置用于对密闭耐压容器10内的惰性气体加热的温度调节组件(未在图1中示出)，其可以称为加热组件，例如预热线圈，该预热线圈可以固定于密闭耐压容器10内的空闲位置、或固定于工作台21下方。
基于上述的配置，当密闭耐压容器10内环境温度过高时，通过开启用于冷却的温度调节组件504向密闭耐压容器10注入冷却后的惰性气体，达到降低密闭耐压容器10内部温度的效果，与此同时，惰性气体供给仓50从密闭耐压容器10回收等量或基本等量的惰性气体，以保持 密闭耐压容器10内的压力平衡；当密闭耐压容器10内环境温度过低时，通过预热线圈加热机可提高密闭耐压容器10内的环境温度。
请参见图2，在另一个实施例中，一种提供变压环境的机械加工方法包括：
步骤211、控制真空泵对密闭耐压容器抽真空。
步骤212，控制第一惰性气体源通过惰性气体供给仓将惰性气体输入至形成真空的密闭耐压容器中，直至密闭耐压容器内的压力达到正压。
步骤213、在形成正压力的密闭耐压容器内实施机械加工。
其中，本步骤可以实施增材制造和/或减材制造。
例如，本步骤可以按照如下步骤实施增材制造：向密闭耐压容器内输送原料；将输送至密闭耐压容器内的原料加热熔化；以及，按照预先设定的路径规划，利用熔化的材料进行增材堆积。其中，输送的金属原料可以为粉末状，并且可以利用第二惰性气体源提供喷射原料粉末的气压；或者，输送的金属原料也可以为连续丝状。而且，本步骤实施增材制造所使用的热源可以为激光束、电子束、电弧或离子束。
再例如，本步骤可以通过切削方式实施减材制造。
步骤214、释放密闭耐压容器内的正压力。
步骤215、从密闭耐压容器内取出加工成件。
并且，在如图2所示的机械加工方法中，在执行步骤212和步骤213的同时还进一步包括：
步骤221、控制惰性气体供给仓对密闭耐压容器内的压力相比于目标压力的正负偏差形成动态补偿。
步骤222、调节密闭耐压容器内的温度。
在上述的步骤221中，可以包括：控制对所述惰性气体供给仓的惰 性气体输入、控制对所述密闭耐压容器的惰性气体输入。而密闭耐压容器的惰性气体泄放则可以受控于密闭耐压容器与惰性气体供给仓之间的压力差。
例如，可以在第一惰性气体源与惰性气体供给仓之间设置用于控制对惰性气体供给仓的惰性气体输入的第一调压阀、在惰性气体供给仓与密闭耐压容器之间设置用于控制对密闭耐压容器的惰性气体输入的第二调压阀和用于对密闭耐压容器充入惰性气体的气体增压泵、并且在惰性气体供给仓与密闭耐压容器之间设置用于密闭耐压容器泄放惰性气体的安全阀。
当密闭耐压容器内的压力相对于目标压力形成正偏差时，若惰性气体供给仓与密闭耐压容器的压力差足以开启安全阀，则可以通过密闭耐压容器的自适应泄压而实现对该正偏差的补偿；若密闭耐压容器在自适应泄压后，其内部的压力相对于目标压力又形成负偏差，则通过惰性气体供给仓向密闭耐压容器输入惰性气体，也可以对密闭耐压容器产生补偿该负偏差的压力增量。
为了实现对回收的惰性气体的清洁，可以进一步在惰性气体供给仓与密闭耐压容器之间设置气体过滤装置。
另外，在步骤222中，可以包括对输入所述密闭耐压容器的惰性气体的冷却、以及在所述密闭耐压容器内对惰性气体加热。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明保护的范围之内。

Claims (24)

  1. 一种提供变压环境的机械加工系统，其特征在于，所述机械加工系统包括：
    密闭耐压容器；
    监测装置，所述监测装置监测所述密闭耐压容器内的环境参数；
    加工装置，所述加工装置位于所述密闭耐压容器中；
    真空泵，所述真空泵与所述密闭耐压容器连通；
    第一惰性气体源；
    惰性气体供给仓，所述惰性气体供给仓分别与所述第一惰性气体源和所述密闭耐压容器连通；
    数控装置，在所述加工装置实施加工之前控制所述真空泵对所述密闭耐压容器抽真空；根据所述监测装置的反馈，在抽真空完成后控制所述第一惰性气体源通过所述惰性气体供给仓向所述密闭耐压容器输入惰性气体，直至所述密闭耐压容器内的压力达到正压；以及，根据所述监测装置的反馈，控制所述惰性气体供给仓对所述密闭耐压容器内的压力相比于目标压力的正负偏差形成动态补偿。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的机械加工系统，其特征在于，所述密闭耐压容器的耐压能力在真空至100bar范围内。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的机械加工系统，其特征在于，所述加工装置支持增材制造、减材制造或增减材复合制造。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的机械加工系统，其特征在于，所述加工装置包括：
    工作台，所述工作台具有用于放置工件的承载面；
    旋转组件，所述旋转台为所述工作台提供绕纵轴和横轴旋转的双自由度；
    增材加工头，所述增材加工头悬置在所述工作台的上方；
    减材加工头，所述减材加工头与所述增材加工头并排悬置在所述工作台的上方；
    移动组件，所述移动组件在三个方向上为所述增材加工头和所述减材加工头提供相对于所述工作台的平移自由度。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的机械加工系统，其特征在于，所述机械加工系统进一步包括：
    送料装置，所述送料装置向所述增材加工头提供原料；
    热源装置，所述热源装置将送至所述增材加工头的原料加热熔化。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的机械加工系统，其特征在于，所述送料装置为送粉装置。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的机械加工系统，其特征在于，所述机械加工系统进一步包括：
    第二惰性气体源，所述第二惰性气体源为所述送料装置提供喷射原料粉末的气压，并且所述第二惰性气体源在所述密闭耐压容器抽真空时被所述数控装置控制与所述密闭耐压容器隔离。
  8. 根据权利要求5所述的机械加工系统，其特征在于，所述送料装置为送丝装置。
  9. 根据权利要求5所述的机械加工系统，其特征在于，所述热源装置提供的热源为激光束、电子束、电弧或离子束。
  10. 根据权利要求4所述的机械加工系统，其特征在于，所述旋转组件、所述移动组件中采用固体润滑或非挥发性真空润滑介质。
  11. 根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的机械加工系统，其特征在于，所述惰性气体供给仓与所述第一惰性气体源之间通过供压管路连通，所述惰性气体供给仓与所述密闭耐压容器之间通过加压管路和减压 管路连通；
    其中，所述供压管路对所述惰性气体供给仓的惰性气体输入、以及所述加压管路对所述密闭耐压容器的惰性气体输入受控于所述数控装置；
    并且，所述减压管路对所述密闭耐压容器的惰性气体泄放受控于所述密闭耐压容器与所述惰性气体供给仓之间的压力差。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的机械加工系统，其特征在于，
    所述供压管路中设置有受控于所述数控装置的第一调压阀，
    所述加压管路中设置有受控于所述数控装置的第二调压阀和用于对所述密闭耐压容器充入惰性气体的气体增压泵，并且，
    所述减压管路中设置有从所述密闭耐压容器向所述惰性气体供给仓单向导通的安全阀。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的机械加工系统，其特征在于，所述减压管路中进一步设置有气体过滤装置。
  14. 根据权利要求12所述的机械加工系统，其特征在于，所述密闭耐压容器和/或所述加压管路中进一步设置有温度调节组件。
  15. 根据权利要求14所述的机械加工系统，其特征在于，所述温度调节组件包括设置于所述加压管路中的冷却组件、以及设置于所述密闭耐压容器中的加热组件，并且所述惰性气体供给站进一步被所述数控装置控制为向所述密闭耐压容器输入经所述冷却组件冷却的惰性气体、并进一步从所述密闭耐压容器回收惰性气体。
  16. 一种提供变压环境的机械加工方法，其特征在于，所述机械加工方法包括：
    步骤a1、控制真空泵对密闭耐压容器抽真空；
    步骤a2、控制第一惰性气体源通过惰性气体供给仓将惰性气体输入 至形成真空的所述密闭耐压容器中，直至所述密闭耐压容器内的压力达到正压；
    步骤a3、在形成正压力的所述密闭耐压容器内实施机械加工；
    步骤a4、释放所述密闭耐压容器内的正压力；
    步骤a5、从所述密闭耐压容器内取出加工成件；
    其中，在执行所述步骤a2和所述步骤a3中的至少之一的同时，所述机械加工方法进一步包括：
    步骤b1、控制所述惰性气体供给仓对所述密闭耐压容器内的压力相比于目标压力的正负偏差形成动态补偿。
  17. 根据权利要求16所述的机械加工方法，其特征在于，所述步骤a3实施增材制造和/或减材制造。
  18. 根据权利要求17所述的机械加工方法，其特征在于，所述步骤a3实施的增材制造包括：
    向所述密闭耐压容器内输送原料；
    将输送至所述密闭耐压容器内的原料加热熔化；以及
    按照预先设定的路径规划，利用熔化的材料进行增材堆积。
  19. 根据权利要求18所述的机械加工方法，其特征在于，输送的金属原料为粉末状。
  20. 根据权利要求19所述的机械加工方法，其特征在于，所述步骤a3实施的增材制造进一步包括：
    控制第二惰性气体源提供喷射原料粉末的气压；其中，所述第二惰性气体源在所述密闭耐压容器抽真空时被控制为与所述密闭耐压容器隔离。
  21. 根据权利要求18所述的机械加工方法，其特征在于，输送的金属原料为连续丝状。
  22. 根据权利要求18所述的机械加工方法，其特征在于，所述机械加工方法使用激光束、电子束、电弧或离子束将原料加热熔化。
  23. 根据权利要求16至22中任一项所述的机械加工方法，其特征在于，所述步骤b1包括：控制对所述惰性气体供给仓的惰性气体输入、控制对所述密闭耐压容器的惰性气体输入；
    并且，所述密闭耐压容器的惰性气体泄放受控于所述密闭耐压容器与所述惰性气体供给仓之间的压力差。
  24. 根据权利要求16至22中任一项所述的机械加工方法，其特征在于，在执行所述步骤a2和所述步骤a3中的至少之一的同时，所述机械加工方法进一步包括：
    b2、调节所述密闭耐压容器内的温度，所述步骤b2包括对输入所述密闭耐压容器的惰性气体的冷却、以及在所述密闭耐压容器内对惰性气体加热。
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