WO2019068954A1 - Reversible thermochromic rendering mortar, method for obtaining same and use thereof - Google Patents

Reversible thermochromic rendering mortar, method for obtaining same and use thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019068954A1
WO2019068954A1 PCT/ES2018/070643 ES2018070643W WO2019068954A1 WO 2019068954 A1 WO2019068954 A1 WO 2019068954A1 ES 2018070643 W ES2018070643 W ES 2018070643W WO 2019068954 A1 WO2019068954 A1 WO 2019068954A1
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Prior art keywords
mortar
rpm
coating
cement
aggregate
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PCT/ES2018/070643
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Gloria PÉREZ ÁLVAREZ-QUIÑONES
Ana Mª GUERRERO BUSTOS
Virginia RODRÍGUEZ ALLEGRO
Mª Jesús GAVIRA GALOCHA
Mª Cruz ALONSO ALONSO
Alicia PONS AGLIO
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Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (Csic)
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Publication of WO2019068954A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019068954A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B20/00—Use of materials as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone according to more than one of groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 and characterised by shape or grain distribution; Treatment of materials according to more than one of the groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Expanding or defibrillating materials
    • C04B20/10—Coating or impregnating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
    • C09D5/26—Thermosensitive paints

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a reversible thermochromic coating mortar suitable for coating a structural element exposed to solar radiation. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the process for obtaining said mortar and to its use for coating any element of a structure exposed to solar radiation, such as the facades of energy-efficient buildings.
  • the present invention could be framed in the area of materials science and engineering, specifically in the area of construction, particularly in energy-efficient buildings.
  • the optical response of the materials defines their surface temperature when they are exposed to solar radiation, so that this temperature will increase the greater the absorption of the radiation incident from the sun.
  • conventional materials have a constant optical response, which is not affected by external parameters, except for their degradation or deterioration.
  • dynamic chromogenic materials that change their optical properties depending on external parameters such as the incidence of ultraviolet radiation (photochromic materials), the application of an electrical voltage (electrochromic) or temperature (thermochromic). This type of materials also provide an added aesthetic value due to the change of appearance of the material and are currently used in very diverse fields such as automobile manufacturing or construction.
  • thermochromic or thermochromic glazing with which the amount of radiation transmitted to the interior spaces of the building can be regulated [CG Granqvist. Recent progress in thermochromics and electrochromics: a brief survey. Thin Solid Films 614 (2016) 90-96].
  • thermochromic behavior For the concrete field of construction, we can find paintings with reversible thermochromic behavior among the bibliography for use as cladding for building envelopes. In the case of facades, this type of proposal must be implemented as the final layer of the finish on an underlying layer of coating mortar, which implies a long time of laying, a high economic cost and possible problems of durability due to lifting the superficial layer of paint. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new reversible thermochromic compositions that overcome the disadvantages mentioned above in order to be used in the various fields of interest, for example, in the field of construction.
  • the present invention relates to a coating mortar that implements the reversible thermochromic functionality. It is a cement-based composition that has reversible thermochromic properties.
  • the composition On the one hand, for the composition to be considered a cement-based coating mortar, its mechanical resistances must deal primarily with its response to stresses caused by small differential movements of the support, stresses generated by environmental changes and impacts or external aggressions. We distinguish two types of resistances related to the stresses that the coating mortar must withstand: compression and traction.
  • the compressive strength (R c ) gives us an idea of the internal cohesion of the mortar. Indicates, well, its ability to withstand pressures without disintegrating. Cohesion is also related to the degree of tightness that will be able to achieve once disposed.
  • the tensile strength (R t ) gives us information about the difficulty of the particles to separate. As in the rest of this type of materials, the tensile strength is low, so it must be ensured that the material will not be exposed to these stresses.
  • the composition to be considered a coating mortar it must meet certain requirements in terms of its physical and mechanical properties. Specifically, it must have a consistency and density in a fresh state that guarantees its fluidity to apply it on the substrate to be coated. In this sense, the requirement to require the composition will be different for the coating of a vertical element, than for a horizontal one. In the case of a cladding of facades (vertical application), for example, a more fluid material will be necessary if the mortar is to be applied in finer finishing layers, whereas if a greater thickness is to be applied, it is more convenient lower fluency
  • the coating mortar of the present invention is suitable for vertical and horizontal applications.
  • the reversible thermochromic coating mortar of the present invention complies with the UNE-EN 998-1: 2010 standard for single layer coating mortars.
  • the reversible thermochromic coating mortar of the present invention is applied directly to the element of a structure exposed to solar radiation in the form of a monolayer or layers with a thickness of less than 20 mm; so the adhesion between the mortar and its support, for example, the facade of a building, is assured.
  • This feature is an advantage over reversible thermochromic paints that have to be applied to an underlying mortar layer. coating.
  • the finish is final.
  • thermochromic functionality in order for a composition to be considered a coating mortar, the mechanical resistance of the substrate must be greater than the mechanical resistance of the coating mortar.
  • the mortar must be sufficiently flexible to accompany slight movements of the support due to thermal or structural causes. An excessive rigidity would cause the appearance of fissures or cracks.
  • a reversible thermochromic pigment encapsulated in microcapsules of organic material is added.
  • the present invention relates to a reversible thermochromic coating mortar, suitable for coating an element of a structure exposed to solar radiation, (hereinafter “the mortar of the present invention”) characterized in that includes:
  • thermochromic pigment in a proportion greater than 1% by weight with respect to the final composition of the mortar and less than 6% by weight with respect to the final composition of the mortar
  • cement in the present invention as that type of cement characterized by having a whiteness greater than 80%.
  • the cement owes its color to the absence of ferric oxides (Fe 2 0 3 ).
  • the amount of ferric oxide in the cement of the present invention does not exceed 1%.
  • calcium oxide (CaO), fluorite (CaF 2 ) or cryolite (Na 3 AIF 6 ) can be added to the cement of the present invention.
  • the cement is selected from a conventional Portland white cement or an eco-efficient beliton clinker.
  • Today's coating mortars are based on their composition in conventional Portland cement, of which the high energy and environmental impact of their manufacture is well known.
  • different strategies have been developed to minimize the impact of cement manufacturing, including the valuation of waste in different steps of its production and developing different synthesis processes more eco-efficient.
  • a specific case of this type of strategy is the eco-efficient belitic cement manufactured by hydrothermal synthesis from a waste (fly ash from a thermal power plant).
  • the synthesis process involves a much lower energy consumption than Portland cement, when temperatures lower than 850 ° C are used, and with very low C0 2 emissions as described in the reference [TO. Guerrero, S. Go ⁇ i, I. Campillo, A. Moragues.
  • the cement of said coating mortar is an eco-efficient beliton clinker.
  • eco-efficient beliton clinker is obtained from fly ash, for example, fly ash from the combustion of the coal, low lime content, with methods conventional low energy for the synthesis of cements, but using synthesis temperatures of around 800 ° C, between 780 ° C and 820 ° C.
  • the traditional belitic cement is constituted fundamentally by the structural variety ⁇ of the dicalcium silicate (belite), a compound obtained from the mixtures of CaCO 3 and clay, heated up to 1400 ° C.
  • Belite dicalcium silicate
  • traditional belite cement has properties, differentiated from ordinary Portland cement, necessary for certain applications.
  • it has a slower hydration kinetics, so the heat released is more gradual, avoiding retraction problems. This circumstance makes it ideal for the manufacture of large blocks of concrete in mass, as is the case of dams.
  • it is a cement that is more stable microstructurally against certain aggressive processes that take place in highly alkaline media, such as ordinary Portland cement.
  • the minimum amount of Ca (OH) 2 that occurs during hydration ensures its stability against attack by sulfates.
  • its manufacturing process involves less environmental pollution compared to the traditional Portland cement manufacturing process.
  • the eco-efficient belite clinker to which the present invention refers does not contain sulfates since it comes from waste / ash.
  • the sulfate ion damages the melamine-formaldehyde formed by the reversible thermochromic pigment capsules, so that a coating mortar comprising an eco-efficient belite clinker is an advantage for the durability of the encapsulated reversible thermochromic pigment.
  • a reversible thermochromic pigment encapsulated in microcapsules of organic material is added.
  • thermochromic pigment in the present invention, as that pigment which changes color with temperature; This color change occurs within a range of temperatures, when they are heated above their activation temperature (Te). This change is reversible, recovering the original color when cooled again.
  • the standard colors of these pigments are black, blue, purple, green, orange and red, but it is possible to request different colors.
  • the activation temperature it can be selected within the range between -10 ° C and + 69 ° C, being the standard values of 15 ° C, 31 ° C and 47 ° C.
  • Examples are pigments in powder or aqueous dispersion with a solid concentration close to 50%, between 45% and 55%, in which the thermochromic compound is protected by melamine-formaldehyde resin capsules with a smaller particle size of 10 ⁇ .
  • the pigment is usually made up of the following three components:
  • thermochromic reaction a hydrophobic and non-volatile solvent, such as alcohol, ester or ether (for example, methyl stearate), with a low melting point that coincides with the transition temperature for the thermochromic reaction to take place.
  • a hydrophobic and non-volatile solvent such as alcohol, ester or ether (for example, methyl stearate)
  • composition of the "aggregate” of the present invention should be calcium carbonate with a color as close as possible to that of the cement used so that, when the pigment becomes discolored, the mortar reaches the color closest to the possible target.
  • aggregate preferably refers to limestone aggregates.
  • the "aggregate” has a granulometry characterized by particle sizes less than 1 mm and with well-compensated granulometric curves; that allows to obtain a coating mortar without interstitial spaces, so that the Surface finish of the coating mortar is suitable for coating applications.
  • the aggregate has a grain size of between 0.3 mm and 1 mm.
  • the proportion of aggregate in the present invention should be greater than 40% by weight with respect to the final composition of the coating mortar. A smaller proportion results in the loss of the thermochromic behavior of the mortar of the present invention, the pigment microcapsules are deteriorated.
  • the aggregate is in a proportion greater than 60% by weight with respect to the final composition of the mortar.
  • the "water retaining additive” prevents the coating water from being absorbed by the support. It is a cellulose additive, for example, methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose or hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, which is added in proportions of the order of between 0.10 and 0.13% by weight with respect to the final composition of the coating mortar.
  • hydrophobing additive avoid the entry of water from the exterior once the coating is applied to the support. It is an oleate, for example sodium, which can be mixed with a stearate, for example calcium, zinc or magnesium. It is added in a proportion of the order of between 0.1-1% and 0.15% by weight with respect to the final composition of the coating mortar.
  • the amount of "water” in the mortar of the present invention should be such that it is between 18% and 24% by weight of the dry mortar.
  • the mortar of the present invention also comprises calcium hydroxide Ca (OH) 2 , more preferably Ca (OH) 2 is in a proportion between 2% and 5% by weight with respect to the final composition of the coating mortar of the present invention.
  • the calcium hydroxide in the composition of the coating mortar of the present invention is intended to improve the plasticity of the material.
  • the coating mortar of the present invention further comprises a combination formed by • a resin powder comprising ethylene, acetate or vinyl chloride,
  • a siliceous aggregate such as sand with a rounded grain between 0.1 mm and 0.6 mm
  • the combination is colorless, white or beige, and wherein said combination improves the circulation of the particles in the mortar of the present invention, in addition to the setting rate thereof, the dispersion of the pigments and their compatibility with the matrix.
  • the powder resin is in a proportion between 2.0% and 3.0% by weight with respect to the final composition of the combination
  • the cellulose fibers in a proportion of between 0.10% and 0.30% by weight with respect to the final composition of the combination
  • the metakaolin in a proportion of between 1, 4% and 2.0% by weight with respect to the final composition of the combination
  • the mixture of limestone aggregates in a proportion of between 73.0% and 76.0% by weight with respect to the final composition of the combination
  • the siliceous aggregate in a proportion between 4.0% and 7.0% by weight by weight with respect to the final composition of the combination.
  • mortar of the present invention in the case of mortar containing eco-efficient belitic cement, it also comprises a combination formed by
  • a siliceous aggregate such as sand with a rounded grain of between 0.1 mm and 0.6 mm
  • the superplasticizing additive is in a proportion of the order of 0, 10% by weight with respect to the final composition of the combination.
  • a second aspect of the present invention relates to a method for obtaining a reversible thermochromic coating mortar described above, (hereinafter "the process of the present invention") characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
  • step (a) kneading together the homogeneous composition of step (a) and the aqueous dispersion prepared in step (b) at a rate between 130 rpm and 300 rpm for a period of time of at least 40 seconds, wherein the liquids of the The composition of stage (a) and the dispersion of stage (b) are added in the first 30 seconds,
  • step (c) letting the product obtained in step (c) stand for a period of time of at least 15 s,
  • step (d) kneading the product obtained in step (d) at a speed between 270 rpm and 300 rpm for at least 50 seconds
  • step (e) allowing the product obtained in step (e) to stand for a period of time of at least 2 min; Y
  • step (f) applying the product obtained in step (f) on an element of a structure exposed to solar radiation in the form of a monolayer or layers that form a final thickness of less than 20 mm;
  • Step (a) of the process of the present invention relates to the preparation of a homogeneous composition
  • a homogeneous composition comprising:
  • Step (c) of the process of the present invention is the first kneading step, wherein the homogeneous composition of step (a) and the aqueous dispersion prepared in step (b) are kneaded together.
  • the cement used in step (a) is a Portland white cement
  • the kneading step (c) is carried out at a speed between 130 rpm and 150 rpm for a period of time.
  • the cement used in step (a) is an eco-efficient belite clinker
  • the kneading stage (c) is carried out at a first speed of between 130 rpm and 150 rpm for a period of time of at least 10 seconds and a second speed between 270 rpm and 300 rpm for a period of time of at least 30 seconds and where the kneading step (e) is carried out at a speed of between 280 rpm and 300 rpm for a period of time of at least 50 seconds
  • the homogeneous composition of step (a) further comprises Ca (OH) 2 .
  • step (a) Another preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention relates to step (a), wherein the homogeneous composition of step (a) further comprises a combination formed by
  • a siliceous aggregate such as sand with a rounded grain between 0, 1 mm and 0.6 mm, where the combination is colorless, white or beige.
  • the homogeneous composition of step (a) further comprises a combination formed by
  • a resin powder comprising ethylene, acetate or vinyl chloride
  • Step (b) of the process of the present invention relates to the preparation of an aqueous dispersion of an encapsulated reversible thermochromic pigment.
  • the reversible thermochromic pigment of step (b) is in the dispersion in a proportion of between 1% and 6% of the final composition of the mortar.
  • Step (g) refers to the application of the product obtained in step (f) on an element of a structure exposed to solar radiation in the form of a monolayer or layers of thickness less than 20 mm.
  • step (h) refers to the curing of the product applied in step (g) in an atmosphere with a humidity less than 90%.
  • the humidity during the curing process plays a very important role in obtaining the coating mortar of the present invention, since it has been experimentally confirmed that, in a relative humidity environment greater than 90%, usual in curing of test pieces of base-cement materials, behavior thermochromic of the mortars of the present invention is degraded. This fact is an advantage for the application of the coating on facades of buildings located in warm or sunny areas such as southern Spain.
  • Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the reversible thermochromic coating mortar, described above, as a coating of any element of a structure exposed to solar radiation.
  • element of structure exposed to solar radiation is understood, in the present invention, as an area of the structure exposed to solar radiation, the range of said solar radiation being between 300 nm and 2500 nm.
  • thermochromic coating mortar favors a higher temperature inside the mentioned structures when the outside environment is cold and a lower temperature when the outside environment is hot.
  • this behavior also favors a decrease in energy consumption to obtain comfort conditions and therefore an economic advantage for users.
  • a more uniform interior temperature will be achieved throughout the hours of the day and the different seasons that may be necessary for certain types of stored materials that are especially sensitive to changes in temperature or temperatures outside of certain safety ranges.
  • the element of the structure exposed to solar radiation is a facade of a building and the reversible thermochromic coating mortar acts as a temperature regulator of buildings for
  • FIG. 1 Reflectance spectra of thermochromic mortar specimens MWT1 and MBT1 at upper temperature (40 ° C) and lower (20 ° C) at the corresponding color change of the thermochromic pigment used (31 ° C).
  • FIG.2 Reflectance spectra of MWT2 thermochromic mortar specimens cured with a relative humidity lower than 50% and cured with a relative humidity higher than 90% for higher temperature (50 ° C) and lower (20 ° C) than the one corresponding to color change of the thermochromic pigment used (31 ° C)
  • FIG. 3 Reflectance spectra of thermochromic mortar specimens MWT2 and MBT2 at higher temperature (40 ° C) and lower (20 ° C) than the color change of the thermochromic pigment used (31 ° C).
  • Table 1 shows the concrete composition of two coating mortars, one of them based on a conventional white Portland cement (MWT1) and the other on an eco-efficient belitic cement synthesized hydrothermally from a waste (MBT1) .
  • MTT1 white Portland cement
  • MBT1 eco-efficient belitic cement synthesized hydrothermally from a waste
  • thermochromic functionality a reversible thermochromic pigment encapsulated in microcapsules of organic material is added, as is the case with the pigments in aqueous dispersion ChromaZone® Slurry from TMC Hallcrest.
  • These pigments become colorless or of a light color when they are heated above their activation temperature (Te) and this change is reversible, recovering the original color when cooled again.
  • the standard colors of these pigments are black, blue, purple, green, orange and red, for this embodiment the black color has been chosen.
  • the activation temperature of the black ChromaZone® Slurry pigment is 31 ° C in a proportion of 3% of the total weight of solid (reversible thermochromic investment mortar).
  • the granular limestone Granicarb 0.3 / 1 -BE of Omya used in both mortars has a granulometry characterized by particle sizes of between 0.3 mm and 1 mm, so that the surface finish of the mortar is suitable for applications in coatings.
  • the content Minimum of limestone aggregate in the reversible thermochromic coating mortar should be 60% of the total weight of solid.
  • Step 1 Prepare the mixture of solids in the proportions indicated in table 1 and homogenize said mixture mechanically;
  • Step 2 Knead the mortar obtained in a mixer:
  • thermochromic coating mortar o Weigh in a separate container the rest of the water to complete a weight of 18% by weight of the final thermochromic coating mortar; o Start a first kneading at a speed of 140 rpm ("slow" speed) and add the water mixture with pigment. Pour the rest of the water in the glass used for the mixture and shake to dilute the pigment remains, before adding it to the mixer. All the liquid must be added during the first 30 seconds of kneading. Continue kneading at 140 rpm for a total time of 45 seconds
  • Step 3 Apply the thermochromic mortar obtained on the desired structure and cure.
  • the humidity during the curing process plays a very important role in obtaining the coating mortar of the present invention, since it has been confirmed experimentally that, in an environment of relative humidity greater than 90 %, usual in the curing of test pieces of base-cement materials, the thermochromic behavior of the mortars is degraded.
  • the mixture of solids is prepared with the proportions indicated for MBT1 in Table 1;
  • the total amount of water to be added is 23% by weight with respect to the final thermochromic coating mortar.
  • the first kneading is carried out with a speed of 140 rpm ("slow” speed) for 15 seconds and then the kneading speed is increased to 285 rpm ("fast” speed) until a total time of this first mixing of 45 seconds is completed.
  • Table 2 shows the values of consistency, density in the fresh state and resistances at 28 days of curing to flexion (Rf-28d) and compression (Rc-28d) of the hardened mortar obtained in accordance with the UNE-EN- 1015 of the mortars manufactured with the dosages and the preparation sequences described above.
  • Standard UNE-EN 1015-3 2000. Test methods for masonry mortars. Part 3: Determination of the consistency of the fresh mortar (by the shaking table). Standard UNE-EN 1015-6: 1999 / A1: 2007. Methods of testing mortar for masonry. Part 6: Determination of bulk density of fresh mortar.
  • Part 1 1 Determination of the resistance to bending and compression of the hardened mortar.
  • thermochromic mortars The values obtained are suitable for the application of mortars as facade cladding. Table 2. Properties of thermochromic mortars
  • the spectra confirm a sharp decrease in reflectance in the visible range of the spectrum (at wavelengths between 380 nm and 780 nm) when the temperature decreases between these two values, associated with a sudden increase in absorbance when passing through the value of Tea.
  • the solar absorbance goes from a measured value of 0.616 at 40 ° C to 0.659 at 20 ° C (a variation of 0.043) for the MWT1 mortar.
  • the variation is from 0.635 at 40 ° C to 0.669 at 20 ° C (variation of 0.034).
  • the visible absorbance goes from a measured value of 0.687 at 40 ° C to 0.762 at 20 ° C for the MWT1 mortar.
  • the eco-efficient belite cement mortar (MBT1) the variation is 0.681 at 40 ° C to 0.741 at 20 ° C.
  • MTT1 white cement mortar
  • Table 3 shows the concrete composition of two coating mortars that include resin, cellulosic fiber, metakaolin, three types of limestone aggregate with different granulometries and a contribution of siliceous aggregate, one of them based on conventional white Portland cement (MWT2) and the other in an eco-efficient belite clinker synthesized hydrothermally from a waste (MBT2).
  • the eco-efficient belite clinker formulation also includes a superfluidifying additive. This formulation improves (with respect to that of Example 1) the circulation of the particles, the setting rate, the dispersion of the pigments and their compatibility with the matrix.
  • Table 3 Composition of two thermochromic mortars with fibers.
  • thermochromic pigment encapsulated in microcapsules of organic material is added, as is the case with the TMC Hallcrest ChromaZone® Slurry aqueous dispersion pigment of black color and activation temperature (Te) of 31 ° C.
  • Te activation temperature
  • the limestone aggregates used in both mortars have different granulometries to obtain a well-compensated granulometric distribution curve that favors a compensated setting and a better behavior of the organic pigments.
  • the limy aggregate Granicarb 0.1 / 0.8-DA of Omya is characterized by particle sizes between 0.1 mm and 0.8 mm.
  • the limestone aggregate White Powder of Macael is characterized by particle sizes between 0.01 mm and 0.9 mm.
  • the limy aggregate Betocarb P1-DA from Omya is characterized by through particle sizes at 0.125 mm by 95 ⁇ 5% and through-holes by 0.063 mm by 80 ⁇ 5%.
  • the siliceous aggregate used in both mortars is 0, 1-0.6 mm sand from Sifusa, which is characterized by sand graded with rounded grain and light beige color. particle sizes between 0, 1 and 0.6 mm.
  • the minimum content of the total limestone aggregate in the reversible thermochromic coating mortar must be 60% of the total weight of solid .
  • the hydrophobic additive used is HISA A 2388 N of Clariant Ibérica, whose composition is sodium oleate.
  • the retaining additive used is Tylose MH 12003 P6 with a modified methylhydroxyethylcellulose composition and a viscosity of 15,000 mPs s.
  • the resin used is Vinnapas 8031 H of Wacker powder and with composition formed by ethylene, vinyl laureate and vinyl chloride.
  • the fiber used is Arbocel Fl 540 CA from JRS Ibérica, composed of technical cellulose with average fiber length of 600 ⁇ .
  • the metakaolin used is Burgess Optipozz from Burgess Pigment, composed of calcined aluminum silicate.
  • the superplasticizing additive used in the MBT2 mortar formulation is a polyacrylate derivative.
  • the sequence describing the method of preparing the coating mortar comprising the mortar MWT2 of Table 3 is the same as that collected in Example 1 for the MWT1 mortar, except that the total amount of water to be added is 18 , 5% by weight with respect to final thermochromic coating mortar.
  • humidity also plays a very important role during the curing process when obtaining the coating mortar of the present invention, since it has been experimentally confirmed that, in an environment of relative humidity greater than 90%, usual in the curing of test pieces of cement-base materials, the thermochromic behavior of the mortars is degraded.
  • the spectrum of the MWT2 mortar specimen cured in an environment with relative humidity of less than 50% shows a sharp decrease in reflectance when the temperature decreases between these two values, associated with a sudden increase in absorbance when passing through the Te value. .
  • the Spectrum of a MWT2 mortar specimen cured in an environment with relative humidity greater than 90% does not vary when the temperature decreases between 50 ° C and 20 ° C.
  • Table 4 shows the values of consistency, density in the fresh state and resistances at 28 days of curing to flexion (Rf-28d) and compression (Rc-28d) of the hardened mortar obtained in accordance with the UNE-EN- 1015 of the mortars manufactured with the dosages and the preparation sequences described above.
  • Standard UNE-EN 1015-3 2000. Test methods for masonry mortars. Part 3: Determination of the consistency of the fresh mortar (by the shaking table). Standard UNE-EN 1015-6: 1999 / A1: 2007. Methods of testing mortar for masonry. Part 6: Determination of bulk density of fresh mortar.
  • Part 1 1 Determination of the resistance to bending and compression of the hardened mortar.
  • the spectra confirm a sharp decrease in reflectance in the visible range of the spectrum (at wavelengths between 380 nm and 780 nm) when the temperature decreases between these two values, associated with a sudden increase in absorbance when passing through the value of Tea.
  • the solar absorbance goes from a measured value of 0.622 at 40 ° C to 0.682 at 20 ° C (a variation of the solar absorbance of 0.060%) for the MWT2 mortar.
  • the variation is from 0.546 to 40 ° C to 0.624 to 20 ° C (a variation of 0.078).
  • the visible absorbance goes from a measured value of 0.661 at 40 ° C to 0.763 at 20 ° C for the MWT2 mortar.
  • the eco-efficient belite cement mortar (MBT2) the variation is from 0.575 to 40 ° C to 0.709 at 20 ° C.
  • thermochromic mortars with temperature results in a variation of the surface temperature of the coating that can be exploited in terms of energy efficiency and sustainability.
  • the variation of the solar absorbance with the temperature is more pronounced than in the case of the mortars of Example 1.
  • the variation of the solar absorbance is 0.060 and in the MWT1 mortar the variation is 0.043.
  • the variation of the solar absorbance is 0.078 and in the MBT1 mortar the variation is of 0.034.
  • thermochromic coating mortar used in the facade has been studied considering as building model a terraced single-family house that, being a usual building type in the park built in Spain, is one of the example models of the Unified Lider-Calener tool for verification of Energy Saving requirements (DB HE) of the Technical Building Code (CTE) [Order FOM / 1635/2013, of September 10, which updates the Basic Document DB-HE «Energy Saving » Of the Technical Building Code, approved by Royal Decree 314/2006, of March 17].
  • DB HE Energy Saving requirements
  • CTE Technical Building Code
  • the house has two floors, with a total living area of 82 m 2 . It has a surface area of 21 1 m 2 with a percentage of gaps in the façade of 15%, enclosing a volume of living space of 222 m 3 .
  • the resulting compactness of the building is 1 m, said compactness being defined as the result of dividing the volume of living space between the envelope surface.
  • the thermal transmittances of the enclosures that make up the thermal envelope of the model building are the orientative values of the DB HE of the CTE for the fulfillment of the requirements related to energy demand.
  • the analysis of the energy demand of the case studied is based on simulations using the Design Builder software tool (version 4.7.0), which integrates the Energy Plus calculation engine.
  • the building with a north-south orientation and facades without insulation is considered so that the thermochromic behavior of the coating has a greater impact on the results.
  • the energetic simulation of the building was carried out with the properties of the coating mortar with the fine composition comprising fibers based on belitic cement, MBT2 described in Example 2.
  • the behavior has been compared energy of the building when the coating has a constant behavior of the MBT2 mortar at 40 ° C ( Figure 3), when it has a constant behavior of the MBT2 mortar at 20 ° C ( Figure 3) and when the mortar has a thermochromic behavior , variable with temperature.
  • the demand values corresponding to the properties of the mortar for 40 ° C have been taken, when the simulated surface temperature of the wall is higher than 28 ° C, the demand values corresponding to the properties of the mortar have been taken at a temperature of 20 ° C when the simulated surface temperature of the wall is less than 22 ° C, and in the remaining hours of the year when the surface temperature is between 22 ° C and 28 ° C, the demand corresponding to a coating with the optical properties relating to a temperature of 25 ° C, calculated by interpolation of the corresponding values at 20 ° C and 30 ° C.
  • the energy simulation is proposed in a D3 climate, in the case of Madrid.
  • the climatic zone D3 represents a severe climate in winter due to its low temperatures, and also severe in summer due to its high temperatures.

Abstract

The present invention relates to a reversible thermochromic rendering mortar suitable for use as a coating for structural elements exposed to solar radiation. In addition, the present invention relates to the method for obtaining said mortar and to the use thereof for coating any element of a structure exposed to solar radiation, such as energy-efficient building façades. Therefore, the present invention can be included in the area of material engineering and science, specifically in the area of construction, in particular in energy-efficient construction.

Description

DESCRIPCIÓN  DESCRIPTION
MORTERO DE REVESTIMIENTO TERMOCRÓMICO REVERSIBLE, REVERSIBLE THERMOCROMIC COATING MORTAR,
PROCEDIMIENTO DE OBTENCIÓN Y USO  PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING AND USING
La presente invención se refiere a un mortero de revestimiento termocrómico reversible adecuado para revestir un elemento de estructura expuesta a la radiación solar. Además, la presente invención se refiere al procedimiento de obtención de dicho mortero y a su uso para revestir cualquier elemento de una estructura expuesta a la radiación solar como son fachadas de edificios energéticamente eficientes. The present invention relates to a reversible thermochromic coating mortar suitable for coating a structural element exposed to solar radiation. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the process for obtaining said mortar and to its use for coating any element of a structure exposed to solar radiation, such as the facades of energy-efficient buildings.
Por tanto, la presente invención se podría encuadrar en el área de la ciencia e ingeniería de materiales, concretamente en el área de la construcción, particularmente en la edificación energéticamente eficiente. Therefore, the present invention could be framed in the area of materials science and engineering, specifically in the area of construction, particularly in energy-efficient buildings.
ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓN BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
La respuesta óptica de los materiales define su temperatura superficial cuando están expuestos a la radiación solar, de manera que esta temperatura aumentará cuanto mayor sea la absorción de la radiación incidente del sol. En este sentido, los materiales convencionales tienen una respuesta óptica constante, que no se ve afectada por parámetros externos, salvo su degradación o deterioro. Sin embargo, existen actualmente materiales dinámicos cromogénicos, que cambian sus propiedades ópticas en función de parámetros externos como la incidencia de radiación ultravioleta (materiales fotocrómicos), la aplicación de un voltaje eléctrico (electrocrómicos) o la temperatura (termocrómicos). Este tipo de materiales aportan también un valor estético añadido por el cambio de aspecto del material y se emplean actualmente en campos muy diversos como la fabricación de automóviles o la construcción. The optical response of the materials defines their surface temperature when they are exposed to solar radiation, so that this temperature will increase the greater the absorption of the radiation incident from the sun. In this sense, conventional materials have a constant optical response, which is not affected by external parameters, except for their degradation or deterioration. However, there are currently dynamic chromogenic materials that change their optical properties depending on external parameters such as the incidence of ultraviolet radiation (photochromic materials), the application of an electrical voltage (electrochromic) or temperature (thermochromic). This type of materials also provide an added aesthetic value due to the change of appearance of the material and are currently used in very diverse fields such as automobile manufacturing or construction.
En el caso concreto de la construcción, una envolvente opaca de color más oscuro, que absorba la energía de la radiación solar, o bien un acristalamiento más transparente, que permita la entrada de esta radiación al interior del edificio, serán convenientes en invierno y permitirán una reducción del consumo energético de iluminación y calefacción. Sin embargo, estas mismas soluciones también provocarán en verano un aumento de la temperatura del edificio y de sus espacios interiores, que generará un efecto negativo en la isla de calor urbana y en el consumo energético de refrigeración. Es por ello que se han implementado en este campo materiales cuya respuesta óptica puede variar y tomar el valor más adecuado para cada una de las circunstancias. Por ejemplo, existen acristalamientos electrocrómicos o termocrómicos, con los que se puede regular la cantidad de radiación transmitida hacia los espacios interiores del edificio [C.G. Granqvist. Recent progress in thermochromics and electrochromics: a brief survey. Thin Solid Films 614 (2016) 90- 96]. In the specific case of construction, a darker color opaque envelope, which absorbs the energy of solar radiation, or a more transparent glazing, which allows the entry of this radiation into the interior of the building, will be convenient in winter and will allow a reduction in energy consumption of lighting and heating. However, these same solutions will also cause in summer an increase in the temperature of the building and its interior spaces, which will generate a negative effect on the urban heat island and on the energy consumption of cooling. That is why materials whose optical response can vary and take the most appropriate value for each of the circumstances have been implemented in this field. For example, there are electrochromic or thermochromic glazing, with which the amount of radiation transmitted to the interior spaces of the building can be regulated [CG Granqvist. Recent progress in thermochromics and electrochromics: a brief survey. Thin Solid Films 614 (2016) 90-96].
Para el campo concreto de la construcción podemos encontrar entre la bibliografía pinturas con comportamiento termocrómico reversible para su uso como revestimiento de envolventes de edificios. En el caso de las fachadas, este tipo de propuestas debe implementarse como capa final del acabado sobre una capa subyacente de mortero de revestimiento, lo cual implica un tiempo largo de puesta en obra, un coste económico elevado y posibles problemas de durabilidad por levantamiento de la capa superficial de pintura. Por tanto, es necesario desarrollar nuevas composiciones termocrómicas reversibles que superen las desventajas mencionadas anteriormente para poder ser utilizadas en los diversos campos de interés, por ejemplo, en el campo de la construcción. For the concrete field of construction, we can find paintings with reversible thermochromic behavior among the bibliography for use as cladding for building envelopes. In the case of facades, this type of proposal must be implemented as the final layer of the finish on an underlying layer of coating mortar, which implies a long time of laying, a high economic cost and possible problems of durability due to lifting the superficial layer of paint. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new reversible thermochromic compositions that overcome the disadvantages mentioned above in order to be used in the various fields of interest, for example, in the field of construction.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención se refiere a un mortero de revestimiento que implementa la funcionalidad termocromica reversible. Se trata de una composición en base cemento que presenta propiedades termocrómicas reversibles. Por un lado, para que la composición sea considerada mortero de revestimiento en base cemento sus resistencias mecánicas deben atender fundamentalmente en su respuesta a las tensiones provocadas por pequeños movimientos diferenciales del soporte, tensiones generadas por cambios ambientales e impactos o agresiones externas. Distinguimos dos tipos de resistencias relacionadas con las solicitaciones que deberá de soportar el mortero de revestimiento: compresión y tracción. La resistencia a compresión (Rc) nos proporciona una idea de la cohesión interna del mortero. Indica, así, su capacidad de soportar presiones sin disgregarse. La cohesión también se relaciona con el grado de estanqueidad que será capaz de alcanzar una vez dispuesto. The present invention relates to a coating mortar that implements the reversible thermochromic functionality. It is a cement-based composition that has reversible thermochromic properties. On the one hand, for the composition to be considered a cement-based coating mortar, its mechanical resistances must deal primarily with its response to stresses caused by small differential movements of the support, stresses generated by environmental changes and impacts or external aggressions. We distinguish two types of resistances related to the stresses that the coating mortar must withstand: compression and traction. The compressive strength (R c ) gives us an idea of the internal cohesion of the mortar. Indicates, well, its ability to withstand pressures without disintegrating. Cohesion is also related to the degree of tightness that will be able to achieve once disposed.
La resistencia a tracción (Rt) nos proporciona información sobre la dificultad que oponen las partículas a separarse. Como en el resto de este tipo de materiales la resistencia a tracción es baja, por lo que debe asegurarse que el material no estará expuesto a estas solicitaciones. The tensile strength (R t ) gives us information about the difficulty of the particles to separate. As in the rest of this type of materials, the tensile strength is low, so it must be ensured that the material will not be exposed to these stresses.
Es, por tanto, importante que el mortero destinado a revestir desarrolle resistencias mecánicas, tanto a flexión como a compresión, durante los primeros 28 días de curado. It is, therefore, important that the mortar destined to be coated develops mechanical strengths, both bending and compression, during the first 28 days of curing.
Por otro lado, para que la composición sea considerada mortero de revestimiento debe cumplir con ciertos requisitos en cuanto a sus propiedades físicas y mecánicas. Concretamente, debe presentar una consistencia y una densidad en estado fresco que garantice su fluidez para aplicarlo sobre el soporte a recubrir. En este sentido, el requisito a exigir a la composición será diferente para el revestimiento de un elemento vertical, que para uno horizontal. En el caso de un revestimiento de fachadas (aplicación vertical), por ejemplo, será necesario un material más fluido si se va aplicar el mortero en capas de acabado más finas, mientras que si se va a aplicar un espesor mayor, es más conveniente una menor fluidez. El mortero de revestimiento de la presente invención es adecuado para aplicaciones verticales y horizontales. On the other hand, for the composition to be considered a coating mortar it must meet certain requirements in terms of its physical and mechanical properties. Specifically, it must have a consistency and density in a fresh state that guarantees its fluidity to apply it on the substrate to be coated. In this sense, the requirement to require the composition will be different for the coating of a vertical element, than for a horizontal one. In the case of a cladding of facades (vertical application), for example, a more fluid material will be necessary if the mortar is to be applied in finer finishing layers, whereas if a greater thickness is to be applied, it is more convenient lower fluency The coating mortar of the present invention is suitable for vertical and horizontal applications.
El mortero de revestimiento termocrómico reversible de la presente invención cumple con la normativa UNE-EN 998-1 :2010 para morteros de revestimiento monocapa. El mortero de revestimiento termocrómico reversible de la presente invención se aplica directamente sobre el elemento de una estructura expuesta a la radicación solar en forma de monocapa o capas con un grosor menor de 20 mm; por lo que la adhesión entre el mortero y su soporte, por ejemplo, la fachada de un edificio, queda asegurada. Dicha característica le supone una ventaja con respecto a las pinturas termocrómicas reversibles que han de aplicarse sobre una capa subyacente de mortero de revestimiento. En la presente invención el acabado es final. The reversible thermochromic coating mortar of the present invention complies with the UNE-EN 998-1: 2010 standard for single layer coating mortars. The reversible thermochromic coating mortar of the present invention is applied directly to the element of a structure exposed to solar radiation in the form of a monolayer or layers with a thickness of less than 20 mm; so the adhesion between the mortar and its support, for example, the facade of a building, is assured. This feature is an advantage over reversible thermochromic paints that have to be applied to an underlying mortar layer. coating. In the present invention the finish is final.
Cabe señalar que, para que una composición sea considerada mortero de revestimiento las resistencias mecánicas del soporte deben ser superiores a las resistencias mecánicas del mortero de revestimiento. El mortero debe ser lo suficientemente flexible para acompañar leves movimientos del soporte por causas térmicas o estructurales. Una excesiva rigidez provocaría la aparición de fisuras o agrietamientos. Para conferir al mortero de la presente invención la funcionalidad termocrómica, se añade un pigmento termocrómico reversible encapsulado en microcápsulas de material orgánico. It should be noted that, in order for a composition to be considered a coating mortar, the mechanical resistance of the substrate must be greater than the mechanical resistance of the coating mortar. The mortar must be sufficiently flexible to accompany slight movements of the support due to thermal or structural causes. An excessive rigidity would cause the appearance of fissures or cracks. In order to confer the thermochromic functionality to the mortar of the present invention, a reversible thermochromic pigment encapsulated in microcapsules of organic material is added.
Por el término "pigmento termocrómico reversible" se entiende, en la presente invención, como aquel pigmento que cambia de color con la temperatura; este cambio de color ocurre dentro de un rango de temperaturas, cuando se calientan por encima de su temperatura de activación (Tc). Este cambio es reversible, recuperando el color original cuando se enfrían de nuevo. En un primer aspecto, la presente invención se refiere a un mortero de revestimiento, termocrómico reversible, adecuado para revestir un elemento de una estructura expuesta a la radiación solar, (a partir de aquí "el mortero de la presente invención") caracterizado por que comprende: By the term "reversible thermochromic pigment" is meant, in the present invention, as that pigment which changes color with temperature; This color change occurs within a range of temperatures, when they are heated above their activation temperature (T c ). This change is reversible, recovering the original color when cooled again. In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a reversible thermochromic coating mortar, suitable for coating an element of a structure exposed to solar radiation, (hereinafter "the mortar of the present invention") characterized in that includes:
o un cemento  or a cement
o capsulas que comprenden un pigmento termocrómico reversible en una proporción mayor de 1 % en peso con respecto a la composición final del mortero y menor de 6% en peso con respecto a la composición final del mortero,  or capsules comprising a reversible thermochromic pigment in a proportion greater than 1% by weight with respect to the final composition of the mortar and less than 6% by weight with respect to the final composition of the mortar,
o un árido en una proporción mayor del 60 % en peso con respecto a la composición final del mortero, con un tamaño de grano menor de 1 mm y con una curva granulométrica compensada,  or an aggregate in a proportion greater than 60% by weight with respect to the final composition of the mortar, with a grain size of less than 1 mm and with a compensated grain size curve,
o un aditivo retenedor de agua,  or a water retainer additive,
o un aditivo hidrofugante, y  or a hydrophobic additive, and
o agua Por el término "cemento" se entiende en la presente invención como aquel tipo de cemento caracterizado por tener una blancura mayor del 80%. El cemento debe su color a la ausencia de óxidos férricos (Fe203). La cantidad de óxido férrico en el cemento de la presente invención no supera el 1 %. Para suplir la carencia de óxidos de hierro, se puede añadir óxido de calcio (CaO), fluorita (CaF2) o criolita (Na3AIF6) al cemento de la presente invención. or water By the term "cement" is meant in the present invention as that type of cement characterized by having a whiteness greater than 80%. The cement owes its color to the absence of ferric oxides (Fe 2 0 3 ). The amount of ferric oxide in the cement of the present invention does not exceed 1%. To supplement the lack of iron oxides, calcium oxide (CaO), fluorite (CaF 2 ) or cryolite (Na 3 AIF 6 ) can be added to the cement of the present invention.
En una realización preferida del mortero de la presente invención, el cemento se selecciona de entre un cemento blanco Portland convencional o un clinker belítico eco- eficiente. In a preferred embodiment of the mortar of the present invention, the cement is selected from a conventional Portland white cement or an eco-efficient beliton clinker.
Los morteros de revestimiento actuales se basan en su composición en el cemento Portland convencional, del cual es bien conocido el alto impacto energético y medioambiental que conlleva su fabricación. En este contexto, se han desarrollado distintas estrategias para minimizar el impacto de la fabricación del cemento, incluyendo la valorización de residuos en distintos pasos de su producción y desarrollando distintos procesos de síntesis más eco-eficientes. Un caso concreto de este tipo de estrategias es el cemento belítico eco-eficiente fabricado mediante síntesis hidrotermal a partir de un residuo (cenizas volantes de central térmica). Además de favorecer la valorización de este residuo, el proceso de síntesis conlleva un consumo de energía muy inferior al de cemento Portland, al utilizarse temperaturas menores de 850 °C, y con muy bajas emisiones de C02 tal y como se describe en la referencia [A. Guerrero, S. Goñi, I. Campillo, A. Moragues. Belite cement clinker from coal fly ash of high Ca contení Optimization of synthesis parameters. Environmental Science & Technology 38 (2004) 3209-3213]. Este tipo de cementos se han considerado desde hace años como alternativa eco-eficiente para distintas aplicaciones, como el confinamiento de residuos radiactivos. El color claro del citado cemento representa una ventaja significativa para su empleo como sustituto eco- eficiente del cemento Portland blanco en aplicaciones de fachadas, por ejemplo, con un mínimo impacto desde el punto de vista energético y también estético. Today's coating mortars are based on their composition in conventional Portland cement, of which the high energy and environmental impact of their manufacture is well known. In this context, different strategies have been developed to minimize the impact of cement manufacturing, including the valuation of waste in different steps of its production and developing different synthesis processes more eco-efficient. A specific case of this type of strategy is the eco-efficient belitic cement manufactured by hydrothermal synthesis from a waste (fly ash from a thermal power plant). In addition to promoting the recovery of this waste, the synthesis process involves a much lower energy consumption than Portland cement, when temperatures lower than 850 ° C are used, and with very low C0 2 emissions as described in the reference [TO. Guerrero, S. Goñi, I. Campillo, A. Moragues. Belite cement clinker from coal fly ash of high Ca content Optimization of synthesis parameters. Environmental Science & Technology 38 (2004) 3209-3213]. This type of cement has been considered for years as an eco-efficient alternative for different applications, such as the confinement of radioactive waste. The light color of the aforementioned cement represents a significant advantage for its use as an eco-efficient substitute for white Portland cement in facade applications, for example, with minimal impact from the energy and aesthetic point of view.
Por tanto, en una realización más preferida del mortero de la presente invención, el cemento de dicho mortero de revestimiento es un clinker belítico ecoeficiente Dicho clinker belítico eco-eficiente se obtiene a partir de cenizas volantes, por ejemplo, cenizas volantes de la combustión del carbón, de bajo contenido en cal, con métodos convencionales de baja energía para la síntesis de cementos, pero utilizando temperaturas de síntesis de alrededor de 800 °C, de entre 780 °C y 820 °C. El uso de un componente belítico con estas características supone una clara reducción de los costes de producción para el mortero de revestimiento de la presente invención, debido a la reducción drástica de la temperatura de síntesis, y la reducción de las necesidades de molienda; además, desde el punto de vista ecológico, se reduce la emisión de C02 durante el proceso del horno (conlleva un 33 % menos de emisión de C02) y se usa un residuo de un proceso industrial como materia prima, lo cual implica una reducción en la explotación de recursos naturales y una consiguiente reducción de costes de explotación de canteras. Therefore, in a more preferred embodiment of the mortar of the present invention, the cement of said coating mortar is an eco-efficient beliton clinker. Such eco-efficient beliton clinker is obtained from fly ash, for example, fly ash from the combustion of the coal, low lime content, with methods conventional low energy for the synthesis of cements, but using synthesis temperatures of around 800 ° C, between 780 ° C and 820 ° C. The use of a belite component with these characteristics supposes a clear reduction of the production costs for the coating mortar of the present invention, due to the drastic reduction of the synthesis temperature, and the reduction of the milling needs; also from the ecological point of view, the emission of C0 2 is reduced during the oven (implies 33% less emission of C0 2) and a residue of an industrial process is used as raw material, which implies reduction in the exploitation of natural resources and a consequent reduction of quarry exploitation costs.
El cemento belítico tradicional está constituido fundamentalmente por la variedad estructural β del silicato dicálcico (belita), compuesto que se obtiene a partir de las mezclas de CaC03 y arcilla, calentadas hasta 1400 °C. Así, el cemento belítico tradicional tiene unas propiedades, diferenciadas del cemento Portland ordinario, necesarias para determinadas aplicaciones. En primer lugar, presenta una cinética de hidratación más lenta, por lo que el calor que se libera es más gradual, evitándose problemas de retracción. Esta circunstancia lo hace idóneo para la fabricación de grandes bloques de hormigón en masa, como es el caso de las presas. En segundo lugar, es un cemento más estable microestructuralmente frente a determinados procesos agresivos que transcurren en medios altamente alcalinos, como suele ser el cemento Portland ordinario. Además, la mínima cantidad de Ca(OH)2 que se produce durante su hidratación asegura su estabilidad frente al ataque por sulfatos. Además, su proceso de fabricación implica una menor contaminación ambiental en comparación con el proceso de fabricación tradicional del cemento Portland. Estas ventajas son aplicables al clinker belítico eco-eficiente de la presente invención. The traditional belitic cement is constituted fundamentally by the structural variety β of the dicalcium silicate (belite), a compound obtained from the mixtures of CaCO 3 and clay, heated up to 1400 ° C. Thus, traditional belite cement has properties, differentiated from ordinary Portland cement, necessary for certain applications. First, it has a slower hydration kinetics, so the heat released is more gradual, avoiding retraction problems. This circumstance makes it ideal for the manufacture of large blocks of concrete in mass, as is the case of dams. Secondly, it is a cement that is more stable microstructurally against certain aggressive processes that take place in highly alkaline media, such as ordinary Portland cement. In addition, the minimum amount of Ca (OH) 2 that occurs during hydration ensures its stability against attack by sulfates. In addition, its manufacturing process involves less environmental pollution compared to the traditional Portland cement manufacturing process. These advantages are applicable to the eco-efficient belitical clinker of the present invention.
Además, el clinker belítico ecoeficiente al que se refiere la presente invención no contiene sulfatos puesto que proviene de residuos/cenizas. El ion sulfato daña la melamina-formaldehido que forman las capsulas del pigmento termocrómico reversible, por lo que un mortero de revestimiento que comprende un clinker belítico ecoeficiente supone una ventaja para la durabilidad del pigmento termocrómico reversible encapsulado Para conferir al mortero de la presente invención la funcionalidad termocrómica, se añade un pigmento termocrómico reversible encapsulado en microcápsulas de material orgánico. Por el término "pigmento termocrómico reversible" se entiende, en la presente invención, como aquel pigmento que cambia de color con la temperatura; este cambio de color ocurre dentro de un rango de temperaturas, cuando se calientan por encima de su temperatura de activación (Te). Este cambio es reversible, recuperando el color original cuando se enfrían de nuevo. In addition, the eco-efficient belite clinker to which the present invention refers does not contain sulfates since it comes from waste / ash. The sulfate ion damages the melamine-formaldehyde formed by the reversible thermochromic pigment capsules, so that a coating mortar comprising an eco-efficient belite clinker is an advantage for the durability of the encapsulated reversible thermochromic pigment. To confer to the mortar of the present invention the thermochromic functionality, a reversible thermochromic pigment encapsulated in microcapsules of organic material is added. By the term "reversible thermochromic pigment" is meant, in the present invention, as that pigment which changes color with temperature; This color change occurs within a range of temperatures, when they are heated above their activation temperature (Te). This change is reversible, recovering the original color when cooled again.
Los colores estándar de estos pigmentos son negro, azul, morado, verde, naranja y rojo, pero es posible solicitar colores diferentes. En cuanto a la temperatura de activación se puede seleccionar dentro del rango entre -10 °C y + 69 °C, siendo los valores estándar de 15 °C, 31 °C y 47 °C. The standard colors of these pigments are black, blue, purple, green, orange and red, but it is possible to request different colors. As for the activation temperature, it can be selected within the range between -10 ° C and + 69 ° C, being the standard values of 15 ° C, 31 ° C and 47 ° C.
Ejemplos son los pigmentos en polvo o en dispersión acuosa con una concentración de sólido próxima al 50 %, de entre 45 % y 55 %, en los que el compuesto termocrómico está protegido por cápsulas de resina de melamina-formaldehído con tamaño de partícula menor de 10 μηι. El pigmento suele estar formado por los siguientes tres componentes: Examples are pigments in powder or aqueous dispersion with a solid concentration close to 50%, between 45% and 55%, in which the thermochromic compound is protected by melamine-formaldehyde resin capsules with a smaller particle size of 10 μηι. The pigment is usually made up of the following three components:
un formador del color sensible al pH (donador de electrones), el cual determina el color del pigmento  a pH-sensitive color former (electron donor), which determines the color of the pigment
- un donador de protones (aceptor de electrones) que actúa como desabollador del color; normalmente se trata de un ácido débil que permite que la reacción sea reversible y es responsable de la intensidad del color  - a proton donor (electron acceptor) that acts as a color shaper; normally it is a weak acid that allows the reaction to be reversible and is responsible for the intensity of the color
un disolvente hidrofóbico y no volátil, tipo alcohol, éster o éter (por ejemplo, el metil estearato), con un punto de fusión bajo que coincide con la temperatura de transición para que se produzca la reacción termocrómica.  a hydrophobic and non-volatile solvent, such as alcohol, ester or ether (for example, methyl stearate), with a low melting point that coincides with the transition temperature for the thermochromic reaction to take place.
La composición del "árido" de la presente invención debe ser carbonato cálcico con un color lo más próximo posible al del cemento empleado de manera que, cuando el pigmento se decolore, el mortero alcance el color más próximo al blanco posible. A lo largo de la presente invención, el término "árido" se refiere preferentemente a áridos de naturaleza caliza. The composition of the "aggregate" of the present invention should be calcium carbonate with a color as close as possible to that of the cement used so that, when the pigment becomes discolored, the mortar reaches the color closest to the possible target. Throughout the present invention, the term "aggregate" preferably refers to limestone aggregates.
En la presente invención, el "árido" tiene una granulometría caracterizada por tamaños de partícula menores de 1 mm y con curvas granulométricas bien compensadas; que permite obtener un mortero de revestimiento sin espacios intersticiales, para que el acabado superficial del mortero de revestimiento sea adecuado para aplicaciones en revestimientos. Preferiblemente, el árido tiene un tamaño de grano de entre 0,3 mm y 1 mm. La proporción de árido en la presente invención debe ser mayor del 40 % en peso con respecto a la composición final del mortero de revestimiento. Una proporción menor produce la pérdida del comportamiento termocrómico del mortero de la presente invención, se deterioran las microcápsulas de pigmento. Preferiblemente, el árido está en una proporción mayor del 60 % en peso con respecto a la composición final del mortero. In the present invention, the "aggregate" has a granulometry characterized by particle sizes less than 1 mm and with well-compensated granulometric curves; that allows to obtain a coating mortar without interstitial spaces, so that the Surface finish of the coating mortar is suitable for coating applications. Preferably, the aggregate has a grain size of between 0.3 mm and 1 mm. The proportion of aggregate in the present invention should be greater than 40% by weight with respect to the final composition of the coating mortar. A smaller proportion results in the loss of the thermochromic behavior of the mortar of the present invention, the pigment microcapsules are deteriorated. Preferably, the aggregate is in a proportion greater than 60% by weight with respect to the final composition of the mortar.
En el mortero de la presente invención, el "aditivo retenedor de agua" evita que el agua del revestimiento sea absorbida por el soporte. Es un aditivo celulósico, por ejemplo, metil hidroxietil celulosa o hidroxipropil metil celulosa, que se añade en proporciones del orden de entre 0, 10 y 0, 13 % en peso con respecto a la composición final del mortero de revestimiento. In the mortar of the present invention, the "water retaining additive" prevents the coating water from being absorbed by the support. It is a cellulose additive, for example, methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose or hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, which is added in proportions of the order of between 0.10 and 0.13% by weight with respect to the final composition of the coating mortar.
En cuanto al "aditivo hidrofugante" evitar la entrada de agua del exterior una vez que el revestimiento está aplicado sobre el soporte. Se trata de un oleato, por ejemplo de sodio, que puede estar mezclado con un estearato, por ejemplo de calcio, zinc o de magnesio. Se añade en una proporción del orden de entre 0, 1 1 % y 0, 15 % en peso con respecto a la composición final del mortero de revestimiento. As for the "hydrophobing additive", avoid the entry of water from the exterior once the coating is applied to the support. It is an oleate, for example sodium, which can be mixed with a stearate, for example calcium, zinc or magnesium. It is added in a proportion of the order of between 0.1-1% and 0.15% by weight with respect to the final composition of the coating mortar.
La cantidad de "agua" en el mortero de la presente invención debe ser tal que esté entre un 18 % y un 24 % del peso del mortero seco. The amount of "water" in the mortar of the present invention should be such that it is between 18% and 24% by weight of the dry mortar.
En una realización preferida del mortero de la presente invención, éste además comprende hidróxido de calcio Ca(OH)2, más preferentemente el Ca(OH)2 se encuentra en una proporción entre el 2 % y el 5 % en peso con respecto a la composición final del mortero de revestimiento de la presente invención. El hidróxido de calcio en la composición del mortero de revestimiento de la presente invención tiene como finalidad mejorar la plasticidad del material. In a preferred embodiment of the mortar of the present invention, it also comprises calcium hydroxide Ca (OH) 2 , more preferably Ca (OH) 2 is in a proportion between 2% and 5% by weight with respect to the final composition of the coating mortar of the present invention. The calcium hydroxide in the composition of the coating mortar of the present invention is intended to improve the plasticity of the material.
En otra realización preferida del mortero de revestimiento de la presente invención, éste además comprende una combinación formada por • una resina en polvo que comprende etileno, acetato o cloruro de vinilo,In another preferred embodiment of the coating mortar of the present invention, it further comprises a combination formed by • a resin powder comprising ethylene, acetate or vinyl chloride,
• fibras de celulosa natural insolubles en agua, • natural cellulose fibers insoluble in water,
• metacaolín,  • metakaolin
• al menos tres tipos de árido calizo con distintas granulometrías, de entre 0,1 mm y 1 mm, que aporten en conjunto una curva granulométrica compensada y • at least three types of lime aggregate with different granulometries, between 0.1 mm and 1 mm, which together contribute a compensated grain size curve and
• un árido silíceo como es una arena con un grano redondeado de entre 0,1 mm y 0,6 mm, • a siliceous aggregate such as sand with a rounded grain between 0.1 mm and 0.6 mm,
donde la combinación es incolora, blanca o beige, y donde dicha combinación mejora la circulación de las partículas en el mortero de la presente invención, además del ritmo de fraguado del mismo, la dispersión de los pigmentos y su compatibilidad con la matriz. wherein the combination is colorless, white or beige, and wherein said combination improves the circulation of the particles in the mortar of the present invention, in addition to the setting rate thereof, the dispersion of the pigments and their compatibility with the matrix.
En la combinación mencionada anteriormente, la resina en polvo está en una proporción de entre 2,0 % y 3,0 % en peso con respecto a la composición final de la combinación, las fibras de celulosa en una proporción de entre 0,10 % y 0,30 % en peso con respecto a la composición final de la combinación, el metacaolín en una proporción de entre 1 ,4% y 2,0 % en peso con respecto a la composición final de la combinación, la mezcla de áridos calizos en una proporción de entre 73,0 % y 76,0 % en peso con respecto a la composición final de la combinación y el árido silíceo en una proporción de entre 4,0 % y 7,0 % en peso en peso con respecto a la composición final de la combinación . In the aforementioned combination, the powder resin is in a proportion between 2.0% and 3.0% by weight with respect to the final composition of the combination, the cellulose fibers in a proportion of between 0.10% and 0.30% by weight with respect to the final composition of the combination, the metakaolin in a proportion of between 1, 4% and 2.0% by weight with respect to the final composition of the combination, the mixture of limestone aggregates in a proportion of between 73.0% and 76.0% by weight with respect to the final composition of the combination and the siliceous aggregate in a proportion between 4.0% and 7.0% by weight by weight with respect to the final composition of the combination.
En otra realización preferida del mortero de la presente invención, en el caso del mortero que contiene cemento belítico eco-eficiente, éste además comprende una combinación formada por In another preferred embodiment of the mortar of the present invention, in the case of mortar containing eco-efficient belitic cement, it also comprises a combination formed by
• una resina en polvo que comprende etileno, acetato o cloruro de vinilo, • a resin powder comprising ethylene, acetate or vinyl chloride,
• fibras de celulosa natural insolubles en agua, • natural cellulose fibers insoluble in water,
• metacaolín,  • metakaolin
• al menos tres tipos de árido calizo con distintas granulometrías, de entre 0, 1 mm y 1 mm, que aporten en conjunto una curva granulométrica compensada, • at least three types of limestone aggregate with different granulometries, between 0, 1 mm and 1 mm, which together provide a compensated grain size curve,
• un árido silíceo como es una arena con un grano redondeado de entre 0, 1 mm y 0,6 mm, y • a siliceous aggregate such as sand with a rounded grain of between 0.1 mm and 0.6 mm, and
• un aditivo superfluidificante  • a superplasticizing additive
donde la combinación es incolora, blanca o beige. El aditivo superfluidificante está en una proporción del orden de 0, 10 % en peso con respecto a la composición final de la combinación. where the combination is colorless, white or beige. The superplasticizing additive is in a proportion of the order of 0, 10% by weight with respect to the final composition of the combination.
Un segundo aspecto de la presente invención se refiere a un procedimiento para obtener un mortero de revestimiento, termocrómico reversible descrito anteriormente, (a partir de aquí "el procedimiento de la presente invención") caracterizado por que comprende las siguientes etapas: A second aspect of the present invention relates to a method for obtaining a reversible thermochromic coating mortar described above, (hereinafter "the process of the present invention") characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
a) preparar una composición homogénea que comprende: a) prepare a homogeneous composition comprising:
• un cemento  • a cement
• un árido,  • an aggregate,
« un aditivo retenedor de agua,  «A water retainer additive,
• un aditivo hidrofugante, y  • a hydrophobic additive, and
• agua  • Water
b) preparar una dispersión acuosa de un pigmento termocrómico reversible encapsulado, b) preparing an aqueous dispersion of an encapsulated reversible thermochromic pigment,
c) amasar conjuntamente la composición homogénea de la etapa (a) y la dispersión acuosa preparada en la etapa (b) a una velocidad de entre 130 rpm y 300 rpm durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 40 segundos, donde los líquidos de la composición de la etapa (a) y de la dispersión de la etapa (b) se adicionan en los primeros 30 segundos, c) kneading together the homogeneous composition of step (a) and the aqueous dispersion prepared in step (b) at a rate between 130 rpm and 300 rpm for a period of time of at least 40 seconds, wherein the liquids of the The composition of stage (a) and the dispersion of stage (b) are added in the first 30 seconds,
d) dejar reposar el producto obtenido en la etapa (c) durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 15 s, d) letting the product obtained in step (c) stand for a period of time of at least 15 s,
e) amasar el producto obtenido en la etapa (d) a una velocidad de entre 270 rpm y 300 rpm durante al menos 50 segundos, e) kneading the product obtained in step (d) at a speed between 270 rpm and 300 rpm for at least 50 seconds,
f) dejar reposar el producto obtenido en la etapa (e) durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 2 min; y f) allowing the product obtained in step (e) to stand for a period of time of at least 2 min; Y
g) aplicar del producto obtenido en la etapa (f) sobre un elemento de una estructura expuesta a la radiación solar en forma de monocapa o capas que forman un grosor final menor de 20 mm; y g) applying the product obtained in step (f) on an element of a structure exposed to solar radiation in the form of a monolayer or layers that form a final thickness of less than 20 mm; Y
h) curar el producto aplicado en una atmósfera con una humedad menor de 90 %. h) curing the applied product in an atmosphere with a humidity lower than 90%.
La etapa (a) del procedimiento de la presente invención se refiere a la preparación de una composición homogénea que comprende: Step (a) of the process of the present invention relates to the preparation of a homogeneous composition comprising:
• un cemento,  • a cement,
• un árido,  • an aggregate,
· un aditivo retenedor de agua, • un aditivo hidrofugante, y · A water retainer additive, • a hydrophobic additive, and
• agua  • Water
La etapa (c) del procedimiento de la presente invención es la primera etapa de amasado, donde la composición homogénea de la etapa (a) y la dispersión acuosa preparada en la etapa (b) se amasa conjuntamente. Step (c) of the process of the present invention is the first kneading step, wherein the homogeneous composition of step (a) and the aqueous dispersion prepared in step (b) are kneaded together.
En una realización preferida del procedimiento de la presente invención, el cemento utilizado en la etapa (a) es un cemento blanco Portland, la etapa (c) de amasado se lleva a cabo a una velocidad de entre 130 rpm y 150 rpm durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 40 segundos y donde la etapa (e) de amasado se lleva a cabo a una velocidad de entre 270 rpm y 300 rpm durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 50 segundos En otra realización preferida del procedimiento de la presente invención, el cemento utilizado en la etapa (a) es un clinker belítico ecoeficiente, la etapa (c) de amasado se lleva a cabo a una primera velocidad de entre 130 rpm y 150 rpm durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 10 segundos y a una segunda velocidad de entre 270 rpm y 300 rpm durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 30 segundos y donde la etapa (e) de amasado se lleva a cabo a una velocidad de entre 280 rpm y 300 rpm durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 50 segundos. In a preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention, the cement used in step (a) is a Portland white cement, the kneading step (c) is carried out at a speed between 130 rpm and 150 rpm for a period of time. of time of at least 40 seconds and where the kneading step (e) is carried out at a speed between 270 rpm and 300 rpm for a period of time of at least 50 seconds In another preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention , the cement used in step (a) is an eco-efficient belite clinker, the kneading stage (c) is carried out at a first speed of between 130 rpm and 150 rpm for a period of time of at least 10 seconds and a second speed between 270 rpm and 300 rpm for a period of time of at least 30 seconds and where the kneading step (e) is carried out at a speed of between 280 rpm and 300 rpm for a period of time of at least 50 seconds
En otra realización preferida del procedimiento de la presente invención, la composición homogénea de la etapa (a) además comprende Ca(OH)2. In another preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention, the homogeneous composition of step (a) further comprises Ca (OH) 2 .
Otra realización preferida del procedimiento de la presente invención se refiere a la etapa (a), donde la composición homogénea de la etapa (a) además comprende una combinación formada por Another preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention relates to step (a), wherein the homogeneous composition of step (a) further comprises a combination formed by
• una resina en polvo que comprende etileno, acetato o cloruro de vinilo, · fibras de celulosa natural insolubles en agua,  • a powder resin comprising ethylene, acetate or vinyl chloride, · natural water-insoluble cellulose fibers,
• metacaolín,  • metakaolin
• al menos tres tipos de árido calizo con distintas granulometrías, de entre 0, 1 mm y 1 mm, que aporten en conjunto una curva granulométrica compensada, y • at least three types of limestone aggregate with different granulometries, between 0.1 mm and 1 mm, which together provide a compensated grain size curve, and
• un árido silíceo como es una arena con un grano redondeado de entre 0, 1 mm y 0,6 mm, donde la combinación es incolora, blanca o beige. • a siliceous aggregate such as sand with a rounded grain between 0, 1 mm and 0.6 mm, where the combination is colorless, white or beige.
En el caso de que se utilice el Clinker belítico como cemento, la composición homogénea de la etapa (a) además comprende una combinación formada por In case the belitic clinker is used as cement, the homogeneous composition of step (a) further comprises a combination formed by
· una resina en polvo que comprende etileno, acetato o cloruro de vinilo, · A resin powder comprising ethylene, acetate or vinyl chloride,
• fibras de celulosa natural insolubles en agua, • natural cellulose fibers insoluble in water,
• metacaolín,  • metakaolin
• al menos tres tipos de árido calizo con distintas granulometrías, de entre 0, 1 mm y 1 mm, que aporten en conjunto una curva granulométrica compensada, « un árido silíceo como es una arena con un grano redondeado de entre 0, 1 mm y 0,6 mm, y  • at least three types of lime aggregate with different granulometries, between 0.1 mm and 1 mm, which together provide a compensated grain size curve, "a siliceous aggregate such as sand with a rounded grain of between 0.1 mm and 0.6 mm, and
• un aditivo superfluidificante  • a superplasticizing additive
donde la combinación es incolora, blanca o beige. La etapa (b) del procedimiento de la presente invención se refiere a la preparación de una dispersión acuosa de un pigmento termocrómico reversible encapsulado. Preferiblemente, el pigmento termocrómico reversible de la etapa (b) está en la dispersión en una proporción de entre un 1 % y un 6 % de la composición final del mortero. where the combination is colorless, white or beige. Step (b) of the process of the present invention relates to the preparation of an aqueous dispersion of an encapsulated reversible thermochromic pigment. Preferably, the reversible thermochromic pigment of step (b) is in the dispersion in a proportion of between 1% and 6% of the final composition of the mortar.
Las etapas (d) y (f) de reposo tienen la finalidad de favorecer la reacción de los distintos componentes y son necesarias para obtener las características técnicas esenciales de un mortero de revestimiento. La etapa (g) se refiere a la aplicación del producto obtenido en la etapa (f) sobre un elemento de una estructura expuesta a la radiación solar en forma de monocapa o capas de grosor menor de 20 mm. The stages (d) and (f) of rest have the purpose of favoring the reaction of the different components and are necessary to obtain the essential technical characteristics of a coating mortar. Step (g) refers to the application of the product obtained in step (f) on an element of a structure exposed to solar radiation in the form of a monolayer or layers of thickness less than 20 mm.
La última etapa del procedimiento de la invención, la etapa (h) se refiere al curado del producto aplicado en la etapa (g) en una atmósfera con una humedad menor del 90 %. The last stage of the process of the invention, step (h) refers to the curing of the product applied in step (g) in an atmosphere with a humidity less than 90%.
La humedad durante el proceso de curado juega un papel muy importante a la hora de obtener el mortero de revestimiento de la presente invención, puesto que se ha confirmado experimental mente que, en un ambiente de humedad relativa mayor del 90 %, habitual en el curado de probetas de materiales base-cemento, el comportamiento termocrómico de los morteros de la presente invención se degrada. Este hecho supone una ventaja para la aplicación del revestimiento en fachadas de edificios situados en zonas cálidas o soleadas como es el sur de España. Otro aspecto de la presente invención se refiere al uso del mortero de revestimiento, termocrómico reversible, descrito anteriormente, como resvestimiento de cualquier elemento de una estructura expuesta a la radiación solar. The humidity during the curing process plays a very important role in obtaining the coating mortar of the present invention, since it has been experimentally confirmed that, in a relative humidity environment greater than 90%, usual in curing of test pieces of base-cement materials, behavior thermochromic of the mortars of the present invention is degraded. This fact is an advantage for the application of the coating on facades of buildings located in warm or sunny areas such as southern Spain. Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the reversible thermochromic coating mortar, described above, as a coating of any element of a structure exposed to solar radiation.
Por el término "elemento de estructura expuesta a la radicación solar" se entiende, en la presente invención, como un área de la estructura expuesta a la radiación solar, siendo el rango de longitudes de dicha radiación solar de entre 300 nm y 2500 nm. The term "element of structure exposed to solar radiation" is understood, in the present invention, as an area of the structure exposed to solar radiation, the range of said solar radiation being between 300 nm and 2500 nm.
Ejemplos de "estructura expuesta a la radiación solar" son una fachada, la cubierta de un tren o un depósito para almacenamiento. El mortero termocrómico de revestimiento favorece una temperatura más alta en el interior de las estructuras mencionadas cuando el ambiente exterior es frío y una temperatura menor cuando el ambiente exterior es caluroso. En el caso de la fachada de un edificio o la cubierta de un tren este comportamiento además favorece una disminución del consumo energético para obtener condiciones de confort y por tanto una ventaja económica para los usuarios. En el caso de un depósito de almacenamiento se conseguirá una temperatura más uniforme en el interior a lo largo de las horas del día y de las distintas estaciones del año que puede ser necesario para ciertos tipos de materiales almacenados especialmente sensibles a los cambios de temperatura o a temperaturas fuera de ciertos rangos de seguridad. Examples of "structure exposed to solar radiation" are a facade, the cover of a train or a storage tank. The thermochromic coating mortar favors a higher temperature inside the mentioned structures when the outside environment is cold and a lower temperature when the outside environment is hot. In the case of the façade of a building or the roof of a train, this behavior also favors a decrease in energy consumption to obtain comfort conditions and therefore an economic advantage for users. In the case of a storage tank, a more uniform interior temperature will be achieved throughout the hours of the day and the different seasons that may be necessary for certain types of stored materials that are especially sensitive to changes in temperature or temperatures outside of certain safety ranges.
En una realización preferida del uso de la presente invención, el elemento de la estructura expuesta a la radiación solar es una fachada de un edificio y el mortero de revestimiento termocrómico reversible actúa como termorregulador de edificios para In a preferred embodiment of the use of the present invention, the element of the structure exposed to solar radiation is a facade of a building and the reversible thermochromic coating mortar acts as a temperature regulator of buildings for
A lo largo de la descripción y las reivindicaciones la palabra "comprende" y sus variantes no pretenden excluir otras características técnicas, aditivos, componentes o pasos. Para los expertos en la materia, otros objetos, ventajas y características de la invención se desprenderán en parte de la descripción y en parte de la práctica de la invención. Los siguientes ejemplos y figuras se proporcionan a modo de ilustración, y no se pretende que sean limitativos de la presente invención. Throughout the description and the claims the word "comprises" and its variants do not intend to exclude other technical characteristics, additives, components or steps. For those skilled in the art, other objects, advantages and characteristics of the invention will emerge partly from the description and partly from the practice of the invention. The following examples and figures are provided by way of illustration, and they are not intended to be limiting of the present invention.
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS FIGURAS FIG. 1 Espectros de reflectancia de probetas de morteros termocromicos MWT1 y MBT1 a temperatura superior (40 °C) e inferior (20 °C) a la correspondiente al cambio de color del pigmento termocrómico empleado (31 °C). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIG. 1 Reflectance spectra of thermochromic mortar specimens MWT1 and MBT1 at upper temperature (40 ° C) and lower (20 ° C) at the corresponding color change of the thermochromic pigment used (31 ° C).
FIG.2 Espectros de reflectancia de probetas de morteros termocromicos MWT2 curadas con una humedad relativa menor del 50% y curadas con una humedad relativa mayor del 90 % para temperatura superior (50°C) e inferior (20°C) a la correspondiente al cambio de color del pigmento termocrómico empleado (31 °C) FIG.2 Reflectance spectra of MWT2 thermochromic mortar specimens cured with a relative humidity lower than 50% and cured with a relative humidity higher than 90% for higher temperature (50 ° C) and lower (20 ° C) than the one corresponding to color change of the thermochromic pigment used (31 ° C)
FIG. 3 Espectros de reflectancia de probetas de morteros termocromicos MWT2 y MBT2 a temperatura superior (40 °C) e inferior (20 °C) a la correspondiente al cambio de color del pigmento termocrómico empleado (31 °C). FIG. 3 Reflectance spectra of thermochromic mortar specimens MWT2 and MBT2 at higher temperature (40 ° C) and lower (20 ° C) than the color change of the thermochromic pigment used (31 ° C).
EJEMPLOS A continuación, se ilustrará la invención mediante unos ensayos realizados por los inventores, que pone de manifiesto la efectividad del producto de la invención. EXAMPLES Next, the invention will be illustrated by means of tests carried out by the inventors, which highlights the effectiveness of the product of the invention.
EJEMPLO 1 La tabla 1 muestra la composición concreta de dos morteros de revestimiento, uno de ellos basado en un cemento Portland blanco convencional (MWT1) y el otro en un cemento belítico eco-eficiente sintetizado por vía hidrotermal a partir de un residuo (MBT1). En la patente ES2306992T3 se puede encontrar una descripción detallada de dicho cemento belítico eco-eficiente. Tabla 1. Composición de dos morteros termocrómicos. EXAMPLE 1 Table 1 shows the concrete composition of two coating mortars, one of them based on a conventional white Portland cement (MWT1) and the other on an eco-efficient belitic cement synthesized hydrothermally from a waste (MBT1) . In the patent ES2306992T3 a detailed description of said eco-efficient belitic cement can be found. Table 1. Composition of two thermochromic mortars.
Figure imgf000016_0001
Figure imgf000016_0001
Para conferir al mortero la funcionalidad termocrómica, se añade un pigmento termocrómico reversible encapsulado en microcápsulas de material orgánico, como es el caso de los pigmentos en dispersión acuosa ChromaZone® Slurry de TMC Hallcrest. To give the mortar thermochromic functionality, a reversible thermochromic pigment encapsulated in microcapsules of organic material is added, as is the case with the pigments in aqueous dispersion ChromaZone® Slurry from TMC Hallcrest.
Estos pigmentos se vuelven incoloros o de un color claro cuando se calientan por encima de su temperatura de activación (Te) y este cambio es reversible, recuperando el color original cuando se enfrían de nuevo. Los colores estándar de estos pigmentos son negro, azul, morado, verde, naranja y rojo, para este ejemplo de realización se ha escogido el color negro. These pigments become colorless or of a light color when they are heated above their activation temperature (Te) and this change is reversible, recovering the original color when cooled again. The standard colors of these pigments are black, blue, purple, green, orange and red, for this embodiment the black color has been chosen.
La temperatura de activación del pigmento ChromaZone® Slurry de color negro es de 31 °C en una proporción de un 3 % del peso total de sólido (mortero de revestimiento termocrómico reversible). The activation temperature of the black ChromaZone® Slurry pigment is 31 ° C in a proportion of 3% of the total weight of solid (reversible thermochromic investment mortar).
El árido calizo Granicarb 0.3/1 -BE de Omya empleado en ambos morteros tiene una granulometría caracterizada por tamaños de partícula de entre 0,3 mm y 1 mm, para que el acabado superficial del mortero sea adecuado para aplicaciones en revestimientos. The granular limestone Granicarb 0.3 / 1 -BE of Omya used in both mortars has a granulometry characterized by particle sizes of between 0.3 mm and 1 mm, so that the surface finish of the mortar is suitable for applications in coatings.
Para garantizar la integridad de los pigmentos y, por tanto, el comportamiento termocrómico de los morteros de revestimiento de la presente invención, el contenido mínimo de árido calizo en el mortero de revestimiento termocrómico reversible debe ser del 60 % del peso total de sólido. Experimentalmente se ha comprobado que con una proporción de áridos menor o igual al 40% se produce la pérdida del comportamiento termocrómico del material. To guarantee the integrity of the pigments and, therefore, the thermochromic behavior of the coating mortars of the present invention, the content Minimum of limestone aggregate in the reversible thermochromic coating mortar should be 60% of the total weight of solid. Experimentally it has been proven that with a proportion of aggregate less than or equal to 40%, the thermochromic behavior of the material is lost.
La siguiente secuencia describe el procedimiento de preparación del mortero de revestimiento que comprende el mortero MWT1 de la tabla 1 : The following sequence describes the method of preparing the coating mortar comprising the MWT1 mortar of Table 1:
Paso 1 Preparar la mezcla de sólidos en las proporciones indicadas en la tabla 1 y homogeneizar dicha mezcla mecánicamente; Step 1 Prepare the mixture of solids in the proportions indicated in table 1 and homogenize said mixture mechanically;
Paso 2 Amasar el mortero obtenido en amasadora: Step 2 Knead the mortar obtained in a mixer:
o Introducir la mezcla en el vaso de la amasadora.  o Introduce the mixture in the mixing bowl.
o Pesar 1/3 del pigmento en dispersión acuosa que se vaya a añadir, mezclar con el mismo peso de agua y agitar con una varilla de vidrio para asegurar la dispersión adecuada de las microcápsulas;  o Weigh 1/3 of the pigment in aqueous dispersion to be added, mix with the same weight of water and shake with a glass rod to ensure adequate dispersion of the microcapsules;
o Pesar en recipiente separado el resto de agua para completar un peso del 18 % en peso del mortero de revestimiento termocrómico final; o Iniciar un primer amasado a una velocidad de 140 rpm (velocidad "lenta") y añadir la mezcla de agua con pigmento. Verter el resto del agua en el vaso usado para la mezcla y agitar para diluir los restos de pigmento, antes de añadirlo a la amasadora. Todo el líquido se debe añadir durante los primeros 30 segundos de amasado. Continuar amasando a 140 rpm hasta un tiempo total de 45 segundos  o Weigh in a separate container the rest of the water to complete a weight of 18% by weight of the final thermochromic coating mortar; o Start a first kneading at a speed of 140 rpm ("slow" speed) and add the water mixture with pigment. Pour the rest of the water in the glass used for the mixture and shake to dilute the pigment remains, before adding it to the mixer. All the liquid must be added during the first 30 seconds of kneading. Continue kneading at 140 rpm for a total time of 45 seconds
o Parar amasadora y bajar el material de las palas en un tiempo aproximado de 15 segundos;  o Stop kneading and lower the material of the blades in an approximate time of 15 seconds;
o Iniciar un segundo amasado de 1 minuto de duración y con una velocidad de 285 rpm (velocidad "rápida");  o Start a second kneading of 1 minute and with a speed of 285 rpm ("fast" speed);
Parar la amasadora y dejar la masa en reposo hasta un tiempo total de 4 minutos; Stop the mixer and leave the dough at rest for a total time of 4 minutes;
Paso 3 Aplicar el mortero termocrómico obtenido sobre la estructura deseada y curar. Step 3 Apply the thermochromic mortar obtained on the desired structure and cure.
La humedad durante el proceso de curado juega un papel muy importante a la hora de obtener el mortero de revestimiento de la presente invención, puesto que se ha confirmado experimentalmente que, en un ambiente de humedad relativa mayor del 90 %, habitual en el curado de probetas de materiales base-cemento, el comportamiento termocrómico de los morteros se degrada. The humidity during the curing process plays a very important role in obtaining the coating mortar of the present invention, since it has been confirmed experimentally that, in an environment of relative humidity greater than 90 %, usual in the curing of test pieces of base-cement materials, the thermochromic behavior of the mortars is degraded.
Para la preparación del mortero de revestimiento que comprende el clinker belítico eco-eficiente sintetizado por vía hidrotermal a partir de un residuo denominado MBT1 en la tabla 1 se sigue la misma secuencia con las siguientes modificaciones: For the preparation of the coating mortar comprising the eco-efficient belitic clinker synthesized hydrothermally from a residue named MBT1 in table 1, the same sequence is followed with the following modifications:
La mezcla de sólidos se prepara con las proporciones indicadas para MBT1 en la tabla 1 ;  The mixture of solids is prepared with the proportions indicated for MBT1 in Table 1;
La cantidad total de agua a añadir es de un 23 % en peso con respecto a mortero de revestimiento termocrómico final.  The total amount of water to be added is 23% by weight with respect to the final thermochromic coating mortar.
el primer amasado se realiza con una velocidad de 140 rpm (velocidad "lenta") durante 15 segundos y seguidamente se aumenta la velocidad de amasado hasta 285 rpm (velocidad "rápida") hasta completar un tiempo total de este primer amasado de 45 segundos.  the first kneading is carried out with a speed of 140 rpm ("slow" speed) for 15 seconds and then the kneading speed is increased to 285 rpm ("fast" speed) until a total time of this first mixing of 45 seconds is completed.
En la tabla 2 se recogen los valores de consistencia, densidad en estado fresco y resistencias a los 28 días de curado a flexión (Rf-28d) y compresión (Rc-28d) del mortero endurecido obtenidos de acuerdo con las normas UNE-EN-1015 de los morteros fabricados con las dosificaciones y las secuencias de preparación descritas anteriormente. Table 2 shows the values of consistency, density in the fresh state and resistances at 28 days of curing to flexion (Rf-28d) and compression (Rc-28d) of the hardened mortar obtained in accordance with the UNE-EN- 1015 of the mortars manufactured with the dosages and the preparation sequences described above.
Norma UNE-EN 1015-3:2000. Métodos de ensayo para morteros de albañilería. Parte 3: Determinación de la consistencia del mortero fresco (por la mesa de sacudidas). Norma UNE-EN 1015-6: 1999/A1 :2007. Métodos de ensayo de los morteros para albañilería. Parte 6: Determinación de la densidad aparente del mortero fresco. Standard UNE-EN 1015-3: 2000. Test methods for masonry mortars. Part 3: Determination of the consistency of the fresh mortar (by the shaking table). Standard UNE-EN 1015-6: 1999 / A1: 2007. Methods of testing mortar for masonry. Part 6: Determination of bulk density of fresh mortar.
Norma UNE-EN 1015-6:2000/A1 :2007. Métodos de ensayo de los morteros para albañilería. Parte 1 1 : Determinación de la resistencia a flexión y a compresión del mortero endurecido. Standard UNE-EN 1015-6: 2000 / A1: 2007. Methods of testing mortar for masonry. Part 1 1: Determination of the resistance to bending and compression of the hardened mortar.
Los valores obtenidos son adecuados para la aplicación de los morteros como revestimiento de fachadas. Tabla 2. Propiedades de los morteros termocrómicos The values obtained are suitable for the application of mortars as facade cladding. Table 2. Properties of thermochromic mortars
Figure imgf000019_0001
Figure imgf000019_0001
Mientras que, en los morteros de revestimiento convencionales, el comportamiento óptico es constante a cualquier temperatura, los morteros descritos en esta invención cambian su respuesta con la temperatura. La figura 1 muestra los espectros de reflectancia de los dos morteros termocrómicos MWT1 y MBT1 descritos anteriormente en el rango de longitudes de onda de 300 nm a 2500 nm a dos temperaturas: una de ellas (40 °C) claramente por encima de la temperatura de cambio de color del pigmento empleado en su formulación (Tc=31 °C) y la otra claramente por debajo (20 °C). Los espectros confirman una brusca disminución de la reflectancia en el rango visible del espectro (en longitudes de onda entre 380 nm y 780 nm) cuando la temperatura disminuye entre esos dos valores, asociado a un brusco aumento de la absorbancia al pasar por el valor de Te. La absorbancia solar pasa de un valor medido de 0,616 a 40 °C a 0,659 a 20 °C (una variación de 0,043) para el mortero MWT1. Para el mortero de cemento belítico eco-eficiente (MBT1) la variación es de 0,635 a 40 °C a 0,669 a 20 °C (variación de 0,034). Por su parte, la absorbancia visible pasa de un valor medido de 0,687 a 40 °C a 0,762 a 20 °C para el mortero MWT1. Para el mortero de cemento belítico eco-eficiente (MBT1) la variación es de 0,681 a 40 °C a 0,741 a 20 °C. Whereas, in conventional coating mortars, the optical behavior is constant at any temperature, the mortars described in this invention change their response with temperature. Figure 1 shows the reflectance spectra of the two thermochromic mortars MWT1 and MBT1 described above in the wavelength range from 300 nm to 2500 nm at two temperatures: one of them (40 ° C) clearly above the temperature of color change of the pigment used in its formulation (Tc = 31 ° C) and the other clearly below (20 ° C). The spectra confirm a sharp decrease in reflectance in the visible range of the spectrum (at wavelengths between 380 nm and 780 nm) when the temperature decreases between these two values, associated with a sudden increase in absorbance when passing through the value of Tea. The solar absorbance goes from a measured value of 0.616 at 40 ° C to 0.659 at 20 ° C (a variation of 0.043) for the MWT1 mortar. For the eco-efficient belite cement mortar (MBT1) the variation is from 0.635 at 40 ° C to 0.669 at 20 ° C (variation of 0.034). On the other hand, the visible absorbance goes from a measured value of 0.687 at 40 ° C to 0.762 at 20 ° C for the MWT1 mortar. For the eco-efficient belite cement mortar (MBT1) the variation is 0.681 at 40 ° C to 0.741 at 20 ° C.
Un efecto directo de esta variación de las propiedades ópticas del material, concretamente en el rango visible del espectro de entre 380 nm a 780 nm, es el cambio de color que se aprecia. Se observa que las probetas de morteros enfriadas a 8 °C presentan un color gris oscuro similar al que tienen a temperatura ambiente, alrededor de 23 °C. Por el contrario, las probetas calentadas a 50 °C presentan un color significativamente más claro, como corresponde al desplazamiento del espectro a valores reflectancia mayores en el rango visible. Si la proporción de pigmentos que se añade a la mezcla de sólidos para preparar el mortero es demasiado baja, no se obtiene una coloración suficiente del mortero a baja temperatura. Por ejemplo, un mortero de cemento blanco (MWT1) con un 1 % en peso de pigmento negro con respecto a la composición final del mortero, no presenta un excesivo contraste de color con el mismo mortero sin pigmento a una temperatura de 8 °C. A direct effect of this variation of the optical properties of the material, specifically in the visible range of the spectrum between 380 nm and 780 nm, is the change in color that is seen. It is observed that the mortar specimens cooled to 8 ° C have a dark gray color similar to the one they have at room temperature, around 23 ° C. On the contrary, the specimens heated to 50 ° C present a significantly lighter color, as corresponds to the displacement of the spectrum at higher reflectance values in the visible range. If the proportion of pigments that is added to the mixture of solids to prepare the mortar is too low, a sufficient coloration of the mortar at low temperature is not obtained. For example, a white cement mortar (MWT1) with 1% by weight of black pigment with respect to the final composition of the mortar, does not present an excessive color contrast with the same mortar without pigment at a temperature of 8 ° C.
Por otro lado, si la proporción de pigmentos es demasiado alta no se consigue un color claro, próximo al del mortero sin pigmentos, por encima de la temperatura de activación. Por ejemplo, un mortero de cemento blanco MWT1 con un 5 % en peso de pigmento negro con respecto a la composición del mortero final presenta un color a una temperatura de 23 °C muy oscuro. Al calentar el material a 50 °C se produce un cambio en el color del mortero, pero el contraste es claramente menor. La variación en la reflectancia de los morteros termocrómicos con la temperatura, y de la absorbancia solar asociada, da lugar a una variación de la temperatura superficial del revestimiento que puede ser aprovechada en términos de eficiencia energética y sostenibilidad. EJEMPLO 2 Ejemplo de composición que comprende fibras (composición fina) On the other hand, if the proportion of pigments is too high, a clear color, close to that of the mortar without pigments, is not obtained above the activation temperature. For example, a white cement mortar MWT1 with 5% by weight of black pigment with respect to the composition of the final mortar presents a color at a temperature of 23 ° C very dark. Heating the material to 50 ° C produces a change in the color of the mortar, but the contrast is clearly lower. The variation in the reflectance of thermochromic mortars with temperature, and the associated solar absorbance, results in a variation of the surface temperature of the coating that can be exploited in terms of energy efficiency and sustainability. EXAMPLE 2 Example of composition comprising fibers (fine composition)
La tabla 3 muestra la composición concreta de dos morteros de revestimiento que incluyen resina, fibra celulósica, metacaolín, tres tipos de árido calizo con distintas granulometrías y una contribución de árido silíceo, uno de ellos basado en un cemento Portland blanco convencional (MWT2) y el otro en un clinker belítico eco-eficiente sintetizado por vía hidrotermal a partir de un residuo (MBT2). La formulación con clinker belítico eco-eficiente incluye además un aditivo superfluidificante. Esta formulación mejora (respecto a la del ejemplo 1) la circulación de las partículas, el ritmo de fraguado, la dispersión de los pigmentos y su compatibilidad con la matriz. Tabla 3. Composición de dos morteros termocrómicos con fibras. Table 3 shows the concrete composition of two coating mortars that include resin, cellulosic fiber, metakaolin, three types of limestone aggregate with different granulometries and a contribution of siliceous aggregate, one of them based on conventional white Portland cement (MWT2) and the other in an eco-efficient belite clinker synthesized hydrothermally from a waste (MBT2). The eco-efficient belite clinker formulation also includes a superfluidifying additive. This formulation improves (with respect to that of Example 1) the circulation of the particles, the setting rate, the dispersion of the pigments and their compatibility with the matrix. Table 3. Composition of two thermochromic mortars with fibers.
Figure imgf000021_0001
Figure imgf000021_0001
Al igual que en el caso del Ejemplo 1 , para conferir al mortero la funcionalidad termocrómica, se añade un pigmento termocrómico reversible encapsulado en microcápsulas de material orgánico, como es el caso del pigmento en dispersión acuosa ChromaZone® Slurry de TMC Hallcrest de color negro y temperatura de activación (Te) de 31 °C. El pigmento se añade en una proporción de un 3 % del peso total de sólido (mortero de revestimiento termocrómico reversible). As in the case of Example 1, to give the mortar the thermochromic functionality, a reversible thermochromic pigment encapsulated in microcapsules of organic material is added, as is the case with the TMC Hallcrest ChromaZone® Slurry aqueous dispersion pigment of black color and activation temperature (Te) of 31 ° C. The pigment is added in a proportion of 3% of the total weight of solid (reversible thermochromic investment mortar).
Los áridos calizos empleados en ambos morteros tienen granulometrías diferentes para obtener una curva de distribución granulométrica bien compensada que favorezca un fraguado compensado y un mejor comportamiento de los pigmentos orgánicos. El árido calizo Granicarb 0.1/0.8-DA de Omya se caracteriza por tamaños de partícula de entre 0,1 mm y 0,8 mm. El árido calizo Polvo Blanco de Macael se caracteriza por tamaños de partícula de entre 0,01 mm y 0,9 mm. El árido calizo Betocarb P1-DA de Omya se caracteriza por tamaños de partícula pasantes a 0, 125 mm en un 95 ± 5 % y pasantes a 0,063 mm en un 80 ± 5 %. The limestone aggregates used in both mortars have different granulometries to obtain a well-compensated granulometric distribution curve that favors a compensated setting and a better behavior of the organic pigments. The limy aggregate Granicarb 0.1 / 0.8-DA of Omya is characterized by particle sizes between 0.1 mm and 0.8 mm. The limestone aggregate White Powder of Macael is characterized by particle sizes between 0.01 mm and 0.9 mm. The limy aggregate Betocarb P1-DA from Omya is characterized by through particle sizes at 0.125 mm by 95 ± 5% and through-holes by 0.063 mm by 80 ± 5%.
El árido silíceo empleado en ambos morteros es arena 0, 1-0,6 mm de Sifusa, que se caracteriza por ser arena clasificada de grano redondeado y color beige claro con tamaños de partícula de entre 0, 1 y 0,6 mm. The siliceous aggregate used in both mortars is 0, 1-0.6 mm sand from Sifusa, which is characterized by sand graded with rounded grain and light beige color. particle sizes between 0, 1 and 0.6 mm.
Para garantizar la integridad de los pigmentos y, por tanto, el comportamiento termocrómico de los morteros de revestimiento de la presente invención, el contenido mínimo del total de árido calizo en el mortero de revestimiento termocrómico reversible debe ser del 60 % del peso total de sólido. In order to guarantee the integrity of the pigments and, therefore, the thermochromic behavior of the coating mortars of the present invention, the minimum content of the total limestone aggregate in the reversible thermochromic coating mortar must be 60% of the total weight of solid .
El aditivo hidrofugante empleado es HISA A 2388 N de Clariant Ibérica, cuya composición es de oleato sódico. El aditivo retenedor empleado es Tylose MH 12003 P6 con una composición de metilhidroxietilcelulosa modificada y una viscosidad de 15000 mPs s. La resina empleada es Vinnapas 8031 H de Wacker en polvo y con composición formada por etileno, laureato de vinilo y cloruro de vinilo. La fibra empleada es Arbocel Fl 540 CA de JRS Ibérica, compuesta de celulosa técnica con longitud media de fibra de 600 μηι. El metacaolín empleado es Burgess Optipozz de Burgess Pigment, compuesto de silicato de aluminio calcinado. El aditivo superfluidificante empleado en la formulación del mortero MBT2 es un derivado poliacrilato. The hydrophobic additive used is HISA A 2388 N of Clariant Ibérica, whose composition is sodium oleate. The retaining additive used is Tylose MH 12003 P6 with a modified methylhydroxyethylcellulose composition and a viscosity of 15,000 mPs s. The resin used is Vinnapas 8031 H of Wacker powder and with composition formed by ethylene, vinyl laureate and vinyl chloride. The fiber used is Arbocel Fl 540 CA from JRS Ibérica, composed of technical cellulose with average fiber length of 600 μηι. The metakaolin used is Burgess Optipozz from Burgess Pigment, composed of calcined aluminum silicate. The superplasticizing additive used in the MBT2 mortar formulation is a polyacrylate derivative.
La secuencia que describe el procedimiento de preparación del mortero de revestimiento que comprende el mortero MWT2 de la tabla 3 es la misma que la recogida en el Ejemplo 1 para el mortero MWT1 , excepto en que la cantidad total de agua a añadir es de un 18,5 % en peso con respecto a mortero de revestimiento termocrómico final. En este caso, también juega un papel muy importante la humedad durante el proceso de curado a la hora de obtener el mortero de revestimiento de la presente invención, puesto que se ha confirmado experimentalmente que, en un ambiente de humedad relativa mayor del 90 %, habitual en el curado de probetas de materiales base-cemento, el comportamiento termocrómico de los morteros se degrada. La figura 2 muestra los espectros de reflectancia del mortero termocrómico MWT2 descrito anteriormente en el rango de longitudes de onda de 350 nm a 700 nm a dos temperaturas: una de ellas (50 °C) claramente por encima de la temperatura de cambio de color del pigmento empleado en su formulación (Tc=31 °C) y la otra claramente por debajo (20 °C). El espectro de la probeta de mortero MWT2 curada en un ambiente con humedad relativa menor del 50% presenta una brusca disminución de la reflectancia cuando la temperatura disminuye entre esos dos valores, asociado a un brusco aumento de la absorbancia al pasar por el valor de Te. Por el contrario, el espectro de una probeta del mortero MWT2 curado en un ambiente con humedad relativa mayor del 90% no varía cuando la temperatura disminuye entre 50°C y 20°C. Estos resultados indican que el mortero curado en un ambiente con humedad relativa mayor del 90% no presenta comportamiento termocrómico. The sequence describing the method of preparing the coating mortar comprising the mortar MWT2 of Table 3 is the same as that collected in Example 1 for the MWT1 mortar, except that the total amount of water to be added is 18 , 5% by weight with respect to final thermochromic coating mortar. In this case, humidity also plays a very important role during the curing process when obtaining the coating mortar of the present invention, since it has been experimentally confirmed that, in an environment of relative humidity greater than 90%, usual in the curing of test pieces of cement-base materials, the thermochromic behavior of the mortars is degraded. Figure 2 shows the reflectance spectra of the thermochromic mortar MWT2 described above in the wavelength range from 350 nm to 700 nm at two temperatures: one of them (50 ° C) clearly above the color change temperature of the pigment used in its formulation (Tc = 31 ° C) and the other clearly below (20 ° C). The spectrum of the MWT2 mortar specimen cured in an environment with relative humidity of less than 50% shows a sharp decrease in reflectance when the temperature decreases between these two values, associated with a sudden increase in absorbance when passing through the Te value. . On the contrary, the Spectrum of a MWT2 mortar specimen cured in an environment with relative humidity greater than 90% does not vary when the temperature decreases between 50 ° C and 20 ° C. These results indicate that the mortar cured in an environment with relative humidity higher than 90% does not show thermochromic behavior.
Para la preparación del mortero de revestimiento que comprende el clinker belítico eco-eficiente sintetizado por vía hidrotermal a partir de un residuo denominado MBT2 en la tabla 3 se sigue la misma secuencia que la recogida en el Ejemplo 1 para el mortero MBT1. For the preparation of the coating mortar comprising the eco-efficient belitic clinker synthesized hydrothermally from a residue named MBT2 in table 3, the same sequence as that collected in Example 1 for the MBT1 mortar is followed.
En la tabla 4 se recogen los valores de consistencia, densidad en estado fresco y resistencias a los 28 días de curado a flexión (Rf-28d) y compresión (Rc-28d) del mortero endurecido obtenidos de acuerdo con las normas UNE-EN-1015 de los morteros fabricados con las dosificaciones y las secuencias de preparación descritas anteriormente. Table 4 shows the values of consistency, density in the fresh state and resistances at 28 days of curing to flexion (Rf-28d) and compression (Rc-28d) of the hardened mortar obtained in accordance with the UNE-EN- 1015 of the mortars manufactured with the dosages and the preparation sequences described above.
Norma UNE-EN 1015-3:2000. Métodos de ensayo para morteros de albañilería. Parte 3: Determinación de la consistencia del mortero fresco (por la mesa de sacudidas). Norma UNE-EN 1015-6: 1999/A1 :2007. Métodos de ensayo de los morteros para albañilería. Parte 6: Determinación de la densidad aparente del mortero fresco. Standard UNE-EN 1015-3: 2000. Test methods for masonry mortars. Part 3: Determination of the consistency of the fresh mortar (by the shaking table). Standard UNE-EN 1015-6: 1999 / A1: 2007. Methods of testing mortar for masonry. Part 6: Determination of bulk density of fresh mortar.
Norma UNE-EN 1015-6:2000/A1 :2007. Métodos de ensayo de los morteros para albañilería. Parte 1 1 : Determinación de la resistencia a flexión y a compresión del mortero endurecido. Standard UNE-EN 1015-6: 2000 / A1: 2007. Methods of testing mortar for masonry. Part 1 1: Determination of the resistance to bending and compression of the hardened mortar.
Los valores obtenidos son adecuados para la aplicación de los morteros como revestimiento de fachadas. The values obtained are suitable for the application of mortars as facade cladding.
Tabla 4. Propiedades de los morteros termocrómicos con fibras Table 4. Properties of thermochromic mortars with fibers
Consistencia Densidad Rf-28d Rc-28d Consistency Density Rf-28d Rc-28d
Mortero  Mortar
(mm) (Kg/m3) (MPa) (MPa) (mm) (Kg / m 3 ) (MPa) (MPa)
MWT2 140 1439 2,3 5,8  MWT2 140 1439 2.3 5.8
MBT2 133 1405 1 , 1 2,7 La figura 3 muestra los espectros de reflectancia de los dos morteros termocrómicos MWT2 y MBT2 descritos anteriormente en el rango de longitudes de onda de 300 nm a 2500 nm a dos temperaturas: una de ellas (40 °C) claramente por encima de la temperatura de cambio de color del pigmento empleado en su formulación (Tc=31 °C) y la otra claramente por debajo (20 °C). Los espectros confirman una brusca disminución de la reflectancia en el rango visible del espectro (en longitudes de onda entre 380 nm y 780 nm) cuando la temperatura disminuye entre esos dos valores, asociado a un brusco aumento de la absorbancia al pasar por el valor de Te. MBT2 133 1405 1, 1 2.7 Figure 3 shows the reflectance spectra of the two thermochromic mortars MWT2 and MBT2 described above in the wavelength range from 300 nm to 2500 nm at two temperatures: one of them (40 ° C) clearly above the temperature of color change of the pigment used in its formulation (Tc = 31 ° C) and the other clearly below (20 ° C). The spectra confirm a sharp decrease in reflectance in the visible range of the spectrum (at wavelengths between 380 nm and 780 nm) when the temperature decreases between these two values, associated with a sudden increase in absorbance when passing through the value of Tea.
La absorbancia solar pasa de un valor medido de 0,622 a 40 °C a 0,682 a 20 °C (una variación de la absorbancia solar de un 0,060%) para el mortero MWT2. Para el mortero de cemento belítico eco-eficiente (MBT2) la variación es de 0,546 a 40 °C a 0,624 a 20 °C (una variación de un 0,078). Por su parte, la absorbancia visible pasa de un valor medido de 0,661 a 40 °C a 0,763 a 20 °C para el mortero MWT2. Para el mortero de cemento belítico eco-eficiente (MBT2) la variación es de 0,575 a 40 °C a 0,709 a 20 °C. The solar absorbance goes from a measured value of 0.622 at 40 ° C to 0.682 at 20 ° C (a variation of the solar absorbance of 0.060%) for the MWT2 mortar. For the eco-efficient belite cement mortar (MBT2) the variation is from 0.546 to 40 ° C to 0.624 to 20 ° C (a variation of 0.078). On the other hand, the visible absorbance goes from a measured value of 0.661 at 40 ° C to 0.763 at 20 ° C for the MWT2 mortar. For the eco-efficient belite cement mortar (MBT2) the variation is from 0.575 to 40 ° C to 0.709 at 20 ° C.
Un efecto directo de esta variación de las propiedades ópticas del material, concretamente en el rango visible del espectro de entre 380 nm a 780 nm, es el cambio de color que se aprecia. Se observa que las probetas de morteros enfriadas a 8 °C presentan un color gris oscuro similar al que tienen a temperatura ambiente, alrededor de 23 °C. Por el contrario, las probetas calentadas a 50 °C presentan un color significativamente más claro y similar al del mortero del mismo cemento sin adición de pigmento, como corresponde al desplazamiento del espectro a valores reflectancia mayores en el rango visible. A direct effect of this variation of the optical properties of the material, specifically in the visible range of the spectrum between 380 nm and 780 nm, is the change in color that is seen. It is observed that the mortar specimens cooled to 8 ° C have a dark gray color similar to the one they have at room temperature, around 23 ° C. On the other hand, the specimens heated to 50 ° C have a significantly lighter color and similar to the mortar of the same cement without addition of pigment, as corresponds to the displacement of the spectrum at higher reflectance values in the visible range.
La variación en la reflectancia de los morteros termocrómicos con la temperatura, y de la absorbancia solar asociada, da lugar a una variación de la temperatura superficial del revestimiento que puede ser aprovechada en términos de eficiencia energética y sostenibilidad. En el caso de los morteros de este Ejemplo 2 la variación de la absorbancia solar con la temperatura es más pronunciada que en el caso de los morteros del Ejemplo 1. En el mortero MWT2 la variación de la absorbancia solar es de un 0,060 y en el mortero MWT1 la variación es de un 0,043. En el mortero MBT2 la variación de la absorbancia solar es de un 0,078 y en el mortero MBT1 la variación es de un 0,034. Como consecuencia, la eficacia de los morteros MWT2 y MBT2 para la reducción del consumo energético en un edificio en el que se encuentran como revestimiento de fachadas es mayor que la de los correspondientes MWT1 y MBT1. EJEMPLO 3 Ejemplo que demuestra la eficacia energética del mortero de revestimiento utilizado en una fachada. The variation in the reflectance of thermochromic mortars with temperature, and the associated solar absorbance, results in a variation of the surface temperature of the coating that can be exploited in terms of energy efficiency and sustainability. In the case of the mortars of this Example 2 the variation of the solar absorbance with the temperature is more pronounced than in the case of the mortars of Example 1. In the MWT2 mortar, the variation of the solar absorbance is 0.060 and in the MWT1 mortar the variation is 0.043. In the MBT2 mortar the variation of the solar absorbance is 0.078 and in the MBT1 mortar the variation is of 0.034. As a consequence, the effectiveness of mortars MWT2 and MBT2 for the reduction of energy consumption in a building in which they are facing as façades is greater than that of the corresponding MWT1 and MBT1. EXAMPLE 3 Example demonstrating the energy efficiency of the coating mortar used in a facade.
La eficiencia energética del mortero de revestimiento termocrómico utilizado en fachada se ha estudiado considerando como modelo de edificio una vivienda unifamiliar adosada que, siendo un tipo edificatorio habitual en el parque construido español, es uno de los modelos de ejemplo de la herramienta Unificada Lider-Calener para verificación de las exigencias de Ahorro de Energía (DB HE) del Código Técnico de la Edificación (CTE) [Orden FOM/1635/2013, de 10 de septiembre, por la que se actualiza el Documento Básico DB-HE «Ahorro de Energía», del Código Técnico de la Edificación, aprobado por Real Decreto 314/2006, de 17 de marzo]. The energy efficiency of the thermochromic coating mortar used in the facade has been studied considering as building model a terraced single-family house that, being a usual building type in the park built in Spain, is one of the example models of the Unified Lider-Calener tool for verification of Energy Saving requirements (DB HE) of the Technical Building Code (CTE) [Order FOM / 1635/2013, of September 10, which updates the Basic Document DB-HE «Energy Saving », Of the Technical Building Code, approved by Royal Decree 314/2006, of March 17].
La vivienda consta de dos plantas, con una superficie habitable total de 82 m2. Dispone de una superficie de envolvente de 21 1 m2 con un porcentaje de huecos en fachada del 15%, encerrando un volumen de espacio habitable de 222 m3. La compacidad resultante del edificio es de 1 m, definiéndose dicha compacidad como el resultado de dividir el volumen de espacio habitable entre la superficie de envolvente. The house has two floors, with a total living area of 82 m 2 . It has a surface area of 21 1 m 2 with a percentage of gaps in the façade of 15%, enclosing a volume of living space of 222 m 3 . The resulting compactness of the building is 1 m, said compactness being defined as the result of dividing the volume of living space between the envelope surface.
Las transmitancias térmicas de los cerramientos que componen la envolvente térmica del edificio modelo son los valores orientativos del DB HE del CTE para el cumplimiento de los requisitos relativos a la demanda energética. The thermal transmittances of the enclosures that make up the thermal envelope of the model building are the orientative values of the DB HE of the CTE for the fulfillment of the requirements related to energy demand.
El análisis de la demanda energética del caso estudiado se realiza en base a simulaciones mediante la herramienta informática Design Builder (versión 4.7.0), que integra el motor de cálculo de Energy Plus. Se considera el edificio con una orientación Norte-Sur y las fachadas sin aislamiento para que el comportamiento termocrómico del revestimiento tenga un mayor impacto sobre los resultados.  The analysis of the energy demand of the case studied is based on simulations using the Design Builder software tool (version 4.7.0), which integrates the Energy Plus calculation engine. The building with a north-south orientation and facades without insulation is considered so that the thermochromic behavior of the coating has a greater impact on the results.
Se ha realizado la simulación energética del edificio con las propiedades del mortero de revestimiento con la composición fina que comprende fibras basada en cemento belítico, MBT2 descrita en el Ejemplo 2. Se ha comparado el comportamiento energético del edificio cuando el revestimiento tiene de manera constante el comportamiento del mortero MBT2 a 40 °C (Figura 3), cuando tiene de manera constante el comportamiento del mortero MBT2 a 20 °C (Figura 3) y cuando el mortero tiene un comportamiento termocrómico, variable con la temperatura. En este último caso, se han tomado los valores de demanda correspondientes a las propiedades del mortero para 40 °C, cuando la temperatura superficial simulada del muro es superior a 28 °C, se han tomado los valores de demanda correspondientes a las propiedades del mortero a la temperatura de 20 °C cuando la temperatura superficial simulada del muro es inferior a 22 °C, y en el resto de horas del año en el que la temperatura superficial se encuentra entre 22 °C y 28 °C, se ha tomado la demanda correspondiente a un revestimiento con las propiedades ópticas relativas a una temperatura de 25 °C, calculadas por interpolación de los valores correspondientes a 20 °C y a 30 °C. Se plantea la simulación energética en un clima D3, caso de Madrid. La zona climática D3 representa un clima severo en invierno por sus bajas temperaturas, y severo también en verano por sus altas temperaturas. The energetic simulation of the building was carried out with the properties of the coating mortar with the fine composition comprising fibers based on belitic cement, MBT2 described in Example 2. The behavior has been compared energy of the building when the coating has a constant behavior of the MBT2 mortar at 40 ° C (Figure 3), when it has a constant behavior of the MBT2 mortar at 20 ° C (Figure 3) and when the mortar has a thermochromic behavior , variable with temperature. In the latter case, the demand values corresponding to the properties of the mortar for 40 ° C have been taken, when the simulated surface temperature of the wall is higher than 28 ° C, the demand values corresponding to the properties of the mortar have been taken at a temperature of 20 ° C when the simulated surface temperature of the wall is less than 22 ° C, and in the remaining hours of the year when the surface temperature is between 22 ° C and 28 ° C, the demand corresponding to a coating with the optical properties relating to a temperature of 25 ° C, calculated by interpolation of the corresponding values at 20 ° C and 30 ° C. The energy simulation is proposed in a D3 climate, in the case of Madrid. The climatic zone D3 represents a severe climate in winter due to its low temperatures, and also severe in summer due to its high temperatures.
Los resultados obtenidos de la simulación energética se recogen en la Tabla 5: The results obtained from the energy simulation are shown in Table 5:
Tabla 5. Resultados de simulación energética Table 5. Energy simulation results
Figure imgf000026_0001
Figure imgf000026_0001
Los resultados muestran que con el revestimiento de mortero termocrómico variable con la temperatura disminuye la demanda energética total con respecto al revestimiento con morteros de comportamiento constante. La reducción de la demanda energética total es más significativa en el caso de los espacios a orientación norte. The results show that with the variable thermochromic mortar coating with the temperature the total energy demand decreases with respect to the coating with mortars of constant behavior. The reduction in total energy demand is more significant in the case of north-facing spaces.
Considerando los resultados a nivel global (no repercutidos por m2) se produce una reducción de la demanda de calefacción con el revestimiento de comportamiento variable respecto al edificio con el comportamiento del revestimiento MBT2 a 40 °C constante del 3 %. Para los espacios orientados a norte esta reducción de la demanda de calefacción aumenta a un 4%. La demanda de refrigeración del edificio con el revestimiento de comportamiento variable se reduce respecto a la del revestimiento MBT2 a 20 °C constante en un 4 %. Sin embargo, la reducción de la demanda total es menor, ya que se compensan los efectos de la demanda de calefacción y refrigeración a lo largo del año. Considering the results at a global level (not affected by m 2 ) there is a reduction in the heating demand with the coating of variable behavior with respect to the building with the behavior of the MBT2 coating at 40 ° C constant of 3%. For the spaces facing north this reduction in heating demand increases to 4%. The demand for cooling of the building with the coating of variable behavior is reduced with respect to that of the MBT2 coating at 20 ° C constant by 4%. However, the reduction in total demand is lower, since the effects of heating and cooling demand are offset throughout the year.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES
1. Un mortero de revestimiento, termocrómico reversible, para revestir un elemento de una estructura expuesta a la radiación solar, caracterizado por que comprende: 1. A coating mortar, reversible thermochromic, for coating an element of a structure exposed to solar radiation, characterized in that it comprises:
o un cemento,  or a cement,
o capsulas que comprenden un pigmento termocrómico reversible en una proporción mayor de 1 % en peso con respecto a la composición final del mortero y menor de 6 % en peso con respecto a la composición final del mortero,  or capsules comprising a reversible thermochromic pigment in a proportion greater than 1% by weight with respect to the final composition of the mortar and less than 6% by weight with respect to the final composition of the mortar,
o un árido con un tamaño de grano menor de 1 mm y en una proporción mayor del 60 % en peso con respecto a la composición final del mortero,  or an aggregate with a grain size less than 1 mm and in a proportion greater than 60% by weight with respect to the final composition of the mortar,
o un aditivo retenedor de agua,  or a water retainer additive,
o un aditivo hidrofugante, y  or a hydrophobic additive, and
o agua  or water
2. El mortero según la reivindicación 1 caracterizado por que el cemento se selecciona de entre un cemento blanco Portland convencional o un clinker belítico eco-eficiente. 2. The mortar according to claim 1, characterized in that the cement is selected from a conventional Portland white cement or an eco-efficient beliton clinker.
3. El mortero según la reivindicación 2, caracterizado por que el cemento es un clinker belítico eco-eficiente obtenido a partir de cenizas volantes o por métodos convencionales de baja energía para la síntesis de cementos utilizando una temperatura de síntesis de entre 780 °C y 820 °C. The mortar according to claim 2, characterized in that the cement is an eco-efficient belitic clinker obtained from fly ash or by conventional low-energy methods for the synthesis of cements using a synthesis temperature of between 780 ° C and 820 ° C.
4. El mortero según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 3, caracterizado por que el árido tiene un tamaño de grano de entre 0,3 mm y 1 mm. 4. The mortar according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the aggregate has a grain size of between 0.3 mm and 1 mm.
5. El mortero según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, caracterizado por que además comprende Ca(OH)2. 5. The mortar according to any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it also comprises Ca (OH) 2 .
6. El mortero según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 5, caracterizado por que además comprende una combinación formada por The mortar according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it also comprises a combination formed by
• una resina en polvo que comprende etileno, acetato o cloruro de vinilo,  • a resin powder comprising ethylene, acetate or vinyl chloride,
· fibras de celulosa natural insolubles en agua, • metacaolín, · Natural cellulose fibers insoluble in water, • metakaolin
• al menos tres tipos de árido calizo con distintas granulometrías, de entre 0,01 mm y 1 mm, que aporten en conjunto una curva granulométrica compensada, y • at least three types of lime aggregate with different granulometries, between 0.01 mm and 1 mm, which together provide a compensated grain size curve, and
• un árido silíceo como es una arena con un grano redondeado de entre 0, 1 mm y 0,6 mm, • a siliceous aggregate such as sand with a rounded grain between 0, 1 mm and 0.6 mm,
donde la combinación es incolora, blanca o beige. where the combination is colorless, white or beige.
7. El mortero según la reivindicación 3, caracterizado por que además comprende una combinación formada por The mortar according to claim 3, characterized in that it also comprises a combination formed by
• una resina en polvo que comprende etileno, acetato o cloruro de vinilo, • a resin powder comprising ethylene, acetate or vinyl chloride,
• fibras de celulosa natural insolubles en agua, • natural cellulose fibers insoluble in water,
• metacaolín,  • metakaolin
• al menos tres tipos de árido calizo con distintas granulometrías, de entre 0,01 mm y 1 mm, que aporten en conjunto una curva granulométrica compensada, • at least three types of limestone aggregate with different granulometries, between 0.01 mm and 1 mm, which together provide a compensated grain size curve,
• un árido silíceo como es una arena con un grano redondeado de entre 0, 1 mm y 0,6 mm, y • a siliceous aggregate such as sand with a rounded grain of between 0.1 mm and 0.6 mm, and
• un aditivo superfluidificante  • a superplasticizing additive
donde la combinación es incolora, blanca o beige. where the combination is colorless, white or beige.
8. Un procedimiento para obtener un mortero de revestimiento, termocrómico reversible según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 7, caracterizado por que comprende las siguientes etapas: 8. A process for obtaining a reversible thermochromic coating mortar according to any of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
a) preparar una composición homogénea que comprende:  a) prepare a homogeneous composition comprising:
• un cemento  • a cement
· un árido,  · An aggregate,
• un aditivo retenedor de agua,  • a water retainer additive,
• un aditivo hidrofugante, y  • a hydrophobic additive, and
• agua  • Water
b) preparar una dispersión acuosa de un pigmento termocrómico reversible encapsulado,  b) preparing an aqueous dispersion of an encapsulated reversible thermochromic pigment,
c) amasar conjuntamente la composición homogénea de la etapa (a) y la dispersión acuosa preparada en la etapa (b) a una velocidad de entre 130 rpm y 300 rpm durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 40 segundos, donde los líquidos de la composición de la etapa (a) y de la dispersión de la etapa (b) se adicionan en los primeros 30 segundos, d) dejar reposar el producto obtenido en la etapa (c) durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 15 min, c) kneading together the homogeneous composition of step (a) and the aqueous dispersion prepared in step (b) at a rate between 130 rpm and 300 rpm for a period of time of at least 40 seconds, wherein the liquids of the The composition of stage (a) and the dispersion of stage (b) are added in the first 30 seconds, d) allowing the product obtained in step (c) to stand for a period of time of at least 15 minutes,
e) amasar el producto obtenido en la etapa (d) a una velocidad de entre 270 rpm y 300 rpm durante al menos 50 segundos,  e) kneading the product obtained in step (d) at a speed between 270 rpm and 300 rpm for at least 50 seconds,
f) dejar reposar el producto obtenido en la etapa (e) durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 2 min; y  f) allowing the product obtained in step (e) to stand for a period of time of at least 2 min; Y
g) aplicar del producto obtenido en la etapa (f) sobre un elemento de una estructura expuesta a la radiación solar en forma de monocapa o capas que forman un grosor final menor de 20 mm; y  g) applying the product obtained in step (f) on an element of a structure exposed to solar radiation in the form of a monolayer or layers that form a final thickness of less than 20 mm; Y
h) curar el producto aplicado en una atmósfera con una humedad menor de 90 h) curing the applied product in an atmosphere with a humidity of less than 90
%. %.
9. El procedimiento según la reivindicación 8, caracterizado por que el cemento utilizado en la etapa (a) es un cemento blanco Portland, la etapa (c) de amasado se lleva a cabo a una velocidad de entre 130 rpm y 150 rpm durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 40 segundos y donde la etapa (e) de amasado se lleva a cabo a una velocidad de entre 270 rpm y 300 rpm durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 50 segundosThe process according to claim 8, characterized in that the cement used in step (a) is a Portland white cement, the kneading step (c) is carried out at a speed of between 130 rpm and 150 rpm during a period of time of at least 40 seconds and where the kneading step (e) is carried out at a speed between 270 rpm and 300 rpm for a period of time of at least 50 seconds
10. El procedimiento según la reivindicación 8, caracterizado por que el cemento utilizado en la etapa (a) es un clinker belítico ecoeficiente, la etapa (c) de amasado se lleva a cabo a una primera velocidad de entre 130 rpm y 150 rpm durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 10 segundos y a una segunda velocidad de entre 270 rpm y 300 rpm durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 30 segundos, y donde la etapa (e) de amasado se lleva a cabo a una velocidad de entre 280 rpm y 300 rpm durante un periodo de tiempo de al menos 50 segundos. The process according to claim 8, characterized in that the cement used in step (a) is an eco-efficient beliton clinker, the kneading step (c) is carried out at a first speed of between 130 rpm and 150 rpm during a period of time of at least 10 seconds and a second speed of between 270 rpm and 300 rpm for a period of time of at least 30 seconds, and where the kneading step (e) is carried out at a speed of between 280 rpm and 300 rpm for a period of time of at least 50 seconds.
1 1. El procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 8 a 10, caracterizado por que la composición homogénea de la etapa (a) además comprende Ca(OH)2. The process according to any of claims 8 to 10, characterized in that the homogeneous composition of step (a) further comprises Ca (OH) 2 .
12. El procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 8 a 11 , caracterizado por que la composición homogénea de la etapa (a) además comprende una combinación formada por The method according to any of claims 8 to 11, characterized in that the homogeneous composition of step (a) further comprises a combination formed by
• una resina en polvo que comprende etileno, acetato o cloruro de vinilo, · fibras de celulosa natural insolubles en agua, • metacaolín, • a powder resin comprising ethylene, acetate or vinyl chloride, · natural water-insoluble cellulose fibers, • metakaolin
• al menos tres tipos de árido calizo con distintas granulometrías, de entre 0, 1 mm y 1 mm, que aporten en conjunto una curva granulométrica compensada, y • at least three types of limestone aggregate with different granulometries, between 0.1 mm and 1 mm, which together provide a compensated grain size curve, and
• un árido silíceo como es una arena con un grano redondeado de entre 0, 1 mm y 0,6 mm, • a siliceous aggregate such as sand with a rounded grain between 0, 1 mm and 0.6 mm,
donde la combinación es incolora, blanca o beige. where the combination is colorless, white or beige.
13. El procedimiento según la reivindicación 8 u 10, caracterizado por que la composición homogénea de la etapa (a) además comprende una combinación formada por The method according to claim 8 or 10, characterized in that the homogeneous composition of step (a) further comprises a combination formed by
• una resina en polvo que comprende etileno, acetato o cloruro de vinilo, • a resin powder comprising ethylene, acetate or vinyl chloride,
• fibras de celulosa natural insolubles en agua, • natural cellulose fibers insoluble in water,
• metacaolín,  • metakaolin
• al menos tres tipos de árido calizo con distintas granulometrías, de entre 0, 1 mm y 1 mm, que aporten en conjunto una curva granulométrica compensada, • at least three types of limestone aggregate with different granulometries, between 0, 1 mm and 1 mm, which together provide a compensated grain size curve,
• un árido silíceo como es una arena con un grano redondeado de entre 0, 1 mm y 0,6 mm, y • a siliceous aggregate such as sand with a rounded grain of between 0.1 mm and 0.6 mm, and
• un aditivo superfluidificante  • a superplasticizing additive
donde la combinación es incolora, blanca o beige. where the combination is colorless, white or beige.
14. El procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 8 a 13, caracterizado por que el pigmento termocrómico reversible de la etapa (b) está en una proporción de entre un 1 % y un 6 % en peso en la dispersión. The process according to any of claims 8 to 13, characterized in that the reversible thermochromic pigment of step (b) is in a proportion of between 1% and 6% by weight in the dispersion.
15. Uso del mortero de revestimiento, termocrómico reversible, según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 7, como revestimiento de cualquier elemento de una estructura expuesta a la radiación solar. 15. Use of the reversible thermochromic coating mortar according to any of claims 1 to 7, as a coating of any element of a structure exposed to solar radiation.
16. Uso según la reivindicaciones 15, donde el elemento de la estructura expuesta a la radiación solar es una fachada de un edificio y el mortero de revestimiento termocrómico reversible actúa como termorregulador de edificios para mejorar la eficiencia energética del edificio. 16. Use according to claim 15, wherein the element of the structure exposed to solar radiation is a facade of a building and the reversible thermochromic coating mortar acts as a thermoregulator of buildings to improve the energy efficiency of the building.
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Citations (2)

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WO2014065682A1 (en) * 2012-10-22 2014-05-01 Secil S.A.- Companhia Geral De Cal E Cimento White or colored cementitious mixture for manufacture of concrete, mortar and pastes with thermochromatic properties
CN106365557A (en) * 2016-08-30 2017-02-01 派丽(上海)管理有限公司 Color-changeable colorful masonry mortar

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WO2014065682A1 (en) * 2012-10-22 2014-05-01 Secil S.A.- Companhia Geral De Cal E Cimento White or colored cementitious mixture for manufacture of concrete, mortar and pastes with thermochromatic properties
CN106365557A (en) * 2016-08-30 2017-02-01 派丽(上海)管理有限公司 Color-changeable colorful masonry mortar

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