WO2019019204A1 - 储热单元 - Google Patents

储热单元 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019019204A1
WO2019019204A1 PCT/CN2017/095534 CN2017095534W WO2019019204A1 WO 2019019204 A1 WO2019019204 A1 WO 2019019204A1 CN 2017095534 W CN2017095534 W CN 2017095534W WO 2019019204 A1 WO2019019204 A1 WO 2019019204A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
heat
phase change
heat storage
storage unit
heat exchange
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/CN2017/095534
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王秋旺
蒲宇辰
王作为
朱子良
张卓
朱蕾
张猛威
马挺
李馨怡
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Xian Jiaotong University
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Xian Jiaotong University
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Publication date
Application filed by Xian Jiaotong University filed Critical Xian Jiaotong University
Priority to US16/632,381 priority Critical patent/US10976114B2/en
Publication of WO2019019204A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019019204A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
    • F28D20/021—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat the latent heat storage material and the heat-exchanging means being enclosed in one container
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/003—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by using permeable mass, perforated or porous materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
    • F28D20/023—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat the latent heat storage material being enclosed in granular particles or dispersed in a porous, fibrous or cellular structure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/06—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media
    • F28F13/12—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media by creating turbulence, e.g. by stirring, by increasing the force of circulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/02—Constructional details
    • H01S3/04—Arrangements for thermal management
    • H01S3/0407—Liquid cooling, e.g. by water
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/02—Constructional details
    • H01S3/04—Arrangements for thermal management
    • H01S3/041—Arrangements for thermal management for gas lasers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2250/00—Arrangements for modifying the flow of the heat exchange media, e.g. flow guiding means; Particular flow patterns
    • F28F2250/08—Fluid driving means, e.g. pumps, fans
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2270/00—Thermal insulation; Thermal decoupling
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a highly efficient heat storage unit, and a heat exchanger using the same.
  • the current heat storage device is divided into sensible heat and phase change latent heat type.
  • the solid-liquid phase variable latent heat storage device has become the mainstream of phase change heat storage because of its high heat storage density and stable temperature control.
  • the phase change thermal process is mainly based on heat conduction and convection heat transfer, so the thermal conductivity and convection characteristics of the phase change material are essential.
  • the common phase change material has a very low thermal conductivity, which greatly limits the heat storage efficiency of the heat storage device.
  • Patent CN104140786A can increase the thermal conductivity of phase change materials by 40%-50% by adding nanoparticles and high thermal conductivity porous materials to the phase change material to increase the effective thermal conductivity.
  • the heat transfer effect of such a method is not obvious, and the heat exchange efficiency per unit volume has not been greatly improved.
  • Patent CN102777874A proposes an improved structure for a core component of a heat storage device for a phase change heat reservoir, which is filled with a paraffin wax in a foam graphite skeleton.
  • This design can greatly improve the heat transfer performance of the heat storage device, and the equivalent thermal conductivity reaches 135W/(m.K).
  • the heat reservoir works well, the cost of such a heat reservoir is extremely high due to the high cost of foamed graphite and the need to use vacuum silver brazing to connect with the heat absorbing surface of the heat reservoir. It can only be applied to special fields such as military or aerospace, and it is difficult to introduce it to the market on a large scale.
  • Patent JP3076847B1 proposes an improved structure for a heat storage tank in which a solid sheet made of metal, ceramic, ore is encapsulated in a heat storage tank, and the solid sheet can vibrate in the heat storage medium under the excitation of ultrasonic waves.
  • the design converts the flow state of the liquid phase change material from natural convection to forced convection, and heat is quickly transferred into the phase change medium.
  • the invention provides a heat storage unit with high thermal conductivity and high heat exchange efficiency for the problem that the heat exchange efficiency of the phase change heat storage device is low and the thermal conductivity of the phase change material is poor.
  • the unit is used in a heat exchange device such as a phase change heat storage device using a hot fluid or a high temperature flame or radiation as a heat source, which will significantly improve heat transfer performance and reduce manufacturing costs.
  • the technical solution adopted by the present invention is:
  • a heat storage unit comprising at least a single layer closed casing.
  • the closed casing has at least one heat exchange surface
  • the foam skeleton is filled in the inner space of the closed casing
  • the phase change medium is uniformly distributed in the void of the foam skeleton to form a composite material with the foam skeleton to obtain a simple phase change medium a higher thermal conductivity
  • the vibrating particles are made of a shape memory alloy, which is pressed into strips and then filled into the voids of the foamed copper skeleton by filtration
  • the ultrasonic generating device emits ultrasonic waves to induce vibration of the vibrating particles
  • the flow state of the liquid phase change medium is converted from natural convection or pure heat conduction to forced convection, and the convective surface heat transfer coefficient of the liquid phase change medium (6) is improved by the cavitation and sound flow effects of the ultrasonic wave.
  • the preferred solution further includes any of the following technical features:
  • the heat exchange surface and the non-heat exchange surface of the single-layer closed casing are made of the same metal or non-metal material, wherein the non-heat exchange surface is surrounded by the heat insulating material; or the heat exchange surface and the non-heat exchange surface are made of different materials.
  • the thermal conductivity of the heat exchange surface material is higher than the thermal conductivity of the non-heat exchange surface material.
  • the foam skeleton is made of a material with high thermal conductivity, and can be made of a metal having a high thermal conductivity (a foamed copper skeleton or a foamed aluminum skeleton) or a non-metallic material (a foamed graphite skeleton), or a high thermal conductivity material mesh (copper wire, Stainless steel wire).
  • a metal having a high thermal conductivity a foamed copper skeleton or a foamed aluminum skeleton
  • a non-metallic material a foamed graphite skeleton
  • a high thermal conductivity material mesh copper wire, Stainless steel wire
  • the phase change medium is made of a material that undergoes a phase change at a certain temperature and at least one phase is in a liquid phase and absorbs or releases latent heat.
  • the cold shape of the vibrating particles may be dendritic, circular, curved or cross-shaped. It is pressed into a strip shape under normal temperature conditions and then added to the foam skeleton by filtration. Then, it is heated and cooled to recover the cold shape by its high temperature deformability, and is stuck inside the foam skeleton to ensure the stability of the vibrating particles. Prevent it from falling out of the foam skeleton.
  • the vibrational power of the shape memory alloy particles may be provided by an external ultrasonic wave, an alternating electromagnetic field or an electric motor instead of the ultrasonic generating device, or may be provided by the vibrating particles themselves.
  • the ultrasonic generating device is an ultrasonic generator that consumes electric energy, or a self-energizing thermoacoustic conversion device.
  • the ultrasonic generator that consumes electric energy converts the commercial frequency alternating current into high-frequency alternating current by the ultrasonic generating device, and then converts the high-frequency alternating current into the ultrasonic wave of the same frequency by using the ultrasonic transducer.
  • Self-sup The capable thermoacoustic conversion device utilizes heat to generate ultrasonic waves in an elastic medium (often a high pressure inert gas) to cause acoustic self-oscillation.
  • the heat exchange surface may be provided with fins or surface treated.
  • the invention also provides a phase change heat storage device using the above heat storage device.
  • the invention also provides a heat storage unit which utilizes ultrasonic excitation particle resonance to strengthen phase change heat, and is characterized in that it comprises three kinds of enhanced heat exchange means: the high thermal conductivity of the foam copper skeleton is used to improve the effective thermal conductivity of the phase change medium; Using the cavitation and sound flow effects of ultrasonic waves to improve the convective surface heat transfer coefficient of liquid paraffin and solid paraffin; using ultrasonic waves to excite the vibration of small particles of shape memory alloy to produce the effect of enhancing sound flow, converting liquid paraffin from natural convection or pure thermal conduction To force convection, further increase the surface heat transfer coefficient.
  • the foamed copper skeleton forms a composite material with paraffin uniformly distributed therein, and the thermal conductivity is improved.
  • the nickel-titanium shape memory alloy cross-shaped particles are pressed into a line segment and then added to the foamed copper skeleton by filtration, and then the deformability is utilized, and after heating, the cruciform shape is restored and fixed inside. Ultrasonic vibration of small particles of shape memory alloy is excited.
  • the inside of the cold/hot fluid heat exchange channel can be improved by heat transfer efficiency by using fins, surface treatment and runner design.
  • the invention utilizes the shape memory alloy to change the shape characteristics at different temperatures, so that the vibration particles are easily filled into the foam skeleton, and it is not easy to fall out during the working process, and has stability.
  • the heat collecting medium flowing through the cold/hot fluid heat exchange channel exchanges heat with the refrigerant and the heat exchange surface, and is transferred to the foam copper skeleton and the paraffin composite, and is forced convection under the resonance of the small shape memory alloy particles.
  • the liquid paraffin in the state absorbs heat by convective heat transfer.
  • the heat storage unit using the ultrasonic excitation particle resonance strengthening phase transformation heat comprises a stainless steel casing, a foam copper skeleton, a shape memory alloy vibration small particle and a phase change material composite.
  • the foamed copper skeleton and paraffin form a high thermal conductivity composite material, which is converted into ultrasonic wave by the ultrasonic transducer into the phase change material, and the convective surface heat transfer coefficient of the liquid paraffin is improved by the cavitation and sound flow effect of the ultrasonic wave; the shape memory alloy Small particles vibrate, which produces enhanced sound flow effects and converts the liquid paraffin flow from natural convection or pure thermal conduction to forced convection, further increasing the surface heat transfer coefficient.
  • the heat exchange efficiency per unit volume is improved by 20%; in the case of adding the shape memory alloy particles, the heat exchange efficiency per unit volume of the present invention is increased by 1.2 times on the basis of the vibration of the particles.
  • the present invention increases the heat exchange efficiency per unit volume by more than 2.6 times in the case of a cost increase of only 2%; compared with the foamed graphite skeleton heat storage device, the present invention The volumetric heat transfer efficiency can be maintained at 82% of the heat storage efficiency of such a heat storage, while the cost is only 13%.
  • the invention solves the contradiction between the heat exchange effect and the cost, and has the advantages of compact structure and wide application range.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic view of the structure of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a heat storage unit that utilizes ultrasonic excitation particle resonance to enhance phase change heat;
  • Figure 3 is a block diagram showing the structure of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 1 The components of Figure 1 are marked as follows: 1. Heat source; 2. Housing; 3. Vibration particles; 4. Foam skeleton; 5. Vibration source; 6. Phase change medium; 7. Cold source; 9, heat release surface; 10, environment; 05, ultrasonic generating device.
  • Figure 2 The components of Figure 2 are marked as follows: 01, stainless steel housing; 02, foam copper skeleton and paraffin composite; 03, shape memory alloy vibration particles; 04, power frequency AC power supply; 05, ultrasonic generating device; / hot fluid heat exchange channel; 07, ultrasonic conductive steel plate; 08, ultrasonic transducer; 09, high frequency AC power supply line.
  • Figure 3 The components of Figure 3 are labeled as follows: 001, high power fiber laser; 002, solenoid valve; 003, fluid pump; 004, hot fluid flow conduit; 01, stainless steel housing; 02, foam copper skeleton and paraffin composite; 03, shape memory alloy vibrating particles; 05, ultrasonic generating device; 06, cold/hot fluid heat exchange channel; 08, ultrasonic transducer; 005, compressor; 006, refrigeration fluid flow pipe; 007, throttle valve; , condenser; 009, heat sink; 010, cooling fan.
  • the heat storage unit provided by the present invention is as shown in FIG.
  • the heat reservoir includes a single layer closed housing.
  • the inner space of the casing 2 is filled with a foam skeleton 4 having a high thermal conductivity, and is filled with a phase change medium 6, which can undergo a phase change at a certain temperature and at least one phase is a liquid phase, and absorbs or releases latent heat during the phase change. .
  • the vibrating particles 3 are present in the voids of the foam skeleton 4 in close contact with the phase change medium 6.
  • the heat is introduced into the interior of the heat reservoir by the heat absorbing surface 8 and the foam skeleton 4 connected thereto, and the particles vibrating under the induction of the external or internal vibration source 5 cause the flow state of the liquid phase change medium to be convected by nature (when When the heat storage unit is under the weightless condition of space, it is converted into forced convection by pure heat conduction, and the heat is quickly transferred into the phase change medium 6.
  • the cold source 7 conducts heat to the heat storage device through the heat releasing surface 9 and the foam skeleton connected thereto, and is introduced into the environment 10.
  • FIG. 1 A phase change heat reservoir using the heat reservoir component of the present invention is shown in FIG.
  • Ultrasonic excitation particle resonance enhanced convection heat transfer heat storage including stainless steel shell 01, foam copper skeleton and phase change medium composite 02, shape memory alloy vibration particles 03, power frequency AC power supply 04, ultrasonic generating device 05, cold / hot Fluid heat exchange channel 06, ultrasonic conductive steel plate 07, ultrasonic transducer 08 high frequency alternating current AC power supply line 09.
  • the stainless steel shell 01 has a rectangular parallelepiped structure, and is covered with an insulating foam.
  • the phase change medium is evenly distributed in the voids of the foamed copper skeleton, and the composite material 02 is formed with the copper skeleton to improve thermal conductivity.
  • the shape memory alloy vibrating particle 3 material is a nickel-titanium shape memory alloy, and the cold shape is a cross shape. After being pressed into a line segment, it is added into the foam copper skeleton and the phase change medium composite 02 by filtration, and then heated by its deformability. After the cross is restored, it is fixed inside.
  • Iron-based shape memory alloy particles are ferromagnetic materials and are easily magnetized. Under the action of alternating electromagnetic field, the magnetized memory alloy particles can vibrate as the direction of the magnetic field changes; the motor connected to the eccentric can generate mechanical vibration, causing the entire heat storage unit to vibrate, thereby exciting the vibration of the internal memory alloy particles;
  • the shape memory alloy is made into a hollow tubular shape and filled with a high-pressure inert gas. When the particles are heated, the gas expands and generates a first pressure disturbance wavefront, which propagates to the sound velocity at both ends. The gas shrinks after heat exchange at both ends, and the contracted gas tends to move back.
  • the first pressure wavefront propagates to the end of the cavity and is reflected back, and the reflected wave is superimposed with the gas contraction motion.
  • a positive feedback enhancement occurs at a certain frequency, and after repeated repetition of several cycles, saturation is achieved to form a continuous resonance fluctuation, and the particles themselves generate vibration.
  • the power generation AC power supply 04 is supplied to the ultrasonic generating device 05.
  • the ultrasonic generating device 05 is provided with a leakage protection device, which can generate high-frequency alternating current, and is exchanged for ultrasonic waves through the high-frequency alternating current power supply line 09.
  • Energy device 08 is powered.
  • the ultrasonic transducer 08 can convert the high frequency alternating current supplied from the high frequency alternating current power supply line 09 into ultrasonic waves of the same frequency.
  • the ultrasonic conductive steel plate 07 has a thickness of 3 to 5 mm, and is provided with a bolt connected by argon arc welding, and is matched with an ultrasonic transducer-specific glue, and is tightly fixed with the ultrasonic transducer 08.
  • the ultrasonic transducer 08 converts the electrical signal into ultrasonic waves, and is transmitted to the inside of the heat storage device via the ultrasonic conductive steel plate 07 to excite the shape memory alloy vibrating particles 03 to vibrate and agitate the liquid paraffin to enhance heat exchange.
  • the heat collecting medium flowing through the cold/hot fluid heat exchange passage exchanges heat with the refrigerant and the surface treated finned heat exchange surface, and transfers to the foam copper skeleton and the paraffin composite, which is small in the shape memory alloy.
  • the liquid paraffin in the forced convection state under the resonance of the particles absorbs heat by convection heat transfer.
  • the high power fiber laser 001 emits heat during operation, and the generated heat is transferred to the heat collecting medium in the hot fluid flow pipe 004 to ensure a constant temperature of the high power fiber laser 001.
  • the hot fluid is pressurized by the fluid pump 003, it is circulated in the hot fluid flow conduit 004, and the flow rate of the hot fluid is adjusted by the solenoid valve 002 according to the power of the high power fiber laser 001.
  • the heat collecting medium of the hot fluid heat exchange channel 06 on the left side exchanges heat with the heat treatment surface disposed on the surface by the fins, and is transferred to the foam copper skeleton of the heat storage unit and the paraffin composite 02, so as to be in close contact with the foam
  • the solid paraffin of the copper skeleton undergoes a phase transition to liquid paraffin.
  • the ultrasonic generating device 05 generates high-frequency alternating current
  • the ultrasonic transducer 08 converts the high-frequency alternating current into ultrasonic waves of the same frequency
  • the ultrasonic conducting steel plate is introduced into the heat accumulator to excite the shape memory alloy vibrating particles 03 to vibrate the liquid paraffin to make it flow.
  • the state is converted to forced convection by natural convection (when the heat storage unit is under space weightless conditions, it is pure heat conduction).
  • the heat is transferred to the unmelted solid paraffin by convective heat transfer through the liquid paraffin, and the heat generated by the high-power fiber laser 001 is rapidly converted into the latent heat of liquefaction of the paraffin, and stored in the heat storage unit.
  • the ultrasonic generating device 05 is turned off, and the ultrasonic wave is no longer generated.
  • the refrigerant is a low-boiling substance that flows in the refrigerant fluid flow conduit 006. The heat is transferred from the molten liquid paraffin through the foamed copper skeleton to the refrigerant medium in the hot fluid heat exchange passage 06 on the left side, which is equivalent to the evaporator. After the refrigerant is vaporized from the evaporator by constant pressure, it is evaporated to dry saturated steam, and then enters the compressor 005 to be compressed under adiabatic state.
  • the superheated refrigerant vapor is firstly pressure-cooled to a saturation temperature corresponding to the current pressure, and then continues to be isostatically (also isothermally) condensed into a saturated liquid state, and enters the throttle valve 007 where it is insulated.
  • the throttle is cooled, depressurized to a state of wet saturated steam corresponding to the initial pressure of the cycle, and then enters the evaporator to complete the cycle.
  • the heat storage unit of the present invention can be industrially manufactured or used, and has industrial applicability.

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Abstract

一种储热单元，至少包括单层封闭壳体（2）。其中，封闭壳体（2）具有至少一个换热面（8，9）和非换热面，泡沫骨架（4）填充在其内部空间中。相变介质（6）均匀分布在泡沫骨架（4）的空隙中，与泡沫骨架（4）形成复合材料，以获得比单纯相变介质更高的导热系数。超声波发生装置（05）发出超声波，诱导由形状记忆合金制成的振动颗粒（3）产生振动，将液态相变介质（6）的流态由自然对流或纯导热转化为强制对流，同时利用超声波的空化和声流效应提高液态相变介质的对流表面传热系数，提高单位体积储热效率。

Description

储热单元 技术领域
本发明涉及一种高效储热单元，以及使用该储热单元的换热器。
背景技术
目前的储热器分为显热式与相变潜热式，其中固-液相变潜热式储热器以其高储热密度和稳定温控等优点，成为相变储热器的主流。相变换热过程主要以导热和对流换热为主，因此相变材料的导热性能以及对流特性至关重要。常见的相变材料导热系数极低，极大地限制了储热器的储热效率。专利CN104140786A通过在相变材料中添加纳米颗粒与高导热多孔材料以提高有效导热系数，可将相变材料的导热系数提高40％-50％。但是，此类方法强化换热效果不明显，其单位体积换热效率并没有得到大幅度提高。
专利CN102777874A提出了一种应用于相变储热器的储热器核心部件的改良结构，将石蜡填充在泡沫石墨骨架中。该设计可大幅度提高储热器的传热性能，等效导热系数达到了135W/(m.K)。虽然该储热器效果良好，但由于泡沫石墨的价格昂贵，且需要利用真空银钎焊与储热器吸热表面连接，造成此类储热器的成本极高。只能应用于军工或者航天等特殊领域，难以大规模推向市场。
专利JP3076847B1提出了一种应用于蓄热槽的改良结构，在蓄热槽内封装由金属、陶瓷、矿石等制成的固体片，在超声波的激发下，固体片可在蓄热介质中振动。该设计可将液态相变材料的流态由自然对流转化为强制对流，将热量快速传入相变介质内部。
发明内容
本发明的针对相变储热器换热效率低，相变材料导热性能差等问题，提供一种高导热、高换热效率的储热单元。该单元用于相变储热器等以热流体或高温火焰或辐射作为热源的换热设备中，将显著提高传热性能，降低制造成本。
为解决上述技术问题，本发明所采取的技术方案是：
提供一种储热单元，至少包括单层封闭壳体。其中，封闭壳体具有至少一个换热面，泡沫骨架填充在封闭壳体的内部空间中；相变介质均匀分布在泡沫骨架的空隙中，与泡沫骨架形成复合材料，以获得比单纯相变介质更高的导热系数；振动颗粒由形状记忆合金制成，其被压制为条状后采用过滤法被填入泡沫铜骨架的空隙中；超声波发生装置发出超声波，诱导所述振动颗粒产生振动，将液态相变介质的流态由自然对流或纯导热转化为强制对流，同时利用超声波的空化和声流效应提高液态相变介质(6)的对流表面传热系数。
优选方案进一步包括如下任一技术特征:
所述单层封闭壳体的换热面和非换热面由相同的金属或非金属材料制成，其中非换热面外围包裹绝热材料；或者换热面和非换热面由不同材料制成，其中换热面材料的导热系数高于非换热面材料的导热系数。
所述泡沫骨架选用高导热系数的材料，可由高导热系数的金属(泡沫铜骨架或者泡沫铝骨架)或非金属材料(泡沫石墨骨架)制成，或者为高导热系数材料丝网(铜丝、不锈钢丝)。
所述相变介质由在一定温度下可发生相变化且至少有一相为液相，并吸收或释放潜热的材料制成。
所述振动颗粒的冷态形状可为枝状、环形、弧形或者十字架状。将其在常温条件下压制为条状后采用过滤法加入至泡沫骨架中，然后利用其高温变形能力，加热并冷却后恢复冷态形状，卡在泡沫骨架内部，保证所述振动颗粒的稳定性，防止其从所述泡沫骨架中脱落。
所述形状记忆合金颗粒的振动动力可由外界超声波、交变电磁场或电动机代替超声波发生装置提供，或可由所述振动颗粒自身提供。
所述超声波发生装置是消耗电能的超声波发生器，或者是自供能的热声转化装置。
消耗电能的超声波发生器是利用超声波发生装置将工频交流电转换为高频交流电，再利用超声波换能器将高频交流电转换为同频率的超声波。自供 能的热声转化装置是利用热在弹性介质(常为高压惰性气体)中引起声学自激振荡产生超声波。
所述换热面可设置翅片或进行表面处理。
本发明同时提供一种选用上述储热器的相变储热装置。
本发明还提供一种利用超声波激发颗粒共振强化相变换热的储热单元，其特征在于，包括三种强化换热手段：利用泡沫铜骨架的高导热性提高相变介质的有效导热系数；利用超声波的空化和声流效应提高液态石蜡与固体石蜡的对流表面传热系数；利用超声波激发形状记忆合金小颗粒的振动从而产生强化声流的效应，将液态石蜡由自然对流或纯导热转化为强制对流，进一步提高表面传热系数。
泡沫铜骨架与均匀分布在其中的石蜡形成复合材料，导热性提高。将镍钛形状记忆合金十字状颗粒压制为线段后采用过滤法将其加入泡沫铜骨架中，然后利用其变形能力，加热后恢复十字状，固定在其内部。利用超声波激发形状记忆合金小颗粒振动。冷/热流体换热通道内部可利用翅片、表面处理以及流道设计提高换热效率。
本发明利用形状记忆合金在不同温度下能够改变形状的特性，使振动颗粒易填充到泡沫骨架中，且在工作过程中不易掉出，具有稳定性。
流经冷/热流体换热通道的集热工质与制冷工质与换热面进行换热，并传递至泡沫铜骨架及石蜡复合物，在形状记忆合金小颗粒的共振下而处于强制对流状态的液态石蜡通过对流换热吸收热量。
本发明所述的利用超声波激发颗粒共振强化相变换热的储热单元包括不锈钢壳体、泡沫铜骨架、形状记忆合金振动小颗粒及相变材料复合物。泡沫铜骨架与石蜡形成高导热系数复合材料，由超声波换能器转化为超声波经传导钢板进入相变材料，利用超声波的空化和声流效应提高液态石蜡的对流表面传热系数；形状记忆合金小颗粒发生振动现象，产生强化声流效应并将液态石蜡的流态由自然对流或纯导热转化为强制对流，进一步提高表面传热系数。
与仅采用相变材料复合物以强化换热的储热器相比，在单纯施加超声波 的情况下，本发明的单位体积换热效率提高了20％；在添加形状记忆合金颗粒的情况下，由于颗粒的振动，在前者的基础上本发明单位体积换热效率又提高了1.2倍。
本发明与常规金属网骨架储热器相比，在成本仅增加2％的情况下，将单位体积换热效率提高到原来的2.6倍以上；与泡沫石墨骨架储热器相比，本发明同体积换热效率可维持在此类储热器储热效率的82％，而成本仅为13％。本发明解决了换热效果与成本间的矛盾，且结构紧凑、适用范围广。
附图说明
图1是本发明的结构示意图；
图2是一种利用超声波激发颗粒共振强化相变换热的储热单元的结构示意图；
图3是本发明一处较佳实施例的系统结构示意图。
附图1中各部件的标记如下：1、热源；2、壳体；3、振动颗粒；4、泡沫骨架；5、振动源；6、相变介质；7、冷源；8、吸热面；9、放热面；10、环境；05、超声波发生装置。
附图2中各部件的标记如下：01、不锈钢壳体；02、泡沫铜骨架及石蜡复合物；03、形状记忆合金振动颗粒；04、工频交流电源；05、超声波发生装置；06、冷/热流体换热通道；07、超声波传导钢板；08、超声波换能器；09、高频交流电供电线路。
附图3中各部件的标记如下：001、高功率光纤激光器；002、电磁阀；003、流体泵；004、热流体流动管道；01、不锈钢壳体；02、泡沫铜骨架及石蜡复合物；03、形状记忆合金振动颗粒；05、超声波发生装置；06、冷/热流体换热通道；08、超声波换能器；005、压缩机；006、制冷流体流动管道；007、节流阀；008、冷凝器；009、散热片；010、散热风扇。
本发明的较佳实施方式
本发明提供的储热单元如附图1所示。
储热器包括单层封闭壳体。壳体2的内部空间填充高导热系数的泡沫骨架4，并充入相变介质6，该介质可在一定温度下发生相变化且至少有一相为液相，在相变过程中吸收或释放潜热。振动颗粒3存在于泡沫骨架4空隙中，与相变介质6紧密接触。通过吸热面8及与之连接的泡沫骨架4将热量导入储热器壳体内部，在外在或内在振动源5诱导下而产生振动的颗粒使液态相变介质的流态由自然对流(当储热单元处于太空失重条件下时，为纯导热)转化为强制对流，将热量快速传入相变介质6内部。冷源7通过放热面9及与之连接的泡沫骨架将热量导出储热器，导入到环境10中。
采用本发明储热器部件的一种相变储热器如附图2所示。
超声波激发颗粒共振强化对流换热的储热器包括不锈钢壳体01，泡沫铜骨架及相变介质复合物02，形状记忆合金振动颗粒03，工频交流电源04，超声波发生装置05，冷/热流体换热通道06，超声波传导钢板07，超声波换能器08高频交流电交流供电线路09。
不锈钢壳体01为长方体结构，外包裹隔热泡沫，相变介质均匀分布在泡沫铜骨架的空隙中，与铜骨架形成复合材料02提高导热性。形状记忆合金振动颗粒3材料为镍钛形状记忆合金，冷态形状为十字架状，压制为线段后采用过滤法将其加入泡沫铜骨架及相变介质复合物02中，然后利用其变形能力，加热后恢复十字状，固定在其内部。
铁基形状记忆合金颗粒属于铁磁性材料，易磁化。在交变电磁场的作用下，已磁化的记忆合金颗粒可随着磁场方向的变化振动；连接偏心轮的电动机可以产生机械振动，使整个储热单元产生振动，从而激发内部记忆合金颗粒振动；将形状记忆合金制成空心管状，内部填充高压惰性气体，当颗粒受热时，气体膨胀并产生首个压力扰动波前，向两端以声速传播。气体在两端换热后体积收缩，收缩的气体有向回运动的倾向。同时，第一个压力波前传播到谐振腔的端部而反射回来，反射波与气体收缩运动相叠加。在某一频率上产生正反馈加强，经若干个周期的重复加强后，达到饱和而形成持续的谐振波动，颗粒自身产生振动。
利用工频交流电源04向超声波发生装置05供电超声波发生装置05设有漏电保护装置，能产生高频交流电，通过高频交流电供电线路09向超声波换 能器08供电。超声波换能器08能将高频交流电供电线路09提供的高频交流电转换为同频率的超声波。超声波传导钢板07厚度在3～5mm，设有利用氩弧焊连接的螺栓，配合超声波换能器专用胶水，与超声波换能器08紧密固定。超声波换能器08将电信号转化为超声波，经超声波传导钢板07传入储热器内部激发形状记忆合金振动颗粒03振动搅动液态石蜡强化换热。
流经冷/热流体换热通道的集热工质与制冷工质与经过表面处理布置有翅片的换热面进行换热，并传递至泡沫铜骨架及石蜡复合物，在形状记忆合金小颗粒的共振下而处于强制对流状态的液态石蜡通过对流换热吸收热量。
下面结合附图3对本发明的较佳实施例进行详细阐述，其中核心部件为上述储热器：
高功率光纤激光器001运行时放热，产生的热量传递至热流体流动管道004中的集热工质，以保证高功率光纤激光器001的温度恒定。热流体经流体泵003加压后，在热流体流动管道004中循环，根据高功率光纤激光器001的功率大小，利用电磁阀002调节热流体的流量。
左侧的热流体换热通道06的集热工质与经过表面处理布置有翅片的换热面进行换热，并传递至储热单元的泡沫铜骨架及石蜡复合物02，使紧贴泡沫铜骨架的固态石蜡发生相变转变为液态石蜡。超声波发生装置05产生高频交流电，超声波换能器08将高频交流电转化为同频率的超声波，经超声波传导钢板传入储热器内部激发形状记忆合金振动颗粒03振动搅动液态石蜡，使其流态由自然对流(当储热单元处于太空失重条件下时，为纯导热)转化为强制对流。热量通过对流换热经液态石蜡传递至未熔化的固态石蜡，将高功率光纤激光器001产生的热量快速转化为石蜡的液化潜热，储存在储热单元中。
高功率光纤激光器001运行结束后，超声波发生装置05关闭，超声波不再产生。制冷工质为低沸点物质，在制冷流体流动管道006中流动。热量从熔化的液态石蜡通过泡沫铜骨架向左侧的热流体换热通道06中的制冷介质传递，相当于蒸发器。制冷工质从蒸发器定压吸热汽化后，蒸发为干饱和蒸汽，再进入压缩机005在绝热状态下压缩，温度超过环境温度，然后进入冷凝器008，通过表面散热片009向环境介质等压散热，同时利用散热风扇010 增强空气流动，散热储热单元中液态石蜡凝固，恢复到初始状态。在冷凝器008内，过热的制冷工质蒸汽先等压降温到对应于当前压力的饱和温度，然后继续等压(同时也是等温)冷凝成饱和液状态，进入节流阀007，在此处绝热节流降温、降压至对应于循环起始压力的湿饱和蒸汽状态，再进入蒸发器，完成循环。
以上所述仅为本发明的实施例，并非因此限制本发明的专利范围，凡是利用本发明说明书及附图内容所作的等效结构或等效流程变换，或直接或间接运用在其他相关的技术领域，均同理包括在本发明的专利保护范围内。
工业实用性
本发明的储热单元可以在工业上制造或使用，具备工业实用性。

Claims (12)

  1. 一种储热单元，至少包括单层封闭壳体，其特征在于：封闭壳体(2)具有至少一个换热面(8，9)和非换热面，泡沫骨架(4)填充在封闭壳体(2)的内部空间中；相变介质(6)均匀分布在泡沫骨架(4)的空隙中，与泡沫骨架(4)形成复合材料(02)，以获得比单纯相变介质(6)更高的导热系数；振动颗粒(3)由形状记忆合金制成，被压制为条状后采用过滤法被填入泡沫铜骨架(4)的空隙中；超声波发生装置(05)发出超声波，诱导所述振动颗粒(3)产生振动，将液态相变介质(6)的流态由自然对流或纯导热转化为强制对流，同时利用超声波的空化和声流效应提高液态相变介质(6)的对流表面传热系数。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的储热单元，其特征在于：所述单层封闭壳体(2)的换热面(8，9)和非换热面由相同的金属或非金属材料制成，其中非换热面外围包裹绝热材料。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的储热单元，其特征在于：所述单层封闭壳体(2)的换热面(8，9)和非换热面由不同材料制成，其中换热面(8，9)材料的导热系数高于非换热面材料的导热系数。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的储热单元，其特征在于：所述泡沫骨架(4)由金属或非金属材料制成。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的储热单元，其特征在于：所述泡沫骨架(4)为材料丝网。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的储热单元，其特征在于：所述相变介质由在一定温度下可发生相变化且至少有一相为液相，并在相变过程中吸收或释放潜热的材料制成。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的储热单元，其特征在于：所述相变介质(6)为石蜡、熔融盐、液态金属或易气化的有机物质。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的储热单元，其特征在于：所述振动颗粒(3)的冷态形状可为枝状、环形、弧形或者十字架状，将其在常温条件下压制为条 状后采用过滤法加入至泡沫骨架(4)中，然后利用其高温变形能力，加热并冷却后恢复冷态形状，卡在泡沫骨架(4)内部，保证所述振动颗粒(3)的稳定性，防止其从所述泡沫骨架(4)中脱落。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的储热单元，其特征在于：所述振动颗粒(3)的振动动力可由外界超声波、交变电磁场或电动机代替超声波发生装置(05)提供，也可由所述振动颗粒(3)自身提供。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的储热单元，其特征在于：所述超声波发生装置(05)是消耗电能的超声波发生器，或者是自供能的热声转化装置。
  11. 根据权利要求1所述的储热单元，其特征在于：换热面(8，9)可设置翅片或进行表面处理。
  12. 一种换热器，其特征在于，包括如权利要求1至11中任一项所述的储热单元。
PCT/CN2017/095534 2017-07-26 2017-08-02 储热单元 Ceased WO2019019204A1 (zh)

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CN119907218A (zh) * 2025-01-08 2025-04-29 西安建筑科技大学 一种基于微型通道的lvdt位移传感器散热结构
CN119665717A (zh) * 2025-01-10 2025-03-21 陕西中为能源技术有限公司 太阳能光-热-电利用的相变蓄热颗粒连续吸附封装系统

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