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  • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
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  • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
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  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

• This invention relates generally to the field of pharmaceutical agents and uses of the pharmacuetical agents for disease treatments thereof, specifically the pharmaceutical agents that target and inhibit the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), the Cholesterol 25- Hydroxylase (CH25H), and 25-hydroxylated cholesterol (25-OHC); and uses of the pharmaceutical agents in managing physiological conditions, specically the treatment and/or prevention of various diseases including central nervous system disorders, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and other diseases by reducing amyloid beta depositions.
• STAT1 signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
• CH25H Cholesterol 25- Hydroxylase
• 25-OHC 25-hydroxylated cholesterol
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• APP Amyloid- ⁇ Precursor Protein
• ⁇ 42 is a result from ⁇ - and subsequent ⁇ - cleavage of APP (Citron 2010, De Strooper, Vassar et al. 2010). This insoluble ⁇ 42 fragment aggregates in the extracellular space to form plaques. Several lines of evidence suggest the soluble oligomers of ⁇ 42 are even more toxic. The presence of ⁇ 42 has an impact on synaptic activities. Accumulation of ⁇ 42 could potentially induce aberrant network activity and synaptic depression (Palop and Mucke 2009).
• the present invention is a method of treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a subject by administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of a STAT1 inhibitor.
• the STAT1 inhibitor is an antibody against IFN or IFN receptor.
• the STAT1 inhibitor is an antibody against IL-6 or IL6 receptor.
• the STAT1 inhibitor is an agent that inhibits JAK1 and JAK3.
• the STAT1 inhibitor is an agent that reduces STAT1 phosphorylation.
• the STAT1 inhibitor is an agent that prevents the translocation of STAT1 into nucleus.
• the STAT1 inhibitor is an RNAi agent against STAT1.
• the present invention is a method of treating Alzheimer's disease
• the CH25H inhibitor is a STATl inhibitor.
• the CH25H inhibitor is a STATl inhibitor that is an antibody against IFN or IFN receptor.
• the CH25H inhibitor is a STATl inhibitor that is an antibody against IL-6 or IL6 receptor.
• the CH25H inhibitor is a STATl inhibitor that is an agent that inhibits JAKl and JAK3.
• the CH25H inhibitor is a STATl inhibitor that is an agent that reduces STATl phosphorylation.
• the CH25H inhibitor is a STATl inhibitor that is an agent that prevents the translocation of STATl into nucleus.
• the CH25H inhibitor is a STATl inhibitor that is an R Ai agent against STATl .
• the present invention is a method of treating Alzheimer's disease
• the 25-OHC inhibitor is an CH25H inhibitor or a STATl inhibitor.
• the 25-OHC inhibitor is an analog of 25-OHC.
• the 25-OHC inhibitor is a 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, for example, simvastatin.
• HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A
• the present invention is a method of preventing or delaying onset of
• the STATl inhibitor is an antibody against IFN or IFN receptor.
• the STATl inhibitor is an antibody against IL-6 or IL-6 receptor.
• the STATl inhibitor is an agent that inhibits JAKl and JAK3.
• the STATl inhibitor is an agent that reduces STATl phosphorylation.
• the STATl inhibitor is an agent that prevents the translocation of STATl into nucleus.
• the STATl inhibitor is an RNAi agent against STATl .
• the present invention is a method of preventing or delaying onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a subjec by administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of a CH25H inhibitor.
• the CH25H inhibitor is a STATl inhibitor.
• the STATl inhibitor is an antibody against IFN or IFN receptor.
• the STATl inhibitor is an antibody against IL-6 or IL-6 receptor.
• the STATl inhibitor is an agent that inhibits JAK1 and JAK3.
• the STATl inhibitor is an agent that reduces STATl phosphorylation.
• the STATl inhibitor is an agent that prevents the translocation of STATl into nucleus.
• the STATl inhibitor is an R Ai agent against STATl .
• the present invention is a method of preventing or delaying onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a subject by administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of a 25-OHC inhibitor.
• the 25-OHC inhibitor is an CH25H inhibitor or a STATl inhibitor.
• the 25-OHC inhibitor is an analog of 25-OHC.
• the 25-OHC inhibitor is a 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, for example, simvastatin.
• HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A
• the present invention is a method of treating
• AD Alzheimer's disease in a subject by providing a genome editing tool; delivering the genome editing tool to neural cells; and editing the STATl gene by deleting the entire STATl gene, the phosphrylation site of the STATl gene, the promoter region of the STATl gene, or the SH2 domain of the STATl gene.
• the genome editing tool is a CRISPR-CAS9 system.
• the present invention is a method of treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a subject by providing a genome editing tool; delivering the genome editing tool to neural cells; and editing the CH25H gene by deleting the entire CH25H gene, the histine cluster regions of the CH25H gene, or the promoter region of the CH25H gene.
• the genome editing tool is a CRISPR-CAS9 system.
• the present invention is a method of preventing or delaying onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a subject by providing a genome editing tool; delivering the genome editing tool to neural cells; and editing the STATl gene by deleting the entire STATl gene, the phosphrylation site of the STAT1 gene, the promoter region of the STAT1 gene, or the SH2 domain of the STAT1 gene.
• the genome editing tool is a CRISPR-CAS9 system.
• the present invention is a method of preventing or delaying onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a subject by providing a genome editing tool; delivering the genome editing tool to neural cells; and editing the CH25H gene by deleting the entire CH25H gene, the histine cluster regions of the CH25H gene, or the promoter region of the CH25H gene.
• the genome editing tool is a CRISPR-CAS9 system.
• Figures 1A and IB are images showing that elevated levels of phosphorylated
• FIG. 1A shows four images showing the staining of phosphorylated STAT1 (pSTATl) in brain tissue from three AD patients (Case-1, Case-2 and Case-3) and a healthy person (Control).
• Figure IB shows an enlarged image to illustrate the morphology of pSTATl staining, which morphology suggest the accumulation of pSTATl within nuclei. See the staining within rectangular frames.
• Figures 2A-2E are images and graphs showing STAT1 gene deficiency attenuates amyloid-beta deposition in the brain.
• Figure 2A shows images of staining of amyloid-beta ( ⁇ ) in mouse model of AD (APP/PS 1 mice) and AD mouse with STAT1 deficiency (APP/PS/STAT1-/-). Brain sections were obtained from 3-month-old of APP/PS1 and APP/PS1/STAT1-/- mice respectively. Images show the staining of ⁇ in whole brain section as well as hippocampal area at higher magnification.
• Figure 2B shows a graph depicting ⁇ plaque number in 5 successive sections that were obtained from 3-month-old of APP/PS1 and APP/PS 1/STAT1-/- mice respectively.
• Figure 2C shows a graph depicting ⁇ plaque area in 5 successive sections that were obtained from 3-month- old of APP/PS 1 and APP/PS1/STAT1-/- mice respectively.
• Figure 2D shows a graph depicting the Elisa measurement of ⁇ 42 in TBS extract of brain tissues that were obtained from 3-month-old of wildtype, APP/PS 1 and APP/PS1/STAT1-/- mice respectively.
• Figure 2E shows a graph depicting the Elisa measurement of ⁇ 42 in formic acid extract of brain tissues that were obtained from 3- month-old of wildtype, APP/PS1 and APP/PS 1/STAT1-/- mice respectively. * means P value less than 0.05.
• Figures 3A and 3B show graphs depicting the identification of CH25H as STAT1 downstream target.
• Figure 3A shows a heatmap depicting the gene ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes with fold change >1.5, p value ⁇ 0.05, two biological repeats used for each genotype.
• Figure 3B shows a pie map depicting the pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes by David functional annotation clustering.
• Figures 4A and 4B shows a graph and images depicting that CH25H is reduced in
• Figure 4A shows a graph depicting results of realtime PCR quantification of CH25H mR A level in brains of APP/PS 1 and APP/PS1/STAT1-/- mice. Data is representative of 3 independent experiments.
• Figure 4B shows images depicting results of Western blot of CH25H, STAT1 and a-tubulin in brain homogenate of 3 pairs of APP/PS1 and APP/PS 1/STAT1-/- mice.
• Figures 5A and 5B show graphs depicting that STAT1 physically binds to CH25H promoter.
• Figure 5A shows a schematic representation of the CH25H gene and its promoter.
• Figure 5B shows a graph depicting results of chromatin histone immune-precipitation (ChIP) experiment where DNA fragment containing CH25H promoter were enriched by STAT1 antibody pull down and this enrichment was diminished in sample from STAT1 KO (STAT1-/-) mice compared to that in wildtype (WT) mice.
• ChIP chromatin histone immune-precipitation
• Figures 6A and 6B shows graphs depicting that STAT1 deficiency leads to reduced
• Figure 6B shows a graph depicting results of measurement of 25-OHC level in same mice used for cholesterol measurement in Figure 6A.
• Figure 7 shows images depicting that full-length APP protein is reduced in exosomal fraction of STATl-/-mice. Brain tissues from APP/PS 1 and APP/PS1/STAT1-/- mice were homogenized, and the post-nuclear fraction was subjected to 5%-45% sucrose gradient centrifugation. Ten fractions were collected and solubilized with Triton-100. The fractions were used for western blot and blotted for APP and the exosome marker Flotillinl.
• Figures 8A-8C show graphs and images depicting that treatment with 25-OHC decreased exosomal APP but increases intracellular APP.
• SH-SY5Y cells with APP over-expression were treated with different dosage of 25-OHC.
• Figure 8A shows images depicting results of Western blot with APP from samples made by collecting the medium for exosome purification and lysing the purified exosomes.
• Figure 8B shows images depicting results of Western blot with APP from samples made by collecting cell lysate to assess intracellular APP level.
• Figure 8C shows a graph depicting results of FACS analysis of surface APP in control and 25-OHC treated cells.
• Figure 9 shows a graph depicting increased ⁇ 42 in exosomes after treatment with
• Figures lOA-lOC show images depicting increased retention time of APP inside cells after treatment with 25-OHC.
• Figure 10A shows images depicting the trafficking of APP molecules traced by FITC -conjugated antibody labelled surface APP. Cells were fixed at different time points to check the distribution of APP at specific time.
• Figure 10B shows an image of a snapshot of a time- lapse video showing APP translocation overtime in control cells.
• Figure IOC shows an image of a snapshot of a time-lapse video showing APP translocation in 25-OHC treated cells.
• Figures 11A, 11B and 11C show images and graphs depicting that injection of 25-
• FIG. 11A shows images of brain tissue sections stated for amyloid-beta. Mice at 2-month -old were injected with 25-OHC or saline as control every other day for duration of 1 month. Brains from these mice were sectioned and stained for amyloid- beta. Data are representative of 3 pairs of saline or 25-OHC injected mice.
• Figures 11B and 11C show graphs depicting ⁇ plaque number in 5 successive sections of whole brain (Figure 11B) and Hippocampus (Figure 11C) that were obtained from the Saline control and 25-OHC mice, respectively.
• Figures 12A-12E show graphs and images depicting the generation of CH25H KO mice.
• Figure 12A is a schematic view of CH25H gene and two targeting sgR A.
• Figure 12B shows the DNA sequence of two targeting sgRNA.
• Figure 12C depicts the sequencing results showing deletion of CH25H gene in the CH25H knock out mice.
• Figure 12D shows an image depicting the genotyping result of WT (534 bp) and KO (488bp) bands, respectively.
• Figure 12E shows a graph depicting the real-time PCR result of CH25H RNA level in WT and CH25H KO mice, respectively.
• Figures 13A and 13B shows images and graphs depicting that ⁇ plaque deposition is reduced in CH25H KO mice.
• Figure 13A are images showing the staining of amyloid-beta in mouse model of AD (APP/PS1 mice) and AD mouse with CH25H deficiency (APP/PS/CH25H-/-). Brain sections were obtained from 3-month-old of APP/PS1 and APP/PS1/CH25H-/- mice, respectively. Images show the staining of amyloid-beta in whole brain section as well as hippocampal area at higher magnification.
• Figures 13B and 13C show graphs depicting ⁇ plaque number in 5 successive sections of whole brain (Figure 13B) and Hippocampus ( Figure 13C) that were obtained from 3-month-old of APP/PS1 and APP/PS 1/CH25H-/- mice, respectively.
• Figure 14 shows a graph depicting that CH25H gene deficiency improves learning and memory in APP/PS1 mice.
• Figure 15 shows images of Western blots results of APP in cells treated with 25-
• FIG. 16A, 16B, 16C and 16D show graphs depicting the difference in ⁇ deposition being not due to difference in APP expression level or the secretases that cleavages APP.
• Figure 16A shows a graph depicting the results of real-time PCR quantification of APP mRNA level in brains of APP/PS1 and APP/PS 1/STAT1-/- mice.
• Figures 16B, 16C and 16D show three graphs depicting results of real-time PCR quantification of Adam 10 (Figure 16B), BACEl (Figure 16C) and Nicastrin (Figure 16D), i.e., the ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ secretase of APP, respectively.
• Data is representative of 3 independent experiments.
• Figures 17A and 17B show images and graphs depicting that phagocytotic ability of microglia cells between WT and STATl deficient mice is similar.
• Figure 17A shows images of microglia cells from WT or STATl deficient mice were incubated with florescent beads. Cells were fixed 5 mins after incubation and imaged for internalized beads.
• WT and KO medium are medium from WT or KO microglia cells respectively.
• Figure 17B shows a graph depicting the quantification results of beads internalized.
• Figure 17C is a chart depicting real-time PCR measurement of SV2A in WT and STATl deficient mice.
• Figure 17D is a chart depicting real-time PCR measurement of CCR2 in WT and STATl deficient mice.
• Figures 18A, 18B, 18C and 18D show four graphs depicting results of real-time
• Figures 19A-19F show graphs and images depicting that STATl deficiency did not affect general lipid metabolism.
• Figure 19B shows images of Oil-red-0 staining of liver sections of APP/PS1 and APP/P SI /STATl-/- mice, respectively. Images are representative of 3 pairs of mice.
• Figures 19C, 19D, 19E, and 19F shows four graphs depicting results of real-time PCR quantification of LPL, ABCA1, APOE, HMGCR in APP/PS 1 and APP/PS 1/STAT1-/- mice, respectively.
• Figures 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D, 20E, 20F, and 20G show graphs depicting results of real-time PCR quantification of c-fos (Figure 20A), zif268 ( Figure 20B), BDNF-IV (Figure 20C), BDNF-IX ( Figure 20D), Gadd45b (Figure 20E), Npas4 ( Figure 20F) and CH25H ( Figure 20G) in primary neuron culture obtained from WT or STATl KO mice after treatment with 50mM of KCl for 30mins to measure the induction of immediate early genes after KCl treatment. The results show that STATl deficiency did not change basal neural activity.
• STATl -regulated CH25H expression affects pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD).
• AD Alzheimer's Disease
• CH25H was the downstream target of STATl, and STATl and its target CH25H promoted ⁇ deposition during AD development.
• Higher amount of pphophorylated STATl (pSTATl) detected in AD patient was a causal event for AD development, because genetic depletion of STATl delayed ⁇ deposition in the brain.
• CH25H is an enzyme that converts cholesterol to 25- OHC.
• 25-OHC One of the unique features of 25-OHC is that it can cross Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB), which can be beneficial for drug development, as a number of drugs currently under clinical trial had problem with BBB penetration.
• BBB Blood-Brain-Barrier
• CH25H knockout mice had reduced ⁇ deposition which was comparable to STATl knockout.
• the activity of STAT1- CH25H is enhanced thereby resulting in an increase in ⁇ deposition.
• Enhancement of STAT1- CH25H activity may be due to, but not limited to: 1) increased STATl phosphorylation; 2) increased expression of STATl or CH25H; 3) increased cholesterol as substrate for CH25H.
• the antagonist herein for the treatment and prevention may be a chemical, a small molecule, a pharmaceutical, a non- coding RNA, an antisense nucleotide, a peptide, a protein or an antibody or portions thereof.
• the antagonist is administrated in a therapeutically effective amount.
• the present invention herein provides methods for treating diseases or medical conditions related to ⁇ deposition in brain cells of a subject.
• the diseases or medical conditions are due to abormal production, transport or clearance of ⁇ .
• the diseases or medical conditions are due to increased activity of the STAT1-CH25H pathway caused by factors such as, but not limited to, IFNa, IFN- ⁇ , IFN- ⁇ , IL-6 family cytokines, or conditions of acute or chronic inflammation.
• the diseases or medical conditions are due to increased amount of 25-OHC caused by high cholesterol amount in the subject.
• the inventors found that blockade of STATl signaling, abrogation of STATl expression or depletion of CH25H attenuate pathogenesis of AD with reduced ⁇ plaques.
• Chemical analog of 25-OHC also reduced APP in cultured cells.
• the methods of treatment herein include administrating an agent to modulate STATl or CH25H signaling, expression or activity, e.g., an agent to block 25-OHC activity or to promote 25-OHC degradation.
• the invention provides methods and means to treat Alzheimer's Disease.
• the present invention is directed to methods for treating diseases like AD through in the brain of a subject by inhibiting STATl, its downstream target CH25H, or 25- hydroxylated cholesterol (25-OHC).
• the present invention is directed to methods forpreventing or delaying the onset of diseases like AD in the brain of a subject by inhibiting STATl, its downstream target CH25H, or 25-hydroxylated cholesterol (25-OHC).
• the present invention is directed to methods for reducing amyloid- beta ( ⁇ ) deposition in the brain of a subject by inhibiting STATl, its downstream target CH25H, or 25-hydroxylated cholesterol (25-OHC).
• the present invention is directed to methods for preventing or delaying the accumulation of amyloid-beta ( ⁇ ) deposition in the brain of a subject by inhibiting STATl, its downstream target CH25H, or 25-hydroxylated cholesterol (25-OHC).
• the inhibition of STATl in the above methods is by administration of to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of a STATl inhibitor.
• subject means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human. In some instances, subjects may be grouped into different sub-groups according to the presence or absence of certain biomarkers. In other instances, subject may be groped into different subgroups abased on whether the amount of certain biomarkers is below or above a threshold. In either case, a sub-group may then be included or excluded for treatment in the present invention.
• the STATl inhibitor is a composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of an active agent, e.g., a compound, a peptide, an antibody or fragment thereof, or a nucleic acid, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• an active agent e.g., a compound, a peptide, an antibody or fragment thereof, or a nucleic acid
• an “excipient”, “carrier”, “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient”, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or similar terms mean one or more component(s) or ingredient(s) that is acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of invention compositions or formulations and not overly deleterious to the patient, animal, tissues or cells to which the STATl inhibitor composition or formulation is to be administered.
• the terms "pharmaceutically effective amount", "effective dose” or the like with respect to a STATl inhibitor mean an amount of the STATl inhibitor that is sufficient to elicit a desired response, e.g., reducing ⁇ deposition in a subject to which it is administered, e.g., a human, or to detectable modulation or amelioration of a molecular or cellular parameter or a clinical condition or symptom of AD.
• An effective amount, e.g., for human therapeutic use may be a single dose or two or more subdoses of a STATl inhibitor administered in one day, or it may be administered as multiple doses over a period of time, e.g., over 1, 2, 3, 4 or about 7 days to about 1 year.
• the therapeutically effective amount or dose can be estimated initially from in vitro and cell culture assays.
• an effective dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a desired concentration or titer. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans.
• Toxicity of the active ingredients described herein may be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in vitro, in cell cultures or experimental animals. The data obtained from these in vitro and cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human. The dosage may vary depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. The exact formulation, route of administration and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition.
• Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to blood levels of the active ingredient that are sufficient to induce or suppress the biological effect (minimal effective concentration, MEC).
• MEC minimum effective concentration
• the MEC will vary for each preparation, but can be estimated from in vitro data. Dosages necessary to achieve the MEC will depend on individual characteristics and route of administration. Detection assays can be used to determine plasma concentrations.
• dosing can be of a single or a plurality of administrations, with course of treatment lasting from several days to several weeks or until cure is effected or diminution of the disease state is achieved.
• the amount of a composition to be administered will, of course, be dependent on, for example, the subject being treated, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration, and the judgment of the prescribing physician.
• STAT1 inhibitor may be as low as about 0.02 mg/kg/day to about 0.03 mg/kg/day in human, and as high as about 2 mg/kg/day to about 3 mg/kg/day. In still some embodiments, the effective amount may be higher than 3 mg/kg/day as the ⁇ deposition becomes more severe. In other embodiments, the effective amount may be higher when the STAT1 inhibitor is used for treatment than when the STAT1 inhibitor is used for prevention or delaying the onset of ⁇ deposition.
• the dosage and administration schedule may also depend on the gender of the human subject to be treated. In some instances, some female patients may be more prone to STAT1 treatment and therefore, dosage may be smaller and administration schedule may be less frequent than male patients. In other instances, some female patients may be more sensitive to STAT1 treatment and therefore, dosage may be smaller and administration schedule may be less frequent than male patients.
• the administration may preferably start early well before ⁇ deposition can be detected. In other embodiments, the administration may start after ⁇ deposition is detected but before any clinical symptoms of AD can be seen. In still other embodiments, the adminisration may start after clinical sumptoms of AD can be seen.
• the administration may be for a single dose in some instances. The administration may be for multiple doses, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 doses in other instances. The administration may continue as many times as a medical doctor considers necessary.
• the administration schedule and the dosage may be related.
• the dosage for each administration may be smaller than that where the first dose is administered after clinical symptoms of AD can be seen.
• the dosage for each administration may be smaller than that where the administration is less frequent, e.g., once every 24 hours.
• Terms such as “use”, “treat”, “treatment”, “address” or the like in the context of using a STAT1 inhibitor in the treatment methods or other methods disclosed herein mean that the STAT1 inhibitor is administered to a subject, delivered to the subject's tissues or contacted with tissues, cells or cell free systems in vivo or in vitro, e.g., as described herein or a reference cited herein.
• Such use or treatment results in, e.g., (1) detectable improvement in or amelioration of the condition or symptom being treated, (2) detectable modulation in the activity, level or numbers of a relevant biomolecule, therapeutic cell population or a pathological cell population, (3) slowing of the progression of a condition or delaying its onset, or reduction of the severity of a symptom(s) of the condition or (4) another detectable response as described herein.
• amelioration may be transient, e.g., lasting for at least a few, e.g., about 1 to 24, hours or days, e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days, or amelioration may be prolonged, e.g., lasting about 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 to about 60 days or more, or amelioration may be permanent.
• a treatment may slow the progression of a disease or symptom or it may reduce the severity thereof, e.g., onset of a disease or a symptom may be delayed in at least some subjects for about 1-24 hours, about 2-10 days, about 2-30 days or for about 1-5 years compared to subjects who are not treated with sufficient amounts of a STATl inhibitor.
• a use or treatment with a STATl inhibitor typically results in detectable modulation in a relevant immune parameter such as modulation of the level, activity or relative amount of a target effector or suppressor cell population, interleukin, cytokine, chemokine, immunoglobulin compared to a suitable control, e.g., untreated.
• a STATl inhibitor treatment can also cause modulation of the level or activity of a relevant transcription factor, enzyme, cell biological activity or level or activity of the etiological agent of the disease.
• a treatment with a STATl inhibitor may be used to delay or prevent the onset of a disease, symptom or complication or to ameliorate or slow the progression of a preexisting disease, condition, symptom or complication, or to facilitate elimination of a disease, condition, symptom or complication, e.g., the ⁇ deposition in AD.
• “Ameliorate”, “amelioration”, “improvement” or the like means a detectable improvement or a detectable change consistent with improvement occurs in a subject or in at least a minority of subjects, e.g., in at least about 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 100% or in a range about between any two of these values.
• Such improvement or change may be observed in treated subjects as compared to subjects not treated with a STATl inhibitor, where the untreated subjects have, or are subject to developing, the same or similar disease, condition, symptom or the like.
• Amelioration of a disease, condition, symptom or assay parameter may be determined subjectively or objectively, e.g., self assessment by a subject(s), by a clinician's assessment or by conducting an appropriate assay or measurement, including, e.g., a quality of life assessment, a slowed progression of a disease(s) or condition(s), a reduced severity of a disease(s) or condition(s), or a suitable assay(s) for the level or activity(ies) of a biomolecule(s), cell(s) or by detection of cell migration within a subject.
• Amelioration may be transient, prolonged or permanent or it may be variable at relevant times during or after a STATl inhibitor is administered to a subject or is used in an assay or other method described herein or a cited reference, e.g., within about 1 hour of the administration or use of a STATl inhibitor to about 3, 6, 9 months or more after a subject(s) has received a STATl inhibitor.
• the "modulation" of, e.g., a symptom, level or biological activity of a molecule, cellular response, cellular activity or the like means that the cell, level or activity, or the like is detectably increased or decreased. Such increase or decrease may be observed in treated subjects as compared to subjects not treated with a STATl inhibitor, where the untreated subjects have, or are subject to developing, the same or similar disease, condition, symptom or the like.
• Such increases or decreases may be at least about 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 1000% or more or about within any range about between any two of these values.
• Modulation may be determined subjectively or objectively, e.g., by the subject's self assessment, by a clinician's assessment or by conducting an appropriate assay or measurement, including, e.g., quality of life assessments or suitable assays for the level or activity of molecules, cells or cell migration within a subject.
• Modulation may be transient, prolonged or permanent or it may be variable at relevant times during or after a STATl inhibitor is administered to a subject or is used in an assay or other method described herein or a cited reference, e.g., within about 1 hour of the administration or use of a STATl inhibitor to about 3, 6, 9 months or more after a subject(s) has received a STATl inhibitor.
• compositions, formulations, or methods that "comprise” one or more specified components, elements or steps.
• invention embodiments also specifically include those compounds, compositions, formulations or methods that are or that consist of or that consist essentially of those specified components, elements or steps.
• the terms “comprising”, “consist of and “consist essentially of have their normally accepted meanings under U.S. patent law.
• disclosed compositions or methods that "comprise” a component or step are open and they include or read on those compositions or methods plus an additional component(s) or step(s).
• disclosed compositions or methods that "consist of a component or step are closed and they would not include or read on those compositions or methods having appreciable amounts of an additional component(s) or an additional step(s).
• the STATl inhibitor may be an antibody against an interferon because interferons are required for the activation of STATl and the inhibition of interferons would prevent or reduce the activation of STATl .
• An example of interferon antibodies is Fontolizumab (planned trade name HuZAF), a humanized monoclonal antibody to interferon- ⁇ . Similar antibodies to interferons may be made and screened for its inhibitory effects on interferons by a person skilled in the art since methods of making and assaying antibody activities are generally known in the art.
• the STATl inhibitor may be an antibody against an interferon receptor because interferon receptors are required for the activation of STATl and the inhibition of interferon receptors would prevent or reduce the activation of STATl .
• interferon receptor antibodies is Anifrolumab, a Human monoclonal antibody targeting type I interferon (IFN) receptor 1. Similar antibodies to interferon receptors may be made and screened for its inhibitory effects on interferon receptors by a person skilled in the art since methods of making and assaying antibody activities are generally known in the art.
• the STATl inhibitor may be an antibody against an IL6 because
• IL6 are required for the activation of STATl and the inhibition of interferons would prevent or reduce the activation of STATl.
• An example of IL-6 antibodies is Siltuximab,is a chimeric (made from human and mouse proteins) monoclonal antibody against IL-6. Similar antibodies to IL-6 may be made and screened for its inhibitory effects on IL-6 by a person skilled in the art since methods of making and assaying antibody activities are generally known in the art.
• the STATl inhibitor may be an antibody against an IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) because interferon receptors are required for the activation of STATl and the inhibition of IL- 6 receptors would prevent or reduce the activation of STATl .
• IL-6 receptor antibodies is Tocilizuma, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-6 receptor. Similar antibodies to IL-6R may be made and screened for its inhibitory effects on IL-6R by a person skilled in the art since methods of making and assaying antibody activities are generally known in the art.
• the STATl inhibitor may be an agent the STATl inhibitor may be an agent that inhibits JAK1 or JAK3, because JAK1 and JAK3 are well known upstream kinases that activate STAT signaling.
• Agents that inhibit JAK1 and JAK3 may be small molecules, for example, Filgotinib used as JAK1 inhibitor, Tofacitinib for JAK3 inhibitor.
• the STATl inhibitor may be an agent that reduces STATl phosphorylation.
• agents that reduce STATl phosphorylation may be FLLL32 that was reported to inhibit STAT phosphorylation.
• the STATl inhibitor may be an agent that prevents the translocation of STATl into nucleus.
• agents that prevent the translocation of STATl into nucleus may be Meales virus protein P and V.
• the STATl inhibitor is an RNAi agent against STATl .
• RNAi agent may be any SiRNA targeting STATl, for example, product 105153 from ThermoSisher Scientific.
• Other siRNA agents target STATl can be made by a skilled person in the art because methods of making siRNA for a specific target is generally known in the art.
• a genome editing tool may be used to delete the entire STATl gene, the phosphrylation site of the STATl gene, the promoter region of the STATl gene, or the SH2 domain of the STATl gene in neural cells.
• the genome editing tool can be any genome editing tool as long as it can be used to target the specific regions of STATl gene and can be delivered to cells of interest.
• One example of such genome editing tool is the CRISPR-CAS9 system as decribed in Ran, F. et al. In vivo genome editing using Staphylococcus aureus Cas9, Nature (2015).
• CRISPR-Cpfl is a Single R A-Guided Endonuclease of a Class 2 CRISPR-Cas System, Cell (2015).
• the inhibition of CH25H in the above methods is by administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of a CH25H inhibitor.
• the CH25H inhibitor is a STATl inhibitor because STATl activates CH25H and the inhibition of STATl results in the inability of STATl to activate CH25H.
• STATl inhibitors may be any STATl inhibitor disclosed in this application.
• a genome editing tool may be used to delete the entire CH25H gene, the histine cluster regions of the CH25H gene, or the promoter region of the CH25H gene in neural cells.
• the genome editing tool can be any genome editing tool as long as it can be used to target the specific regions of CH25H gene and can be delivered to cells of interest.
• One example of such genome editing tool is the CRISPR- CAS9 system as decribed in Ran, F. et al. In vivo genome editing using Staphylococcus aureus Cas9, Nature (2015).
• CRISPR-Cpfl is a Single RNA-Guided Endonuclease of a Class 2 CRISPR-Cas System, Cell (2015).
• the inhibition of 25-OHC in the above methods is by administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of a 25-OHC inhibitor.
• the 25-OHC inhibitor may be an CH25H inhibitor or a STATl inhibitor because CH25H and STATl are upstream to 25-OHC and the inhbition of either CH25H or STATl results in the inability of CH25H to produce 25-OHC.
• the 25-OHC inhibitor may be an analog of 25-OHC.
• the 25-OHC inhibitor may be a 3- hydroxy-3 -methyl -glutaryl -coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor.
• HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is simvastatin.
• range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible sub-ranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
• mice [0080] Mice [0081] APP/PS 1 5XFAD mice were purchased from Jackson lab and the STAT1 deficient mice were provided by Daved Levy. CH25H KO mice were generated by crisper/cas9 method.
• the Ch25h gene sequence was downloaded from the UCSC Genome Browser website (http://genome.ucsc.edu/). Two sgRNA oligos were synthesized and annealed to the pUC57-sgRNA construct.
• mice brains were weighted and homogenized in 9 times volume of TBS.
• the resulting homogenate were centrifuged at lOOOg for 15min at 4°C. Supernatant was taken as the post nuclear fraction.
• the post nuclear fraction was laid carefully to a 5%-45% sucrose gradient, and centrifuged at 147,000g for 16hour at 4°C. After centrifuge, 1ml was taken as each fraction from top to the bottom. Triton was added to each fraction to reach a final concentration of 0.1% in order to dissolve membrane associated protein. The resulting samples were used for western blot analysis.
• SH-SY5Y cells over-express human APP were cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS.
• Microarray analysis was performed using affymetrix microarray system (Affymetrix) serviced by Molecular Genomics. Data analysis was performed with GeneSpring software. Differentially expressed genes were used as input in the David Functional Annotation Clustering website: (http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/home.jsp), using the default setting of the medium classification stringency. Results of clustering were replotted in pie graph.
• Tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, dehydrated, penetrated and paraffin embedded. Sections (5 um) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to assess general morphology. For immunofluorescence (IF) or immunohistochemistry (HC), sections were rehydrated and stained with primary antibody against ⁇ (Cell signaling), followed by incubation with fluorescence-conjugated secondary antibodies (Invitrogen). For Oil red O staining, livers were embedded in Tissue Tek (Electron Microscopy Sciences) and frozen at -80°C.
• IF immunofluorescence
• HC immunohistochemistry
• livers were embedded in Tissue Tek (Electron Microscopy Sciences) and frozen at -80°C.
• Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized with Superscript reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). Gene expressions were measured by 7500 real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems) with SYBR qPCR kit (KAPA). Actib , Gapdh or Rnl8S was used as internal control. The primer sequences are available upon request.
• Half of the brain hemisphere from APP/PS1 or APP/PS1/STAT1-/- mice were homogenized in 9 times volume of TBS to obtain brain homogenate.
• Crosslink was performed by addition of formaldehyde at final concentration of 1% for 10 min followed by quenching with Glycine.
• the homogenate were treated with hypotonic buffer followed by nuclear lysis buffer to release chromatin.
• the chromatin were fragmented by sonication and precleared with protein G beads, and subsequently precipitated with anti-STATl antibody (Santa Cruz) or normal rabbit IgG (Santa Cruz) overnight at 4oC.
• crosslink reversal was done by incubating at 65oC for 8 hr.
• the eluted DNA was purified and analyzed by RT-PCR with primers specific to CH25H promoter as described previously.
• Example 1 Statl knockout mice had reduced ⁇ deposition
• Example 2 Reduced ⁇ deposition in Statl-KO mice was due to the reduction of its downstream target CH25H
• FIGS 3A and 3B Furthermore, we confirmed the regulatory effect of STATl on CH25H by realtime PCR, Western Blot and ChIP assay ( Figures 4A,4B,5A,5B). As shown in Figure 4A which depicts real-time PCR results, CH25H mRNA expression is significaly reduced in STATl deficient mice. As shown in Figure 4B which depicts Western Blot results, CH25H protein level is also significantly reduced in STATl deficient mice. Results from the ChIP assay in Figures 5A and 5B also showed that in STATl deficient mice, less STATl was binding to the CH25H gene promoter sequence. The reduced level of 25-OHC in STATl deficient mice further supported the notion that STAT1-CH25H axis controls brain 25-OHC level ( Figure 6A-6B).
• mice brain homogenate were fractionated by sucrose gradient to examine cellular localization of APP protein. Breifly, the distribution pattern of APP was similar between 5XFAD and 5XFAD/STAT1-/- mice, except in the faction with highest density, which was enriched for Flotillinl, an exosome marker. STATl-/- mice had significant higher amount of APP in this fraction ( Figure 7).
• Example 4 25-OHC increased retention time of APP in cells
• Example 5 CH25H KO recaptulated the phenotype of STAT1 KO to delay AD pathogenesis
• mice were examined by watermaze. 5XFAD mice gradually learned to locate the platform underneath the water, while the CH25H KO mice took significantly (p ⁇ 0.05) less time to find the platform, indicating they performed better in learning and memory task (Figure 14).
• Example 6 Simvastatin inhibits 25-OHC -induced APP accumulation
• simvastatin treatment could reduce the increased APP level induced by 25-OHC treatment.
• prednisolone trimethylacetate treatment had no effect on the increased APP levels induced by 25-OHC.
• simvastatin was a potent inhibitor for 25-OHC.
• WT or STATl-/- microglia cells were incubated with fluorescent beads to test their phagocytotic ability.
• both cells were kept in medium from WT cells or in medium from STATl-/- cells. Imaging and quantification showed phagocytosis was similar in all conditions tested ( Figure 17A and 17B).
• SV2a and CCR2 key genes involved in phagocytosis process. Their expression levels were similar between APP/PS1 and APP/PS 1/STAT1-/- ( Figure 17C and Figure 17D).
• Example 8 CH25H was STATl dependent cholesterol hydroxylase
• Example 10 STATl deficiency did not alter neuronal activity measured by induction of immediate early genes.
• NLRP3 is activated in Alzheimer's disease and contributes to pathology in APP/PS1 mice.” Nature 493(7434): 674-678.
• Kitamura, Y., S. Shimohama, T. Ota, Y. Matsuoka, Y. Nomura and T. Taniguchi (1997). "Alteration of transcription factors NF-kappaB and STAT1 in Alzheimer's disease brains.” Neurosci Lett 237(1): 17-20.

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