WO2018205702A1 - 一种锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼及应用 - Google Patents

一种锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼及应用 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018205702A1
WO2018205702A1 PCT/CN2018/075783 CN2018075783W WO2018205702A1 WO 2018205702 A1 WO2018205702 A1 WO 2018205702A1 CN 2018075783 W CN2018075783 W CN 2018075783W WO 2018205702 A1 WO2018205702 A1 WO 2018205702A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
ring
ribs
variable
stirrup
vertical
Prior art date
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PCT/CN2018/075783
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王林
陶刚
王军
Original Assignee
江苏景源万河环境科技有限公司
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from CN201710316124.4A external-priority patent/CN107119680B/zh
Application filed by 江苏景源万河环境科技有限公司 filed Critical 江苏景源万河环境科技有限公司
Priority to EA201992478A priority Critical patent/EA038513B1/ru
Priority to US16/611,487 priority patent/US11008724B2/en
Publication of WO2018205702A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018205702A1/zh

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/34—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same
    • E02D5/38—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same making by use of mould-pipes or other moulds
    • E02D5/44—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same making by use of mould-pipes or other moulds with enlarged footing or enlargements at the bottom of the pile
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
    • E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/48—Piles varying in construction along their length, i.e. along the body between head and shoe, e.g. made of different materials along their length
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/74—Means for anchoring structural elements or bulkheads
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/74—Means for anchoring structural elements or bulkheads
    • E02D5/76—Anchorings for bulkheads or sections thereof in as much as specially adapted therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a variable diameter (hereinafter also referred to as variable diameter) steel cage for a bolt or pile foundation and an application thereof, in particular to a skeleton in a bolt or pile foundation - a variable diameter steel cage and an expanded anchor or pile foundation thereof It is mainly used in the technical support of building basement anti-floating pit support, slope support, geological disaster management, and reinforcement, and also used for compression pile foundation.
  • the invention provides a variable diameter steel cage skeleton in a bolt or pile foundation with large anti-pull/pressure resistance and stable performance.
  • the bolt must have several elements: a rod whose tensile strength is higher than that of the rock and soil. One end of the rod can be in close contact with the rock and soil to form friction (or bonding) resistance; the anchor rod can be located at the other end of the rock and soil. The radial resistance to the rock and soil is formed; the anchor is used as the tension member in the deep layer, and one end is connected with the engineering structure, and the other end is deep into the ground layer.
  • the whole anchor is divided into a free section and an anchoring section, and the free section means
  • the tension at the bolt head is transmitted to the anchorage area, and its function is to pre-stress the anchor rod;
  • the anchoring section refers to the area where the cement slurry or concrete anchor bonds the prestressing tendon to the soil layer, and its function is to The bond friction between the anchor and the soil layer is increased, and the bearing or tensile force of the anchor is increased, and the tensile force of the free section is transmitted to the depth of the soil.
  • the anchor is a rock-and-body reinforcement structure.
  • the shortcoming of the tensile strength of the rock and soil body is far lower than the compressive capacity.
  • the cohesion C and the internal friction angle ⁇ of the surrounding rock mass are mainly improved.
  • the anchor rod is located in the rock and soil and forms a new complex with the rock and soil.
  • the anchor in this composite is the key to solving the low tensile strength of the surrounding rock mass. Thereby, the bearing capacity of the rock and soil itself is greatly enhanced.
  • the anchor rod is the most basic component of the roadway support in the underground mining underground.
  • the surrounding rock of the roadway is tied together to support the surrounding rock itself.
  • the bolt is used not only for mine but also for construction engineering technology. In the basement, slopes, tunnels, dams, etc. are actively reinforced.
  • the basic type of anchor is: steel or wire rope mortar anchor.
  • Cement mortar is used as a binder for anchors and surrounding rock. Also included are inverted wedge metal anchors. Pipe joint anchor. Resin anchor. The use of resin as a binder for the anchor is costly.
  • the spin anchors include the following types: self-tapping extrusion screwing bolts ⁇ no drilling in the soil layer, direct extrusion, screwing installation, anchoring force 20KN/m; spin grouting anchor ⁇ after installation in the borehole Using the spin anchor to grout, it becomes a spin grouting anchor with initial anchoring force; spin resin anchor ⁇ install the screw in the borehole while the resin anchor is stirred into the initial anchoring force.
  • the expanding anchor bolt technology commonly used in the market is a plain slurry, a capsule expansion bolt technology and the like.
  • the reaming technology of the variable-size head bolt or pile foundation has already been established.
  • the grouting or concrete injection alone forms the head, but the steel frame that is not suitable can not form enough friction.
  • the anchoring force of the anchor or pile foundation, especially the anchor, transmitted by tension or resistance is limited.
  • the anchoring force is insufficient. Because they require large pull-out force and are required to be stable and reliable.
  • variable-diameter foundation piles have the following main types of variable-diameter foundation piles.
  • the pile length can be shortened, the workload can be reduced, the construction conditions can be improved, and the labor saving, material saving and time saving can be achieved.
  • the strength deformation calculation of the variable diameter foundation pile is the same as that of the non-reduction foundation pile.
  • the pile-bearing piles and the friction piles of the foundation piles are different in calculation of strength and deformation, and the friction piles are used as the object for calculation and comparison.
  • the strength of the friction pile is generally composed of the lateral frictional resistance of the pile and the strength of the pile end bearing layer.
  • the circumferential frictional resistance of the pile is the main, but for most of the foundation piles, especially the large diameter piles, the pile end support In the bedrock, the bearing force at the pile end is the main one, so the calculation of the ultimate strength of the pile end bearing layer is very important, because the values obtained by different methods for calculating the strength of the pile end bearing layer vary greatly.
  • the strength of the foundation pile bearing layer is not only related to the nature of the rock and soil, but also to the depth and size of the pile foundation. It can be seen that the variable diameter foundation pile is promising in application, but how to obtain a feasible variable diameter foundation pile is a problem to be solved.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a reduced-diameter steel cage and an expanded anchor or pile foundation thereof, and is applied to all expansion-resistant anchor rods and compression pile foundations, and overcomes the anchoring of the slurry-expanding head. Or the insufficient bearing capacity and integrity of the pile foundation is applied to the expansion anchor or pile foundation with the standard steel frame for the optimal cost-effective anchor or pile foundation.
  • the technical proposal of the invention is: a variable diameter steel cage for a rock bolt or a pile foundation, the core feature of which is that the diameter of the steel cage is variable; including an axial rod, a ring or a ring plate and a plurality of vertical bars and a plurality of ribs and rings
  • the holder, the ring or the ring plate is perpendicular to the axial rod, and one end of the plurality of vertical ribs is uniformly fixed on the ring or the ring plate, and the other end or the middle portion of each vertical rib is connected to one end of the rib, and the rib is another One end is connected to the ring holder, the ring holder slides or fixes on the axial rod, a plurality of vertical ribs surround the axial rod, and the outer circumference of the vertical rib is provided with an annular stirrup as the weft of the outer circumference, the annular stirrup and the vertical
  • the rib is provided with a fixed point; the annular stirrup
  • the second type of anchor or pile foundation uses a variable diameter steel cage, including an axial rod, a plurality of vertical ribs, at least two ring-shaped retainers, and a plurality of sets of ribs corresponding to the ring-shaped retainers, the ring-shaped retainers
  • the sleeves are respectively sleeved on the axial rods or the pile base rods, and each of the ring-shaped holders is fixed around the ring to fix a group of ribs having the same number of vertical ribs.
  • each group of ribs one end of the ribs is connected The position of the same height of the vertical ribs, the other end of the ribs is connected to the ring-shaped holder, that is, the different heights of each vertical rib are respectively connected with each set of ribs of at least two ring-shaped anchors, and several vertical ribs are surrounded Axial rod
  • the outer circumference of the vertical rib is provided with an annular stirrup as a weft of the outer circumference, an annular stirrup and a fixed point with the vertical rib, and the annular stirrup is an annular spiral spring stirrup or a flexible steel wire of an elastic material; the annular stirrup The tightening is in an unused state, and the end of the coil spring loop stirrup is provided with an annular stirrup release device; when the flexible steel wire is used, a release device for extending the tendon and the vertical reinforcement is provided.
  • the anchor rod or pile foundation is made of a variable-diameter steel cage, and at least one ring-shaped fixture slides on the axial rod or the pile foundation rod, and the sliding ring-shaped holder is provided with positioning means on the axial rod or the pile foundation rod.
  • the anchor rod or pile foundation is made of a variable-diameter steel cage, and the release device for propping the vertical reinforcement is an external force release, gravity release or an end release device of the coil spring loop stirrup; the end release device is an annular hoop
  • the end of the rib is prepared as a shaft pin or a shaft hole.
  • a fixing hole is inserted.
  • the end of the pin fixing stirrup is further provided. unit.
  • Typical structure of external force release similar to Figure 4-1 (when the variable diameter steel cage is in position, it is directly tapped or vibrated, or a ferrule is struck in the upper part of the ring, and the ferrule is opened during the movement. Similar to the ribs in the lower part of Figure 4-1, the lower ribs are opened and the gravity cage is used to open the steel cage without retracting.
  • the anchor rod or the pile foundation is made of a variable-diameter steel cage, and when the outer weft is a flexible steel wire, the release device for extending the vertical reinforcement of the reinforcement is a device for expanding the rib; the flexible steel wire includes the steel hinge wire and the steel rope. , chain structure or tensile strength of strong wire (such as carbon fiber, graphene and related carbon rope).
  • the anchor rod or the pile foundation is made of a variable-diameter steel cage, and the spiral spring annular stirrup is used to open the vertical reinforcement at the position of the inner ring of the vertical reinforcement; when the spiral spring annular stirrup and the weft are flexible steel wires, the spring Both the annular stirrup and the flexible steel wire have a fixed point with the vertical rib, and the fixed point is a snare with a certain space.
  • the anchor rod or pile foundation is made of a variable-diameter steel cage, and the ribs are connected with the vertical ribs in a movable manner: the ring-shaped retainers are respectively reinforced by the pin shaft 3-1 and the pin shaft bracket (U-shaped fixing bracket) 3-2
  • the strips are connected to the vertical ribs; the number of vertical ribs is greater than three. 6-8 roots are common. It can also be as many as 12 or more.
  • the vertical ribs are straight or curved.
  • Various pile foundations or anchors can be formed.
  • the anchor rod or pile foundation is made of a variable-diameter steel cage.
  • one or more ring-shaped fixtures may be evenly distributed on the shaft, at least one/but not limited to one and a circle.
  • the retainer slides over the axial rod and has a stop that limits the sliding distance of the loop retainer.
  • the sliding ring-shaped retainer is provided with a releasing device for the vertical rib of the rib; the vertical rib releasing device for the rib is for the axial rod
  • a spring (spring-like) device lifts at least one sliding loop retainer.
  • the outer annular stirrup is a coil spring or a flexible steel wire weft
  • each has a spring sleeved on the axial rod, and the ring is locked or has a stop when the spring is in a state of compression or elongation stress.
  • the spring stress drives the ring-shaped retainer to slide on the axial rod to drive the ribs out and to extend the vertical ribs.
  • the ring-shaped retainer When the ring-shaped retainer is fixed in the axial rod structure, the ring-shaped retainer and the axial rod are integrated, and the ring-shaped retainer of the peripheral opening can be directly welded to the axial rod (also A ring-shaped holder is machined on the axial rod).
  • the anchor rod or pile foundation is made of a variable-diameter steel cage.
  • a plurality of three-dimensional shape variable diameter steel cages can be formed, including but not limited to a cylinder.
  • a variable diameter steel cage characterized by a double-layered or multi-layered (cage in a cage) can also be formed for an oversized diameter pile-based variable-diameter steel cage.
  • the outer circumference of the vertical rib is provided with an annular stirrup, an annular stirrup and a fixed point with the vertical rib, and is an annular spiral spring stirrup or a flexible steel wire of an elastic material; the tightening of the annular stirrup is unused.
  • the end of the coil spring loop stirrup is provided with a release device; when the flexible steel wire is provided, the loop retainer is provided with a release device for the vertical reinforcement of the stretched tendon.
  • the release device for extending the vertical bars of the tendons has a device similar to the open rib.
  • the spring ring stirrup and the flexible steel wire have fixed points with the vertical bars, and the simplest fixing point is the wire bundle structure (tie steel bar).
  • the fixed point may be a snare with a certain space, and the spring annular stirrup and the flexible steel wire have a certain displacement at the vertical rib when the release is convenient.
  • the first variable-reducing steel cage of the present invention releases the umbrella shape (but if the diameter of the ring or the ring plate is large, the figure 1 can also be columnar), the axial rod, the ring or the ring plate and the plurality of vertical ribs (the umbrella bone) ), the ribs are similar to the rib (bone) structure, but the ring or ring plate replaces the umbrella tip, and the hoop of the ring spring elastically hoops and releases the structure to perform the action of closing the umbrella and opening the umbrella, and the vertical rib can be
  • the straight rod and the rib of the rib are the support rods of the rib, and the ribs are respectively connected with the ring-shaped holder and the vertical rib.
  • the second type of variable diameter steel cage is a (circular) column shape, which is a pair of ring-shaped anchor open umbrella structure (you can also have three or more open umbrella structures on the axial rod, that is, several vertical ribs and several ribs) It is composed of a sliding or fixed ring-shaped retainer, and the large-diameter (about 100cm) steel cage can be a double-layer cage structure, and a pair of ring-shaped anchor open-sky structure releases the inner cage of the double-layer cage, and the second pair of rings The retainer-opening structure releases the outer cage of the double-layer cage, which is slightly redundant. This solution does not exceed the scope of the present invention, and is more reasonable, but the preparation is slightly complicated.
  • the diameter of the ring or ring plate is equal to or slightly smaller than the diameter of the borehole; the ribs may be straight or curved.
  • the ring or ring plate can be replaced by a drill guide.
  • the other loop-shaped retainer is fixed to the axial rod.
  • the two ring-shaped retainers can be provided with two stops for limiting the sliding distance when sliding on the axial rod. It is also possible not to have a stop (with a stop mechanism such as a bead), or to use a spring stress to release the distance at which the vertical ribs are unfolded.
  • the annular stirrup When the annular stirrup is an elastic rib, the annular stirrup hoops the inner circumferential rib on the vertical rib.
  • the vertical ribs and the stirrups are simultaneously unfolded at the expanded end, and are closely attached to form a steel cage.
  • the structure of the stirrup end is prepared as a shaft pin or a shaft hole. The shaft pin is inserted into a certain fixing hole, and when the shaft hole is inserted, the pin shaft is fixed to the end of the stirrup. unit. And it is easy to release when needed, that is, the variable diameter steel cage is opened in the expansion hole.
  • the pressure-reducing steel cage expansion bolt or pile foundation of the invention is expanded and released when placed in the expanded section, and a grouting or injecting concrete conduit mechanism is arranged on the variable-reducing steel cage to achieve the note
  • the slurry or injected concrete becomes a bolt or pile foundation, and the variable diameter steel cage becomes the skeleton of the anchor or pile foundation.
  • elastomers include, but are not limited to, springs, spring bars, elastic plates, elastic rings, bouncy balls, elastic bars, compression bladders, hydraulic tops (rods), pneumatic tops (rods), or other materials.
  • Ways to open the straightening reinforcement cage include but are not limited to: spring, spring piece, elastic ring, elastic ball, elastic bar, compression bladder, counterweight, dead weight, vibration, hydraulic top (rod), pneumatic top (rod), high pressure
  • Various opening methods such as external force such as gas or liquid impact or natural opening.
  • variable diameter steel cage and its various parts including but not limited to steel, steel strand, glass fiber, resin, glass fiber reinforced resin, aramid fiber, carbon fiber, graphene, carbon related material And composite materials, polymers, polymer materials, nano materials, metal materials and non-metal materials; the position, specification, model, shape, quantity, size, and dimensions of the variable diameter steel cage and its parts Material (quality), various parameters can be adjusted according to the specific needs of different specifications of products.
  • the loop holder uses the flower piece or other shape of the umbrella.
  • variable diameter steel cage and its various parts includes, but is not limited to, a cylinder, a polygonal (circular tangent) cylinder, a circular platform, a cone and a polygonal cone, a trapezoidal cylinder, a sphere, a bamboo shape Column; the cross-sectional plane figure is a circle and an ellipse, a sector, an arc, a ring; a polygon including a triangle, a trapezoid, a parallelogram, a diamond, a rectangle, a square, a dove, a pentagon, a hexagon, and more sides;
  • the present invention can be applied to a super-diameter pile-based variable-diameter steel cage or a double-layered or multi-layered (cage-cage) variable diameter according to the variable-diameter principle of the present invention according to the performance requirements of a specific project.
  • Steel cage. Preparation method of variable diameter steel cage various methods such as 3D printing molding, injection molding,
  • the pressure-reducing steel cage of the invention is integrated with the tension bar, but not limited to various grades of steel bars, steel strands and steel wire ropes to form an expanded anchor; further, with various specifications of steel columns and sections Or the bearing foundation of the invariable diameter steel cage concrete structure (column / or pile), forming an integral pile foundation.
  • Application method of the invention drilling jet pile machine drilling to design depth ⁇ high pressure rotary spray construction or mechanical reaming construction ⁇ lower anchor head (or pile hole) ⁇ opening anchor head (or pile hole) expansion mechanism, reinforcing steel cage Open to design size ⁇ high pressure grout or concrete.
  • wefts can be ordinary steel bars after special processing, become elastic steel bars, stirrups; processed with elastic steel bars into small diameter stirrups (by tightening or tightening to hug the entire vertical reinforcement or The ribs); that is, the entire vertical ribs or ribs are hooped by tightly winding or tightening, and the outer ribs are provided with annular stirrups, annular stirrups and fixed points with the vertical ribs (wire bundles are most commonly used).
  • the second variable-reinforcing steel cage, the weft thread may be a steel strand or a steel wire rope uniformly or evenly distributed around the outer circumference of the vertical rib, and the restraining and releasing mechanism is a double rib opener, the vertical rib is equivalent to the skeleton of the rib or The coaxial double rib structure is released, and the weft is a polygonal ring stirrup. When the vertical rib is eight, the weft becomes an octagon.
  • the diameter of the weft thread after compression of the steel cage is generally ⁇ 200mm (parameters related to the actual formed borehole, different boreholes can have different sizes of diameter steel cages (hoops)), placed in the expansion section of the bolt
  • the diameter of the weft thread reaches about 400mm (also can be hoop ⁇ 150mm, the diameter of the expanded weft is 200-350mm), the general length is 1200-1600mm; according to the demand, the diameter of the weft is not excluded. It can reach a diameter of about 500-2000mm or more.
  • the steel cage should first use large-size axial rods and vertical ribs.
  • the diameter of the weft (outer circumference) after hoop is generally ⁇ 300-800mm, and the length is increased or decreased according to demand.
  • the weft may be a spiral or a circumference uniformly distributed on the vertical ribs.
  • the vertical ribs or ribs are unfolded close to the stirrups under the action of the mechanism until they can be unfolded; at the bottom of the expanded section, that is, the bottom of the anchor rod is anchored with the anchor plate (the anchor plate is the ring plate), and the rod body and the enlarged head machinery are used. connection.
  • the design, construction and acceptance of the enlarged head bolt technology of the pressure-reducing steel cage are referred to the technical specification of JGT/T282-2012 high-pressure jet expansion head bolt.
  • the invention is applied to the application of an enlarged head bolt or a pile foundation technique.
  • the present invention can also form a variety of three-dimensional shape variable diameter steel cages, including but not limited to cylinders, polygonal cylinders, cones, trapezoidal cylinders, bamboo.
  • the invention can be used according to the variable diameter principle of the present invention according to the variable diameter principle of the present invention, and the double-diameter or multi-layer vertical reinforcement arrangement can also be formed for the super-diameter pile-base variable-diameter steel cage.
  • a medium diameter cage is characterized by a variable diameter steel cage.
  • the solution of the present invention can form a pulling rod with sufficient friction force or resistance transmission, the anchoring force is obviously increased and the overall integrity of the bolt is good, and the concrete reinforcing cage skeleton for expanding the head pile foundation is also used. .
  • the technology of the invention can provide greater anti-pull or anti-pressure, stable and reliable performance, and has a good effect on reducing environmental pollution and speeding up the progress of the project.
  • the invention uses less materials and a low-cost process, and can meet the construction requirements of a larger pile foundation or anchor which lowers the cost, and has good economy.
  • the invention improves and innovates the expansion of the head part by the traditional high-pressure jet expansion head anchor or pile foundation technology. After adding the variable diameter steel cage in the enlarged head section, a reinforced concrete expansion head is formed, so that The overall force, the stability of the anchoring section and the performance of the pull-out bearing capacity are greatly improved.
  • FIGS. 1-3 are schematic structural views of the variable-diameter steel cage of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1-1 is a tension spring unfolding release structure
  • FIG. 1-2 is a compression spring unfolding release structure
  • FIGS. 1-3 are The compression spring of the double-ring retainer slides to release the unfolding structure.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of an expanded anchor
  • Figure 3-1 and Figure 3-3 are schematic views of the tightening structure of the present invention
  • Figure 3-1 is a schematic view of the structure of the sleeve without spring tightening
  • Figure 3-3 is a schematic view of the structure of the sleeve with spring tightening
  • Figure 3 -2 is a partial schematic view of the chassis 12 in the lower part of FIG. 3-1 instead of the chassis 12
  • FIG. 3-4 is a partial schematic view of the lower portion of the chassis 12 replaced by the guide cap 14 of FIG.
  • Figure 4-1 is a schematic view showing the release structure of the present invention
  • Figure 4-2 is a schematic view showing another release structure of the present invention (the sleeve has a spring);
  • Figure 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the B-B of Figure 4.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic view showing the connection structure of the ribs 3 in Figure 5;
  • Figure 7 is a schematic structural view of the outer annular stirrup 6 (spiral);
  • Figure 8 is a schematic view (enlarged view) of the tightening structure of the second bracket
  • Figure 9 is a schematic view showing the release structure of the second stent.
  • Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of the process flow. In the figure: drilling a ⁇ reaming b ⁇ lower anchor c ⁇ open the expansion mechanism d in the anchor head, open the reinforcement cage to the design size e, ⁇ high pressure grouting or pouring concrete f;
  • Figure 11 is a schematic view showing the structure of the reduced-diameter steel cage when tightened
  • Figure 12 is a schematic view showing the structure of the reaming cage product restraint mechanism after opening.
  • the components in the figure show an axial rod 4, a ring or ring plate 1, a plurality of vertical ribs 2, a rib 3, a ring-shaped holder 5, an annular stirrup 6, and a steel collar 6 at the end of the stirrup. 1 (for fixing and releasing), the connection point of the annular stirrup and the axial rod 4, the release mechanism 8, the socket 8-1 of the annular stirrup steel collar, the steel tray and the steel pipe welding 9, the weight 10.
  • the stopper 10-1, the first bracket 11 and the second bracket 11-1, the chassis 12, the steel tray (ie, the ring holder) 13, the rib 3 may be a flat rod; the pin 3-1, the pin Shaft bracket (U-shaped fixing bracket) 3-2, notch 3-3.
  • FIG. 1 and 2 The basic structure of the present invention is shown in Figures 1 and 2: a reduced-reducing steel cage comprising an axial rod, a ring or a ring plate and a plurality of vertical bars and ribs, the ring or ring plate being perpendicular to the axial rod, and a plurality of vertical bars One end is uniformly fixed on the ring or the ring plate, and the other end or the middle part of each vertical rib is connected to one end of a rib, one end of the rib is connected to a ring-shaped holder, and the ring-shaped holder is fixed on the axial rod Or on the pile base.
  • the rib 3 is similar to the straight rod of the rib.
  • FIG. 3 and 4 are schematic views of the tightening structure and the release structure of the present invention.
  • the vertical ribs are six, in fact, three or more can be used, and the latitude is a steel wire, a steel rope, etc., and the cross-sectional polygon is formed when the variable-diameter steel cage is opened.
  • the vertical ribs are straight rods with parallel axial rods distributed vertically, and the vertical ribs may also be uniformly slanted:
  • the vertical reinforcement of the first type of reinforcing cage in Figures 1 and 2 is generally a uniform oblique distribution.
  • One end of a plurality of vertical ribs is uniformly fixed on the ring or the ring plate, and the other end or the middle portion of each vertical rib is connected to one end of a rib, and the other end of the rib is connected to the ring holder, and each of the vertical ribs
  • the other end or the middle portion is connected to one end of a rib, and the other end of the rib is connected to the ring-shaped holder, and the ring-shaped holder slides on the axial rod (pile base rod).
  • the vertical ribs may be vertically distributed in parallel with the axial rod.
  • the vertical ribs may also have a shape with a tooth shape or a shape with a circular arc.
  • more than 6 uniformly distributed vertical ribs have a spherical or dentate structure.
  • the outer circumference of the vertical rib of the reduced-diameter steel cage is provided with an annular stirrup, and is an annular stirrup of elastic material.
  • the annular stirrup may be in the shape of a coil spring.
  • the loop stirrup is tightened in an unused state (for insertion into the borehole), and the end of the stirrup is provided with a release means.
  • the unused state of tightening and elastic restraint the annular stirrup is released and the diameter is changed, and the diameter is expanded into the original relaxed state of the annular stirrup, that is, the smaller annular stirrup is released to the expanded end of the anchor or pile foundation.
  • the diameter of the ring stirrup is enlarged to the design requirements (as a typical one is expanded from less than 200mm in diameter to 400mm in diameter).
  • the outer circumference of the vertical ribs is provided with an annular spiral spring stirrup (also can be provided with a vertical rib inner circumference, in the vertical rib The position of the inner ring is opened by the vertical rib), the spiral spring ring has a ring-shaped stirrup and is provided with a fixed point with the vertical rib, and is an annular spiral spring stirrup of elastic material; the tightening of the annular stirrup is unused.
  • the end of the coil spring loop stirrup is provided with a release device; the end of the coil spring loop stirrup is provided with a release device; the end of the stirrup tendon is prepared as a shaft pin or a shaft hole structure, when the coil spring stirrup When the end is a shaft pin, a fixing hole is inserted, and when the end of the coil spring stirrup is a shaft hole, the end of the pin fixing stirrup is further provided.
  • the second is the release of the vertical ribs of the ribs in the loop-shaped retainer when the flexible steel wire is used.
  • the spring device (similar) that releases the vertical ribs of the ribs is a spring (similar) device that extends the ribs to at least one sliding ring-shaped holder.
  • the first type of rebar cage of Figures 1-1 to 1-3 includes an axial rod, a ring or ring plate and a plurality of vertical ribs, a plurality of ribs, a ring-shaped retainer, and the ring or ring plate is perpendicular to the axial rod
  • One end of several vertical ribs is uniformly fixed on the ring or the ring plate, and the other end or the middle part of each vertical rib is connected to one end of one rib, and the other end of the rib is connected to the ring holder, the ring holder Sliding on the axial rod (pile base rod), a plurality of vertical ribs surround the axial rod, the outer circumference of the vertical rib is provided with an annular stirrup, the annular stirrup is provided with a fixed point with the vertical rib; the annular stirrup is a flexible steel line.
  • the flexible steel wire is provided with a release device for supporting the vertical reinforcement of the rib in the ring-shaped holder: a spring is provided which is sleeved on the axial rod, and the spring is locked in a state of stress (compression or elongation). Or there is a stop, when the lock or stop is opened, the spring stress drives the ring retainer to slide on the axial rod (pile base). The ribs are stretched out and the vertical ribs are abducted. This is an action of supporting the umbrella.
  • Figure 1-1 shows the unwinding release structure of the tension spring
  • Figure 1-2 shows the release structure of the compression spring
  • Figure 1-3 shows the double-loop shape.
  • the compression spring release deployment structure of the retainer slide (which can also be used for the steel cage of the double loop retainer of Fig. 2-3), or the open umbrella structure of the automatic umbrella (open umbrella), is applied thereto.
  • the retainer slides with a stop on the axial rod, and when the stop is released, the spring's elastic force causes the retainer to slide.
  • the vertical rib can also be parallel to the axial rod to form a cylindrical steel cage; the diameter and ring shape of the ring or ring plate When the ribs are disengaged after the retainer is released, the diameter of the ribs is different, and a truncated steel cage is formed.
  • 4-1 is a spring sleeved on the axial rod
  • 4-2 is a second rib
  • 4-3 is a second loop retainer
  • the second rib is connected between the second loop retainer and the vertical rib.
  • the second ring-shaped retainer and the ring-shaped retainer both slide on the axial rod
  • the spring 4-1 is arranged between the second ring-shaped retainer and the ring-shaped retainer 5.
  • the rib is axially The distance of the (rightward) sliding of the rod is longer than the distance by which the second rib slides, and the spring 4-1 is compressed between the second loop-shaped retainer and the loop-shaped retainer 5, and the stop is provided inside the axial rod.
  • the second loop-shaped retainer or the loop-shaped retainer is stopped, and when the stop is released, the second loop-shaped retainer and the loop-shaped retainer automatically move to the left under the action of the spring force to extend the surrounding vertical ribs.
  • the second reduction rebar cage is identical or similar to the release structure of the first reductive reinforcement cage: it can be driven by only one spring wrapped around the axial rod, including a tension spring or a compression spring, to a sliding ring holder (another A ring-shaped fixer is fixed), and the drive releases two pairs of ribs at the same time (and then drives the vertical ribs); the tension spring or the compression spring acts on the two sliding ring-shaped fixators while releasing two pairs of ribs.
  • the tension spring or the compression spring can act on one sliding ring holder while releasing two pairs of ribs.
  • the size of the tension spring or the compression spring can be fixed by the limit card or the ring-shaped holder in the tension spring Or the elastic stress position of the compression spring is limited by the stop or the limit card, and the release cage is released when the limit card or the stop is disengaged.
  • the spring sleeved on the axial rod and the annular coil spring stirrup can be used simultaneously.
  • FIG. 3-9 is a steel tray 13 which is sleeved on a spindle or an axial rod or a hollow shaft; the first bracket 11 and the second bracket 11-1 are each provided with a steel tray 13, and the first bracket 11 is provided. And the two steel trays 13 of the second bracket 11-1 are first and second two ring-shaped holders, similar to two sliding umbrellas and umbrellas in the axial rod 4) (corresponding to release and receipt) Tight joints.
  • each rib group is 6-10 flat steel strips, one end of the rib is connected to the steel tray, and the other end of the rib is connected to the vertical rib 2.
  • the first and second two ring-shaped holders that is, the two steel trays, are respectively connected to the vertical ribs through the pin shaft 3-1 and the pin bracket (U-shaped fixing bracket) 3-2 to be actively fixed.
  • the two ring-shaped retainers in the upper and lower first brackets (ie, the assembly) 11 and the second bracket (ie, the assembly) 11-1 are respectively extended by the ribs at two positions of each vertical rib 2, and the steel tray is on the shaft.
  • the shank 2 is slidable, and the vertical rib 2 is stowed when the steel tray is slid so that the ribs are in the vertical direction, and the vertical ribs 2 are opened (released) when the steel tray slides to open the ribs in the lateral direction.
  • the chassis 12 is fixed at the end of the axial rod 4 to facilitate the placement of the device into the borehole, the axial rod 4 is sleeved with the drive spring 4-1; the rib 3 may be a flat rod; the steel tray 13 and the vertical rib 2 are mounted with a pin 3-1.
  • the end of the stirrup is provided with a steel collar 6-1, which is a component of the release mechanism of the annular stirrup 6, and the annular stirrup steel collar 6-1 is matched with the annular stirrup steel collar on the steel tray 13.
  • the jack 8-1 is matched, and a pin is inserted into the steel collar 6-1 and the jack 8-1 for restraining the loop stirrup in the tightened state, and the bolt is released to release the elastic loop stirrup;
  • the application parameters are 200 mm in diameter when tightening the structure state and 400 mm in the state of the release structure.
  • Other sizes of variable diameter steel cages can be matched to various borehole diameters and application requirements.
  • Figure 10 Construction process: positioning ⁇ cement slurry preparation ⁇ spinning pile driver drilling to design depth (borehole a) ⁇ high pressure rotary jet construction or mechanical reaming construction (reaming b) ⁇ lower anchor head c ⁇ open anchor head Expand the mechanism d, e, open the steel cage to the design size (large pile holes can reach more than 1 meter or nearly 2 meters) ⁇ high pressure grouting or pouring concrete f.
  • the ordinary steel bar is treated by special processing (quenching, etc.) to become an elastic steel bar; the treated elastic steel bar is used to process the small diameter stirrup after winding; or the spring is placed on the axial rod alone, the stress of the spring is sufficient Drive the ring retainer to open the ribs.
  • the bottom of the expansion section is mechanically connected to the enlarged head by a chassis, that is, an anchor pad.
  • the anchor pad that is, the chassis 12, may also be replaced by a guide cap 14 or the like.
  • the bottom active chassis anchor plate is a pressure anchor pad.
  • the application of the invention includes anti-floating piles, tensile piles (anchors), slope protection piles (anchors), pressure-resistant bearing engineering piles, and pile foundations or anchors also used for geological disaster management.
  • the invention saves energy and environmental protection, increases work efficiency, reduces cost and construction period, has wide application engineering, is safe and reliable, and is easy to carry out quality monitoring inspection and examination, and is easy to detect the shape and position of metal by means of X-ray or the like.

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Abstract

一种锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，包括轴向杆(4)、若干竖筋(2)、至少两个圈状固定器(5)和与圈状固定器(5)相对应的若干组筋条(3)，圈状固定器(5)均套在轴向杆(4)上，每个圈状固定器(5)环绕着圈各活络固定一组与若干竖筋(2)数相同的筋条(3)，筋条(3)的一端活络接竖筋(2)的相同高度的位置，筋条(3)的另一端活络接到圈状固定器(5)；竖筋(2)外周设有环状箍筋(6)作为外周的纬线，环状箍筋(6)且与竖筋(2)设有固定点，环状箍筋(6)为弹性材质的环状螺旋弹簧箍筋或柔性钢线。

Description

一种锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼及应用 一、技术领域
本发明涉及一种锚杆或桩基用变直径(以下亦称变径)钢筋笼及应用，尤其是锚杆或桩基中的骨架——变直径钢筋笼及其扩体锚杆或桩基，主要用于建筑地下室抗浮基坑支护，边坡支护，地质灾害治理,以及加固等技术范畴，也用于抗压桩基。本发明提供的是抗拔力/抗压力较大，性能稳定可靠锚杆或桩基中的变径钢筋笼骨架。
二、背景技术
锚杆必须具备几个要素：一个抗拉强度高于岩土体的杆体，杆体一端可以和岩土体紧密接触形成摩擦(或粘结)阻力；锚杆杆体位于岩土体外部的另一端能够形成对岩土体的径向阻力；锚杆作为深入地层的受拉构件，它一端与工程构筑物连接，另一端深入地层中，整根锚杆分为自由段和锚固段，自由段是指将锚杆头处的拉力传至锚固体的区域，其功能是对锚杆施加预应力；锚固段是指水泥浆体或混凝土锚固体将预应力筋与土层粘结的区域，其功能是将锚固体与土层的粘结摩擦作用增大，增加锚固体的承压或抗拉作用，将自由段的拉力传至土体深处。
总体而言，锚杆是岩土体加固的杆件体系结构。通过锚杆杆体的纵向拉力作用，克服岩土体抗拉能力远远低于抗压能力的缺点。从力学观点上是主要是提高了围岩体的粘聚力C和内摩擦角φ。其实质上锚杆位于岩土体内与岩土体形成一个新的复合体。这个复合体中的锚杆是解决围岩体的抗拉能力低的关键。从而使得岩土体自身的承载能力大大加强。
锚杆是当代地下开采的矿山当中巷道支护的最基本的组成部分，将巷道的围岩束缚在一起,使围岩自身支护自身；现在锚杆不仅用于矿山，也用于建筑工程技术中，对地下室、边坡，隧道，坝体等进行主动加固。
锚杆的基本型是：钢筋或钢丝绳砂浆锚杆。以水泥砂浆作为锚杆与围岩的粘结剂。还包括倒楔式金属锚杆。管缝式锚杆。树脂锚杆。用树脂作为锚杆的粘结剂，成本较高。
西安科技大学惠兴田发明了一种新型的螺旋式锚杆→自旋锚杆。自旋锚杆包括以下种类：自攻挤压旋进锚杆→在土层中无需钻孔直接挤压旋进安装锚固力20KN/m；自旋注浆锚杆→在钻孔中安装结束后利用自旋锚杆注浆就成为具有初锚力的自旋注浆锚杆；自旋树脂锚杆→在钻孔中安装的同时自旋锚杆将树脂药卷搅拌成为具有初锚力的自旋树脂锚杆；自钻自锚固锚杆→在自旋锚杆中空内放入钻杆使钻眼安装一次完成是具有初锚力的自钻锚杆；自旋喷浆锚杆→在土层中边喷浆边钻进安装锚注一次完成锚固力35KN/m；
目前市场上常用的扩体锚杆技术有素浆体，囊式扩体锚杆技术等。在成本的施工方面，变径大小头锚杆或桩基的扩孔技术已经有基础，注浆或混凝土的注入单独形成大小头，但未及相适应 的钢筋骨架，不能形成有足够摩擦力的拉力或抗力传递的锚杆或桩基，尤其是锚杆的锚固力受到限制。在用于建筑地下室抗浮基坑支护，边坡支护，以及加固等技术领域时锚固力有所不足。因为它们需要抗拔力较大，且要求稳定可靠。
还有，在高层建筑的地基基础中常采用的是非变径基础桩,但在满足相同强度和变形要求的条件下,变径基础桩与非变径基础桩相比,变径基础桩主要有以下特点:1)同长度的变径基础桩和非变径基础桩相比,强度一般可提高1.1倍～1.5倍,变形可缩小0.7倍～0.9倍。
2)在第一特点条件下,满足建筑物的强度和变形要求,明显可以缩短桩长。
3)在保证桩强度和变形的情况下,可缩短桩长,减少工作量,改善施工条件,达到省工省料省时。
在一些粘土层、软弱层、卵石层、砂砾层或风化岩层中,由于这些地层的强度往往低于混凝土的强度,不利于混凝土基础桩桩身的承载力发挥。因此,为了充分发挥混凝土的强度特性,已经有建筑工程方面的论文提出采用变径基础桩来提高桩的承载力,在技术上显然是合理可行的。
变径基础桩的强度变形计算和非变径基础桩的计算方法一样。基础桩分端承桩和摩擦桩,二者的强度变形计算不同,以摩擦桩为对象进行计算比较。摩擦桩的强度一般由桩的侧摩阻力和桩端持力层的强度组成,对于摩擦桩来说,桩周摩阻力是主要的,但对于大部分基础桩特别是大直径桩,桩端支承于基岩,桩端的支承力是主要的,因此桩端持力层的极限强度计算就显得非常重要,因为桩端持力层的强度计算不同的方法得出的值相差很大。基础桩持力层的强度不仅与岩、土的本身性质有关,而且与桩基的埋深及尺寸有关。可见变径基础桩在应用上很有前途，但是，如何获得可行的变径基础桩是一个需要解决的问题。
三、发明内容
本发明目的是，提出一种变径钢筋笼及其扩体锚杆或桩基及制备，应用于所有抗拉抗拨的扩体锚杆和抗压桩基，克服素浆体扩大头的锚固或桩基承载能力和整体性差的不足，应用于构成具有标准钢筋骨架的扩体锚杆或桩基，用于性能价格比最优的锚杆或桩基。
本发明的技术方案是：锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，其核心特征是钢筋笼的直径可变；包括轴向杆、圆环或环板和若干竖筋与若干筋条、圈状固定器，圆环或环板与轴向杆垂直，若干竖筋的一端在圆环或环板均匀固定，每根竖筋的另一端或中部均连接一根筋条的一端，筋条的另一端接到圈状固定器，圈状固定器在轴向杆上滑动或固定，若干竖筋环绕轴向杆，竖筋外周设有环状箍筋作为外周的纬线，环状箍筋且与竖筋设有固定点；环状箍筋收紧是未使用状态，环状箍筋是螺旋弹簧或柔性钢线；螺旋弹簧环状箍筋的端部设有释放装置，用柔性钢线时在圈状固定器设有撑开筋条竖筋的释放装置。
第二种锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，包括轴向杆、若干竖筋、至少两个圈状固定器和与圈状固定器相对应的若干组筋条，所述圈状固定器均套在轴向杆或桩基杆上，所述每个圈状固定器环绕着圈各活络固定一组与若干竖筋数相同的筋条，每组筋条中，筋条的一端活络接竖筋的相同高度的位置，筋条的另一端活络接到圈状固定器，即每根竖筋的不同高度分别与至少两个圈状固定器的每组筋条活络连接，若干竖筋环绕轴向杆；
竖筋外周设有环状箍筋作为外周的纬线，环状箍筋且与竖筋设有固定点，环状箍筋为弹性材质的环状螺旋弹簧箍筋或柔性钢线；环状箍筋收紧是未使用状态，螺旋弹簧环状箍筋的端部设有环状箍筋释放装置；用柔性钢线时设有撑开筋条和竖筋的释放装置。
所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，至少一个圈状固定器在轴向杆或桩基杆上滑动，滑动圈状固定器在轴向杆或桩基杆上设有定位装置。
所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，撑开竖筋的释放装置是外力释放、重力释放或所述螺旋弹簧环状箍筋的端部释放装置；端部释放装置是环状箍筋端部制备成轴销或轴孔的结构，当螺旋弹簧箍筋端部为轴销时插入一固定孔，当螺旋弹簧箍筋端部为轴孔时则另有销轴固定箍筋的端部。
外力释放的典型结构：类似图4-1(当变直径钢筋笼到了位置时直接被敲打或振动筋条，或此圈筋条上部有个套圈被打击，套圈在运动时撑开两个类似图4-1下部的筋条)，下部的筋条撑开后利用竖筋本身的重力使钢筋笼撑开而不收回。
所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，外周的纬线为柔性钢线时，撑开筋条竖筋的释放装置为撑开伞骨的装置；柔性钢线包括钢铰线、钢绳,链条结构或抗拉较强的线材(如碳纤维,石墨烯及相关碳元素绳)。
所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，螺旋弹簧环状箍筋是在竖筋的内环的位置将竖筋撑开；螺旋弹簧环状箍筋与纬线为柔性钢线时，弹簧环状箍筋与柔性钢线均与竖筋有固定点，固定点是具有一定空间的圈套。
所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，筋条与竖筋活络连接的方式：圈状固定器分别通过销轴3-1、销轴支架(U型固定支架)3-2将筋条连接到竖筋；竖筋筋条的根数大于3根。6-8根为常见。也可以多到12根或更多。
竖筋是直线的或是弯曲的。可形成各种开头的桩基或锚杆。
所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，在长度较长的钢筋笼时，可有1只或以上圈状固定器在轴上均匀分布，起码有一只/但不限于一只、圈状固定器在轴向杆上滑动，并可有限制圈状固定器滑动距离的止档。
外围的纬线为柔性钢线时在滑动圈状固定器设有撑开筋条的竖筋的释放装置；撑开筋条的竖筋释放装置为撑开圈状固定器的套在轴向杆的弹簧(类似弹簧)装置将起码一只滑动的圈状固定器撑开。
外围的环状箍筋是螺旋弹簧或柔性钢线纬线时，均设有套在轴向杆的弹簧，弹簧在有压缩或伸长应力的状态下圈状固定器被锁定或有止档，当锁定或止档打开后，弹簧应力驱动圈状固定器在轴向杆上滑动带动筋条伸开，并使竖筋外展。
当圈状固定器为固定在轴向杆的结构时，圈状固定器与轴向杆为一体化结构，此时可以将周边开孔的圈状固定器直接焊在轴向杆上(也可以在轴向杆上加工出一圈状固定器)。
所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，根据具体工程的使用要求，依据本发明的变直径原理，亦可以形成多种立体形状特征的可变直径钢筋笼，包括/但不限于圆柱体、多边形(圆内切线)柱体、圆台体、锥体(含圆锥体和多边形锥体)、梯形柱体、球形、竹节形柱体等等；本发明可根据具体工程的使用性能要求，依据本发明的变直径原理，对超大直径的桩基变直径钢筋笼，亦可以形成双层/或多层(笼中套笼)为特征的可变直径钢筋笼。
竖筋外周设有环状箍筋，环状箍筋且与竖筋设有固定点，且为弹性材质的环状螺旋弹簧箍筋或柔性钢线；环状箍筋收紧是未使用状态，螺旋弹簧环状箍筋的端部设有释放装置；柔性钢线时在圈状固定器设有撑开筋条的竖筋的释放装置。
外围的环状箍筋是螺旋弹簧或柔性钢线纬线时，撑开筋条竖筋的释放装置均有撑开伞骨的(类似)装置。
螺旋弹簧环状箍筋与纬线为柔性钢线时，弹簧环状箍筋与柔性钢线均与竖筋有固定点，最简单的固定点是钢丝的捆扎结构(扎钢筋)。固定点可以是具有一定空间的圈套，便于释放时的弹簧环状箍筋与柔性钢线在竖筋处有一定的位移。
本发明的第一种变径钢筋笼释放撑伞状(但如果圆环或环板直径大，图1也可以呈柱状)，轴向杆、圆环或环板和若干竖筋(伞面骨)、筋条的类似伞骨(撑骨)状结构，但圆环或环板取代伞尖，环状弹簧的箍筋弹性箍住与释放结构进行收伞与开伞的动作，竖筋可以是如伞骨的直杆、筋条为伞骨的支承杆，筋条分别活络接圈状固定器与竖筋。第二种变径钢筋笼是(圆)柱状，是一对的圈状固定器开伞结构(也可以在轴向杆上设有三只或更多开伞结构，即若干竖筋、若干筋条与一滑动或固定圈状固定器构成，用于大直径(100cm左右)的钢筋笼可为双层笼结构，一对圈状固定器开伞结构释放双层笼的内笼，第二对圈状固定器开伞结构释放双层笼的外笼，略显冗余，此方案并不超出本发明的范围)，更为合理，但制备稍复杂。
进一步的，第一种变径钢筋笼：圆环或环板的直径与钻孔相当或略小于钻孔直径；筋条可以 是直线的或是弯曲的。圆环或环板可以被钻形导向器代替。
如果设有起码有一只圈状固定器在轴向杆上滑动，并可有限制滑动距离的止档，另一只圈状固定器固定在轴向杆上。两只圈状固定器在轴向杆上滑动时可设有两只限制滑动距离的止档。也可不设有止档(设有碰珠等止定机构)，或利用弹簧的应力释放竖筋展开的距离。
环状箍筋为弹性筋时，环状箍筋在竖筋箍住内周筋条。竖筋与箍筋在扩体端同步展开、贴紧、形成钢筋笼。箍筋弹性箍住与释放结构有多种，如箍筋端部制备成轴销或轴孔的结构最为常见，轴销时插入某固定孔，轴孔时则另有销轴固定箍筋的端部。且需要时便于释放，即变径钢筋笼在扩体孔内张开。
本发明的承压变径钢筋笼扩体锚杆或桩基，变径钢筋笼在置于扩体段时展开释放，在变径钢筋笼上设有注浆或注入混凝土导管机构，以达成注浆或注入混凝土成为锚杆或桩基，变径钢筋笼成为锚杆或桩基的骨架。
或采用其它弹性体的结构形式包括但不限于：弹簧、弹力棒、弹力片、弹力环、弹力球、弹力棒、压缩囊、液压顶(杆)、气压顶(杆)或其他材料。打开变直经钢筋笼的方式包括但不限于：弹簧、弹簧片、弹力环、弹力球、弹力棒、压缩囊、配重、自重、振动、液压顶(杆)、气压顶(杆)、高压气体或液体冲击等外力或自然打开等各种打开方式。
所述的变直径钢筋笼及其各部位部件使用的材料，包括但不限于钢材、钢绞线、玻璃纤维、树脂、玻璃纤维增强树脂、芳纶纤维、碳纤维、石墨烯、碳元素相关的材料及其复合材料、高分子、高分子聚合物材料、纳米材料、金属材料和非金属材料；所述的变直径钢筋笼及其各部位零部件的位置、规格、型号、形状、数量、尺寸、材料(质)，各项参数可以随不同规格产品的具体需求进行调整。如：圈状固定器采用伞的花件或其它形状。
所述的变直径钢筋笼及其各部位零部件形状包括/但不限于圆柱体、多边形(圆内切线)柱体、圆台体、圆锥体和多边形锥体、梯形柱体、球形、竹节形柱体；截面平面图形是圆与椭圆、扇形、弓形、圆环；包括三角形、梯形、平行四边形、菱形、矩形、正方形、鹞形、五边形、六边形及更多边长的多边形；本发明可根据具体工程的使用性能要求，依据本发明的变直径原理，对超大直径的桩基变直径钢筋笼，或形成双层/或多层(笼中套笼)为特征的可变直径钢筋笼。变直径钢筋笼的制备方法：3D打印成型、注塑成型、人工机械组装焊接、人工机械组装绑扎成型等各种方法
本发明的承压变径钢筋笼，在与受拉杆包括但不限于各种规格等级的钢筋、钢绞线、钢丝绳、结合形成扩体锚杆整体；进一步,与各种规格的钢柱、型钢或不变径钢筋笼混凝土结构(柱/或桩)的承压基础，形成扩体桩基整体。
本发明的应用工法：旋喷桩机钻进至设计深度→高压旋喷施工或机械扩孔施工→下锚头(或桩孔)→打开锚头(或桩孔)中扩大机构，将钢筋笼打开至设计尺寸→高压注浆或灌注混凝土。
变径钢筋笼，纬线可以是普通钢筋经特殊加工处理后，成为弹性钢筋即箍筋；用处理后的弹性钢筋加工成小直径的箍筋(通过紧绕或收紧方式箍住整个竖筋或筋条)；即通过紧绕或收紧方式箍住整个竖筋或筋条，竖筋外周设有环状箍筋，环状箍筋且与竖筋设有固定点(钢丝捆扎最为常用)。紧绕或收紧方式的弹性钢筋的端部在固定点的卡或扣被释放时，紧绕或收紧方式的弹性钢筋松开，则钢筋笼变径(扩大直径)，构成了大直径的钢筋笼，构成了锚杆或桩基的钢筋骨架。
第二种变径钢筋笼，纬线可以是钢绞线或钢丝绳均匀绕在或均匀分布套在竖筋外周，约束与释放机构为双伞骨的撑开装置，竖筋相当于伞骨的骨架或同轴的双伞骨结构进行释放，纬线则成为多边形的环状箍筋，如竖筋为八根时，纬线则成为八边形。
典型的成品中：钢筋笼压缩后纬线的直径一般≤200mm(与实际形成的钻孔有关的参数，不同钻孔可以有不同规格的直径钢筋笼(箍筋))，置于锚杆扩体段后，打开钢筋笼中的约束机构，纬线直径达到400mm左右的直径(也可以箍后≤150mm，扩后纬线直径达到200-350mm)，一般长度为1200-1600mm；根据需求，也不排除纬线直径可以达到500-2000mm左右或更大的直径，钢筋笼要先用大规格的轴向杆、竖筋，箍后纬线(外圆周)的直径一般≤300-800mm，长度根据需求增减。
纬线可以是螺旋线或在竖筋上均匀分布的圆周。
竖筋或筋条在机构作用下展开紧贴箍筋至不能展开止；在扩体段底部即锚杆的底部用锚垫板(锚垫板为环板)将锚杆的杆体与扩大头机械连接。
承压型变径钢筋笼扩大头锚杆技术参照《JGT/T282-2012高压喷射扩大头锚杆技术规程》设计、施工、验收。本发明运用都属于扩大头锚杆或大头桩基技术的应用。
本发明可根据具体工程的使用要求，依据本发明的原理，亦可以形成多种立体形状的可变直径钢筋笼，包括/但不限于圆柱体、多边形柱体、锥体、梯形柱体、竹节形柱体等等本发明可根据具体工程的使用性能要求，依据本发明的变直径原理，对超大直径的桩基变直径钢筋笼，亦可以形成双层/或多层竖筋排列(笼中套笼)为特征的可变直径钢筋笼。
有益效果：本发明方案能形成有足够摩擦力的拉力或抗力传递的锚杆，锚固力明显增大且整个锚杆的整体性好，同样也用于扩大头承压桩基的混凝土钢筋笼骨架。主要用于建筑地下室抗浮,基坑支护，边坡支护，以及加固等技术范畴。本发明技术可提供的抗拔抗或抗压力更大，性能稳定可靠，对减少环境污染，加快工程进度方面都有良好的作用。本发明使用较少的材料和低成本的工艺，能够满足降低较高成本的更大型的桩基或锚杆的施工要求，具有良好的经济性。本发明对传统的高压喷射扩大头锚杆或桩基技术在扩大头部位的一种改进提升与创新，通过在扩大头段 加入变直径钢筋笼后，形成了钢筋混凝土扩大头，使其在整体受力、锚固段稳定性以及抗拔承载力性能等方面都有较大的提高。
四、附图说明
图1-1、1-2、1-3均为本发明变径钢筋笼的结构示意图；图1-1为拉簧展开释放结构、图1-2压缩簧展开释放结构、图1-3为双圈状固定器滑动的压缩簧释放展开结构。
图2是扩体锚杆结构示意图；
图3-1、图3-3为本发明收紧结构示意图；其中图3-1为套杆无弹簧收紧的结构示意图，图3-3为套杆有弹簧收紧的结构示意图；图3-2为图3-1下部用导向帽14代替底盘12的局部示意图，图3-4为图3-3下部用导向帽14代替底盘12的局部示意图。
图4-1为本发明释放结构示意示意图；图4-2为本发明另一种释放结构示意示意图(套杆有弹簧)；
图5为图4中B-B横截面结构示意图；
图6为图5中筋条3连接结构示意图；
图7为外环状箍筋6(螺旋状)的结构示意图；
图8为第二支架的收紧结构示意示意图(放大图)；
图9第二支架的释放结构示意示意图；
图10是工艺流程示意图。图中：钻孔a→扩孔b→下锚头c→打开锚头中扩大机构d、将钢筋笼打开至设计尺寸e，→高压注浆或灌注混凝土f；
图11为变径钢筋笼收紧时结构示意图；
图12为变径钢筋笼产品约束机构打开后结构示意图。
五、具体实施方式
图中的部件所示，轴向杆4、圆环或环板1、若干竖筋2、筋条3、圈状固定器5、环状箍筋6、箍筋端部的钢套环6-1(固定与释放用)、环状箍筋与轴向杆4的连接点7、释放机构8，环状箍筋钢套环配合的插孔8-1、钢托盘与钢管焊接9、配重10、限位器10-1、第一支架11和第二支架11-1、底盘12、钢托盘(即圈状固定器)13、筋条3可以是扁杆；销轴3-1、销轴支架(U型固定支架)3-2、缺口3-3。
本发明基本结构如图1、2所示：变径钢筋笼，包括轴向杆、圆环或环板和若干竖筋、筋条，圆环或环板与轴向杆垂直，若干竖筋的一端在圆环或环板在均匀固定，每根竖筋的另一端或中部均连接一根筋条的一端，筋条的一端接到一圈状固定器，圈状固定器固定在轴向杆或桩基杆上。筋条3类似于伞骨的直杆。
图3、4为本发明收紧结构和释放结构示意图，竖筋为六根，其实3根及以上均可以，则纬线为钢绞线、钢绳等结构时变径钢筋笼张开时横截面多边形的。
图3、4中竖筋为平行轴向杆竖直分布的直杆状，竖筋也可以是均匀的斜线分布：
图1、2中第一种钢筋笼的竖筋一般是均匀的斜线分布。若干竖筋的一端在圆环或环板在均匀固定，每根竖筋的另一端或中部均连接一根筋条的一端，筋条的另一端接到圈状固定器，每根竖筋的另一端或中部均连接一根筋条的一端，筋条的另一端接到圈状固定器，圈状固定器在轴向杆(桩基杆)上滑动。当若干竖筋的一端固定的圆环或环板的直径比较大，筋条的另一端接到圈状固定器撑开后，竖筋可以平行轴向杆竖直分布。
竖筋也可以是带有齿状的形状、或带有圆弧的形状，则变径钢筋笼撑开后大于6根均匀分布的竖筋成为带有球状或齿柱状结构。
变径钢筋笼的竖筋外周设有环状箍筋，且为弹性材质的环状箍筋。环状箍筋可以是螺旋弹簧状。环状箍筋收紧是未使用状态(用于放入钻孔)，箍筋的端部设有释放装置。收紧且弹性约束的未使用状态，环状箍筋释放后变直径，直径扩大成环状箍筋原先松弛状态，即直径较小环状箍筋释放到锚杆或桩基的扩体端后，环状箍筋直径放大至设计要求(如典型的一款是从直径不到200mm扩大到400mm)。
撑开筋条的竖筋的释放装置有两种，一是螺旋弹簧环状箍筋的弹性锁定：竖筋外周设有环状螺旋弹簧箍筋(也可以设有竖筋内周，在竖筋的内环的位置将竖筋撑开)，螺旋弹簧环环状箍筋且与竖筋设有固定点，且为弹性材质的环状螺旋弹簧箍筋；环状箍筋收紧是未使用状态，螺旋弹簧环状箍筋的端部设有释放装置；所述螺旋弹簧环状箍筋的端部设有释放装置；箍筋端部制备成轴销或轴孔的结构，当螺旋弹簧箍筋端部为轴销时插入一固定孔，当螺旋弹簧箍筋端部为轴孔时则另有销轴固定箍筋的端部。
其二是柔性钢线时在圈状固定器设有撑开筋条的竖筋的释放装置。外围的纬线为柔性钢线时，撑开筋条竖筋的释放装置为撑开伞骨的套杆的弹簧(类似)装置将起码一只滑动的圈状固定器撑开。
图1-1到1-3的第一种变径钢筋笼包括轴向杆、圆环或环板和若干竖筋、若干筋条、圈状固定器，圆环或环板与轴向杆垂直，若干竖筋的一端在圆环或环板在均匀固定，每根竖筋的另一端或中部均连接一根筋条的一端，筋条的另一端接到圈状固定器，圈状固定器在轴向杆(桩基杆)上滑动，若干竖筋环绕轴向杆，竖筋外周设有环状箍筋，环状箍筋且与竖筋设有固定点；环状箍筋是柔性钢线。柔性钢线时在圈状固定器设有撑开筋条竖筋的释放装置是：设有套在轴向杆的弹簧，弹簧在有应力(压缩或伸长)的状态圈状固定器被锁定或有止档，当锁定或止档打开后，弹 簧应力驱动圈状固定器在轴向杆(桩基杆)上滑动。带动筋条伸开，并使竖筋外展，是一个撑伞的动作，如图1-1为拉簧展开释放结构、图1-2压缩簧展开释放结构、图1-3为双圈状固定器滑动的压缩簧释放展开结构(也可用于图2-3的双圈状固定器的钢筋笼)，或为自动伞(开伞)的开伞结构，即应用于此。固定器滑动有一止档器在轴向杆上固定，而当止档释放时弹簧的弹性力带动固定器滑动。圆环或环板的直径与圈状固定器释放后筋条撑开后直径相同时，竖筋也可以平行于轴向杆，构成一个柱形钢筋笼；圆环或环板的直径与圈状固定器释放后筋条撑开后直径不相同时，则构成一个圆台状钢筋笼。
4-1为套在轴向杆的弹簧，4-2是第二筋条，4-3是第二圈状固定器，第二筋条连接于第二圈状固定器与竖筋之间，第二圈状固定器与圈状固定器均在轴向杆上滑动，第二圈状固定器与圈状固定器5之间设有弹簧4-1，收缩竖筋时，筋条在轴向杆的(向右)滑动的距离比第二筋条滑动的距离长，第二圈状固定器与圈状固定器5之间设有弹簧4-1被压缩，轴向杆内部设有止档止住第二圈状固定器或圈状固定器，止档松开时则第二圈状固定器与圈状固定器在弹簧力作用下自动向左运动，伸开周围的竖筋。
第二种变径钢筋笼与第一种变径钢筋笼的释放结构完全相同或类似：可以只使用套在轴向杆的弹簧包括拉簧或压缩簧对一只滑动圈状固定器驱动(另一圈状固定器固定)，驱动同时释放两对筋条(再带动竖筋)；拉簧或压缩簧对两只滑动圈状固定器动作同时释放两对筋条。拉簧或压缩簧均可对一只滑动圈状固定器动作同时释放两对筋条。也可以用一对拉簧或压缩簧对两只滑动圈状固定器同时驱动，驱动同时释放两对筋条；拉簧或压缩簧的尺寸可以被限位卡固定或圈状固定器在拉簧或压缩簧的弹性应力位置被止档或限位卡限制，当限位卡或止档脱开则变径钢筋笼的释放。
套在轴向杆的弹簧与环状螺旋弹簧箍筋可以同时使用。
另一种更具体的实施例如图3-9。图1-2中套在主轴或轴向杆或空心轴杆上的圈状固定器即钢托盘13；第一支架11和第二支架11-1均设有钢托盘13，则第一支架11和第二支架11-1的两个钢托盘13即为第一和第二两个圈状固定器，类似两个在轴向杆4)的滑动的撑伞和收伞(对应于释放与收紧)的关节。第一支架11和第二支架11-1上，每个筋条组为6-10根扁钢条，筋条的一端接到钢托盘，筋条的另一端再连接到竖筋2。第一和第二两个圈状固定器即两个钢托盘分别通过销轴3-1、销轴支架(U型固定支架)3-2将筋条连接到竖筋，进行活络固定。
上下第一支架(即组件)11和第二支架(即组件)11-1中两个圈状固定器分别伸出筋条在每根竖筋2的两个位置进行活络固定，钢托盘在轴向杆4的能够滑动，当钢托盘滑动使筋条向竖直方向时使竖筋2收起，当钢托盘滑动使筋条向横向张开方向时使竖筋2张开(释放)。底盘12固 定在轴向杆4端部便于将本装置置入钻孔，轴向杆4套有驱动弹簧4-1；筋条3可以是扁杆；钢托盘13及竖筋2上安装销轴3-1、销轴支架(U型固定支架)3-2，钢托盘13上设有缺口3-3及环状箍筋钢套环配合的插孔8-1。
可以再使用环状箍筋6(螺旋状并有适当弹性，可以被约束和释放，约束时直径是释放时直径的一半，或释放时能够大出收紧约束时的直径10-35cm)的结构，箍筋端部设有钢套环6-1，是环状箍筋6的释放机构的部件，环状箍筋钢套环6-1与钢托盘13上环状箍筋钢套环配合的插孔8-1相配合，将一插销插住钢套环6-1与插孔8-1用于约束环状箍筋在收紧状态，拉开插销刚释放弹性的环状箍筋；典型的应用参数是，收紧结构状态时直径为200mm,释放结构状态时直径为400mm。其它规格的变直径钢筋笼与各种钻孔孔径和应用要求匹配即可。
图10施工流程：定位→水泥浆制备→旋喷桩机钻进至设计深度(钻孔a)→高压旋喷施工或机械扩孔施工(扩孔b)→下锚头c→打开锚头中扩大机构d、e，将钢筋笼打开至设计尺寸(大型的桩孔可以达到1米以上或近2米)→高压注浆或灌注混凝土f。
变径钢筋笼的施工应用工艺：
a.普通钢筋经特殊加工(淬火等)处理后，成为弹性钢筋；用处理后的弹性钢筋加工绕紧后变小直径箍筋；或单用套在轴向杆上的弹簧，弹簧的应力足以驱动圈状固定器打开筋条。
b.钢筋笼成品，钢筋笼箍筋直径≤200mm，置于锚杆扩体段后，打开钢筋笼中的约束机构，箍筋直径达到400mm直径；
c.纵筋在机构作用下展开紧贴箍筋至不能展开止；高压注浆或灌注混凝土成桩；
d.在扩体段底部采用底盘即锚垫板将杆体与扩大头机械连接。锚垫板即底盘12也可以被导向帽14等代替，在用导向帽作替代时,底部活络底盘锚板为承压锚垫板。
本发明的应用包括抗浮桩、抗拉桩(锚杆)、护坡桩(锚杆)、抗压承载工程桩、也用于地质灾害治理的桩基或锚杆。
本发明节能环保，增加工效，降低成本和施工周期，应用的工程面广，安全可靠，且容易进行质量监控检查与审查，容易通过X射线等方式检测到金属的形状和位置。
以上所述仅为本发明的实施例，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等，均以包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (13)

  1. 锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，其特征是钢筋笼的直径可变，钢筋笼直径可由大变小亦可由小变大，大小自由变换。包括轴向杆、圆环或环板和若干竖筋与若干筋条、圈状固定器，圆环或环板与轴向杆垂直，若干竖筋的一端在圆环或环板均匀固定，每根竖筋的另一端或中部均连接一根筋条的一端，筋条的另一端接到圈状固定器，圈状固定器在轴向杆上滑动或固定，若干竖筋环绕轴向杆，竖筋外周设有环状箍筋作为外周的纬线，环状箍筋且与竖筋设有固定点；环状箍筋收紧是未使用状态，环状箍筋是螺旋弹簧或柔性钢线；螺旋弹簧环状箍筋的端部设有释放装置，用柔性钢线时在圈状固定器设有撑开筋条竖筋的释放装置。
  2. 锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，其特征是包括轴向杆、若干竖筋、圈状固定器和与圈状固定器相对应的若干组筋条，所述圈状固定器均套在轴向杆或桩基杆上，所述每个圈状固定器环绕着圈各活络固定一组与若干竖筋数相同的筋条，每组筋条中，筋条的一端活络接竖筋的相同高度的位置，筋条的另一端活络接到圈状固定器，即每根竖筋的不同高度分别与至少一个圈状固定器的每组筋条活络连接，若干竖筋环绕轴向杆；
    竖筋外周设有环状箍筋作为外周的纬线，环状箍筋且与竖筋设有固定点，环状箍筋为弹性材质的环状螺旋弹簧箍筋或柔性钢线；环状箍筋收紧是未使用状态，螺旋弹簧环状箍筋的端部设有环状箍筋释放装置；用柔性钢线时设有撑开竖筋和筋条的释放装置。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，其特征是至少一个圈状固定器在轴向杆或桩基杆上滑动，滑动圈状固定器在轴向杆或桩基杆上设有定位装置。
  4. 根据权利要求1-3之一所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，其特征是撑开竖筋的释放装置是外力释放、重力释放或所述螺旋弹簧环状箍筋的端部释放装置；端部释放装置是环状箍筋端部制备成轴销或轴孔的结构，当螺旋弹簧箍筋端部为轴销时插入一固定孔，当螺旋弹簧箍筋端部为轴孔时则另有销轴固定箍筋的端部。
  5. 根据权利要求1或3所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，其特征是外周的纬线为柔性钢线时，撑开筋条竖筋的释放装置为撑开伞骨的装置；柔性钢线包括钢铰线、钢绳,链条结构或抗拉线材。
  6. 根据权利要求1或3所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，其特征是螺旋弹簧环状箍筋是在竖筋的内环的位置将竖筋撑开；螺旋弹簧环状箍筋与纬线为柔性钢线时，弹簧环状箍筋与柔性钢线均与竖筋有固定点，固定点是具有一定空间的圈套。
  7. 根据权利要求1或3所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，其特征是筋条与竖筋活络连接的方式：圈状固定器分别通过销轴、销轴支架将筋条连接到竖筋；竖筋筋条的根数大于3根。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，其特征是竖筋是直线的或是弯曲的。
  9. 根据权利要求2或3所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，其特征是一只及以上圈状固定器在轴上均匀分布，起码有一只/但不限于一只圈状固定器在轴向杆上滑动，并可有限制圈状固定器滑动距离的止档。
  10. 根据权利要求1或3之一所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，其特征是外围的纬线为柔性钢线时在滑动圈状固定器设有撑开筋条的竖筋的释放装置；撑开筋条的竖筋释放装置为撑开圈状固定器的套在轴向杆的弹簧(类似)装置将起码一只滑动的圈状固定器撑开。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，其特征是外围的环状箍筋是螺旋弹簧或柔性钢线纬线时，均设有套在轴向杆的弹簧，弹簧在有压缩或伸长应力的状态下圈状固定器被锁定或有止档，当锁定或止档打开后，弹簧应力驱动圈状固定器在轴向杆上滑动带动筋条伸开，并使竖筋外展；或采用其它弹性体的结构形式包括但不限于：弹簧、弹力棒、弹力片、弹力环、弹力球、弹力棒、压缩囊、液压顶(杆)、气压顶(杆)或其他材料。打开变直经钢筋笼的方式包括但不限于：弹簧、弹簧片、弹力环、弹力球、弹力棒、压缩囊、配重、自重、振动、液压顶(杆)、气压顶(杆)、高压气体或液体冲击等外力或自然打开等各种打开方式。
  12. 根据权利要求1-3之一所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，其特征是，所述的变直径钢筋笼及其各部位部件使用的材料，包括但不限于钢材、钢绞线、玻璃纤维、树脂、玻璃纤维增强树脂、芳纶纤维、碳纤维、石墨烯、碳元素相关的材料及其复合材料、高分子、高分子聚合物材料、纳米材料、金属材料和非金属材料；所述的变直径钢筋笼及其各部位零部件的位置、规格、型号、形状、数量、尺寸、材料(质)，各项参数可以随不同规格产品的具体需求进行调整。如：圈状固定器采用伞的花件或其它形状。
  13. 根据权利要求1-12之一所述的锚杆或桩基用变直径钢筋笼，其特征是，所述的变直径钢筋笼及其各部位零部件形状包括/但不限于圆柱体、多边形(圆内切线)柱体、圆台体、圆锥体和多边形锥体、梯形柱体、球形、竹节形柱体；截面平面图形是圆与椭圆、扇形、弓形、圆环；包括三角形、梯形、平行四边形、菱形、矩形、正方形、鹞形、五边形、六边形及更多边长的多边形；或形成双层/或多层钢筋笼的可变直径钢筋笼。
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