WO2018196367A1 - 一种重金属钝化剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种重金属钝化剂及其制备方法 Download PDF

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WO2018196367A1
WO2018196367A1 PCT/CN2017/113084 CN2017113084W WO2018196367A1 WO 2018196367 A1 WO2018196367 A1 WO 2018196367A1 CN 2017113084 W CN2017113084 W CN 2017113084W WO 2018196367 A1 WO2018196367 A1 WO 2018196367A1
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heavy metal
component
raw material
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particle size
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French (fr)
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石林
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South China University of Technology SCUT
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South China University of Technology SCUT
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Priority to JP2019546804A priority Critical patent/JP6781915B2/ja
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K17/00Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
    • C09K17/02Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing inorganic compounds only
    • C09K17/08Aluminium compounds, e.g. aluminium hydroxide
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/281Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using inorganic sorbents
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K17/00Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
    • C09K17/02Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing inorganic compounds only
    • C09K17/04Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing inorganic compounds only applied in a physical form other than a solution or a grout, e.g. as granules or gases
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/20Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of treatment and passivation of heavy metal elements in wastewater/soil, in particular to a heavy metal passivating agent and a preparation method thereof.
  • pyrite and clay minerals are good heavy metal adsorption materials and can be widely used in environmental pollution control.
  • how to exert their respective advantages and prepare a heavy metal passivator product which has good curing effect on various heavy metals is the core problem to be solved.
  • a common metal sulfide ore pyrite is stable in the natural state and has a low curing rate for heavy metal elements.
  • Clay minerals are also the most common secondary layered silicate minerals in nature. They include 2:1:1 type illite, 2:1 type montmorillonite, and 1:1 type kaolinite.
  • the 1:1 type kaolinite (ideal structure Al 4 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 8 , the actual structural formula Al 4 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 8 ) has a layer spacing of 7.2 ⁇ , interlayer force (hydrogen bond force) Strong, almost no lattice substitution occurs, the cation exchange capacity is small (30-150 mmol/kg soil), and the specific surface area is small (9-70 m 2 /g soil), so the pollutant adsorption capacity is weak.
  • 2:1 type montmorillonite (ideal structure Al 4 Si 8 O 20 (OH) 4 .nH 2 O , actual structural formula (1/2Ca,Na) x (Mg x Al 4-x )(Si 8 O 20 ) (OH) 4 .nH 2 O ) has a layer spacing of 9.6-40 ⁇ , interlayer force (Fan's force) is weak, lattice replacement occurs, and Al 3+ is Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ , Zn 2+ , etc.
  • the negative charge is balanced by Na + or Ca 2+ , the cation exchange capacity is large (700-1300 mmol/kg soil), and the specific surface area is large (600-850 m 2 /g soil), so the pollutant adsorption capacity is strong.
  • the interlayer spacing is 10.0 ⁇
  • the interlayer force electrostatic force
  • the lattice substitution is easy.
  • the substitution position is mainly in Si-O, and the substitution number is more than that of montmorillonite.
  • the negative charge generated by the equivalent K + To balance, the cation exchange capacity reaches 200-400mmol/kg soil, and the specific surface area is 65-180m 2 /g soil.
  • the adsorption capacity of pollutants is better than that of 1:1 type kaolinite and 2:1 type montmorillonite.
  • the formation of clay minerals has a long history, the activity is reduced, and the adsorption capacity of environmental pollutants has been greatly reduced.
  • the present invention is directed to the deficiencies of the prior art and provides a heavy metal passivating agent and a method of preparing the same.
  • the technical route of the invention is: using pyrite as the main raw material, and being compatible with quicklime and reducing iron powder auxiliary materials, in the heating process, the iron and sulfur elements in the pyrite are activated to form ferrous sulfide and sulfur powder.
  • pyrite as the main raw material, and being compatible with quicklime and reducing iron powder auxiliary materials, in the heating process, the iron and sulfur elements in the pyrite are activated to form ferrous sulfide and sulfur powder.
  • calcium sulfide and other compounds, made into a primary product I Used to react with heavy metal elements such as arsenic, mercury and cadmium in precipitated solidified soil; at the same time, clay minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite)
  • primary clay II which is mainly composed of activated clay minerals, used to adsorb heavy metal elements in wastewater/soil and through primary Product I
  • the heavy metal elements that have reacted and precipitated have occurred, so as to achieve the purpose of controlling the heavy metal elements in the wastewater/soil to achieve the purpose of reducing pollutants.
  • the idea of preparing the heavy metal passivating agent of the invention is as follows: firstly, the pyrite (FeS 2 content ⁇ 96%), the quicklime (CaO ⁇ 90%) and the reducing iron powder (Fe ⁇ 98%) are metered and blended, and the ball mill is used.
  • the primary product I of heavy metal passivation agent drying, molding, reduction roasting, cooling, crushing, packaging and other processes to prepare the primary product I of heavy metal passivation agent;
  • the clay mineral kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite or diatomaceous earth
  • Yuanming powder Na 2 SO 4 ⁇ 99%
  • ball milling, drying, forming, heating in a saturated steam furnace the reaction product is cooled and pulverized to make a preliminary product II
  • the primary product I and the primary product II are mixed, crushed to more than 100 mesh, packaged into bags, and a heavy metal passivating agent is obtained.
  • a heavy metal deactivator the raw material component comprising a component A and a component B;
  • the A component raw material based on the mass percentage (%) of the A component, includes the following raw material components:
  • the raw material of the B component includes the following raw material components:
  • the pyrite has a purity of not less than 96% and does not contain cadmium, lead, zinc, mercury, nickel, chromium, copper. Or arsenic harmful heavy metal elements.
  • the quicklime is in the form of a powder, the calcium oxide content is more than 90%, and does not contain toxic and harmful substances.
  • the content of iron is ⁇ 98%
  • the content of carbon is ⁇ 0.01%
  • the content of phosphorus and sulfur are ⁇ 0.03.
  • the hydrogen loss is 0.1 to 0.2%.
  • the reduced iron powder has a particle size larger than 100 mesh (less than 0.15 mm).
  • the clay mineral comprises kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite or diatomaceous earth.
  • the clay mineral is fine-grained, the particle size is more than 200 mesh (less than 0.074 mm), and the clay mineral is more than pure. 75%.
  • the Na 2 SO 4 content is ⁇ 99%.
  • a method of preparing a heavy metal passivating agent comprising the steps of:
  • the ball milling is to ball mill various materials in the mixture to a particle size of ⁇ 200 mesh (less than 0.074mm).
  • the drying is drying to a moisture content of less than 6%.
  • the molding is performed by processing the dried mixture into pellets having a particle diameter of 1 to 3 cm.
  • the heating activation temperature is 100 to 1200 ° C
  • the heating activation time is 0.5 to 4 In hours
  • the heat activated atmosphere is a reducing atmosphere having an oxygen fugacity of not more than 4%.
  • the cooling is performed by air cooling or water cooling.
  • the cooling is cooled to 40 ° C or lower.
  • the pulverization is pulverization to a particle diameter of 100 mesh or more (less than 0.15 mm). ).
  • the ball milling is to ball mill various materials in the mixture to a particle diameter of more than 200 mesh (less than 0.074mm).
  • the drying is performed by drying the mixture after the ball milling to a moisture content of less than 6%.
  • the molding is to process the dried mixture into a length of 30 to 40 cm and a width. Blocks 10 ⁇ 15cm thick and 3 ⁇ 5cm thick.
  • the temperature of the heating and curing under the saturated steam is 175 to 210 ° C, and the curing time is 6 ⁇ 24 hours, the pressure of curing is 1.25-1.65MPa.
  • the cooling is performed by air cooling or water cooling.
  • the cooling is cooled to 40 ° C or lower.
  • the pulverization is pulverization to a particle size of 100 mesh or more (less than 0.15 mm). ).
  • the mass percentage of the primary finished product I to the total mass of the primary finished product I and the primary finished product II is 5 ⁇ 85%.
  • the mass percentage of the primary finished product II to the total mass of the primary finished product I and the primary finished product II is 15 ⁇ 95%.
  • the pulverization is to pulverize the material to more than 100 mesh (less than 0.15 mm) ).
  • the present invention has the following advantages and benefits:
  • the heavy metal passivating agent of the invention has good curing effect on various heavy metals, and the concentration of heavy metals is 5-50 mg/L. Adding 2 grams of the heavy metal passivator of the invention to each liter of wastewater, the removal rate of arsenic is over 90%, and the removal rate of chromium, lead, copper and cadmium reaches 97%. Above, the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater has the characteristics of less formulation addition, short action time, and high removal rate of heavy metals;
  • the heavy metal passivating agent of the invention has good compatibility with soil, does not cause secondary pollution of the soil, and has high passivation effect, and the amount of farmland per acre 200-300 kg of heavy metal passivation agent of the invention, the heavy metal content in the crop fruit is decreased by 20-70%, and the average drop is more than 30%;
  • the raw material of the heavy metal passivating agent of the invention is natural and easy to obtain, has low cost, and has the advantages of high removal rate of heavy metals, and has high application value and market promotion potential.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a process flow for preparing a primary product I in an embodiment
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a process flow for preparing a primary product II in the embodiment
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a process flow for preparing and forming a heavy metal passivating agent in the embodiment.
  • the raw material component of the heavy metal deactivator comprises the A component and the B component;
  • the A component raw material based on the mass percentage (%) of the A component, includes the following raw material components:
  • the raw material of the B component includes the following raw material components:
  • the steps for preparing the heavy metal passivating agent include:
  • Preparation of primary product I according to the mass percentage, A The components in the component are blended, ball milled, dried, and formed, and then heated and activated in a reduction furnace, cooled, pulverized, and packaged to obtain a primary finished product I.
  • the schematic diagram of the preparation process is shown in FIG. 1;
  • a heavy metal passivator the raw material component comprising a component A and a component B;
  • a component raw material based on the mass percentage (%) of component A, includes the following raw material components:
  • the raw material of component B includes the following raw material components:
  • kaolinite has a purity of 78% and a particle size of 325 mesh; in Yuanming powder, the Na 2 SO 4 content is 99.8%.
  • the preparation of a heavy metal passivating agent as described above comprises the following steps:
  • Preparation of primary product I The components of component A are blended and ball milled to a particle size of 220 according to the mass percentage To dry, to a moisture content of 5.5%, and then processed into pellets with a particle size of 2.5 cm; and then heated to 1200 °C in a reducing atmosphere in a reducing furnace with an oxygen fugacity of 3%. Hours, after cooling to 30 °C, smash to 120 mesh to obtain primary product I;
  • the primary product I and the primary product II to be prepared (according to the total mass percentage of the primary product I and the primary product II, The primary product I (85%) and the primary product II (15%) were blended, pulverized to 120 mesh, and then packaged to obtain the heavy metal passivator.
  • the prepared heavy metal passivator is used for the passivation of heavy metals in wastewater:
  • a heavy metal passivator the raw material component comprising a component A and a component B;
  • a component raw material based on the mass percentage (%) of component A, includes the following raw material components:
  • the raw material of component B includes the following raw material components:
  • the purity of illite is 76% and the particle size is 320 mesh; in Yuanming powder, the content of Na 2 SO 4 is 99.5%.
  • the preparation of a heavy metal passivating agent as described above comprises the following steps:
  • Preparation of primary product I The components of component A are blended and ball-milled to a particle size of 210 according to the mass percentage To dry, to a moisture content of 5.8%, and then processed into pellets with a particle size of 1 cm; then in a reducing furnace, the atmosphere is a reducing atmosphere with an oxygen fugacity of 2.5%, heated to 800 °C for activation, 4 hours, cold to After pulverizing to 110 mesh at 25 °C, the primary product I is obtained;
  • the primary product I and the primary product II to be prepared (according to the total mass percentage of the primary product I and the primary product II, The primary product I (60%) and the primary product II (40%) are blended, pulverized to 110 mesh, and then packaged to obtain the heavy metal passivator.
  • the prepared heavy metal passivator is used for the passivation of heavy metals in wastewater:
  • the concentration of Cr 3+ is 387 mg/L
  • the concentration of Cd 2+ is 18 mg/L
  • the pH is 5.76.
  • 3 g of prepared heavy metals are added.
  • a heavy metal passivator the raw material component comprising a component A and a component B;
  • a component raw material based on the mass percentage (%) of component A, includes the following raw material components:
  • the raw material of component B includes the following raw material components:
  • the purity of montmorillonite is 78.4%, and the particle size is 250 mesh; in Yuanming powder, the content of Na 2 SO 4 is 99.1%.
  • the preparation of a heavy metal passivating agent as described above comprises the following steps:
  • Preparation of primary product I The components of component A are blended and ball milled to a particle size of 220 according to the mass percentage To dry, to a moisture content of 5.7%, and then processed into pellets with a particle size of 3 cm; and then heated to 100 °C in a reducing atmosphere in a reduction furnace with an oxygen fugacity of 1.9%, 2.5 Hours, after cooling to 28 °C, pulverize to 105 mesh to obtain the primary product I;
  • the primary product I and the primary product II to be prepared (according to the total mass percentage of the primary product I and the primary product II, The primary product I is 50% and the primary product II is 50%. It is blended, pulverized to 105 mesh, and then packaged to obtain the heavy metal passivator.
  • the prepared heavy metal passivator is used for the passivation of heavy metals in the soil:

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  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种重金属钝化剂及其制备方法。该重金属钝化剂,原料组分包括 A 组分和 B 组分;所述 A 组分原料,按占 A 组分质量百分比计,包括如下原料组分:硫铁矿 15 ~ 80 ;生石灰 5 ~ 80 ;还原性铁粉 5 ~ 70 ;所述 B 组分原料,按占 B 组分质量百分比计,包括如下原料组分:粘土矿物 30 ~ 80 ;元明粉 3 ~ 40 。该重金属钝化剂的制备步骤包括:( 1 )初级成品Ⅰ的制备;( 2 )初级成品Ⅱ的制备;( 3 )将制备的初级成品Ⅰ和初级成品Ⅱ掺混、粉碎、包装,得到所述重金属钝化剂。本发明的重金属钝化剂对多种重金属均具有较好的处理固化效果,与土壤相容性好,不会导致土壤二次污染,且钝化效果较高,具有较高的应用价值和市场推广潜力。

Description

一种重金属钝化剂及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及 废水 / 土壤中重金属元素的处理与钝化领域,具体涉及一种重金属钝化剂及其制备方法 。
背景技术
在自然界中,硫铁矿和粘土矿物均是很好的重金属吸附材料,可广泛应用于环境污染控制方面。但如何发挥它们二者各自的优势,制备出一种对多种重金属都具有较好处理固化效果的重金属钝化剂产品是需要解决的核心问题。硫铁矿作为一种常见的金属硫化物矿,在自然状态下较为稳定,对重金属元素的处理固化率低。例如利用硫铁矿可处理废水中的六价铬离子,但在 pH=3~6 的微酸性环境下,硫铁矿对六价铬去除率也只有 20-30% 。 也有学者研究(石俊仙 , 鲁安怀 , 卢晓英 . 自然状态与加热改性的黄铁矿处理含铬废水中的实验研究 [J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 1999 , 18 ( 14 ): 226 ~ 229. )在硫铁矿与还原性铁粉共存条件下,加热( 200-305 ℃ )活化,制备重金属处理剂产品的报道。
粘土矿物也是自然界中最为常见的次生层状硅酸盐矿物,它包括 2:1:1 型的伊利石、 2:1 型的蒙脱石、 1:1 型的高岭石等。 1:1 型的高岭石(理想结构式 Al4Si4O10(OH)8 ,实际结构式 Al4Si4O10(OH)8 )的层间距为 7.2 Å ,层间力( 氢键力 )强,几乎不发生晶格取代,阳离子交换量小 ( 30-150 mmol/kg 土),比表面积小( 9-70 m2/g 土),因而污染物吸附能力弱。而 2:1 型的蒙脱石( 理想结构式 Al4Si8O20(OH)4.nH 2O , 实际结构式 (1/2Ca,Na)x(MgxAl4-x)(Si 8O20)(OH)4.nH2O )的 层间距达到 9.6-40 Å , 层间力(范氏力)弱,发生晶格取代, Al3+ 被 Mg2+ 、 Fe2+ 和 Zn2+ 等取代,产生负电荷由 Na+ 或 Ca2+ 平衡, 阳离子交换量大 ( 700-1300 mmol/kg 土 ), 比表面积大( 600-850 m2/g 土),因而污染物吸附能力强。 2:1:1 型的伊利石( 理想结构式 Al4(Si8O20)(OH)4 , 实际结构式 (K)xAl4(Si8-xAlx)O 20(OH)20 )性能句中,层间距达到 10.0 Å , 层间力(静电力)强,易发生晶格取代,取代位置主要在 Si-O 中,取代数目比蒙脱石多,产生的负电荷由等量的 K+ 来平衡, 阳离子交换量达到 200-400mmol/kg 土 , 比表面积为 65-180m2/g 土,污染物吸附能力较 1:1 型的高岭石和 2:1 型的蒙脱石居中。但在自然界中,由于风吹雨淋,粘土矿物形成时代久远,活性降低,其环境污染物的吸附能力已大大下降。
因此,开发制备出新的复合型重金属钝化剂用于环境污染中的重金属的处理与钝化显得尤为重要。
发明内容
本发明针对现有技术的不足,提供了一种重金属 钝化剂及其制备方法。
本发明的技术路线是:以硫铁矿为主要原料,配伍以生石灰和还原性铁粉辅料,在加热过程中,使硫铁矿中的铁和硫元素得到活化,生成硫化亚铁、硫磺粉、硫化钙等化合物,制成初级成品Ⅰ ,用来反应沉淀固化土壤中的砷、汞、镉等重金属元素;同时,将粘土矿物(高岭石、蒙脱石
、伊利石、硅藻土)与元明粉(芒硝)混合,在饱和蒸汽下高压蒸汽加热,制备成活性粘土矿物为主的初级成品Ⅱ,用来吸附废水 / 土壤中的重金属元素以及通过初级产品Ⅰ 已发生反应沉淀的重金属元素,从而达到复合型控制废水 / 土壤中的重金属元素,达到污染物减排的目的。
本发明制备重金属 钝化剂的思路为:首先,将硫铁矿( FeS2 含量 ≥96% )、生石灰( CaO≥90% )和还原性铁粉( Fe≥98% )计量掺和,通 过球磨、烘干、成型、还原焙烧、冷却、粉碎、包装等工序,制备成重金属钝化剂初级产品Ⅰ ;其次, 将粘土矿物(高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石或硅藻土)(纯度 ≥75% )与元明粉( Na2SO4≥99% )计量掺混后,球磨,烘干,成型 , 在饱和蒸汽炉内加压加热,反应产物经冷却、粉碎,制成初级成品 Ⅱ ;最后,将初级产品Ⅰ 和初级成品 Ⅱ 混合,破碎至 100 目以上,包装成袋,得到重金属钝化剂。
本发明的具体技术方案如下。
一种重金属钝化剂,原料组分包括 A 组分和 B 组分;
所述A组分原料,按占A组分质量百分比(%)计,包括如下原料组分:
硫铁矿 15 ~ 80 ;
生石灰 5 ~ 80 ;
还原性铁粉 5 ~ 70 ;
所述 B 组分原料,按占 B 组分质量百分比( % )计,包括如下原料组分:
粘土矿物 30 ~ 80 ;
元明粉 3 ~ 40 。
进一步地, 所述硫铁矿的纯度不低于 96% ,且不含有包括 镉、铅、锌、汞、镍、铬、铜 或砷有害重金属元素。
进一步地, 所述生石灰为粉末状,氧化钙含量大于 90% ,且不含有毒有害物质。
进一步地,所述还原性铁粉中,铁的含量 ≥98% ,碳的含量 ≤0.01 %, 磷和硫的含量均 ≤0.03 %,氢损为 0.1 ~ 0.2 %。
进一步地,所述还原性铁粉的粒度 大于 100 目(小于 0.15mm )。
进一步地, 所述粘土矿物包括高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石或硅藻土。
进一步地,所述粘土矿物为细粒状,粒度 大于 200 目(小于 0.074mm ),粘土矿物纯度大于 75% 。
进一步地,所述元明粉中, Na2SO4 含量 ≥99% 。
制备所述的 一种重金属 钝化剂的方法,包括如下步骤:
( 1 ) 初级成品Ⅰ 的制备:按所述质量百分比,将 A 组分中的各组分掺混、球磨、烘干、成型,再在还原炉中加热活化,冷却后粉碎,得到初级成品Ⅰ ;
( 2 )初级成品Ⅱ的制备 :按所述质量百分比,将 B 组分中的各组分混合后,球磨、烘干、成型,在饱和蒸汽下加热养护,冷却后粉碎,得到初级成品Ⅱ;
( 3 )将制备的 初级成品Ⅰ 和 初级成品Ⅱ掺混、粉碎、包装,得到所述重金属钝化剂。
进一步地, 步骤( 1 )中,所述 球磨是将混合物中的各种物料均球磨至粒径 ≥200 目(小于 0.074mm )。
进一步地, 步骤( 1 )中, 所述烘干是烘干至含水率小于 6% 。
进一步地, 步骤( 1 )中, 所述成型是将烘干后的混合物料加工成粒径 1~3cm 的球粒。
进一步地, 步骤( 1 )中, 所述加热活化的温度为 100~1200 ℃,加热活化的时间为 0.5~4 小时,加热活化的气氛为氧逸度不超过 4% 的还原气氛。
进一步地, 步骤( 1 )中, 所述冷却的方式为空冷或水冷。
进一步地, 步骤( 1 )中, 所述冷却是冷却至 40 ℃以下。
进一步地, 步骤( 1 )中, 所述 粉碎是粉碎至粒径至 100 目以上(小于 0.15mm )。
进一步地, 步骤( 2 )中,所述 球磨是将混合物中的各种物料均球磨至粒径大于 200 目(小于 0.074mm )。
进一步地, 步骤( 2 )中,所述烘干是将球磨后的混合物料烘干至含水率小于 6% 。
进一步地, 步骤( 2 )中,所述成型是将烘干后的混合物料加 工成 长 30~40cm 、宽 10~15cm 、厚 3~5cm 的块体。
进一步地, 步骤( 2 )中, 所述饱和蒸汽下加热养护的温度为 175~210 ℃,养护的时间为 6~24 小时,养护的压力为 1.25-1.65MPa 。
进一步地, 步骤( 2 )中, 所述冷却的方式为空冷或水冷。
进一步地, 步骤( 2 )中, 所述冷却是冷却至 40 ℃以下。
进一步地, 步骤( 2 )中, 所述粉碎是粉碎至粒度 为 100 目以上(小于 0.15mm )。
进一步地, 步骤( 3 )中,所述 初级成品Ⅰ 占初级成品Ⅰ 和初级成品Ⅱ总质量的质量百分比 为 5~85% 。
进一步地, 步骤( 3 )中, 所述初级成品Ⅱ占初级成品Ⅰ 和初级成品Ⅱ总质量的质量百分比为 15~95% 。
进一步地, 步骤( 3 )中, 所 述粉碎是将物料粉碎至 100 目以上(小于 0.15mm )。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下优点和有益效果:
( 1 )本发明的重金属 钝化剂对多种重金属均具有较好的处理固化效果,在重金属浓度 5-50mg/L 的每升废水中 添加 2 克本发明重金属 钝化剂,砷的去除率达到 90% 以上, 铬、 铅、铜、镉去除率达到 97% 以上,对废水中的重金属处理具有制剂加入量少、作用时间短、重金属去除率高的特点;
( 2 )本发明的重金属 钝化剂与土壤相容性好,不会导致土壤二次污染,且钝化效果较高,每亩农田用量 200-300 公斤本发明重金属钝化剂,作物果实中重金属含量下降 20-70% ,平均下降达到 30% 以上;
( 3 )本发明的重金属钝化剂的原料天然易得、成本低廉,且具有重金属去除率高的优势,具有较高的应用价值和市场推广潜力。
附图说明
图 1 为实施例中制备初级成品Ⅰ 的工艺流程示意图;
图 2 为实施例中制备初级成品Ⅱ的工艺流程示意图;
图3为实施例中重金属钝化剂制备成型的工艺流程示意图。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明,但本发明不限于以下实施例。
本发明具体实施方式中, 重金属钝化剂的原料组分包括 A 组分和 B 组分;
所述 A 组分原料,按占 A 组分质量百分比( % ),包括如下原料组分:
硫铁矿 15 ~ 80 ;
生石灰 5 ~ 80 ;
还原性铁粉 5 ~ 70 ;
所述 B 组分原料,按占 B 组分质量百分比( % ),包括如下原料组分:
粘土矿物 30 ~ 80 ;
元明粉 3 ~ 40 。
重金属 钝化剂的制备步骤包括:
( 1 ) 初级成品Ⅰ 的制备:按所述质量百分比,将 A 组分中的各组分掺混、球磨、烘干、成型,再在还原炉中加热活化,冷却后粉碎、包装,得到初级成品Ⅰ ,制备工艺流程示意图如图 1 所示;
( 2 ) 初级成品Ⅱ的制备 :按所述质量百分比,将 B 组分中的各组分混合后,球磨、烘干、成型,在饱和蒸汽下加热养护,冷却后粉碎,得到初级成品Ⅱ, 制备工艺流程示意图 如图 2 所示;
( 3 )将制备的 初级成品Ⅰ 和 初级成品Ⅱ掺混、粉碎、包装,得到所述重金属钝化剂,制备成型的工艺流程示意图如图 3 所示。
实施例 1
一种重金属钝化剂, 原料组分包括 A 组分和 B 组分;
A 组分原料,按占 A 组分质量百分比( % )计,包括如下原料组分:
硫铁矿 15
生石灰 15
还原性铁粉 70 ;
其中,硫铁矿的纯度为 FeS2 含量 =97.5% % ,且不含有包括 镉、铅、锌、汞、镍、铬、铜、砷的有害重金属元素; 生石灰为粉末状,氧化钙含量为 CaO 含量 =94% , 且不含有毒有害物质;还原性铁粉中,铁的含量为 Fe 含量 =99.3% ,碳的含量 为 0.006 %,磷和硫的含量分别 为 0.01% 和 0.02 %,氢损为 0.15 %,还原性铁粉的粒度为 120 目;
B 组分原料,按占 B 组分质量百分比( % )计,包括如下原料组分:
高岭石 80
元明粉 20
其中,高岭石的纯度为 78% ,粒度为 325 目;元明粉中, Na2SO4 含量 为 99.8% 。
制备上述的一种重金属钝化剂,包括如下步骤:
( 1 ) 初级成品Ⅰ 的制备:按所述质量百分比,将 A 组分中的各组分掺混、全部球磨至粒径为 220 目,烘干至含水率为 5.5% ,然后加工成粒径 2.5cm 的球粒;再在还原炉中、气氛为氧逸度为 3% 的还原气氛下,加热至 1200 ℃活化 0.5 小时,冷至 30 ℃后粉碎至 120 目,得到初级成品Ⅰ ;
( 2 ) 初级成品Ⅱ的制备 :按所述质量百分比,将 B 组分中的各组分混合后,球磨至粒径为 325 目,烘干至含水率为 5.6% ,然后加工成 长 30 厘米 × 宽 10 厘米 × 厚 3 厘米的块体 ;块体在 1.45 MPa 的 饱和蒸汽下,加热至 189 ℃养护 8 小时,冷至 35 ℃后粉碎至粒度为 120 目,得到初级成品Ⅱ;
( 3 )将制备的 初级成品Ⅰ 和 初级成品Ⅱ(按占 初级成品Ⅰ 和 初级成品Ⅱ总质量百分比, 初级成品Ⅰ 占 85% , 初级成品Ⅱ占 15% )掺混、粉碎至 120 目,然后包装,得到所述重金属钝化剂。
将制备的重金属钝化剂用于废水中的重金属的钝化:
广东东莞某电镀厂含有大量的重金属废水排放,其中 Cr3+ 浓度 789mg/L , Cu2+ 浓度 =1034mg/L 。在 1L 所述的废水溶液中,加入 2 克制备的重金属钝化剂,搅拌时间 30 分钟,搅拌速度 117r/min ,经过过滤后测定:滤液中 Cr3+ 浓度只有 13mg/L , Cu2+ 浓度 =23mg/L ,对重金属元素三价铬的一次性去除率 99.8% ,对铜离子的一次性去除率 99.9% ,是一种性能优良的重金属钝化剂产品。
实施例 2
一种重金属钝化剂, 原料组分包括 A 组分和 B 组分;
A 组分原料,按占 A 组分质量百分比( % )计,包括如下原料组分:
硫铁矿 45
生石灰 5
还原性铁粉 50 ;
其中,硫铁矿的纯度为 FeS2 含量 =96.5% % ,且不含有包括 镉、铅、锌、汞、镍、铬、铜、砷的有害重金属元素; 生石灰为粉末状,氧化钙含量为 CaO 含量 =93.2% , 且不含有毒有害物质;还原性铁粉中,铁的含量为 Fe 含量 =98.3% ,碳的含量 为 0.005 %,磷和硫的含量分别 为 0.008% 和 0.015 %,氢损为 0.12 %,还原性铁粉的粒度为 125 目;
B 组分原料,按占 B 组分质量百分比( % )计,包括如下原料组分:
伊利石 60
元明粉 40
其中,伊利石的纯度为 76% ,粒度为 320 目;元明粉中, Na2SO4 含量 为 99.5% 。
制备上述的一种重金属钝化剂,包括如下步骤:
( 1 ) 初级成品Ⅰ 的制备:按所述质量百分比,将 A 组分中的各组分掺混、全部球磨至粒径为 210 目,烘干至含水率为 5.8% ,然后加工成粒径 1cm 的球粒;再在还原炉中、气氛为氧逸度为 2.5% 的还原气氛下,加热至 800 ℃活化, 4 小时,冷至 25 ℃后粉碎至 110 目,得到初级成品Ⅰ;
( 2 ) 初级成品Ⅱ的制备 :按所述质量百分比,将 B 组分中的各组分混合后,球磨至粒径为 250 目,烘干至含水率为 5.4% ,然后加工成 长 40 厘米 × 宽 15 厘米 × 厚 5 厘米的块体 ;块体在 1.65 MPa 的 饱和蒸汽下,加热至 209 ℃养护 23 小时,冷至 39 ℃后粉碎至粒度为 110 目,得到初级成品Ⅱ;
( 3 )将制备的 初级成品Ⅰ 和 初级成品Ⅱ(按占 初级成品Ⅰ 和 初级成品Ⅱ总质量百分比, 初级成品Ⅰ 占 60% , 初级成品Ⅱ占 40% )掺混、粉碎至 110 目,然后包装,得到所述重金属钝化剂。
将制备的重金属钝化剂用于废水中的重金属的钝化:
山西某磷肥厂磷石膏处理排放的废水中, Cr3+ 浓度 387 mg/L , Cd2+ 浓度 =18 mg/L , pH=5.76 ;在 1L 所述的废水溶液中,加入 3 克制备的重金属钝化剂,搅拌时间 45 分钟,搅拌速度 107 r/min ,经过过滤后测定:滤液中 Cr3+ 浓度 11mg/L , Cd2+ 浓度 =0.4 mg/L ,对重金属元素三价铬的一次性去除率 97.16% ,对镉离子的一次性去除率 97.78% ,处理废水 pH=7.61 ,是一种性能优良的重金属钝化剂产品。
实施例 3
一种重金属钝化剂, 原料组分包括 A 组分和 B 组分;
A 组分原料,按占 A 组分质量百分比( % )计,包括如下原料组分:
硫铁矿 70
生石灰 20
还原性铁粉 10 ;
其中,硫铁矿的纯度为 FeS2 含量 =99.5% ,且不含有包括 镉、铅、锌、汞、镍、铬、铜、砷的有害重金属元素; 生石灰为粉末状,氧化钙含量为 CaO 含量 =91.7% , 且不含有毒有害物质;还原性铁粉中,铁的含量为 Fe 含量 =99.1% ,碳的含量 为 0.008 %,磷和硫的含量分别 为 0.009% 和 0.017 %,氢损为 0.14 %,还原性铁粉的粒度为 121 目;
B 组分原料,按占 B 组分质量百分比( % )计,包括如下原料组分:
蒙脱石 80
元明粉 20
其中,蒙脱石的纯度为 78.4% ,粒度为 250 目;元明粉中, Na2SO4 含量 为 99.1% 。
制备上述的一种重金属钝化剂,包括如下步骤:
( 1 ) 初级成品Ⅰ 的制备:按所述质量百分比,将 A 组分中的各组分掺混、全部球磨至粒径为 220 目,烘干至含水率为 5.7% ,然后加工成粒径 3cm 的球粒;再在还原炉中、气氛为氧逸度为 1.9% 的还原气氛下,加热至 100 ℃活化, 2.5 小时,冷至 28 ℃后粉碎至 105 目,得到初级成品Ⅰ ;
( 2 ) 初级成品Ⅱ的制备 :按所述质量百分比,将 B 组分中的各组分混合后,球磨至粒径为 230 目,烘干至含水率为 5.1% ,然后加工成 长 35 厘米 × 宽 13 厘米 × 厚 4 厘米的块体 ;块体在 1.45 MPa 的 饱和蒸汽下,加热至 185 ℃养护 18 小时,冷至 32 ℃后粉碎至粒度为 105 目,得到初级成品Ⅱ;
( 3 )将制备的 初级成品Ⅰ 和 初级成品Ⅱ(按占 初级成品Ⅰ 和 初级成品Ⅱ总质量百分比, 初级成品Ⅰ 占 50% , 初级成品Ⅱ占 50% )掺混、粉碎至 105 目,然后包装,得到所述重金属钝化剂。
将制备的重金属钝化剂用于土壤中的重金属的钝化:
广东白云区土壤中重金属测定结果为:
Cr3+ 浓度 =835 mg/kg土壤,Pb2+ 浓度 =571 mg/ kg 土壤, Cd2+ 浓度=0.7 mg/ kg土壤,土壤的pH=6.16,经过水稻田中每亩施加300公斤制备的重金属钝化剂产品后,与空白相比:米粒中重金属铬下降56%,铅下降63%,镉下降39%,达到了较好的重金属农田实施效果。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种重金属钝化剂,其特征在于,原料组分包括 A 组分和 B 组分;
    所述 A 组分原料,按占 A 组分质量百分比计,包括如下原料组分:
    硫铁矿 15 ~ 80 ;
    生石灰 5 ~ 80 ;
    还原性铁粉 5 ~ 70 ;
    所述 B 组分原料,按占 B 组分质量百分比计,包括如下原料组分:
    粘土矿物 30 ~ 80 ;
    元明粉 3 ~ 40 。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种重金属钝化剂,其特征在于,所述硫铁矿的纯度不低于96%,且不含有包括镉、铅、锌、汞、镍、铬、铜或砷的有害重金属元素。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种重金属钝化剂,其特征在于,所述生石灰为粉末状,氧化钙含量大于90%,且不含有毒有害物质。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种重金属钝化剂,其特征在于,所述还原性铁粉中,铁的含量≥98%,碳的含量≤0.01%,磷和硫的含量均≤0.03%,氢损为0.1~0.2%;所述还原性铁粉的粒度大于100目。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种重金属钝化剂,其特征在于,所述粘土矿物包括高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石或硅藻土;所述粘土矿物为细粒状,粒度大于200目,粘土矿物纯度大于75%。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的一种重金属钝化剂,其特征在于,所述元明粉中,Na2SO4含量≥99%。
  7. 制备权利要求1~6任一项所述的一种重金属钝化剂的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
    (1)初级成品Ⅰ的制备:按所述质量百分比,将A组分中的各组分掺混、球磨、烘干、成型,再在还原炉中加热活化,冷却后粉碎,得到初级成品Ⅰ;
    (2)初级成品Ⅱ的制备:按所述质量百分比,将B组分中的各组分混合后,球磨、烘干、成型,在饱和蒸汽下加热养护,冷却后粉碎,得到初级成品Ⅱ;
    (3)将制备的初级成品Ⅰ和初级成品Ⅱ掺混、粉碎、包装,得到所述重金属钝化剂。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的一种重金属钝化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述球磨是将混合物中的各种物料均球磨至粒径≥200目;所述烘干是将物料烘干至含水率小于6%;所述成型是将烘干后的混合物料加工成粒径1~3cm的球粒;所述加热活化的温度为100~1200℃,加热活化的时间为0.5~4小时,加热活化的气氛为氧逸度不超过4%的还原气氛;所述冷却的方式为空冷或水冷;所述冷却是冷却至40℃以下;所述粉碎是粉碎至粒度100目以上。
  9. 根据权利要求7所述的一种重金属钝化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,所述球磨是将混合物中的各种物料均球磨至粒径≥200目;所述烘干是将球磨后的混合物料烘干至含水率小于6%;所述成型是将烘干后的混合物料加工成长30~40cm、宽10~15cm、厚3~5cm的块体;所述饱和蒸汽下加热养护的温度为175~210℃,养护的时间为6~24小时,养护的压力为1.25~1.65MPa;所述冷却的方式为空冷或水冷;所述冷却是冷却至40℃以下;所述粉碎是粉碎至粒度100目以上。
  10. 根据权利要求7所述的一种重金属钝化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述初级成品Ⅰ占初级成品Ⅰ和初级成品Ⅱ总质量的质量百分比为5~85%;所述初级成品Ⅱ占初级成品Ⅰ和初级成品Ⅱ总质量的质量百分比为15~95%;所述粉碎是将混合物料粉碎至粒度100目以上。
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