WO2018157552A1 - 一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法 - Google Patents

一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法 Download PDF

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WO2018157552A1
WO2018157552A1 PCT/CN2017/096071 CN2017096071W WO2018157552A1 WO 2018157552 A1 WO2018157552 A1 WO 2018157552A1 CN 2017096071 W CN2017096071 W CN 2017096071W WO 2018157552 A1 WO2018157552 A1 WO 2018157552A1
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ammonia
refrigerator
refrigeration
small
wine cabinet
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PCT/CN2017/096071
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English (en)
French (fr)
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周志坚
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佛山市顺德区环威电器有限公司
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Priority to EP17837839.4A priority Critical patent/EP3399296A4/en
Priority to KR1020187002407A priority patent/KR102075277B1/ko
Priority to US15/747,226 priority patent/US20210396438A1/en
Priority to JP2018506418A priority patent/JP2019512073A/ja
Publication of WO2018157552A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018157552A1/zh

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F25B49/04—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for sorption type machines, plants or systems
    • F25B49/043—Operating continuously
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M3/00—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures
    • G01M3/02—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum
    • G01M3/04—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point
    • G01M3/20—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point using special tracer materials, e.g. dye, fluorescent material, radioactive material
    • G01M3/22—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point using special tracer materials, e.g. dye, fluorescent material, radioactive material for pipes, cables or tubes; for pipe joints or seals; for valves; for welds; for containers, e.g. radiators
    • G01M3/226—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point using special tracer materials, e.g. dye, fluorescent material, radioactive material for pipes, cables or tubes; for pipe joints or seals; for valves; for welds; for containers, e.g. radiators for containers, e.g. radiators
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M3/00—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures
    • G01M3/02—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum
    • G01M3/04—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point
    • G01M3/16—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point using electric detection means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y15/00—Nanotechnology for interacting, sensing or actuating, e.g. quantum dots as markers in protein assays or molecular motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B15/00—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating continuously, e.g. absorption type
    • F25B15/02—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating continuously, e.g. absorption type without inert gas
    • F25B15/04—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating continuously, e.g. absorption type without inert gas the refrigerant being ammonia evaporated from aqueous solution
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F25B49/005—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices of safety devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M3/00—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures
    • G01M3/02—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum
    • G01M3/04—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point
    • G01M3/20—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point using special tracer materials, e.g. dye, fluorescent material, radioactive material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
    • G01N27/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance
    • G01N27/12—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance of a solid body in dependence upon absorption of a fluid; of a solid body in dependence upon reaction with a fluid, for detecting components in the fluid
    • G01N27/125—Composition of the body, e.g. the composition of its sensitive layer
    • G01N27/127—Composition of the body, e.g. the composition of its sensitive layer comprising nanoparticles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B19/00—Programme-control systems
    • G05B19/02—Programme-control systems electric
    • G05B19/04—Programme control other than numerical control, i.e. in sequence controllers or logic controllers
    • G05B19/042—Programme control other than numerical control, i.e. in sequence controllers or logic controllers using digital processors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
    • F25B2500/22—Preventing, detecting or repairing leaks of refrigeration fluids
    • F25B2500/222—Detecting refrigerant leaks
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/20—Pc systems
    • G05B2219/26—Pc applications
    • G05B2219/2654—Fridge, refrigerator
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
    • Y02A30/27—Relating to heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] technologies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/62—Absorption based systems

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of rapid detection of ammonia gas, in particular to a real-time detection and treatment method for ammonia leakage of a small ammonia refrigeration diffusion absorption refrigeration device dedicated to a refrigerator or a wine cabinet or a refrigerator.
  • the density is 0.7710.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a real-time detection and processing method for ammonia leakage of a small ammonia refrigeration diffusion absorption refrigeration device dedicated to a refrigerator or a wine cabinet or a refrigerator, which is reasonable in structure and convenient to use. Solved the above problems.
  • the utility model comprises the following steps, first starting up, the ammonia refrigeration diffusion absorption refrigeration device is started, the refrigeration cycle is started, and the machine is in normal operation;
  • the high-sensitivity ammonia gas sensor is a complementary metal oxide semiconductor chip ammonia gas sensor, and the high-sensitivity ammonia gas sensor is mounted with a nano film type gas sensing material.
  • the nano film type gas sensing material is a composite of one or more of a tin dioxide nano film, a copper phthalocyanine film, and a copper phthalocyanine/tin dioxide composite film.
  • the nano-film type gas sensing material has uniform film-forming particles and a size of 1-5 nm.
  • the wireless or wired communication module includes an SD card slot, a modem, a battery, a microprocessor, and a ROM.
  • the communication module automatically connects to the wireless network. , call the preset number or the duty room.
  • the nano film type gas sensing material contains 1-50% of a nickel element.
  • the nano film type gas sensing material contains 1-50% of aluminum element.
  • the nano-film type gas sensing material contains 1-50% of cobalt element, and the doping of cobalt ions does not change the crystal structure of SnO2, and the gas to be detected has higher sensitivity and better response-recovery characteristics.
  • the nano film type gas sensing material is doped with nickel-cobalt alloy powder by 1-50%.
  • the nano-film type gas sensing material contains 1-50% of graphene elements.
  • the ammonia gas detection of the invention is specially designed for the drawer type small ammonia refrigeration diffusion absorption refrigeration device, has reasonable structure and proper arrangement, and at the same time, after detecting the ammonia concentration and collecting and processing the data, various countermeasures are started to prevent ammonia leakage. Cause loss; judgment is accurate and fast. Accuracy reaches 0.01 PPM. It can accurately judge the concentration when the standard exceeds the standard, and the judgment result is easy to display and improve the visualization; when detecting the ammonia concentration, the ammonia concentration and the treatment method that need to be detected and controlled can be set according to the accuracy requirement, and the ammonia gas detector can be arbitrarily set. The number is suitable for large-scale applications; at the same time, it avoids the misjudgment of a single ammonia concentration detection device.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a real-time detection and processing method for ammonia leakage of a small ammonia refrigeration diffusion absorption refrigeration device dedicated to a refrigerator or a wine cabinet or a refrigerator.
  • the refrigeration device has at least one high-sensitivity ammonia gas sensor installed in the refrigeration device, the ammonia gas sensor is connected to the control panel, the control panel is further provided with a box temperature probe, and the control panel is further provided with wireless or wired a communication module, the control panel is connected to an alarm flash, and the control panel is connected to the buzzer;
  • the method includes the following steps, first starting up, the ammonia refrigeration diffusion absorption refrigeration device starts, starts Refrigeration cycle, the machine is running normally;
  • b concentration is greater than 20PPM, a slight leak occurs, cooling is stopped, and a fault signal is sent to the control terminal;
  • the concentration is greater than 20PPM, and its concentration is greater than the value of long-term contact with the human body, stop cooling, light flashing alarm, and send a fault signal to the control terminal;
  • the concentration is greater than 20PPM, and its concentration is greater than the value of short-term contact with the human body, stop cooling, light flashing + audible alarm, and send a fault signal to the control terminal;
  • the concentration of ammonia in each file can be adjusted between 0.1 and 1000 PPM within the effective working range of the sensor according to actual needs.
  • control terminal can get the signal immediately, and the maintenance process can be performed in time.
  • the high-sensitivity ammonia gas sensor is a complementary metal oxide semiconductor chip ammonia gas sensor, and the high-sensitivity ammonia gas sensor is mounted with a nano film type gas sensing material.
  • the nano film type gas sensing material is a composite of one or more of a tin oxide nano film, a copper phthalocyanine film, and a copper phthalocyanine/tin dioxide composite film.
  • the nano-film type gas sensing material has uniform film-forming particles and a size of 1-5 nm.
  • the wireless or wired communication module includes an SD card slot, a modem, a battery, a microprocessor, and a ROM.
  • the communication module automatically connects to the wireless network, and the call is pre-wired. Set a number or duty room.
  • the nano film type gas sensing material contains 1-50% of a nickel element.
  • the nano film type gas sensing material contains 1-50% of aluminum element.
  • the nano-film type gas sensing material contains 1-50% of cobalt element, and the doping of cobalt ion does not change the crystal structure of SnO2, and the gas to be detected has high sensitivity and good response-recovery property.
  • the nano film type gas sensing material is doped with nickel-cobalt alloy powder by 1-50%.
  • the nano film type gas sensing material contains 1-50% of graphene elements.
  • the gas sensitive material used in the high sensitivity ammonia gas sensor of the present invention is tin oxide (SnO2) having a low electrical conductivity in clean air.
  • SnO2 tin oxide
  • the conductivity of the sensor increases as the concentration of ammonia in the air increases.
  • the change in conductivity can be converted to an output signal corresponding to the gas concentration using a simple circuit.
  • the gas sensor prepared by using the tin dioxide material has long been widely used because of its advantages of high sensitivity, long life, good stability, strong corrosion resistance, simple structure, low cost, good mechanical performance, and direct output of electrical signals. .
  • the miniaturization and integration of sensors is also necessary.
  • thin film gas sensors are the focus of research.
  • three metal oxide semiconductors such as nickel, aluminum and cobalt and non-metal materials such as graphene are respectively incorporated in the tin dioxide.
  • nickel, aluminum and cobalt can be used to greatly improve the sensitivity of nano-film gas-sensitive materials to ammonia gas, and the optimal operating temperature of gas-sensitive film is also greatly increased.
  • the doping amount of the metal oxide semiconductor affects the sensitivity of the nano-film gas sensor to ammonia gas.
  • non-metallic materials such as nickel, aluminum and cobalt
  • non-metal materials such as graphene
  • the conductive mechanism has been extensively studied.
  • the above materials can form solid solution.
  • the increase of the melting of the metal material will be converted at the lattice point.
  • the specific surface area is increased, the adsorption of surface oxygen is increased, and the accuracy is improved.
  • the impurity ions are loaded.
  • the heat dissipation of the flow also enhances the mobility of the carriers, and therefore, the accuracy of the ammonia detection can also be improved.
  • Nanomaterials have certain uniqueness, and they have many unique properties and benefits. Their application has a bright future in ammonia detection. The advanced nature of nanomaterials is listed below to demonstrate the novelty and creativity of nanomaterials. .
  • the material scale When the material scale is small to a certain extent, it must be replaced by quantum mechanics instead of the traditional mechanics to describe its behavior.
  • the particle size When the particle size is reduced from 10 micrometers to 10 nanometers, the particle size changes 1000 times, but the conversion When the volume is formed, there will be 10 times 9 times, so the behavior will be significantly different.
  • nanoparticles are different from bulk materials.
  • surface area is relatively increased, that is, ultrafine particles.
  • the surface of the sub-surface is covered with a stepped structure, which represents unstable atoms with high surface energy.
  • Such atoms are highly susceptible to adsorption bonding with foreign atoms and provide a large surface of active atoms due to particle size reduction.
  • the melting point is concerned, in the nanopowder, since each particle has a small number of atoms, the surface atoms are in an unstable state, and the amplitude of the surface lattice vibration is large, so that the surface energy is high, resulting in the unique thermal properties of the ultrafine particles. That is, the melting point is lowered, and the nano powder is easily sintered at a lower temperature than the conventional powder, and becomes a good sintering promoting material.
  • the common magnetic substances belong to a collection of multi-magnetic regions.
  • a magnetic substance of a single magnetic region is formed. Therefore, when the magnetic material is formed into ultrafine particles or a film, it becomes an excellent magnetic material.
  • the particle size of the nanoparticles (10 nm to 100 nm) is smaller than the length of the light wave and therefore will have a complex interaction with the incident light.
  • ferrous black ultrafine particles, called metal black which are easily absorbed by light, are obtained, which is in sharp contrast to the high-reflectivity gloss surface of the metal formed by vacuum coating.
  • Nanomaterials can be applied to infrared sensor materials due to their high light absorption rate.
  • Nanomaterials are powders, fibers, films or blocks with nanoscale dimensions. Scientific experiments have confirmed that when normal materials are processed to extremely fine nanometer scales, specific surface effects, volume effects, and quantum effects occur, and their optical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, mechanical, and even chemical properties occur accordingly. Significant changes. Therefore, nanomaterials have superior properties not found in other general materials, and can be widely used in many fields such as electronics, medicine, chemical engineering, military, aerospace, etc., occupying a core position in the research and application of new materials.
  • Nanomaterials can be roughly classified into four types: nano powder, nano fiber, nano film, and nano block. Among them, nano-powder has the longest development time and the most mature technology, which is the basis for the production of other three types of products.
  • ultrafine powder or ultrafine powder generally refers to a powder or granule with a particle size below 100 nm, which is a solid particulate material in an intermediate state between atoms, molecules and macroscopic objects.
  • a linear material with a diameter of nanometer scale and a large length can be used for: micro-wires, micro-fibers (important components of future quantum computers and photonic computers) materials; new laser or light-emitting diode materials.
  • Nanofilms are divided into granular membranes and dense membranes.
  • the particle film is a film in which the nanoparticles are stuck together with a very small gap in between.
  • a dense film refers to a film that is dense but has a grain size of nanometer.
  • the main uses are: ultra-high strength materials; smart metal materials.
  • the surface area of a spherical particle is proportional to the square of the diameter, and its volume is proportional to the cube of the diameter, so its specific surface area (surface area/volume) is inversely proportional to the diameter.
  • the specific surface area will increase significantly, indicating that the percentage of surface atoms will increase significantly.
  • the surface effect of particles larger than 0.1 ⁇ m in diameter is negligible.
  • the surface atomic percentage increases sharply, and even the sum of the surface area of 1 g of ultrafine particles can be as high as 100 m 2 , and the surface effect will not be acceptable. ignore.
  • the surface of the ultrafine particles is quite different from the surface of the bulk object. If the metal ultrafine particles (diameter 2*10 ⁇ -3 microns) are imaged by a high-magnification electron microscope, the particles are not fixed in real time. Morphology, various shapes (such as cubic octahedron, icosahedron, icosahedral polycrystalline, etc.) are automatically formed with time. It is different from ordinary solids and liquid, and is a quasi-solid. Under the electron beam irradiation of the electron microscope, the surface atoms seem to enter a "boiling" state, and the instability of the particle structure is not seen after the size is larger than 10 nm, and the microparticles have a stable structural state.
  • the surface of the ultrafine particles is highly active, and the metal particles are rapidly oxidized and burned in the air. To prevent spontaneous combustion, surface coating or conscious control of the oxidation rate can be used to slowly oxidize to form a very thin and dense oxide layer to ensure surface stabilization. With surface activity, metal ultrafine particles are expected to be a new generation of highly efficient catalysts and gas storage materials as well as low melting point materials.
  • the amount of particle size changes, it will cause a qualitative change in the properties of the particles under certain conditions. Due to The change in macroscopic physical properties caused by the smaller particle size is called the small size effect. For ultrafine particles, the size becomes smaller, and the specific surface area thereof also increases remarkably, resulting in a series of novel properties as follows.
  • the metal ultrafine particles have a low reflectance to light, usually less than 1%, and the thickness can be completely extinguished by a thickness of about several micrometers. This feature can be used as a highly efficient conversion material for photothermal, photovoltaic, etc., and can efficiently convert solar energy into heat and electricity. In addition, it is also possible to apply to infrared sensitive components, infrared stealth technology and so on.
  • the solid material When the solid material has a large size, its melting point is fixed, and its ultrafineness is found to be significantly reduced, especially when the particle size is less than 10 nanometers.
  • the conventional melting point of gold is 1064 C ° C.
  • the temperature is reduced by 27 ° C.
  • the melting point at 2 nm is only about 327 ° C; the conventional melting point of silver is 670 ° C, and ultrafine silver.
  • the melting point of the particles can be below 100 °C. Therefore, the conductive paste made of ultrafine silver powder can be sintered at a low temperature, and the substrate of the element does not have to be made of a ceramic material resistant to high temperature, and even plastic can be used.
  • the ultra-fine silver powder slurry can make the film thickness uniform and cover a large area, which is both material-saving and high-quality.
  • Japan's Kawasaki Steel Co., Ltd. uses 0.1 to 1 micron copper and nickel ultrafine particles to make conductive paste instead of precious metals such as palladium and silver.
  • the property of the melting point of ultrafine particles is attractive to the powder metallurgy industry. For example, after adding 0.1% to 0.5% by weight of ultrafine nickel particles to the tungsten particles, the sintering temperature can be made from The temperature is lowered to 1200 to 1300 ° C at 3000 ° C, so that the substrate of the high-power semiconductor tube can be fired at a lower temperature.
  • ultra-fine magnetic particles in organisms such as pigeons, dolphins, butterflies, bees, and magnetotactic bacteria living in water, so that these organisms can distinguish directions under the guidance of the geomagnetic field and have the ability to return.
  • the magnetic ultrafine particles are essentially a biomagnetic compass, and the magnetotactic bacteria living in the water rely on it to swim to the nutrient-rich bottom.
  • Studies by electron microscopy have shown that magnetically oxidized bacteria typically contain magnetic oxide particles having a diameter of about 2'10-2 microns.
  • Small-sized ultrafine particle magnetism is significantly different from bulk material, with a large piece of pure iron coercivity of about 80 amps/meter, and its coercivity when the particle size is reduced below 2'10-2 microns. It can be increased by a thousand times. If it is further reduced in size, it is less than 6'10-3 microns, and its coercive force is reduced to zero, showing superparamagnetism.
  • the use of magnetic ultrafine particles with high coercivity has made magnetic recording magnetic powder with high storage density, and is widely used in magnetic tapes, magnetic disks, magnetic cards, and magnetic keys. With superparamagnetism, magnetic ultrafine particles have been made into magnetic fluids with a wide range of uses.
  • Ceramic materials are generally brittle, whereas nanoceramic materials made from nano-superfine particles have good toughness. Because the nanomaterial has a large interface, the atomic arrangement of the interface is quite confusing, and the atom easily migrates under the condition of external force deformation, so it exhibits good toughness and certain ductility, which makes the ceramic material have novel mechanical properties.
  • American scholars have reported that calcium fluoride nanomaterials can bend significantly without breaking at room temperature. Studies have shown that human teeth have high strength because they are made of nanomaterials such as calcium phosphate.
  • the metal in the form of nano-grains is 3 to 5 times harder than the conventional coarse-grained metal.
  • the material can change the mechanical properties of the material in a larger range, and its application prospect is very broad.
  • the small size effect of ultrafine particles is also manifested in superconductivity, dielectric properties, acoustic properties, and chemical properties.
  • the atoms of the various elements have specific spectral lines, such as the sodium atom having a yellow spectral line.
  • Atomic models and quantum mechanics have been reasonably explained by the concept of energy levels.
  • a solid consists of a myriad of atoms, the energy levels of the individual atoms are combined and the energy band is synthesized. Since the number of electrons is large, the spacing of the energy levels in the band is small. Therefore, it can be regarded as continuous, successfully explaining the connection and difference between bulk metals, semiconductors and insulators from the band theory, for ultrafine particles between atoms, molecules and bulk solids.
  • the continuous energy band in the bulk material will split into discrete energy levels; the spacing between the energy levels increases as the particle size decreases.
  • the quantum size effect When the thermal energy, electric field energy or magnetic field energy is smaller than the average energy level spacing, a series of anomalous properties distinct from the macroscopic objects are presented, which is called the quantum size effect.
  • a conductive metal can become an insulator in the case of ultrafine particles.
  • the magnitude of the magnetic moment is related to whether the electrons in the particle are odd or even, and the specific heat changes abnormally.
  • the spectral line will move toward a short wavelength. This is quantum.
  • the macroscopic performance of the size effect Therefore, the quantum effect must be considered for ultrafine particles under low temperature conditions, and the original macroscopic law is no longer valid. Electrons are particle-like and volatility, so there is a tunneling effect.
  • quantum tunneling it has been found that some macroscopic physical quantities, such as the magnetization of microparticles, the magnetic flux in quantum coherent devices, etc., also exhibit tunneling, called macroscopic quantum tunneling.
  • the quantum size effect and macroscopic quantum tunneling effect will be the basis of future microelectronics and optoelectronic devices, or it will establish the limit of further miniaturization of existing microelectronic devices.
  • the above quantum effects must be considered when microelectronic devices are further miniaturized. For example, when manufacturing a semiconductor integrated circuit, when the size of the circuit is close to the wavelength of the electron, the electron passes through the tunnel. The channel effect overflows the device, making the device inoperable. The limit of the classic circuit is about 0.25 microns.
  • the quantum resonance tunneling transistor developed is a new generation device made by quantum effect.
  • the invention adopts an open graded porous nano material with an accuracy of 1 nanometer, and combines the characteristics of nano materials to have high precision and high sensitivity.

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Abstract

一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法，包括容器主体，容器主体后部设置有小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置，在制冷装置内安装有至少一个高灵敏度氨气传感器，氨气传感器连接控制板，该方法同时对氨气浓度进行检测并经数据采集处理后，启动各种应对手段，防止氨气泄漏造成损失；判断准确、快速。精确性达到0.01PPM。能够准确判断超标时的浓度，判断结果易于进行显示，提高可视化；在检测氨气浓度时，可根据准确性要求，设置需要检测、控制的氨气浓度以及处理方式，并且任意设置氨气探测器的数量，适合大规模应用；同时又避免单一的氨气浓度检测装置的误判。

Description

一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法 技术领域
本发明涉及氨气快速检测技术领域，具体涉及到一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法。
背景技术
氨气，Ammonia，NH3，无色气体。有强烈的刺激气味。密度0.7710。相对密度0.5971(空气＝1.00)。易被液化成无色的液体。在常温下加压即可使其液化(临界温度132.4℃，临界压力11.2兆帕，即112.2大气压)。沸点-33.5℃。也易被固化成雪状固体。熔点-77.75℃。溶于水、乙醇和乙醚。在高温时会分解成氮气和氢气，有还原作用。有催化剂存在时可被氧化成一氧化氮。用于制液氮、氨水、硝酸、铵盐和胺类等。可由氮和氢直接合成而制得，能灼伤皮肤、眼睛、呼吸器官的粘膜，人吸入过多，能引起肺肿胀，以至死亡。
对于冰箱、酒柜中使用的小型氨制冷扩散-吸收式制冷装置(后面简称“制冷装置”)，由于其制冷的核心部件-机芯焊点众多，个别机芯的个别焊点在批量生产、使用过程中，难免会出现慢漏、渗漏等现象，甚至个别会出现大量泄漏的状况。由于氨气具有强烈的刺激性气味，污染环境的同时，对人体身体健康也会造成不利影响。
目前市面上的产品，都不能实现直接对泄漏到周围空气中的氨气浓度 进行高精度检测并做出进一步处理，而只能对制冷装置因为制冷剂的过量泄漏，导致制冷性能出现明显变化，来进行检测和判断是否出现了泄漏，这种方式存在极大的滞后性，而且一致性不好，不可靠。
发明内容
针对现有技术中存在的不足，本发明的目的是提供一种结构合理，使用方便的一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法，它解决了上述的这些问题。
本发明所采用的技术方案如下：一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法，包括容器主体，所述容器主体后部设置有小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置，在制冷装置内安装有至少一个高灵敏度氨气传感器，所述氨气传感器连接控制板，所述控制板还设置有箱体温度探头，所述控制板上还设置有无线或有线通讯模块，所述控制板连接报警闪光灯，所述控制板连接蜂鸣器；
其包括如下步骤，首先开机，氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置启动，开始制冷循环，机器正常运转；
其次，在正常运转中，一旦发生氨气泄漏时，由于氨气密度小于空气密度，氨气分子会向上方移动，此时，安装在制冷装置内的高灵敏度氨气传感器探测到氨气分子，不同的氨气浓度，高灵敏度氨气传感器输出的电参数不一样，通过电路的处理，可以将电参数与周围空气中的氨气浓度对应起来，
然后，并根据氨气浓度大小，做出后续不同处理：
a继续正常工作；
b出现微量泄漏、停止制冷、并向控制终端发出故障信号；
c较多的泄漏、停止制冷、灯光闪烁报警，并向控制终端发出故障信号；
d大量泄漏、停止制冷、灯光闪烁+声音报警，并向控制终端发出故障信号；再然后，一旦出现任何不正常，控制终端能马上得到信号，可以及时进行维护处理。
优选地，所述高灵敏度氨气传感器为互补金属氧化物半导体芯片氨气传感器，所述所述高灵敏度氨气传感器内安装有纳米薄膜型气敏材料。
优选地，所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料为二氧化锡纳米薄膜、酞菁铜薄膜及酞菁铜/二氧化锡复合膜其中的一种或几种的复合。
优选地，所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料其成膜粒子均匀,大小为1-5nm。
优选地，所述无线或有线通讯模块包括SD卡槽、调制解调器、电池、微处理器、ROM，在高灵敏度氨气传感器检测到氨气泄漏达到某个设定值时，通讯模块自动连接无线网络，呼叫预设号码或者值班室。
优选地，所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料内含有镍元素1-50％。
优选地，所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料内含有铝元素1-50％。
优选地，所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料内含有钴元素1-50％，钴离子的掺入并没有改变SnO2的晶体结构，对待检测气体具有较高的灵敏度和较好的响应一恢复特性。
优选地，所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料内掺杂有镍钴合金粉末1-50％。
优选地，所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料内含有石墨烯元素1-50％。
本发明的有益效果包括：
本发明氨气检测，针对抽屉式小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置专门设计，结构合理，布置恰当，同时对氨气浓度进行检测并经数据采集处理后，启动各种应对手段，防止氨气泄漏造成损失；判断准确、快速。精确性达到0.01PPM。能够准确判断超标时的浓度，判断结果易于进行显示，提高可视化；在检测氨气浓度时，可根据准确性要求，设置需要检测、控制的氨气浓度以及处理方式，并且任意设置氨气探测器的数量，适合大规模应用；同时又避免单一的氨气浓度检测装置的误判。
附图说明
图1为本发明一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法的原理图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明进行详细说明。
一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法，包括冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱容器主体，所述容器主体后部设置有小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置，在制冷装置内安装有至少一个高灵敏度氨气传感器，所述氨气传感器连接控制板，所述控制板还设置有箱体温度探头，所述控制板上还设置有无线或有线通讯模块，所述控制板连接报警闪光灯，所述控制板连接蜂鸣器；
其包括如下步骤，首先开机，氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置启动，开始 制冷循环，机器正常运转；
其次，在正常运转中，一旦发生氨气泄漏时，由于氨气密度小于空气密度，氨气分子会向上方移动，此时，安装在制冷装置内的高灵敏度氨气传感器探测到氨气分子，不同的氨气浓度，高灵敏度氨气传感器输出的电参数不一样，通过电路的处理，可以将电参数与周围空气中的氨气浓度对应起来，
然后，并根据氨气浓度大小，做出后续不同处理：
a浓度小于20PPM，继续正常工作；
b浓度大于20PPM，出现微量泄漏、停止制冷、并向控制终端发出故障信号；
c较多的泄漏，浓度大于20PPM，同时其浓度大于对长期接触人体产生不适的数值时，停止制冷、灯光闪烁报警，并向控制终端发出故障信号；
d大量泄漏，浓度大于20PPM，同时其浓度大于对短期接触人体产生不适的数值时，停止制冷、灯光闪烁+声音报警，并向控制终端发出故障信号；
各档氨气浓度的大小，可以根据实际需要，在传感器的有效工作范围内0.1～1000PPM之间进行调整。
再然后，一旦出现任何不正常，控制终端能马上得到信号，可以及时进行维护处理。
所述高灵敏度氨气传感器为互补金属氧化物半导体芯片氨气传感器，所述所述高灵敏度氨气传感器内安装有纳米薄膜型气敏材料。
所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料为二氧化锡纳米薄膜、酞菁铜薄膜及酞菁铜/二氧化锡复合膜其中的一种或几种的复合。
所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料其成膜粒子均匀,大小为1-5nm。
所述无线或有线通讯模块包括SD卡槽、调制解调器、电池、微处理器、ROM，在高灵敏度氨气传感器检测到氨气泄漏达到某个设定值时，通讯模块自动连接无线网络，呼叫预设号码或者值班室。
所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料内含有镍元素1-50％。
所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料内含有铝元素1-50％。
所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料内含有钴元素1-50％，钴离子的掺入并没有改变SnO2的晶体结构，对待检测气体具有较高的灵敏度和较好的响应一恢复特性。
所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料内掺杂有镍钴合金粉末1-50％。
所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料内含有石墨烯元素1-50％。
原理如下：
本发明的高灵敏度氨气传感器所使用的气敏材料是在清洁空气中电导率较低的二氧化锡(SnO2)。当传感器所处环境中存在氨气时，传感器的电导率随空气中氨气浓度的增加而增大。使用简单的电路即可将电导率的变化转换为与该气体浓度相对应的输出信号。
用二氧化锡材料制备的气体传感器因具有灵敏度高、寿命长、稳定性好、耐腐蚀性强、结构简单、成本低、机械性能良好、可直接输出电信号等优点,早已获得了广泛的应用。随着气体传感器市场需求的不断发展,除了需要进一步研制气敏性能优异的传感器外,传感器的小型化、集成化也是十分必要的。为了便于气体传感器的小型化和集成化,薄膜型气体传感器是研究的重点。
为了进一步提高纳米薄膜型气敏材料对氨气的灵敏度,降低气敏薄膜的工作温度,在二氧化锡中分别掺入了镍、铝、钴三种金属氧化物半导体及石墨烯等非金属材料。实验表明仅掺入10％的镍、铝、钴,就可以极大的提高纳米薄膜型气敏材料对氨气的灵敏度,而且气敏薄膜的最佳工作温度也大大增加。金属氧化物半导体的掺杂量会影响纳米薄膜气敏元件对氨气的灵敏度。
镍、铝、钴三种金属氧化物半导体及石墨烯等非金属材料的掺杂可以改变纳米薄膜型气敏材料的初始电阻，其导电机理有广泛的研究，以上几种材料可以形成固溶体，随着金属材料熔入的增加，会在晶格点上发生转化，同时，提高了比表面积，增加了表面氧的吸附，提高了精确性，另外，随着掺杂成分的提高，杂质离子对载流子的散热加强，也影响了载流子的迁移率，因此，也可以提高氨气检测的准确性。
纳米材料在氨气检测中的应用
纳米材料具有一定的独特性，其具有非常多的独特性质和效益，其应用在氨气检测中有非常光明的前景，以下详细列举纳米材料的先进性，以证明应用纳米材料的新颖性和创造性。
纳米效应
当物质尺度小到一定程度时，则必须改用量子力学取代传统力学的观点来描述它的行为，当粉末粒子尺寸由10微米降至10纳米时，其粒径虽改变为1000倍，但换算成体积时则将有10的9次方倍之巨，所以二者行为上将产生明显的差异。
纳米粒子异于大块物质的理由是在其表面积相对增大，也就是超微粒 子的表面布满了阶梯状结构，此结构代表具有高表面能的不安定原子。这类原子极易与外来原子吸附键结，同时因粒径缩小而提供了大表面的活性原子。
就熔点来说，纳米粉末中由于每一粒子组成原子少，表面原子处于不安定状态，使其表面晶格震动的振幅较大，所以具有较高的表面能量，造成超微粒子特有的热性质，也就是造成熔点下降，同时纳米粉末将比传统粉末容易在较低温度烧结，而成为良好的烧结促进材料。
一般常见的磁性物质均属多磁区之集合体，当粒子尺寸小至无法区分出其磁区时，即形成单磁区之磁性物质。因此磁性材料制作成超微粒子或薄膜时，将成为优异的磁性材料。
纳米粒子的粒径(10纳米～100纳米)小于光波的长，因此将与入射光产生复杂的交互作用。金属在适当的蒸发沉积条件下，可得到易吸收光的黑色金属超微粒子，称为金属黑，这与金属在真空镀膜形成高反射率光泽面成强烈对比。纳米材料因其光吸收率大的特色，可应用于红外线感测器材料。
纳米材料就是具有纳米尺度的粉末、纤维、膜或块体。科学实验证实，当常态物质被加工到极其微细的纳米尺度时，会出现特异的表面效应、体积效应和量子效应，其光学、热学、电学、磁学、力学乃至化学性质也就相应地发生十分显著的变化。因此纳米材料具备其它一般材料所没有的优越性能，可广泛应用于电子、医药、化工、军事、航空航天等众多领域，在整个新材料的研究应用方面占据着核心的位置。
纳米材料大致可分为纳米粉末、纳米纤维、纳米膜、纳米块体等四类。 其中纳米粉末开发时间最长、技术最为成熟，是生产其他三类产品的基础。
纳米粉末
又称为超微粉或超细粉，一般指粒度在100纳米以下的粉末或颗粒，是一种介于原子、分子与宏观物体之间处于中间物态的固体颗粒材料。可用于：高密度磁记录材料；吸波隐身材料；磁流体材料；防辐射材料；单晶硅和精密光学器件抛光材料；微芯片导热基片与布线材料；微电子封装材料；光电子材料；先进的电池电极材料；太阳能电池材料；高效催化剂；高效助燃剂；敏感元件；高韧性陶瓷材料(摔不裂的陶瓷，用于陶瓷发动机等)；人体修复材料；抗癌制剂等。
纳米纤维
指直径为纳米尺度而长度较大的线状材料。可用于：微导线、微光纤(未来量子计算机与光子计算机的重要元件)材料；新型激光或发光二极管材料等。
纳米膜
纳米膜分为颗粒膜与致密膜。颗粒膜是纳米颗粒粘在一起，中间有极为细小的间隙的薄膜。致密膜指膜层致密但晶粒尺寸为纳米级的薄膜。可用于：气体催化(如汽车尾气处理)材料；过滤器材料；高密度磁记录材料；光敏材料；平面显示器材料；超导材料等。
纳米块体
是将纳米粉末高压成型或控制金属液体结晶而得到的纳米晶粒材料。主要用途为：超高强度材料；智能金属材料等。
专家指出，对纳米材料的认识才刚刚开始，还知之甚少。从个别实验 中所看到的种种奇异性能，说明这是一个非常诱人的领域，对纳米材料的开发，将会为人类提供前所未有的有用材料。
表面效应
球形颗粒的表面积与直径的平方成正比，其体积与直径的立方成正比，故其比表面积(表面积/体积)与直径成反比。随着颗粒直径变小，比表面积将会显著增大，说明表面原子所占的百分数将会显著地增加。对直径大于0.1微米的颗粒表面效应可忽略不计，当尺寸小于0.1微米时，其表面原子百分数激剧增长，甚至1克超微颗粒表面积的总和可高达100平方米，这时的表面效应将不容忽略。
超微颗粒的表面与大块物体的表面是十分不同的，若用高倍率电子显微镜对金属超微颗粒(直径为2*10^-3微米)进行电视摄像，实时观察发现这些颗粒没有固定的形态，随着时间的变化会自动形成各种形状(如立方八面体，十面体，二十面体多孪晶等)，它既不同于一般固体，又不同于液体，是一种准固体。在电子显微镜的电子束照射下，表面原子仿佛进入了“沸腾”状态，尺寸大于10纳米后才看不到这种颗粒结构的不稳定性，这时微颗粒具有稳定的结构状态。超微颗粒的表面具有很高的活性，在空气中金属颗粒会迅速氧化而燃烧。如要防止自燃，可采用表面包覆或有意识地控制氧化速率，使其缓慢氧化生成一层极薄而致密的氧化层，确保表面稳定化。利用表面活性，金属超微颗粒可望成为新一代的高效催化剂和贮气材料以及低熔点材料。
小尺寸
随着颗粒尺寸的量变，在一定条件下会引起颗粒性质的质变。由于颗 粒尺寸变小所引起的宏观物理性质的变化称为小尺寸效应。对超微颗粒而言，尺寸变小，同时其比表面积亦显著增加，从而产生如下一系列新奇的性质。
光学性质
当黄金被细分到小于光波波长的尺寸时，即失去了原有的富贵光泽而呈黑色。事实上，所有的金属在超微颗粒状态都呈现为黑色。尺寸越小，颜色愈黑，银白色的铂(白金)变成铂黑，金属铬变成铬黑。由此可见，金属超微颗粒对光的反射率很低，通常可低于l％，大约几微米的厚度就能完全消光。利用这个特性可以作为高效率的光热、光电等转换材料，可以高效率地将太阳能转变为热能、电能。此外又有可能应用于红外敏感元件、红外隐身技术等。
热学性质
固态物质在其形态为大尺寸时，其熔点是固定的，超细微化后却发现其熔点将显著降低，当颗粒小于10纳米量级时尤为显著。例如，金的常规熔点为1064C℃，当颗粒尺寸减小到10纳米尺寸时，则降低27℃，2纳米尺寸时的熔点仅为327℃左右；银的常规熔点为670℃，而超微银颗粒的熔点可低于100℃。因此，超细银粉制成的导电浆料可以进行低温烧结，此时元件的基片不必采用耐高温的陶瓷材料，甚至可用塑料。采用超细银粉浆料，可使膜厚均匀，覆盖面积大，既省料又具高质量。日本川崎制铁公司采用0.1～1微米的铜、镍超微颗粒制成导电浆料可代替钯与银等贵金属。超微颗粒熔点下降的性质对粉末冶金工业具有一定的吸引力。例如，在钨颗粒中附加0.1％～0.5％重量比的超微镍颗粒后，可使烧结温度从 3000℃降低到1200～1300℃，以致可在较低的温度下烧制成大功率半导体管的基片。
磁学性质
人们发现鸽子、海豚、蝴蝶、蜜蜂以及生活在水中的趋磁细菌等生物体中存在超微的磁性颗粒，使这类生物在地磁场导航下能辨别方向，具有回归的本领。磁性超微颗粒实质上是一个生物磁罗盘，生活在水中的趋磁细菌依靠它游向营养丰富的水底。通过电子显微镜的研究表明，在趋磁细菌体内通常含有直径约为2′10-2微米的磁性氧化物颗粒。小尺寸的超微颗粒磁性与大块材料显著的不同，大块的纯铁矫顽力约为80安/米，而当颗粒尺寸减小到2′10-2微米以下时，其矫顽力可增加1千倍，若进一步减小其尺寸，大约小于6′10-3微米时，其矫顽力反而降低到零，呈现出超顺磁性。利用磁性超微颗粒具有高矫顽力的特性，已作成高贮存密度的磁记录磁粉，大量应用于磁带、磁盘、磁卡以及磁性钥匙等。利用超顺磁性，人们已将磁性超微颗粒制成用途广泛的磁性液体。
纳米效应
陶瓷材料在通常情况下呈脆性，然而由纳米超微颗粒压制成的纳米陶瓷材料却具有良好的韧性。因为纳米材料具有大的界面，界面的原子排列是相当混乱的，原子在外力变形的条件下很容易迁移，因此表现出甚佳的韧性与一定的延展性，使陶瓷材料具有新奇的力学性质。美国学者报道氟化钙纳米材料在室温下可以大幅度弯曲而不断裂。研究表明，人的牙齿之所以具有很高的强度，是因为它是由磷酸钙等纳米材料构成的。呈纳米晶粒的金属要比传统的粗晶粒金属硬3～5倍。至于金属一陶瓷等复合纳米材 料则可在更大的范围内改变材料的力学性质，其应用前景十分宽广。超微颗粒的小尺寸效应还表现在超导电性、介电性能、声学特性以及化学性能等方面。
隧道效应
各种元素的原子具有特定的光谱线，如钠原子具有黄色的光谱线。原子模型与量子力学已用能级的概念进行了合理的解释，由无数的原子构成固体时，单独原子的能级就并合成能带，由于电子数目很多，能带中能级的间距很小，因此可以看作是连续的，从能带理论出发成功地解释了大块金属、半导体、绝缘体之间的联系与区别，对介于原子、分子与大块固体之间的超微颗粒而言，大块材料中连续的能带将分裂为分立的能级；能级间的间距随颗粒尺寸减小而增大。当热能、电场能或者磁场能比平均的能级间距还小时，就会呈现一系列与宏观物体截然不同的反常特性，称之为量子尺寸效应。例如，导电的金属在超微颗粒时可以变成绝缘体，磁矩的大小和颗粒中电子是奇数还是偶数有关，比热亦会反常变化，光谱线会产生向短波长方向的移动，这就是量子尺寸效应的宏观表现。因此，对超微颗粒在低温条件下必须考虑量子效应，原有宏观规律已不再成立。电子具有粒子性又具有波动性，因此存在隧道效应。人们发现一些宏观物理量，如微颗粒的磁化强度、量子相干器件中的磁通量等亦显示出隧道效应，称之为宏观的量子隧道效应。量子尺寸效应、宏观量子隧道效应将会是未来微电子、光电子器件的基础，或者它确立了现存微电子器件进一步微型化的极限，当微电子器件进一步微型化时必须要考虑上述的量子效应。例如，在制造半导体集成电路时，当电路的尺寸接近电子波长时，电子就通过隧 道效应而溢出器件，使器件无法正常工作，经典电路的极限尺寸大概在0.25微米。研制的量子共振隧道晶体管就是利用量子效应制成的新一代器件。
本发明采用开放式分级多孔纳米材料，其精度达到1纳米级，结合纳米材料特性，其具有高精度和高灵敏性。
上述实施方式只是本发明的优选实施例，并不是用来限制本发明的实施与权利范围的，凡依据本发明申请专利保护范围所述的内容做出的等效变化和修饰，均应包括于本发明申请专利范围内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法，其特征在于：包括容器主体，所述容器主体后部设置有小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置，在制冷装置内安装有至少一个高灵敏度氨气传感器，所述氨气传感器连接控制板，所述控制板还设置有箱体温度探头，所述控制板上还设置有无线或有线通讯模块，所述控制板连接报警闪光灯，所述控制板连接蜂鸣器；
    其包括如下步骤，首先开机，氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置启动，开始制冷循环，机器正常运转；
    其次，在正常运转中，一旦发生氨气泄漏时，由于氨气密度小于空气密度，氨气分子会向上方移动，此时，安装在制冷装置内的高灵敏度氨气传感器探测到氨气分子，不同的氨气浓度，高灵敏度氨气传感器输出的电参数不一样，通过电路的处理，可以将电参数与周围空气中的氨气浓度对应起来，
    然后，并根据氨气浓度大小，做出后续不同处理：
    a继续正常工作；
    b出现微量泄漏、停止制冷、并向控制终端发出故障信号；
    c较多的泄漏、停止制冷、灯光闪烁报警，并向控制终端发出故障信号；
    d大量泄漏、停止制冷、灯光闪烁+声音报警，并向控制终端发出故障信号；再然后，一旦出现任何不正常，控制终端能马上得到信号，可以及时进行维护处理。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法的使用方法，其特征在于，所述高灵敏度氨气传感器为互补金属氧化物半导体芯片氨气传感器，所述所述高灵敏度氨气传感器内安装有纳米薄膜型气敏材料。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法的使用方法，其特征在于，所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料为二氧化锡纳米薄膜、酞菁铜薄膜及酞菁铜/二氧化锡复合膜其中的一种或几种的复合。
  4. 根据权利要求2或3所述的一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法的使用方法，其特征在于，所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料其成膜粒子均匀,大小为1-5nm。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法的使用方法，其特征在于，所述无线或有线通讯模块包括SD卡槽、调制解调器、电池、微处理器、ROM，在高灵敏度氨气传感器检测到氨气泄漏达到某个设定值时，通讯模块自动连接无线网络，呼叫预设号码或者值班室。
  6. 根据权利要求2所述的一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法的使用方法，其特征在于，所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料内含有镍元素1-50％。
  7. 根据权利要求2所述的一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法的使用方法，其特征在于，所 述纳米薄膜型气敏材料内含有铝元素1-50％。
  8. 根据权利要求2所述的一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法的使用方法，其特征在于，所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料内含有钴元素1-50％，钴离子的掺入并没有改变SnO2的晶体结构，对待检测气体具有较高的灵敏度和较好的响应一恢复特性。
  9. 根据权利要求6至8任意一条所述的一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法的使用方法，其特征在于，所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料内掺杂有镍钴合金粉末1-50％。
  10. 根据权利要求2所述的一种冰箱或酒柜或冷藏箱专用的小型氨制冷扩散吸收式制冷装置氨泄漏实时检测处理方法的使用方法，其特征在于，所述纳米薄膜型气敏材料内含有石墨烯元素1-50％。
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