WO2018148788A1 - Procédé de prédiction de risque et de taux de dépôt d'amyloïde et de formation de plaque - Google Patents

Procédé de prédiction de risque et de taux de dépôt d'amyloïde et de formation de plaque Download PDF

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WO2018148788A1
WO2018148788A1 PCT/AU2018/050103 AU2018050103W WO2018148788A1 WO 2018148788 A1 WO2018148788 A1 WO 2018148788A1 AU 2018050103 W AU2018050103 W AU 2018050103W WO 2018148788 A1 WO2018148788 A1 WO 2018148788A1
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patient
level
plaque formation
amyloid deposition
brain iron
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PCT/AU2018/050103
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English (en)
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Scott Jonathan AYTON
Ashley Ian Bush
Ibrahima DIOUF
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Crc For Mental Health Ltd
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Publication of WO2018148788A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018148788A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves 
    • A61B5/055—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves  involving electronic [EMR] or nuclear [NMR] magnetic resonance, e.g. magnetic resonance imaging
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/14507—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue specially adapted for measuring characteristics of body fluids other than blood
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/40—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the nervous system
    • A61B5/4076—Diagnosing or monitoring particular conditions of the nervous system
    • A61B5/4088—Diagnosing of monitoring cognitive diseases, e.g. Alzheimer, prion diseases or dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4412—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
    • A61P39/04—Chelating agents
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
    • G01R33/44—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]
    • G01R33/48—NMR imaging systems
    • G01R33/50—NMR imaging systems based on the determination of relaxation times, e.g. T1 measurement by IR sequences; T2 measurement by multiple-echo sequences
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
    • G01R33/44—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]
    • G01R33/48—NMR imaging systems
    • G01R33/54—Signal processing systems, e.g. using pulse sequences ; Generation or control of pulse sequences; Operator console
    • G01R33/56—Image enhancement or correction, e.g. subtraction or averaging techniques, e.g. improvement of signal-to-noise ratio and resolution

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to methods for predicting a risk and a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation. More particularly, the invention relates to prognostic methods and treatment methods for amyloid deposition and plaque formation in these patients. It relates to a correlation between brain iron load and amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • AD Alzheimer's disease
  • AD brain pathology starts developing approximately two decades prior to the onset of cognitive symptoms. Consequently, anti-AD therapies may have the best chance of success when given in this preclinical period. There is a need to identify risk factors that predict whether someone will accumulate AD pathology in the future, and the rate at which this will occur.
  • High ⁇ burden ( ⁇ +) identified by PET (using PiB, flutemetamol, or florbetapir radioligands), or declining values of ⁇ in the CSF (declining because the ⁇ in the CSF is redirected to be deposited in amyloid plaque) is a sensitive predictor of Alzheimer's disease.
  • High amyloid is also observed in elderly people without a current diagnosis of AD; in these subjects, high ⁇ load (high PET, low CSF ⁇ ) predicts future cognitive decline until they ultimately acquire a diagnosis of dementia.
  • Attempts have been made to diagnose or differentially diagnose AD by measuring the level of a target such as tau and ⁇ in the patient whose level specifically increases or decreases in the cerebrospinal fluid ("CSF") of a dementia patient.
  • CSF cerebrospinal fluid
  • Detecting early prognostic factors predisposing at-risk patients before the onset of conditions associated with amyloid deposition and plaque formation such as AD and related conditions may enable early treatment that would delay disease progression.
  • a method for predicting a risk of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient comprising:
  • the levels of brain iron load may be determined as a measure of any iron related protein levels such as but not limited to ceruloplasmin, amyloid precursor protein, tau, ferritin, transferrin, and transferrin binding protein.
  • the brain iron load is determined by ferritin levels or by MRI using Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping, or by any method available to the skilled addressee.
  • the level of brain iron load is determined as a measure of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ferritin.
  • CSF cerebrospinal fluid
  • a method of predicting a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient method comprising:
  • a method for monitoring a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient comprising:
  • determining a level of brain iron load in the patient at first time point determining a level of brain iron load at in the same patient at a second time point which is after the first time point;
  • the changes in the levels of brain iron load can additionally be used in assessing for any changes in a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation of a patient. Accordingly, in the monitoring of the levels of brain iron load, it is possible to monitor for a change in the rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation over a period of time, or to track a rate at which amyloid deposition and plaque formation progression occurs in a patient. For instance, a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation may increase over time showing a greater rate of progression toward conditions associated with amyloid deposition and plaque formation such as AD and related conditions.
  • the present method further includes determining a level of a biomarker of amyloid deposition and plaque formation such as but not limited to APOE genotype such as APOE ⁇ 4 genotype, Tau or ⁇ used singularly or in combination with the method to assess a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • APOE genotype such as APOE ⁇ 4 genotype
  • Tau or ⁇ used singularly or in combination with the method to assess a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • a method for diminishing progression rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient comprising lowering brain iron load levels.
  • a method for diminishing progression rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation comprising lowering CSF ferritin levels.
  • iron chelators such as Deferiprone may be used.
  • Figure 1 shows an impact of CSF ferritin on CSF ⁇ -42 levels over time.
  • A Visual display of mixed effects model of change in CSF ⁇ -42 levels over time in subjects with high baseline tau/APi -42 (>0.39 units) and stratfiied according to baseline CSF ferritin level (low ⁇ 6.6 ng/ml ⁇ high). Model was adjusted for age, sex, APOE ⁇ 4, diagnosis, and CSF ApoE and tau.
  • Figure 2 shows a change in SUVR (a PET measurement of amyloid) over time in people with low and high quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) (an MRI measure of iron).
  • QSM quantitative susceptibility mapping
  • a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation before the onset of conditions associated with amyloid deposition and plaque formation such as AD and related conditions may enable early treatment intervention to delay disease progression.
  • Anti-AD therapies given in the pre-clinical period will have the best chance of success.
  • dementia or AD may not fully develop, despite the patient possessing risk factors associated with AD. Determining a patients' propensity for amyloid deposition and plaque formation will enable earlier treatment for the more vulnerable patients. Accordingly, in an aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for predicting a risk of amyloid deposition and plaque formation, said method comprising:
  • Applicants have identified brain iron load measurement as a method for predicting a rate for amyloid deposition and plaque formation in patients and thereby providing an insight to the risks of amyloid deposition and plaque formation for these patients. Iron accumulates in affected regions during the disease but, until recently, there was debate about its impact on pathogenesis.
  • the present invention relates to assessing a risk of future amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient measured as a degree of decline of CSF ⁇ or elevation of signal using PET radioligands specific for amyloid, in patients having high or low CSF ferritin.
  • the present invention has identified that for amyloid deposition and plaque formation, the brain iron load levels are an indication of a risk for amyloid deposition and plaque formation determined by the rate at which amyloid deposition and plaque formation can occur.
  • Applicants have found that higher iron predicts a greater risk for enhanced amyloid deposition and plaque formation thereby leading to a greater risk of conditions associated with amyloid deposition and plaque formation such as AD and related conditions including cognitive deterioration.
  • Mild cognitive impairment is an intermediate stage between the expected cognitive decline of normal aging and the more serious decline of dementia. It can involve problems with memory, language, thinking and judgment that are greater than normal age-related changes. Mild cognitive impairment causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function.
  • Alzheimer's Disease and related dementias generally requires an evaluation of medical history and physical examination including neurological, neuropsychological and psychiatric assessment including memory and/or psychological tests, assessment of language impairment and/or other focal cognitive deficits (such as apraxia, acalculia and left-right disorientation), assessment of impaired judgment and general problem-solving difficulties, assessment of personality changes ranging from progressive passivity to marked agitation, as well as various biological, radiological and electrophysiological tests, such as for instance measuring brain volume or activity measurements derived from neuroimaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or positron emission tomography (PET) of relevant brain regions.
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • Applicants have found a correlation between brain iron load measured by MRI (quantitative susceptibility mapping), or ferritin and CSF ferritin and a future rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient.
  • This correlation will enable a simple assessment of the risk for conditions associated with amyloid deposition and plaque formation such as AD and related conditions in these patients.
  • the risk can be associated with the rate at which amyloid deposition and plaque formation can occur based on the brain iron load levels.
  • cognitive deterioration includes mild cognitive impairment (MCI), MCI conversion to Alzheimer's disease (AD), and AD.
  • the invention also relates broadly to the areas of dementias, cognitive disorders and/or affective disorders and/or behavioural dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease and related dementias which are associated with an established AD risk variable.
  • cognitive deterioration may be used interchangeably with “cognitive decline”.
  • CN patient means a subject which has no significant cognitive impairment or impaired activities of daily living. Patients that are suspected of, or are at risk of cognitive deterioration may be compared against a CN patient. This includes patients that are cognitively normal but show changed levels of a marker indicative of a neurological disease such as amyloid loading in the brain (preferably determined by PET imaging). The characteristics of a CN patient will assist in providing a reference level or reference value to which deterioration from normal can be determined. In one embodiment, the CN patient does not carry an AD risk variable such as being amyloid positive or carrying the APOE ⁇ 4 allele.
  • AD risk variable such as being amyloid positive or carrying the APOE ⁇ 4 allele.
  • CN patients that do carry an AD risk variable may have a variable selected from APOE genotype, CSF/tau-Ap -42 , PET/tau-Ap -42 and ApoE levels. More preferably, the AD risk variable is the presence of ⁇ or the carriage of an APOE ⁇ 4 allele. Preferably the AD risk variable is an APOE genotype selected from APOE ⁇ 4/ ⁇ 4, APOE ⁇ 4/ ⁇ 3, APOE ⁇ 4/ ⁇ 2.
  • a risk of amyloid deposition and plaque formation may be assessed relative to the CN patient which will provide a reference level.
  • Patients who are at risk of amyloid deposition and plaque formation include those with family histories, genetic vulnerability and deficiency alleles and hence may carry an AD risk variable. They may be vulnerable and carry genes which predispose them to a more rapid amyloid deposition and plaque formation leading to conditions associated with amyloid deposition and plaque formation such as AD and related conditions including cognitive deterioration and dementia.
  • Patients who can be tested and/or treated according to any of the methods of the present invention include those who present with cognitive dysfunction with a history of treated depression, cognitive dysfunction with a history of depression, cognitive dysfunction with bipolar disease or schizoaffective disorders, cognitive dysfunction with generalized anxiety disorder, cognitive dysfunction with attention deficit, ADHD disorder or both attention deficit and ADHD disorder, dyslexia, developmental delay, school adjustment reaction, Alzheimer's disease, amnesic mild cognitive impairment, non-amnesic mild cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment with white matter disease on neuroimaging or by clinical examination, frontotemporal dementia, cognitive disorders in those under 65 years of age, those with serum homocysteine levels of less than 10 nmol/l, and those with high serum transferrin levels (uppermost population quartile).
  • the patient may also be CN but may or may not carry an AD risk variable.
  • the terms “individual,” “subject,” and “patient,” generally refer to a human subject, unless indicated otherwise, e.g., in the context of a non-human mammal useful in an in vivo model (e.g., for testing drug toxicity), which generally refers to murines, simians, canines, felines, ungulates and the like (e.g., mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, primates, etc.).
  • determining generally refer to any form of measurement, and include determining if an element is present or not in a biological sample. These terms include both quantitative and/or qualitative determinations, which require sample processing and transformation steps of the biological sample. Assessing may be relative or absolute.
  • determining a level of can include determining the amount of something present, as well as determining whether it is present or absent.
  • a level of brain iron load may be determined from a normal patient, a patient suspected of amyloid deposition and plaque formation, a patient that is CN and may or may not carry an AD risk variable or is the same patient from another time period.
  • a level of brain iron load may be determined from a patient that is known not to have amyloid deposition and plaque formation providing a reference value or reference level or a control level. Preferably this will be from a healthy control or a cognitively normal individual (CN). More preferably, the patient may have with an established AD risk variable selected from APOE genotype, CSF/tau-APi -42 , PET/tau- ⁇ -42 and ApoE levels. More preferably, the AD risk variable is the carriage of an APOE ⁇ 4 allele. Preferably the AD risk variable is an APOE genotype selected from APOE ⁇ 4/ ⁇ 4, APOE ⁇ 4/ ⁇ 3, APOE ⁇ 4/ ⁇ 2.
  • a “reference value” or “reference level” may be used interchangeably and may be selected from the group comprising an absolute value; a relative value; a value that has an upper and/or lower limit; a range of values; an average value; a median value, a mean value, a shrunken centroid value, or a value as compared to a particular control or baseline value.
  • a predetermined reference value obtained from a known sample prepared in parallel with the biological or test sample in question. It is to be understood that other statistical variables may be used in determining the reference value.
  • a reference value can be based on an individual sample value, such as for example, a value obtained from a sample from the individual with a known rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation, but at an earlier point in time, or a value obtained from a sample from a patient or another patient with the disorder other than the individual being tested, or a "normal" or "healthy” individual, that is an individual not diagnosed with amyloid deposition and plaque formation otherwise a CN individual.
  • the reference value can be based on a large number of reference samples, such as from AD patients or patients with amyloid deposition and plaque formation, cognitive deterioration, normal individuals or based on a pool of samples including or excluding the sample to be tested.
  • the "reference level" is typically a predetermined reference level, such as an average of levels obtained from a population that may or may not be afflicted with amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • the predetermined reference level is derived from (e.g., is the mean or median of) levels obtained from an age-matched population.
  • the age-matched population comprises individuals with non-AD or neurodegenerative disease individuals and may be CN.
  • a reference level may also be considered as generally a predetermined level considered "normal" for the particular diagnosis (e.g., an average level for age-matched individuals not diagnosed with amyloid deposition and plaque formation or an average level for age-matched individuals diagnosed with amyloid deposition and plaque formation other than AD and/or healthy age-matched individuals), although reference levels which are determined contemporaneously (e.g., a reference value that is derived from a pool of samples including the sample being tested) are also contemplated.
  • a reference level may also be a measure of a constant internal control to standardize the measurements of the first level and reference level to decrease the variability between the tests.
  • the internal control may be a sample from a blood bank such as the Red Cross.
  • a set of samples can be obtained from individuals having amyloid deposition and plaque formation and a set of samples can be obtained from individuals not having amyloid deposition and plaque formation and preferably with an established AD risk variable.
  • the measured level of brain iron load may be a primary measurement of the level of bound or unbound iron in the brain or it may be a secondary measurement of the iron (a measurement from which the quantity of the iron can be determined but not necessarily deduced (qualitative data)), such as a measure of iron related protein levels such as ferritin.
  • a sample may be processed to exclude unbound cellular iron if measuring iron related protein levels like ferritin levels.
  • the levels of brain iron load may be determined as a measure of any iron related protein levels such as but not limited to ceruloplasmin, amyloid precursor protein, tau, ferritin, transferrin, transferrin binding protein etc.
  • the brain iron load level is determined by ferritin levels or by Gradient echo based MRI technique such as but not limited to QSM-MRI or T2 * mapping or sonography or by any method available to the skilled addressee.
  • the invention provides a use of iron related protein levels (e.g.
  • the patient preferably has an established AD risk variable such as, but not limited to an APOE genotype, CSF/tau-Ap -42 , PET/tau-Ap -42 and ApoE levels.
  • the AD risk variable is an APOE genotype selected from APOE ⁇ 4/ ⁇ 4, APOE ⁇ 4/ ⁇ 3, APOE ⁇ 4/ ⁇ 2.
  • Ferritin is the iron storage protein of the body and is elevated in AD brain tissue. In cultured systems, ferritin expression and secretion by glia is dependent on cellular iron levels. Ferritin levels in CSF likely reflect iron levels in the brain.
  • the level of brain iron load is determined as a measure of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ferritin.
  • CSF cerebrospinal fluid
  • the invention provides use of a measurement of CSF ferritin concentration, (in conjunction with information regarding APOE genotype, CSF tau, ⁇ and ApoE levels) to predict the risk and rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in an individual.
  • the individual has an established AD risk variable, more preferably the patient is amyloid positive.
  • Applicants have found that when CSF ferritin is measured as a measure of brain iron load, the rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation is more accurate in those patients that are amyloid positive. Accordingly in an embodiment there is provided a use of a measurement of CSF ferritin concentration, (preferably in conjunction with information regarding APOE genotype, CSF tau, ⁇ and ApoE levels) to predict the rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in an individual who exhibits little or no symptoms (normal) of cognitive deterioration but is preferably amyloid positive.
  • the level of brain iron load preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin is determined.
  • the level (e.g., concentration, expression and/or activity) of brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin can be qualified or quantified.
  • the level of brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin is quantified as a level of DNA, RNA, lipid, carbohydrate, protein, metal or protein expression. It will be apparent that numerous qualitative and quantitative techniques can be used to identify the level of brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin.
  • These techniques may include 2D DGE, mass spectrometry (MS) such as multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS), Real Time (RT)-PCR, nucleic acid array; ELISA, functional assay, by enzyme assay, by various immunological methods, or by biochemical methods such as capillary electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), hyper-diffusion chromatography, two-dimensional liquid phase electrophoresis (2-D- LPE) or by their migration pattern in gel electrophoreses, MRI such as ultra field 7T MRI or clinical 1 .5T or 3T MRI imaging or Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM).
  • MS mass spectrometry
  • MRM-MS multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
  • RT Real Time
  • nucleic acid array e.g., ELISA, functional assay, by enzyme assay, by various immunological methods, or by biochemical methods such as capillary electrophoresis, high performance
  • the selection of the method for measuring brain iron load is dependent on whether the patient does or does not carry an AD risk variable.
  • an AD risk variable preferably patients identified as amyloid positive
  • CSF ferritin and CSF Ab are preferable for the measurement of CSF ferritin and CSF Ab.
  • an AD risk variable is not required and preferably, the patient is amyloid negative.
  • T2 * map The presence of iron disturbs locally the coherent spins of protons, shortening T2 * relaxation time, which can be estimated using multiple gradient echo, (GRE) magnitude images.
  • QSM Iron presence affects the susceptibility of tissues that can be mapped also using gradient echo phase images.
  • FDRI Field-Dependent Relaxation Rate Increase
  • QSM is a measure of magnetic susceptibility.
  • Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of the magnetic properties of a material including tissue. The susceptibility indicates whether a material is attracted into or repelled out of a magnetic field. It can also be a measure the degree of magnetization of a material in response to an applied magnetic field. Hence, it often reflects iron levels in tissue where iron is the most abundant magnetic material in the tissue.
  • MRI may be used to measure brain iron load content, revealing iron elevation in the ageing brain, and that is exaggerated in AD.
  • an inverse correlation exists between brain iron load concentration and memory functions in subjectively impaired individuals and individuals with AD however there has not been a longitudinal study on the impact of iron measured by MRI on AD pathologies. Applicants now show that that high brain iron load content translates to an earlier age onset associated with a greater rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin will depend on the characteristics of the molecule.
  • MRI or QSM-MRI may be used to quantify the level of the molecule.
  • the level of the ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin could be determined through ELISA techniques utilising a secondary detection reagent such as a tagged antibody specific for ferritin.
  • a secondary detection reagent such as a tagged antibody specific for ferritin.
  • the CSF sample taken from the patient may be pre-processed prior to detecting iron levels to remove other non- iron binding molecules, or other iron-binding molecules except ferritin. Hence the sample may be treated prior to assessment.
  • the iron binding molecule is protein
  • the level of protein can also be detected by an immunoassay.
  • Immunoassays for detecting proteins may be either competitive or non-competitive.
  • Non-competitive immunoassays are assays in which the amount of captured analyte (i.e. the protein) is directly measured.
  • the amount of analyte (i.e. the protein) present in the sample is measured indirectly by measuring the amount of an added (exogenous) analyte displaced (or competed away) from a capture agent (i.e. the antibody) by the analyte (i.e. the protein) present in the sample.
  • a known amount of the (exogenous) protein is added to the sample and the sample is then contacted with the antibody.
  • the amount of added (exogenous) protein bound to the antibody is inversely proportional to the concentration of the protein in the sample before the exogenous protein is added.
  • the antibodies can be bound directly to a solid substrate where they are immobilized. These immobilised antibodies then capture the protein of interest present in the test sample.
  • immunological methods include but are not limited to fluid or gel precipitation reactions, immunodiffusion (single or double), agglutination assays, Immunoelectrophoresis, radioimmunoassays (RIA), enzyme- linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), Western blots, liposome immunoassays, complement-fixation assays, immunoradiometric assays, fluorescent immunoassays, protein A immunoassays or immunoPCR.
  • Ferritin can be measured conveniently by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or any method available to the skilled addressee.
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • the brain iron load levels that are capable of providing an indication or prediction of an individual's likelihood of amyloid deposition and plaque formation or a rate at which amyloid deposition and plaque formation occurs potentially leading to conditions associated with amyloid deposition and plaque formation such as AD and related conditions, can be measured by any methods available to the skilled addressee preferably by measuring ferritin, most preferably CSF ferritin.
  • CSF ferritin is measured in CSF samples obtained from cerebral spinal fluid usually by lumbar puncture (spinal tap).
  • CSF can be collected into polypropylene tubes or syringes and then be transferred into polypropylene transfer tubes without any centrifugation step followed by freezing on dry ice within 1 hour after collection. They may be analysed immediately, or frozen at -80°C.
  • CSF ferritin protein levels were determined using Myriad Rules Based Medicine platform (Human Discovery MAP, v1 ) Accordingly the brain iron load levels may be measured using any available measurement technology capable of specifically determining the levels of the brain iron load from a subject or individual to be tested. The measurement may be either quantitative or qualitative, as long as the measurement is capable of indicating whether the level of brain iron load is above or below a reference value from a reference sample.
  • the level of brain iron load is determined by MRI, optionally ultra field 7T MRI or clinical 1 .5T or 3T MRI imaging or QSM.
  • a difference in brain iron load level which is an elevation between the patient and the reference level would indicate an increased risk or rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • the degree of elevation will provide an indication of whether there is a diagnosis or an assessment of risk or rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • a small elevation may indicate a small risk or small increase in a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation whereas a high elevation is likely to indicate a higher risk or rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • An increasing elevation between the patient and the reference level will indicate an increasing risk or rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • AD amyloid deposition and plaque formation
  • AD and related conditions such as but not limited to multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, neuropathy (conditions affecting the peripheral nerves), dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), multi-infarct dementia (MID), vascular dementia (VD), schizophrenia and/or depression, cognitive impairment and frontal temporal dementia which may be associated with amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • a difference in brain iron load level which is an elevation between the patient level and the reference level would indicate a greater chance of conditions associated with amyloid deposition and plaque formation such as AD and related conditions.
  • the degree of elevation will provide an indication of the severity of the deterioration. A small elevation may indicate a risk whereas a high elevation is likely to indicate a diagnosis of eventual cognitive deterioration or even AD.
  • An increasing elevation between the patient and the reference level will indicate an increasing amyloid deposition and plaque formation signalling a propensity for a faster rate of deterioration over time.
  • a positive diagnosis of a determination of a propensity for amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient can be validated or confirmed if warranted, such as determining the amyloid load or amyloid level to confirm the presence of high neocortical amyloid.
  • amyloid load or "amyloid level”, often used interchangeably, or "presence of amyloid and amyloid fragments" refers to the concentration or level of cerebral amyloid beta ( ⁇ or amyloid- ⁇ ) deposited in the brain; amyloid-beta peptide being the major constituent of (senile) plaques.
  • a patient can also be confirmed as being positive for amyloid deposition and plaque formation using imaging techniques including, PET and MRI, or with the assistance of diagnostic tools such as PiB when used with PET (otherwise referred to as PiB-PET).
  • the patient that is positive for amyloid deposition and plaque formation is PiB positive.
  • the patient has a standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) which corresponds with high neocortical amyloid load (PiB positive).
  • SUVR standard uptake value ratio
  • a SUVR can reflect 1 .4 - 1 .5 as a high level in the brain and below 1 .4 - 1 .5 may reflect low levels of neocortical amyloid load in the brain.
  • a skilled person would be able to determine what is considered a high or low level of neocortical amyloid load. As would be appreciated by one of skill in the art, a patient can also be confirmed as being positive for a neurological disease by measuring amyloid beta and tau from the CSF.
  • a diagnostic cut-off for brain iron load preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin.
  • This cut-off may be a value, level or range.
  • the diagnostic cut-off should provide a value level or range that assists in the process of attempting to determine or predict a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • the level of brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin may be diagnostic for a risk or a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient if the level is above the diagnostic cut-off.
  • the level of brain iron load preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin may be diagnostic for a risk or a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient if the level is below the diagnostic cut-off.
  • the diagnostic cut-off for brain iron load preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin can be derived using a number of statistical analysis software programs known to those skilled in the art.
  • common techniques of determining the diagnostic cut-off include determining the mean of normal individuals and using, for example, +/- 2 SD and/or ROC analysis with a stipulated sensitivity and specificity value. Typically a sensitivity and specificity greater than 80% is acceptable but this depends on each disease situation.
  • the definition of the diagnostic cut-off may need to be rederived if used in a clinical setting different to that in which the test was developed. To achieve this control individuals are measured to determine the mean +/- SD.
  • the diagnostic cut-off to determine a high or low rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation will be based on an averaged level of brain iron load, ferritin or CSF ferritin from a mean of individuals having the same conditions as that determined for the samples to be tested. Applicants have found that a suitable diagnostic cut off for brain iron load, ferritin or CSF ferritin is at 6.6ng/ml. Above this level the patient is considered to be high iron and below is considered as low iron. This demarcation point provides an indication of whether the patient will deposit amyloid and plaque at a faster or slower rate. The higher the iron level, the faster the deposition of amyloid and plaque formation occurs. Additionally, this level provides an indication as to whether the patient will or will not deposit amyloid and plaque in the foreseeable future.
  • a diagnostic cut off can also act as a reference value from which a change in brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin can be compared. It would be contemplated that the use of brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin in the methods of the present invention could also be used in combination with other methods of clinical assessment of a neurological disease known in the art in providing a prognostic evaluation of the presence of a neurological disease.
  • the definitive diagnosis can be validated or confirmed if warranted, such as through imaging techniques including, PET, QSM and MRI, or for instance with the assistance of diagnostic tools such as PiB when used with PET (otherwise referred to as PiB- PET).
  • a clinical or near clinical determination regarding a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient can be made and which may or may not be conclusive with respect to the definitive diagnosis.
  • the methods of the present invention can be used in providing assistance in the prediction of a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation and would be considered to assist in making an assessment of a pre-clinical determination regarding a propensity for amyloid deposition and plaque formation. This would be considered to refer to making a finding that a mammal has a significantly enhanced probability of developing AD.
  • assessments that include, but are not necessarily limited to, memory and/or psychological tests, assessment of language impairment and/or other focal cognitive deficits (such as apraxia, acalculia and left-right disorientation), assessment of impaired judgment and general problem-solving difficulties, assessment of personality changes ranging from progressive passivity to marked agitation.
  • the methods of the present invention could also be used in combination with other methods of clinical assessment of a neurological disease known in the art in providing a prognostic evaluation of the presence of conditions associated with amyloid deposition and plaque formation such as AD and related conditions.
  • the definitive diagnosis of a risk or propensity for an increased rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation of a patient suspected of cognitive deterioration can be validated or confirmed if warranted, such as through imaging techniques including, PET and MRI, or for instance with the assistance of diagnostic tools such as PiB when used with PET (otherwise referred to as PiB-PET).
  • the methods of the present invention can be used in a pre-screening or prognostic manner to assess a patient for their risk of amyloid deposition and plaque formation and a potential rate of which amyloid deposition and plaque formation may occur, and if warranted, a further definitive diagnosis can be conducted with, for example, PiB-PET to clarify the patients' possible rate of deterioration over time.
  • a method for monitoring a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient comprising:
  • determining a level of brain iron load in the patient at first time point determining a level of brain iron load at in the same patient at a second time point which is after the first time point;
  • the changes in the levels of brain iron load can additionally be used in assessing for any changes in a rate at which amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient may occur. Accordingly, in the monitoring of the levels of brain iron load, it is possible to monitor a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation over a period of time, or to track deposition in a patient and whether the rate will increase or decrease over time.
  • changes in the level of brain iron load from a patient can be used to assess a rate for amyloid deposition and plaque formation, to diagnose or aid in the prognosis or diagnosis of amyloid deposition and plaque formation and/or to monitor progression toward conditions associated with amyloid deposition and plaque formation such as AD and related conditions in a patient (e.g., tracking progression in a patient and/or tracking the effect of medical or surgical therapy in the patient).
  • a reference level may be the level of brain iron load at an earlier time point.
  • levels for brain iron load can also be obtained from a patient at more than one time point.
  • serial sampling would be considered feasible through the methods of the present invention related to monitoring a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient.
  • Serial sampling can be performed on any desired timeline, such as monthly, quarterly (i.e. , every three months), semiannually, annually, biennially, or less frequently.
  • the comparison between the measured levels of brain iron load and predetermined levels may be carried out each time a new sample is measured, or the data relating to levels may be held for less frequent analysis.
  • the difference in brain iron load level is an elevation between the first and second time points such that the iron levels in the second time point are higher than the first time point relative to the reference level thereby indicating an increased a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient.
  • Applicants have shown that patients with comparatively low ferritin ( ⁇ 6.6 ng/ml) will not deposit amyloid and plaque in the foreseeable future. This may potentially explain why 30% of ⁇ 4+ ⁇ subjects do not develop AD.
  • each unit increase of ferritin above this threshold predicted more rapid deterioration.
  • changes in brain iron load or ferritin can signal greater deterioration rates over time.
  • the methods of the invention can additionally be used for monitoring the effect of therapy administered to a mammal, also called therapeutic monitoring, and patient management.
  • Changes in the level of brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin can be used to evaluate the response of a patient to drug treatment.
  • new treatment regimens can also be developed by examining the levels of brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin in a patient following commencement of treatment for the patients' response to amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • a CSF sample may be pre-processed prior to assessment for ferritin levels to remove unbound iron.
  • the method of the present invention can thus assist in monitoring a clinical study, for example, for evaluation of a certain therapy for a neurological disease.
  • a chemical compound can be tested for its ability to normalise the level of brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin in a patient that has a propensity to deposit amyloid and plaque to levels found in controls or CN patients.
  • a chemical compound can be tested for its ability to maintain the levels of brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin at a level at or near the level seen in controls or CN patients.
  • the present method further includes determining a level of a biomarker of amyloid deposition and plaque formation such as but not limited to amyloid ⁇ peptides, tau, phospho-tau, synuclein, Rab3a, ⁇ and neural thread protein.
  • additional biomarkers may be used singularly or in combination with the method to assess amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • the methods of the present invention need not be limited to assessing only brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin for determining amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • These additional markers may enhance the accuracy of the method for determining a risk and rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient and reduce false positives in the assessment.
  • brain iron load levels in patients that are amyloid positive (Ab+ve) are best determined by CSF ferritin levels whereas patients that are amyloid negative (Ab-ve) are best determined by QSM.
  • a method for diminishing progression rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient comprising lowering brain iron load levels.
  • This method is based on the finding that CN individuals have enhanced rates of amyloid deposition and plaque formation when they have higher CSF ferritin levels.
  • CSF ferritin levels By measuring the CSF ferritin levels, applicants have correlated the measurements to brain iron load and a measure of a future rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation. Without being limited by theory, lowering brain iron load, may lower the CSF ferritin levels associated with amyloid deposition and plaque formation such that the future rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation is reduced and hence the amyloid deposition and plaque formation is reduced.
  • a method for diminishing progression rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in patients comprising lowering CSF ferritin levels.
  • an iron chelator such as Deferiprone may be used.
  • other compounds that would similarly lower brain iron load or CSF ferritin are also included in the scope of the present invention.
  • the administration of an iron chelator to a patient may reduce the levels of iron in the brain or the CSF in the form of CSF ferritin. This will be particularly effective for patients that already show signs of amyloid deposition and plaque formation. Since high CSF ferritin levels correlate to high brain iron load, patients that are already amyloid positive may also benefit from this treatment.
  • an iron chelator or an iron lowering drug may be made via any suitable route such as intravenously, subcutaneously, parenterally, orally or topically providing the drug is able to access the area to be treated to lower the iron levels. Improvements may be determined by methods to assess amyloid deposition and plaque formation as herein described.
  • the present invention provides a kit that can be used for the diagnosis and/or prognosis in a patient of a future rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation or for identifying a patient at risk of amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • the present invention provides a kit that can be used in accordance with the methods of the present invention for diagnosis and/or prognosis in a patient to determine a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation or for identifying a patient at risk of amyloid deposition and plaque formation, or for monitoring the effect of therapy administered to a patient for amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • the kit may comprise a panel of reagents, that can include, but are not necessarily limited to, polypeptides, proteins, and/or oligonucleotides that are specific for determining levels of brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin.
  • the reagents of the kit may be used to determine the level of brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin to indicate that a subject has a propensity for amyloid deposition and plaque formation and to predict a future rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation.
  • the reagents will be capable of use in any of the methods that will detect brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin such as but not limited to 2D DGE, mass spectrometry (MS) such as multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS), Real Time (RT)-PCR, nucleic acid array; ELISA, functional assay, by enzyme assay, by various immunological methods, or by biochemical methods such as capillary electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), hyper-diffusion chromatography, two-dimensional liquid phase electrophoresis (2-D- LPE) or by their migration pattern in gel electrophoreses.
  • any antibody that recognises brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin can be used in the kit.
  • the present invention provides a kit of reagents for use in the methods for the screening, diagnosis or prognosis in a patient for amyloid deposition and plaque formation, wherein the kit provides a panel of reagents to quantify the level of at least brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin in a sample from a mammal.
  • the kit further provides means to determine other AD risk variables such as but not limited to ⁇ - ⁇ 4, CSF tau/Ap -42 and ApoE for use in combining with the panel of reagents to quantify the level of brain iron load, preferably ferritin or more preferably CSF ferritin in a sample from a mammal.
  • the AD risk variables may be determined by quantifying amyloid ⁇ peptides, tau, phospho-tau, synuclein, Rab3a, ⁇ or neural thread protein. Hence reagents suitable to determine these risk variables may be included in the kit.
  • AD risk variables APOE-zA, CSF tau/Ap -42 and ApoE and more preferably the amyloid ⁇ peptides, tau, phospho-tau, synuclein, Rab3a, ⁇ and neural thread proteins.
  • Example 1 Ferritin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid predict rate of ⁇ deposition in biomarker determined AD
  • Ferritin is the major iron storage protein of the body; by using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of ferritin as an index, brain iron load status impact on longitudinal outcomes was studied in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort.
  • CSF cerebrospinal fluid
  • CSF ferritin a reporter of brain iron load load
  • CSF ferritin a reporter of brain iron load load
  • CSF ferritin was associated with changes in the CSF biomarkers, ⁇ -amyloid and tau, over 5 years in 296 participants along the Alzheimer's disease spectrum.
  • high CSF ferritin >6.6 ng/ml
  • CSF ferritin was neither associated with changes in CSF tau in the same subjects, nor changes in CSF tau or ⁇ -42 levels in subjects with low baseline pathology. Elevated brain iron load levels in Alzheimer's might therefore facilitate ⁇ deposition and accelerate disease progression.
  • ADNI Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
  • the ADNI study protocols and patient inclusion criteria have been reported previously 1 2 .
  • the collection and storage procedures for CSF have been previously described 1 .
  • Baseline CSF levels of ApoE, and ferritin were measured with the RBM multiplex platform 3
  • yearly levels of CSF ⁇ -42 and tau were measured with the multiplex xMAP Luminex platform, as previously described 1 .
  • Linear mixed-models were used to assess the relationship between baseline CSF ferritin and CSF tau or ⁇ -42 levels collected annually for up to 5 years. Data from subjects who left prematurely were included to the point of leaving.
  • Models were performed in R (version 3.2.4) and tested for normal distribution of the residuals and absence of multicolinearity. Minimal models were obtained using Bayesian information criterion. Hypothesis tests were 2- sided. Significance was inferred when P ⁇ 0.05. 296 participants had baseline CSF measurements of CSF ferritin and repeated measurement of CSF tau and ⁇ -42 annually for up to 5 years (Table 1). The cohort was stratified into subjects with either the absence or presence of AD pathology by using a threshold in the tau/APi -42 ratio (0.39 units) that has previously been determined for this cohort 1 . Subjects were classified into those with high or low ferritin based on a threshold (6.6 ng/ml) that were previously showed as highly predictive of cognitive decline 4 . Table 1. Subject characteristics
  • CSF Factor H (FH) levels were measured using a multiplex human neurodegenerative kit (HNDG1 -36K; Millipore, Billerica, MA) according to the manufacturer's overnight protocol with minor modifications.
  • CSF was collected into polypropylene tubes or syringes provided to each site, and then was transferred into polypropylene transfer tubes without any centrifugation step followed by freezing on dry ice within 1 h after collection for subsequent shipment overnight to the ADNI Biomarker Core laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center on dry ice. Aliquots (0.5 ml) were prepared from these samples after thawing (1 h) at room temperature and gentle mixing. The aliquots were stored in bar code-labelled polypropylene vials at -80°C.
  • Subjects underwent 3D T1 -weighted MPRAGE, 3D T2 * -weighted gradient echo, and 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), on a 3T Siemens TRIO scanner (12- channel head coil).
  • 3D MR images used for QSM were acquired with 0.93x0.93/77/7?
  • T1 -weighted and FLAIR images were corrected using the N4 bias field correction 5 .
  • the MRI data were rigidly aligned to MNI space using the open source Mirorr tool 6 .
  • T1 -weighted data were then parcellated into 45 grey-matter and 34 white-matter regions by segmentation propagation of an atlas database that was previously parcellated using Automated Anatomical Labeling 7 and FreeSurfer (FS) white matter parcellations 8 , respectively.
  • White-matter lesions (WML) were segmented and masked out from the parcellated regions using the LST-LGA v2.0.15.
  • a brain mask was generated from the bias-field corrected combined magnitude image (after combining the coil data) using FSL's BET with the robust parameter set.
  • a Laplacian-based method was used to unwrap each coil phase image followed by background field elimination using vSHARP 10 .
  • the corrected phase images were then combined by weighting the magnitude of the corresponding channel.
  • STI Suite software (v2.2) 11 was used for QSM reconstruction by performing dipole inversion using an iLSQR technique.
  • the middle-frontal white matter region was chosen as a reference region for normalizing QSM values.
  • the cortical contribution of vascular iron (in blood vessels and large microbleeds) was removed by performing an automated series of image processing operations: maximum intensity projection on QSM image along superior- anterior direction, thresholding, morphological filtering, and finding spherical- and cylinder-like structures based on the property of the connected components.
  • the carbon-1 1 -labelled Pittsburgh compound B (1 1 C-PiB) PET scans were performed using a Phillips Allegro (Phillips Medical Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) camera. Each subject received -370 MBq 11 C-PiB IV over 1 minute. A 30-minute acquisition in 3D mode consisting of 6 frames each of 5 minutes, starting 40 minutes after PiB infusion. A transmission scan was performed for attenuation correction. PET images were reconstructed using a 3D Ramla algorithm.
  • 11 C-PiB scans were processed using the CapAIBL method 12 .
  • an adaptive atlas was automatically fitted to each PET image to match its PET retention pattern.
  • Each PET image was then spatially normalized to the best fitting atlas, and rescaled using the standardized uptake value (SUVR).
  • SUVR standardized uptake value
  • Neocortical retention was estimated using a composite region of frontal, parietal, lateral temporal, lateral occipital lobe, and anterior and posterior cingulate.
  • a neocortical SUVR >1 .5 was considered ⁇ +ve 13
  • a neocortical SUVR ⁇ 1 .5 was considered ⁇ -ve.
  • iron is enriched in ⁇ plaque 16, 17
  • iron increases the aggregation of ⁇ in w ' iro 18"20 and deposition of ⁇ in mouse models 21 , 22
  • iron elevation increases the translation of the amyloid precursor protein via a iron responsive element in the 5' untranslated mRNA 23 , which are possible biochemical mechanisms that underlie our clinical observations.
  • brain iron load levels in AD might facilitate the deposition of ⁇ and accelerate the disease processs.
  • Example 2 Assessing a risk of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient
  • a patient will be assessed for an established AD risk variable and a baseline level of ⁇ . This level will set a base for determining whether they will over time deposit amyloid and plaque.
  • a CSF sample may be obtained and the CSF ferritin level determined by methods such as immunoassay. This sample may then be compared to a predetermined sample from a CN patient processed in the same manner.
  • a difference in the CSF ferritin levels of the patient and that of the CN patient will be determined. Depending on the degree of difference, the degree of amyloid deposition and plaque formation can be determined. If the difference is large and the CSF ferritin level of the patient is high relative to the CN patient level, the patient presenting for assessment may show a higher risk of amyloid deposition and plaque formation. If the difference is small relative to the CN patient level, the patient presenting for assessment may show a lower risk of amyloid deposition and plaque formation. This test may be conducted in parallel to determining the genotype of the patient. If the patient carries the Apo ⁇ 4 allele, the risk of amyloid deposition and plaque formation will be higher and a rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation will be higher.
  • Example 3 Monitoring amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient
  • a patient is tested according to Example 2 at a first time point.
  • a second test is conducted at another time point after the first time point.
  • the difference between the patient CSF ferritin and a reference level from a CN patient is assessed. This difference may then be compared to the difference from the first time point.
  • the patient may be diagnosed as having a greater propensity for depositing amyloid and plaque based in the increasing CSF ferritin levels.
  • Example 4 Diminishing progression rate of amyloid deposition and plaque formation in a patient A patient is assessed as in Example 2 for the level of amyloid deposition and plaque formation based on their CSF ferritin levels. Deferiprone is administered to the patient for a time and a dose calculated by the size, age and weight of the patient. The patient is reassessed for amyloid deposition and plaque formation after a time to assess whether amyloid deposition and plaque formation has been diminished.
  • Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative a review of papers published since its inception. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association. 2012 Feb;8(1 Suppl):S1 -68.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des procédés de prédiction d'un risque et d'un taux de dépôt d'amyloïde et de formation de plaque qui concerne une corrélation entre la charge de fer du cerveau et le dépôt d'amyloïde et la formation de plaque. L'invention concerne également des méthodes de pronostic et des méthodes de traitement pour des patients présentant une propension au dépôt d'amyloïde et à la formation de plaque. Les patients peuvent porter une variable de risque AD telle qu'un génotype APOE choisi parmi les APOE ε4/ε4, APOE ε4/ε3, APOE ε4/ε2. Le patient peut être normal de manière cognitive.
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