WO2018086278A1 - 一种轻质自保温砌块 - Google Patents

一种轻质自保温砌块 Download PDF

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WO2018086278A1
WO2018086278A1 PCT/CN2017/075159 CN2017075159W WO2018086278A1 WO 2018086278 A1 WO2018086278 A1 WO 2018086278A1 CN 2017075159 W CN2017075159 W CN 2017075159W WO 2018086278 A1 WO2018086278 A1 WO 2018086278A1
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mass
wheat straw
mixed solution
acrylic acid
parts
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PCT/CN2017/075159
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French (fr)
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梁澍
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梁澍
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
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    • C04B33/00—Clay-wares
    • C04B33/02—Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches
    • C04B33/13—Compounding ingredients
    • C04B33/132—Waste materials; Refuse; Residues
    • C04B33/1321—Waste slurries, e.g. harbour sludge, industrial muds
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    • C04B33/00—Clay-wares
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    • C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
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    • C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
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    • C04B2235/38—Non-oxide ceramic constituents or additives
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    • C04B2235/38—Non-oxide ceramic constituents or additives
    • C04B2235/3852—Nitrides, e.g. oxynitrides, carbonitrides, oxycarbonitrides, lithium nitride, magnesium nitride
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    • C04B2235/48—Organic compounds becoming part of a ceramic after heat treatment, e.g. carbonising phenol resins
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
    • Y02P40/60—Production of ceramic materials or ceramic elements, e.g. substitution of clay or shale by alternative raw materials, e.g. ashes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of materials, in particular to a lightweight self-insulating block.
  • the advantage of the external wall self-insulation thermal insulation block is that it is accompanied by the theme construction.
  • the overall construction time of the project is high, the masonry is convenient, the complicated process of secondary insulation is eliminated, the construction cost is reduced, and the price is relatively low.
  • the use of river wall lake sludge sintering new wall materials and composite blocks produced by using fly ash, slag, coal gangue and other materials have been fully utilized in China.
  • Standard bricks are used for load-bearing walls and perforated bricks for frame structure infill walls.
  • the problem is that the wall does not reach 50% of the public construction required by the state, and 65% of the energy-saving insulation effect is built. It is necessary to make insulation on the external wall, costing materials, long construction period, low fire performance, poor sound insulation effect, and external wall insulation still have quality problems such as short service life, easy water seepage and falling off.
  • the self-heavy building has a small earthquake force and is good for earthquake resistance. Compared with the brick-concrete building, the same building, under the same earthquake conditions, the degree of earthquake damage is different.
  • a seismic design fortification level such as brick-concrete building at 7 degrees, It will be destroyed, and at this time the aerated concrete building will only be protected by 6 degrees and will not be destroyed.
  • more than 30 porous concrete buildings showed minor damage, while the adjacent brick-concrete buildings were seriously damaged.
  • a five-story aerated concrete bearing building in Baijiazhuang, Beijing The self-weight is only 700kg/m2.
  • China is a large agricultural country.
  • the annual output of crop straw is as high as 842 million tons, and it is still increasing at a rate of 1.3%. It is a large number of renewable resources in nature, and has the advantages of wide source and low price.
  • this resource has not been fully utilized. More than 95% of straw resources are dissipated into other forms through different utilization channels each year, and resources are wasted.
  • China's crop straw resources are large and wide.
  • its use can be roughly divided into four aspects: as industrial raw materials, mainly used for industrial papermaking; as animal feed; as fertilizer, fertilization and returning to the field; as fuel, rural living energy although In this way, resources have not been properly developed for a long time, and most of them have been burned. This is a waste of natural resources, and it also causes serious environmental pollution. With the concern and reflection of environmental pollution problems in various countries around the world, the application benefits of straw Received the attention of people.
  • the embodiment of the invention provides a lightweight self-insulating block. Using a large amount of silt resources and wheat straw in China's rivers and lakes as raw materials, comprehensive utilization of resources, low production energy consumption, good thermal insulation effect, fire retardant and anti-aging, high durability, long life, stable performance, light weight and good seismic capacity, safe For products with good stability, the external wall will no longer be insulated, and it can reach the energy-saving insulation standard of 65% of the national public construction.
  • the construction cost can be reduced by more than 20% per square meter compared with the traditional practice, and the construction period can be more than 30% in advance.
  • One technology supports the national prohibition, land saving, environmental protection, A number of basic national policies for comprehensive utilization of fire prevention and resources.
  • the present invention provides a lightweight self-insulating block comprising the following materials: 50-55 parts by mass of the Yellow River cement, 41-44 parts by mass of the quartz sand silt, and nanometers. 2.5-4.3 parts by mass of polytetrafluoroethylene, 1.2-1.7 parts by mass of zinc oxide, 0.3-0.7 parts by mass of cerium oxide HfO 2 , 0.8-1.0 parts by mass of titanium carbide TIC, 0.2-0.5 parts by mass of tantalum nitride TaN, 2.4-3.0 parts by mass of the glass beads, 35-42 parts by mass of the mixed solution, 2-3 wt% of the additive solution of the mixed solution, and the additive 2 of the mixed solution of 0.022-0.030 wt%; the mixed solution Among them, acrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol PVA, modified wheat straw and water.
  • the mixed solution one wherein the acrylic acid is partially neutralized with acrylic acid, and the degree of neutralization of the acrylic acid is 60-70%.
  • the acrylic acid polyvinyl alcohol
  • PVA modified wheat straw: water mass ratio is 20-30:4-6:6-8:60-70, based on the unneutralized acrylic acid.
  • the quartz sand silt is a quartz sand silt having a mesh of 100 mesh.
  • the additive one is ammonium hydrogencarbonate
  • the additive 2 includes potassium persulfate and N-methylol acrylamide, wherein the potassium persulfate: N-methylol acrylamide mass ratio is 10-14:1.
  • the preparation method of the modified wheat straw is: drying the wheat straw, pulverizing with a pulverizer, taking the wheat straw powder of the 120 mesh sieve, adding a sodium hydroxide solution of 15-20 times the mass of the wheat straw powder, Allow to stand for 18-20 hours, filter by suction, discard the filtrate, and wash the remaining solids with water until neutral, at 50-60 ° C Drying, (the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution is 6-10wt%), pretreating the wheat straw powder, adding 40-45 times of the N, N-dimethylene relative to the pretreated wheat straw powder
  • the formamide DMF after stirring for 30-40 min, continues to stir and add maleic anhydride MA, the maleic anhydride MA: pretreated wheat straw powder mass ratio is 0.75-0.8:1, and then the temperature is raised to 100-110 ° C for reaction.
  • the reaction process is kept stirring. After 2-6 hours of reaction, the product is cooled to room temperature, the filtrate is removed by filtration, and the solid remaining after filtration is washed 3-4 times with water, and then dried in an oven at 60 ° C to obtain modified wheat. Straw.
  • the present invention also provides a method for preparing a lightweight self-insulating block, and the method for preparing the lightweight self-insulating block comprises the following steps:
  • the wheat straw is dried, crushed with a pulverizer, and the wheat straw powder of 120 mesh sieve is taken, and the sodium hydroxide solution of 15-20 times of the mass of the wheat straw powder is added, and the mixture is soaked for 18-20 hours, and suction-filtered. The filtrate is discarded, and the remaining solid is washed with water to neutrality, and then dried at 50-60 ° C.
  • the sodium hydroxide solution has a mass concentration of 6-10 wt%, and the pretreated wheat straw powder is added, and the pretreated wheat is added.
  • the straw powder is 40-45 times times of N,N-dimethyleneformamide DMF. After stirring for 30-40 min, stirring is continued and maleic anhydride MA is added.
  • the mass ratio of the maleic anhydride MA:pretreated wheat straw powder is 0.75-0.8:1, then the temperature is raised to 100-110 ° C to carry out the reaction, the reaction process is kept stirring, after 2-6 hours of reaction, the product is cooled to room temperature, the solid after filtration is removed by filtration, washed 3-4 times with water, put After being dried in an oven at 60 ° C, the modified wheat straw is obtained, and used;
  • the first stage calcination temperature is 120-150 ° C, calcination 3-4h, then heating to 1300 ° C ⁇ 1350 ° C in 30min, the second stage of calcination, calcination time 5 ⁇ 8min; Then, the temperature is lowered to 300-340 ° C in 30 min, the third stage is calcined, the calcination time is 3-5 h; finally, the temperature is raised to 850-880 ° C in 30 min, the calcination is completed for 24-30 h, and the cooling is carried out for 24-48 hours to obtain a light self. Insulation block.
  • the additive one is ammonium hydrogencarbonate
  • the additive 2 includes potassium persulfate and N-methylol acrylamide, wherein the potassium persulfate: N-methylol acrylamide mass ratio is 10-14:1.
  • the additive is added in an amount of 2-3 wt% based on one mass of the mixed solution, and the additive is added in an amount of 0.022-0.030 wt% based on one mass of the mixed solution.
  • the beneficial effects of the invention are: the raw materials are yellow river cement, wheat straw, turning waste into treasure, comprehensive utilization of resources, obvious land-saving effect, and the heat preservation effect can reach the national energy requirement of 50% of the public construction of more than 65% of the energy-saving requirements, masonry
  • the wall does not need to be insulated by the external wall. Compared with the traditional hollow brick masonry, the strength is significantly increased, the weight is reduced by more than 50%, the thermal resistance of the composite wall is increased, the energy consumption is significantly reduced, the self-insulation effect is excellent, and the outer wall is not required.
  • the construction period can be 1/3 in advance, and the same life span of buildings is more than 70 years.
  • the block does not need to be dried, saves time, can be dried by using the residual heat of baking, and the calcination energy is low compared to other lightweight self-insulating blocks which are currently dried.
  • the lightweight self-insulating block has high early strength and can reach 7.3-7.5 MPa by the natural condition curing 7d strength, which greatly shortens the factory cycle of the block; the obtained thermal insulation block has excellent thermal performance and low product water absorption rate. Can reach 9% or less.
  • the thermal insulation block does not produce secondary by-products, which is environmentally friendly.
  • the present invention provides a lightweight self-insulating block
  • the raw materials are yellow river cement, wheat straw, turning waste into treasure, comprehensive utilization of resources, prohibition of real and land-saving effects, and the heat preservation effect can reach the national regulations.
  • 50% of public buildings are built with more than 65% energy-saving requirements.
  • the wall of the masonry does not need to be insulated by external walls.
  • the compressive strength is high, but the density is small, the quality is light, the earthquake resistance is good, and the sound insulation is good.
  • the insulation effect is excellent, and the life span of the building is more than 70 years.
  • Early strength of the lightweight self-insulating block Higher, low water absorption, further saving time and reducing costs.
  • the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River are mainly mountainous, and the middle part flows through the Loess Plateau of China. It carries a large amount of sediment to the downstream every year. According to the data of the Yellow River River Department, 1.6 billion tons of sediment will be produced each year, up to 3.9 billion tons.
  • the main components are; hydrated silicate, alumina, and contains quartz, feldspar, mica, and sulfate.
  • the Yellow River cement has the characteristics of large viscosity and good plasticity. It can improve the comprehensive performance of the product by combining with quartz sand silt, nano PTFE, glass beads and other materials.
  • the invention provides a lightweight self-insulating block, characterized in that the lightweight self-insulating block comprises the following raw materials: 50-55 mass parts of yellow river cement, 41-44 mass parts of quartz sand silt, nano polytetrafluorocarbon 2.5-4.3 parts by mass of ethylene, 1.2-1.7 parts by mass of zinc oxide, 0.3-0.7 parts by mass of cerium oxide HfO 2 , 0.8-1.0 parts by mass of titanium carbide TIC, 0.2-0.5 parts by mass of tantalum nitride TaN, and 2.4-0.5 parts by weight of glass beads 3.0 parts by mass, a mixed solution of 35-42 parts by mass, an additive of 2-3 wt% of the mixed solution, and an additive 2 of 0.022-0.030 wt% of the mixed solution; the mixed solution one, including acrylic acid, Polyvinyl alcohol PVA, modified wheat straw and water.
  • the mixed solution one, including acrylic acid, Polyvinyl alcohol PVA, modified wheat straw and water.
  • the mixed solution one wherein the acrylic acid is partially neutralized with acrylic acid, and the degree of neutralization of the acrylic acid is 60-70%.
  • the acrylic acid polyvinyl alcohol
  • PVA modified wheat straw: water mass ratio is 20-30:4-6:6-8:60-70, based on the unneutralized acrylic acid.
  • the quartz sand silt is a quartz sand silt having a mesh of 100 mesh.
  • the additive one is ammonium hydrogencarbonate
  • the additive 2 includes potassium persulfate and N-methylol acrylamide, wherein the potassium persulfate: N-methylol acrylamide mass ratio is 10-14:1.
  • the preparation method of the modified wheat straw is: drying the wheat straw, pulverizing with a pulverizer, taking the wheat straw powder of the 120 mesh sieve, adding a sodium hydroxide solution of 15-20 times the mass of the wheat straw powder, After standing for 18-20 hours, suction filtration, the filtrate is discarded, and the remaining solid is washed with water until neutral, and then dried at 50-60 ° C.
  • the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution is 6-10 wt%, which is pretreated.
  • the preparation method of the lightweight self-insulating block comprises the following steps:
  • the wheat straw is dried, crushed with a pulverizer, and the wheat straw powder of 120 mesh sieve is taken, and the sodium hydroxide solution of 15-20 times of the mass of the wheat straw powder is added, and the mixture is soaked for 18-20 hours, and suction-filtered. The filtrate is discarded, and the remaining solid is washed with water to neutrality, and then dried at 50-60 ° C.
  • the sodium hydroxide solution has a mass concentration of 6-10 wt%, and the pretreated wheat straw powder is added, and the pretreated wheat is added.
  • the straw powder is 40-45 times times of N,N-dimethyleneformamide DMF. After stirring for 30-40 min, stirring is continued and maleic anhydride MA is added.
  • the mass ratio of the maleic anhydride MA:pretreated wheat straw powder is 0.75-0.8:1, then the temperature is raised to 100-110 ° C to carry out the reaction, the reaction process is kept stirring, after 2-6 hours of reaction, the product is cooled to room temperature, the solid after filtration is removed by filtration, washed 3-4 times with water, put After being dried in an oven at 60 ° C, the modified wheat straw is obtained, and used;
  • the first stage calcination temperature is 120-150 ° C, calcination 3-4h, then heating to 1300 ° C ⁇ 1350 ° C in 30min, the second stage of calcination, calcination time 5 ⁇ 8min; Then, the temperature is lowered to 300-340 ° C in 30 min, the third stage is calcined, the calcination time is 3-5 h; finally, at 30 min.
  • the temperature is raised to 850-880 ° C, calcined for 24-30 h, and cooled for 24-48 hours to obtain a lightweight self-insulating block.
  • the temperatures are all degrees Celsius.
  • the percentages not specified are all by mass.
  • Embodiment 1 Lightweight self-insulating block of the present invention
  • a lightweight self-insulating block comprising the following materials: 50 parts by weight of yellow river cement, 42 parts by mass of quartz sand silt, 3.5 parts by weight of nano-polytetrafluoroethylene (Shanghai Guangbin Trading Co., Ltd.), 1.5 parts by mass of zinc oxide, Cerium oxide HfO 2 0.5 parts by mass (CAS No. 12055-23-1, Shanghai Huzhen Industrial Co., Ltd.), titanium carbide TIC 0.8 parts by mass (CAS No. 12070-08-5, Qinhuangdao Yinuo High-tech Development Co., Ltd.
  • tantalum nitride TaN0.3 parts by mass (CAS No.12033-62-4, (Codow can be) Guangzhou Hewei Chemical Co., Ltd.), glass beads 2.5 parts by weight (Yongqing County Haiyu Glass Beads Limited Company), a mixed solution of 40 parts by mass, an additive of 2.3% by weight of the mixed solution, and an additive 2 of 0.026% by weight of the mixed solution; the mixed solution 1, including acrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol PVA (CAS No. 9002-89-5, model 1799), modified wheat straw and water. Wherein acrylic acid is partially neutralized with acrylic acid, and the degree of neutralization of acrylic acid is 70%.
  • acrylic acid polyvinyl alcohol PVA: modified wheat straw: water mass ratio of 26:5:6:65 (in which partially neutralized acrylic acid is converted into equimolar unneutralized acrylic acid, according to And acrylic acid mass,); wherein the amount of polyvinyl alcohol PVA is the net content of polyvinyl alcohol, not the content of polyvinyl alcohol PVA solution;
  • Quartz sand silt is a quartz sand silt with a 100 mesh sieve.
  • the additive one is ammonium hydrogencarbonate
  • the additive 2 includes potassium persulfate and N-methylol acrylamide, wherein the potassium persulfate:N-methylol acrylamide mass ratio is 12:1. (N-methylol acrylamide CAS No.924-42-5)
  • the preparation method comprises the following steps:
  • the wheat straw is dried, crushed with a pulverizer, and the wheat straw powder of 120 mesh sieve is taken, and the sodium hydroxide solution 20 times of the mass of the wheat straw powder is added, and the mixture is soaked for 20 hours, filtered, and the filtrate is discarded. After the residual solid is washed with water to neutrality, and dried at 60 ° C, the sodium hydroxide solution has a mass concentration of 6 wt%, and the pretreated wheat straw powder is obtained, and 40 times of N is added relative to the pretreated wheat straw powder.
  • N-Dimethyleneformamide DMF (CAS No. 68-12-2), stir for 40 min, continue to stir and add Malay Anhydride MA (CAS No.
  • the maleic anhydride MA: pretreated wheat straw powder mass ratio is 0.75:1, and then the temperature is raised to 110 ° C for the reaction, the reaction process is kept stirring, after 6 hours of reaction, The product is cooled to room temperature, the filtrate is removed by filtration, and the solid remaining after filtration is washed three times with water, and then dried in an oven at 60 ° C to obtain modified wheat straw, which is ready for use;
  • the additive 1 added in an amount of 2.3 wt % of the mixed solution was added to the slurry mixture 2 in an amount of 0.026 wt % of the additive solution, and then the stirring was continued for 5 minutes. Stirring, heat curing at 80 ° C for 8 hours, and then the mold release body is dried at 60 ° C for 24 h;
  • the first stage calcination temperature is 120 ° C, calcination for 4 h, then heating to 1350 ° C in 30 min, the second stage calcination, calcination time 5 min; and then cooling to 340 ° C in 30 min,
  • the third stage is calcined, the calcination time is 4 h; finally, the temperature is raised to 880 ° C in 30 min, the fourth stage is calcined, calcined for 24 h, and naturally cooled for 24 hours to obtain a light self-insulating block.
  • a lightweight self-insulating block the light self-insulating block comprises the following materials: 52 parts by weight of yellow river cement, 44 parts by mass of quartz sand silt, 2.5 parts by weight of nano-polytetrafluoroethylene, 1.2 parts by weight of zinc oxide, and dioxide 0.3 parts by mass of HfO 2 , 0.9 parts by mass of titanium carbide TIC, 0.5 parts by mass of tantalum nitride TaN, 3.0 parts by mass of glass beads, 35 parts by mass of the mixed solution, and 2.5% by weight of the mixed solution.
  • the additive 2 accounts for 0.022% by weight of the mixed solution; the mixed solution includes acrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol PVA, modified wheat straw and water.
  • the solution one was mixed, wherein acrylic acid was partially neutralized with acrylic acid, and the degree of neutralization of acrylic acid was 60%.
  • acrylic acid polyvinyl alcohol
  • PVA modified wheat straw: water mass ratio of 30:4:7:70, based on the unneutralized acrylic acid.
  • the quartz sand silt is a quartz sand silt that has passed through a 100 mesh sieve.
  • the additive one is ammonium hydrogencarbonate
  • the additive 2 includes potassium persulfate and N-methylol acrylamide, wherein the potassium persulfate:N-methylol acrylamide mass ratio is 10:1.
  • the preparation method of the lightweight self-insulating block comprises the following steps:
  • the wheat straw is dried, crushed with a pulverizer, and the wheat straw powder of 120 mesh sieve is taken, and the sodium hydroxide solution of 15 times the mass of the wheat straw powder is added, and the mixture is soaked for 18 hours, filtered, and the filtrate is discarded. After the residual solid is washed with water to neutrality, and dried at 50 ° C, the sodium hydroxide solution has a mass concentration of 10 wt%, and the wheat straw powder is pretreated, and N is added 45 times times the pretreated wheat straw powder. After stirring for 30 minutes, N-dimethylideneformamide DMF was stirred and added with maleic anhydride MA.
  • the maleic anhydride MA:pretreated wheat straw powder mass ratio was 0.8:1, and then the temperature was raised to 100 ° C to carry out the reaction.
  • the reaction process was kept stirring. After reacting for 2 hours, the product was cooled to room temperature, and the filtrate was removed by filtration. The remaining solid in the upper layer of the filter paper after filtration was washed four times with water, and then dried in an oven at 60 ° C to obtain modified wheat straw. ,spare;
  • the additive 1 added in an amount of 2.5 wt% of the mixed solution was added to the slurry mixture 2 in an amount of 0.022 wt% of the additive solution, and then the stirring was continued for 3 minutes. Stirring, curing at 60 ° C for 10 hours to solidify, and then the release body is dried at 60 ° C for 24h;
  • the first stage calcination temperature is 150 ° C, calcination for 3 h, then heating to 1300 ° C in 30 min, the second stage calcination, calcination time 8 min; and then cooling within 30 min To 300 ° C, the third stage of calcination, calcination time 5h; finally heated to 850 ° C within 30min, calcined for 30h after sintering, and naturally cooled for 24 hours, to obtain a lightweight self-insulating block.
  • a lightweight self-insulating block the light self-insulating block comprises the following materials: 54 parts by weight of yellow river cement, 43 parts by mass of quartz sand silt, 4.3 parts by mass of nano-polytetrafluoroethylene, 1.7 parts by mass of zinc oxide, and dioxide 0.7 parts by mass of HfO 2 , 1.0 part by mass of titanium carbide TIC, 0.2 parts by mass of tantalum nitride TaN, 2.4 parts by mass of glass microbeads, 42 parts by mass of a mixed solution, and 2.1% by weight of a mixed solution.
  • the additive 2 is contained in an amount of 0.030% by weight of the mixed solution; and the mixed solution 1 includes acrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol PVA, modified wheat straw and water.
  • acrylic acid polyvinyl alcohol
  • PVA modified wheat straw: water mass ratio of 28:6:7:62, based on the unneutralized acrylic acid.
  • the quartz sand silt is a quartz sand silt that has passed through a 100 mesh sieve.
  • the additive one is ammonium hydrogencarbonate
  • the additive two is potassium persulfate and N-methylol acrylamide, wherein the mass ratio of potassium persulfate: N-methylol acrylamide is 14:1.
  • the preparation method of the lightweight self-insulating block comprises the following steps:
  • the wheat straw is dried, crushed with a pulverizer, and the wheat straw powder of 120 mesh sieve is taken, and a sodium hydroxide solution having a mass concentration of 8 wt% relative to the mass of the wheat straw powder is added, and the mixture is soaked for 19 hours. Filtration, the filtrate was discarded, and the remaining solid was washed with water until neutral, and then dried at 55 ° C to obtain pretreated wheat straw powder, and added N, N-dimethylene A relative to the pretreated wheat straw powder 42 times times. After stirring for 35 min, the amide DMF was stirred and added with maleic anhydride MA.
  • the maleic anhydride MA: pretreated wheat straw powder mass ratio was 0.78:1, and then the temperature was raised to 100 ° C to carry out the reaction, and the reaction was kept stirring, and the reaction 4 After the hour, the product is cooled to room temperature, and the filtrate is removed by filtration. The remaining solid in the upper layer of the filter paper after filtration is washed three times with water, and then dried in an oven at 60 ° C to obtain a modified wheat straw, which is ready for use;
  • the additive 1 added in an amount of 2.1 wt% of the mixed solution was added to the slurry mixture 2 in an amount of 0.030 wt% of the additive solution, and then the stirring was continued for 4 minutes. Stirring was stopped, and the film was solidified at 60 ° C for 9 hours, and then the mold release body was dried at 60 ° C for 30 hours;
  • the first stage calcination temperature is 130 ° C, calcination for 4 h, then heating to 1320 ° C in 30 min, the second stage calcination, calcination time 7 min; and then cooling to 320 ° C in 30 min, The third stage calcination, calcination time 3h; finally heated to 860 ° C in 30min, calcined 26h after sintering, natural cooling for 30 hours, to obtain a lightweight self-insulating block.
  • a lightweight self-insulating block the light self-insulating block comprises the following materials: 55 parts by mass of yellow river cement, 44 parts by mass of quartz sand silt, 3 parts by mass of nano-polytetrafluoroethylene, 1.6 parts by mass of zinc oxide, and dioxide ⁇ HfO 2 0.4 parts by mass, titanium carbide TIC 0.9 parts by mass, tantalum nitride TaN 0.4 parts by mass, 2.7 parts by mass of glass beads, 39 parts by mass of the mixed solution, and 2.0% by weight of the mixed solution
  • the additive solution accounts for 0.028% by weight of the mixed solution; the mixed solution includes acrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol PVA, modified wheat straw and water.
  • the solution one was mixed, wherein acrylic acid was partially neutralized with acrylic acid, and the degree of neutralization of acrylic acid was 62%.
  • acrylic acid polyvinyl alcohol
  • PVA modified wheat straw: water mass ratio of 25:5:8:60, based on the unneutralized acrylic acid.
  • the quartz sand silt is a quartz sand silt that has passed through a 100 mesh sieve.
  • the additive one is ammonium hydrogencarbonate
  • the additive two is potassium persulfate and N-methylol acrylamide, wherein the mass ratio of potassium persulfate: N-methylol acrylamide is 13:1.
  • the preparation method of the lightweight self-insulating block comprises the following steps:
  • the wheat straw is dried, crushed with a pulverizer, and the wheat straw powder of 120 mesh sieve is taken, and a sodium hydroxide solution having a mass concentration of 7 wt% relative to the mass of the wheat straw powder is added, and the mixture is soaked for 18 hours. Filtration, the filtrate was discarded, and the remaining solid was washed with water until neutral, and then dried at 60 ° C to obtain pretreated wheat straw powder, and added N, N-dimethylene A relative to the pretreated wheat straw powder 45 times times. After stirring for 40 minutes, the amide DMF was stirred and added with maleic anhydride MA.
  • the maleic anhydride MA: pretreated wheat straw powder mass ratio was 0.75:1, and then the temperature was raised to 110 ° C to carry out the reaction, and the reaction was kept stirring, and the reaction 2 After -6 hours, the product was cooled to room temperature, the filtrate was removed by filtration, and the remaining solid in the upper layer of the filter paper was taken, washed 4 times with water, and dried in an oven at 60 ° C to obtain modified wheat straw, which was used;
  • the first stage calcination temperature is 140 ° C, calcination for 3 h, then heating to 1330 ° C in 30 min, the second stage calcination, calcination time 6 min; and then cooling to 310 ° C in 30 min, The third stage calcination, calcination time 4h; finally heated to 870 ° C in 30min, calcined 24h sintering, natural cooling for 48 hours, to obtain a lightweight self-insulating block.
  • a lightweight self-insulating block the light self-insulating block comprises the following materials: 51 parts by weight of yellow river cement, 41 parts by mass of quartz sand silt, 4 parts by mass of nano-polytetrafluoroethylene, 1.4 parts by mass of zinc oxide, and dioxide ⁇ HfO 2 0.6 parts by mass, titanium carbide TIC 0.8 parts by mass, tantalum nitride TaN 0.3 parts by mass, 2.9 parts of glass beads, 41 parts by mass of the mixed solution, and 1% by weight of the mixed solution of the additive 1 and the mixture
  • the solution has a mass of 0.025% by weight of the additive two; the mixed solution one comprises acrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol PVA, modified wheat straw and water.
  • acrylic acid polyvinyl alcohol
  • PVA modified wheat straw: water mass ratio of 20:4:8:70 based on unneutralized acrylic acid.
  • the quartz sand silt is a quartz sand silt that has passed through a 100 mesh sieve.
  • the additive one is ammonium hydrogencarbonate
  • the additive two is potassium persulfate and N-methylol acrylamide, wherein the mass ratio of potassium persulfate: N-methylol acrylamide is 11.5:1.
  • the preparation method of the lightweight self-insulating block comprises the following steps:
  • the wheat straw is dried, crushed with a pulverizer, and the wheat straw powder of 120 mesh sieve is taken, and a sodium hydroxide solution having a mass concentration of 10 wt% relative to the mass of the wheat straw powder is added, and the mixture is soaked for 20 hours, and pumped. Filtration, the filtrate was discarded, and the remaining solid was washed with water until neutral, and then dried at 50 ° C to obtain pretreated wheat straw powder, and added N, N-dimethylene A relative to the pretreated wheat straw powder 45 times times. After stirring for 40 min, the amide DMF was stirred and added with maleic anhydride MA.
  • the maleic anhydride MA: pretreated wheat straw powder mass ratio was 0.8:1, and then the temperature was raised to ° C to carry out the reaction, and the reaction was kept stirring for 3 hours. After that, the product is cooled to room temperature, the filtrate is removed by filtration, and the remaining solid after filtration is taken, washed 4 times with water, and then dried in an oven at 60 ° C to obtain modified wheat straw, and used;
  • the additive 1 in an amount of 3% by weight of the mixed solution is added to the slurry mixture, and the additive 2 is added in an amount of 0.025% by weight of the mixed solution, and then stirring is continued for 5 minutes, and then the stirring is stopped. Curing at 70 ° C for 9 hours, and then the mold release body is dried at 60 ° C for 28 h;
  • the first stage calcination temperature is 140 ° C, calcination for 4 h, then heating to 1310 ° C in 30 min, the second stage calcination, calcination time 6 min; and then cooling to 340 ° C in 30 min, The third stage calcination, calcination time 4h; finally heated to 880 ° C in 30min, calcined 24h sintering, natural cooling for 36 hours, to obtain a lightweight self-insulating block.
  • a lightweight self-insulating block the light self-insulating block comprises the following raw materials: 53 parts by weight of yellow river cement, 42 parts by mass of quartz sand silt, 3.2 parts by weight of nano-polytetrafluoroethylene, 1.3 parts by mass of zinc oxide, and dioxide ⁇ HfO 2 0.4 parts by mass, titanium carbide TIC 1.0 parts by mass, tantalum nitride TaN 0.2 parts by mass, 2.8 parts by mass of glass beads, 37 parts by mass of the mixed solution, and 2% by weight of the mixed solution of the additive 1 and The solution is mixed with a mass of 0.024% by weight of the additive two; the mixed solution one comprises acrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol PVA, modified wheat straw and water.
  • acrylic acid polyvinyl alcohol
  • PVA modified wheat straw: water mass ratio of 23:5:7:66, based on the unneutralized acrylic acid.
  • the quartz sand silt is a quartz sand silt that has passed through a 100 mesh sieve.
  • the additive one is ammonium hydrogencarbonate
  • the additive 2 includes potassium persulfate and N-methylol acrylamide, wherein the mass ratio of potassium persulfate: N-methylol acrylamide is 11:1.
  • the preparation method of the lightweight self-insulating block comprises the following steps:
  • the wheat straw was dried, crushed with a pulverizer, and the wheat straw powder of 120 mesh sieve was taken, and a sodium hydroxide solution of 17 times the mass of the wheat straw powder was added, and the mixture was allowed to stand for 19 hours, suction filtered, and the filtrate was discarded. After the residual solid is washed with water to neutrality, it is dried at 55 ° C, and the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution is 6 wt %, and the wheat straw powder is pretreated, and N, N is added in an amount of 43 times times that of the pretreated wheat straw powder.
  • the additive 1 After 80 ° C, after thorough stirring, add the additive 1 in an amount of 2 wt% of the mixed solution to the slurry mixture, and add the additive 2 in an amount of 0.024 wt% of the mixed solution, then continue stirring for 5 minutes and then stop stirring.
  • the film was solidified at 70 ° C for 9 hours, and then the mold release body was dried at 60 ° C for 24 hours; the additive was ammonium hydrogencarbonate: ammonium cerium nitrate (NH 4 ) 2 Ce (N0 3 ) 6 mass ratio of 23:1.
  • the first stage calcination temperature is 150 ° C, calcination for 3 h, then heating to 1330 ° C in 30 min, the second stage calcination, calcination time 6 min; and then cooling to 340 ° C in 30 min, The third stage calcination, calcination time 3h; finally heated to 870 ° C in 30min, calcined 26h after sintering, natural cooling for 26 hours, to obtain a lightweight self-insulating block.
  • Yellow River silt standard brick (porous brick), 70% of Yellow River cement, 30% coal gangue, single block weight 2.4kg, compressive strength 15MPa or more, used for building load-bearing walls, masonry must be used for external wall insulation, labor, cost High, long construction period, poor insulation effect.
  • Concrete brick 240*115*53, single block weight 3.5kg, main raw material cement 15%, stone nitrate 10%, stone powder 45%, fly ash 30%, compressive strength greater than 15MPa, used for building load-bearing walls, itself Since it is significant, the wall must be insulated by external walls. Workers are labor intensive, labor-intensive, costly, and have poor thermal insulation.
  • Preparation method cloth ⁇ mixing ⁇ conveying ⁇ forming ⁇ falling board ⁇ finished product maintenance ⁇ finished product.
  • Example 1 On the basis of Example 1, the Yellow River cement and quartz sand silt were replaced with ordinary Portland cement and sand, and other conditions were unchanged.
  • the density is 732kg/m 3 , the compressive strength is 7.2Mpa, the water absorption rate is 15%, and the weathering resistance is 0.68. External insulation is required.
  • Example 1 On the basis of Example 1, the other conditions were not changed without adding nano-polytetrafluoroethylene and glass microbeads.
  • the density is 711kg/m 3 , the compressive strength is 6.9Mpa, the water absorption rate is 15%, and the weathering resistance is 0.67. External insulation is required.
  • Example 1 On the basis of Example 1, no mixed solution and additives were added, and only the moisture in the mixed solution was retained, and other conditions were unchanged.
  • the calcination of the body requires heating to 950-1250 ° C, calcination for 36-48 h, density of 834 kg / m 3 , compressive strength of 7.2 Mpa, water absorption of 13%, and weathering resistance of 0.69.
  • Example 1 On the basis of Example 1, no modified wheat straw was added to the mixed solution, and other conditions were unchanged.
  • the density is 747kg/m 3 , the compressive strength is 7.0Mpa, the water absorption rate is 16%, and the weathering resistance is 0.67.
  • the density is 764kg/m 3 , the compressive strength is 7.8Mpa, the water absorption rate is 16%, and the weathering resistance is 0.68. External insulation is required.
  • Example 1 On the basis of Example 1, no zinc oxide, cerium oxide HfO 2 , titanium carbide TIC or tantalum nitride TaN were added to the mixed solution, and other conditions were unchanged.
  • the density is 582kg/m 3 , the compressive strength is 7.3Mpa, the water absorption rate is 13%, and the weathering resistance is 0.65. External insulation is required.
  • Light-weight buildings have small earthquakes and are good for earthquakes. Compared with brick-concrete buildings, the same buildings, under the same earthquake conditions, have different seismic damage levels. A seismic design fortification level, under the same foundation conditions, light-weight buildings The number of layers can be increased and economically advantageous.
  • the density of the lightweight self-insulating block is less than 50% of the block of the same strength grade, the stability is high, the comprehensive performance is good, and the construction cost is comprehensively reduced by more than 20%.

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Abstract

一种轻质自保温砌块，包括黄河胶泥50-55质量份、石英砂淤砂41-44质量份、纳米聚四氟乙烯2.5-4.3质量份、氧化锌1.2-1.7质量份、二氧化铪0.3-0.7质量份、碳化钛0.8-1.0质量份、氮化钽0.2-0.5质量份、玻璃微珠2.4-3.0质量份、混合溶液一35-42质量份、占混合溶液一质量2-3wt％的添加剂一和占混合溶液一质量0.022-0.030wt％的添加剂二；该混合溶液一中包括丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇、改性小麦秸秆和水。

Description

一种轻质自保温砌块 技术领域
本发明涉及材料技术领域，特别涉及一种轻质自保温砌块。
背景技术
外墙自保温保温砌块优点是伴随主题施工，项目整体施工时效性高，砌筑方便，免去二次做保温的繁琐工序，降低了建筑成本，价格相对较低。利用江河湖泊淤泥烧结新型墙材及利用粉煤灰、矿渣、煤矸石等材料生产的复合砌块在我国已得到充分的利用。标砖用于承重墙、多孔砖用于框架结构填充墙。存在的问题为墙体达不到国家规定的公建50％，居建65％的节能保温效果。需在外墙做保温，费工费料、工期长、防火性能低、隔音效果差、外墙保温还存在着使用寿命短、易渗水、脱落等质量问题。
自重轻的建筑地震力就小，对抗震有利，和砖混建筑相比，同样的建筑，同样的地震条件下，震害程度相差一个地震设计设防级别，如砖混建筑在达7度设防，它会受破坏，而此时加气混凝土建筑只达6度设防，就不会破坏。1975年海城地震时，30余幢多孔混凝土建筑展害轻微，而邻近的砖混建筑则震害严重；1976年唐山地震时，北京市白家庄的一栋五层加气混凝土承重楼，自重仅700kg/m2，当时处于地震烈度为6度强的情况下，震后没有出现新的裂缝，而在50m处的四层混合结构的住宅，下部却产生大斜裂缝。在相同地基条件下，自重轻的建筑的层数可以增多，经济上有利。
另外我国是农业大国,每年农作物秸秆的产量高达8.42亿吨,且还在以1.3％的速度增加,是自然界中数量庞大的可再生资源,且具有来源广泛、价格低廉的优点。但是,这一资源并未得到充分利用,每年有95％以上秸秆资源通过不同的利用途径转化成其他形式而被耗散,资源浪费严重。中国农作物秸秆资源量大面广,现阶段其用途大致可分为4个方面:作为工业原料,主要用于工业造纸；作为畜牧饲料；作为肥料,造肥还田；作为燃料,农村生活能源虽然如此,资源仍然长期未得到合理的开发,大部分都被焚烧,这是对天然资源的浪费,同时还造成了严重的环境污染随着世界各国对环境污染问题的关注和反思,秸秆的应用益受到人们的重视。
因此合理利用现有资源开发符合国家节能保温标准的自重轻，强度高的墙体材料是目前研发的方向。
发明内容
为了满足国家公建50％居建65％的节能保温标准需求，充分利用现有资源，节能降耗，降低自保温砌块的自重，同时解决砌体材料强度和导热系数不能同时保证的巨大矛盾，本发明实施例提供了一种轻质自保温砌块。利用我国江河湖泊大量的淤泥资源及小麦秸秆为原料，资源综合利用，生产能耗低，保温效果好，防火阻燃抗老化，耐久性高，寿命长，性能稳定，质量轻抗震能力好，安全稳固性好的产品，外墙不再做保温，即可达到国家公建50％居建65％的节能保温标准。因外墙不需再做外墙保温，建设成本与传统的做法相比较每平方米造价可降低20％以上，工期可提前30％以上，一项技术同时支持国家禁实、节地、环保、防火、资源综合利用多项基本国策。
为了实现上述发明目的，本发明提供了一种轻质自保温砌块，所述轻质自保温砌块包括以下原料：黄河胶泥50-55质量份、石英砂淤砂41-44质量份、纳米聚四氟乙烯2.5-4.3质量份、氧化锌1.2-1.7质量份、二氧化铪HfO20.3-0.7质量份、碳化钛TIC0.8-1.0质量份、氮化钽TaN0.2-0.5质量份、玻璃微珠2.4-3.0质量份、混合溶液一35-42质量份、占混合溶液一质量2-3wt％的添加剂一和占混合溶液一质量0.022-0.030wt％的添加剂二；所述混合溶液一中，包括丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇PVA、改性小麦秸秆和水。
所述混合溶液一，其中丙烯酸为部分中和丙烯酸，丙烯酸的中和度为60-70％。
所述混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为20-30：4-6:6-8：60-70。
所述石英砂淤砂为过100目筛的石英砂淤砂。
所述添加剂一为碳酸氢铵；
所述添加剂二包括过硫酸钾和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺，其中过硫酸钾：N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺质量比为10-14:1。
所述改性小麦秸秆的制备方法为：将小麦秸秆晾干,用粉碎机粉碎,取过120目筛的小麦秸秆粉,加入相对于小麦秸秆粉质量15-20倍的氢氧化钠溶液一，静置浸泡18-20小时,抽滤，舍去滤液，剩余固体用水洗涤至中性后，在50-60℃ 下烘干，(所述氢氧化钠溶液一质量浓度为6-10wt％),得预处理小麦秸秆粉，加入相对于预处理小麦秸秆粉40-45质量倍的N,N-二亚甲基甲酰胺DMF，搅拌30-40min后,继续搅拌并加入马来酸酐MA，所述马来酸酐MA：预处理小麦秸秆粉质量比为0.75-0.8:1，然后升温至100-110℃进行反应，反应过程保持搅拌，反应2-6小时后，将产物冷却至室温，过滤去除滤液，取过滤后剩余固体，用水洗涤3-4次后，放入烘箱60℃下烘干，便得到改性小麦秸秆。
为了更好地实现发明目的，本发明还提供一种轻质自保温砌块的制备方法，所述轻质自保温砌块的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)用质量浓度为30wt％的氢氧化钠溶液二中和丙烯酸至中和度60-70％，得中和后丙烯酸，备用；
将小麦秸秆晾干,用粉碎机粉碎,取过120目筛的小麦秸秆粉,加入相对于小麦秸秆粉质量15-20倍的氢氧化钠溶液一，静置浸泡18-20小时,抽滤，舍去滤液，剩余固体用水洗涤至中性后，在50-60℃下烘干，所述氢氧化钠溶液一质量浓度为6-10wt％,得预处理小麦秸秆粉，加入相对于预处理小麦秸秆粉40-45质量倍的N,N-二亚甲基甲酰胺DMF，搅拌30-40min后,继续搅拌并加入马来酸酐MA，所述马来酸酐MA：预处理小麦秸秆粉质量比为0.75-0.8:1，然后升温至100-110℃进行反应，反应过程保持搅拌，反应2-6小时后，将产物冷却至室温，过滤去除滤液后的固体，用水洗涤3-4次后，放入烘箱60℃下烘干，便得到改性小麦秸秆，备用；
向聚乙烯醇PVA中加入相对于聚乙烯醇质量6-7倍的蒸馏水，搅拌并加热至85-90℃使聚乙烯醇PVA完全溶解后,停止加热,冷却至15℃-25℃,得到聚乙烯醇PVA溶液备用；
(2)将中和后丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇PVA溶液、改性小麦秸秆和水,搅拌混合均匀得混合溶液一；混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为20-30：4-6:6-8：60-70；在模具中将黄河胶泥、石英砂淤砂、纳米聚四氟乙烯、氧化锌、二氧化铪HfO2、碳化钛TIC、氮化钽TaN、玻璃微珠与所述混合溶液一按重量比50-55：41-44：2.5-4.3：1.2-1.7：0.3-0.7：0.8-1.0：0.2-0.5：2.4-3.0：35-42充分混合后，制成浆料混合物二；向浆料混合物二中冲入氮气同时剧烈搅拌置换其中的氧气，随后将浆料混合物二升温至60-80℃，充分搅拌后向浆料混合物二中依次加入添加量占混合溶液一质量 2-3wt％的添加剂一，添加量占混合溶液一质量0.022-0.030wt％的添加剂二，然后继续搅拌3-5分钟后停止搅拌，在60-80℃下保温8-10小时固化成型，然后脱模坯体在60℃干燥24-30h；
(3)将干燥后的坯体煅烧，第一阶段煅烧温度为120-150℃，煅烧3-4h,随后在30min内升温至1300℃～1350℃，第二阶段煅烧，煅烧时间5～8min；而后在30min内降温至300-340℃，第三阶段煅烧，煅烧时间3-5h；最后在30min内升温至850-880℃，煅烧24-30h烧结完毕,冷却24-48小时，得到轻质自保温砌块。
所述轻质自保温砌块的制备方法中所述添加剂一为碳酸氢铵；
所述添加剂二包括过硫酸钾和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺，其中过硫酸钾：N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺质量比为10-14:1。
所述添加剂一添加量为占混合溶液一质量的2-3wt％，所述添加剂二添加量为占混合溶液一质量的0.022-0.030wt％。
本发明的有益效果是：原材料为黄河胶泥、小麦秸秆，变废为宝，资源综合利用，节地效果明显，保温效果可达到国家规定公建50％居建65％以上节能要求，砌筑的墙体不需再做外墙保温，与传统空心砖砌筑体相比较强度显著增加，重量降低50％以上，复合墙体热阻增大，显著降低能耗，自保温效果优异，外墙不需要另外做保温，工期可提前1/3，与建筑物同寿命达70年以上。砌块不需要晾干，节约时间，利用焙烧余热即可干燥，而且相对于目前进行干燥的其他轻质自保温砌块，焙烧的耗能低。该轻质自保温砌块早期强度高，经自然条件养护7d强度即可达到7.3-7.5兆帕，大大缩短砌块的出厂周期；制得的保温砌块热工性能优良，产品吸水率低，可达到9％以下。该保温砌块不产生二次副产品，利废环保。
具体实施方式
针对现有技术的问题，本发明提供一种轻质自保温砌块，原材料有黄河胶泥、小麦秸秆，变废为宝，资源综合利用，禁实、节地效果明显，保温效果可达到国家规定公建50％居建65％以上节能要求，砌筑的墙体不需再做外墙保温，与传统空心砖砌筑体相比较，抗压强度高，但是密度小质量轻，抗震能力好，隔音保温效果极好，与建筑物同寿命达70年以上。该轻质自保温砌块早期强度 较高，吸水率低，进一步节约工期，降低成本。
黄河中上游以山地为主，中段流经中国黄土高原，每年夹带大量泥沙流向下游，具黄河河务部门数据显示，每年会产生16亿吨泥沙，最多年份可达39亿吨。带有粘性的细颗粒粒径小于0.01mm时沉积较慢，形成黄河胶泥层。主要成分有；水合硅酸盐、氧化铝、并含有石英、长石、云母、及硫酸盐等。黄河胶泥具有粘性大、塑性好的特点，与石英砂淤砂、纳米聚四氟乙烯、玻璃微珠等其他材料结合可以提高制品的综合性能。
本发明提供一种轻质自保温砌块，其特征在于，所述轻质自保温砌块包括以下原料：黄河胶泥50-55质量份、石英砂淤砂41-44质量份、纳米聚四氟乙烯2.5-4.3质量份、氧化锌1.2-1.7质量份、二氧化铪HfO2 0.3-0.7质量份、碳化钛TIC 0.8-1.0质量份、氮化钽TaN 0.2-0.5质量份、玻璃微珠2.4-3.0质量份、混合溶液一35-42质量份、占混合溶液一质量2-3wt％的添加剂一和占混合溶液一质量0.022-0.030wt％的添加剂二；所述混合溶液一中，包括丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇PVA、改性小麦秸秆和水。
所述混合溶液一，其中丙烯酸为部分中和丙烯酸，丙烯酸的中和度为60-70％。
所述混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为20-30：4-6:6-8：60-70。
所述石英砂淤砂为过100目筛的石英砂淤砂。
所述添加剂一为碳酸氢铵；
所述添加剂二包括过硫酸钾和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺，其中过硫酸钾：N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺质量比为10-14:1。
所述改性小麦秸秆的制备方法为：将小麦秸秆晾干,用粉碎机粉碎,取过120目筛的小麦秸秆粉,加入相对于小麦秸秆粉质量15-20倍的氢氧化钠溶液一，静置浸泡18-20小时,抽滤，舍去滤液，剩余固体用水洗涤至中性后，在50-60℃下烘干，所述氢氧化钠溶液一浓度为6-10wt％,得预处理小麦秸秆粉，加入相对于预处理小麦秸秆粉40-45质量倍的N,N-二亚甲基甲酰胺DMF，搅拌30-40min后,继续搅拌并加入马来酸酐MA，所述马来酸酐MA：预处理小麦秸秆粉质量比为0.75-0.8:1，然后升温至100-110℃进行反应，反应过程保持搅拌，反应2-6小时后，将产物冷却至室温，过滤去除滤液，取过滤后剩余固体，洗涤3-4次 后，放入烘箱60℃下烘干，便得到改性小麦秸秆。
轻质自保温砌块的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)用质量浓度为30wt％的氢氧化钠溶液二中和丙烯酸至中和度60-70％，得中和后丙烯酸，备用；
将小麦秸秆晾干,用粉碎机粉碎,取过120目筛的小麦秸秆粉,加入相对于小麦秸秆粉质量15-20倍的氢氧化钠溶液一，静置浸泡18-20小时,抽滤，舍去滤液，剩余固体用水洗涤至中性后，在50-60℃下烘干，所述氢氧化钠溶液一质量浓度为6-10wt％,得预处理小麦秸秆粉，加入相对于预处理小麦秸秆粉40-45质量倍的N,N-二亚甲基甲酰胺DMF，搅拌30-40min后,继续搅拌并加入马来酸酐MA，所述马来酸酐MA：预处理小麦秸秆粉质量比为0.75-0.8:1，然后升温至100-110℃进行反应，反应过程保持搅拌，反应2-6小时后，将产物冷却至室温，过滤去除滤液后的固体，用水洗涤3-4次后，放入烘箱60℃下烘干，便得到改性小麦秸秆，备用；
向聚乙烯醇PVA中加入相对于聚乙烯醇质量6-7倍的蒸馏水，搅拌并加热至85-90℃使聚乙烯醇PVA完全溶解后,停止加热,冷却至15℃-25℃,得到聚乙烯醇PVA溶液备用；
(2)将中和后丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇PVA溶液、改性小麦秸秆和水,搅拌混合均匀得混合溶液一；混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为20-30：4-5:6-8：60-70；在模具中将黄河胶泥、石英砂淤砂、纳米聚四氟乙烯、氧化锌、二氧化铪HfO2、碳化钛TIC、氮化钽TaN、玻璃微珠与所述混合溶液一按重量比50-55：41-44：2.5-4.3：1.2-1.7：0.3-0.7：0.8-1.0：0.2-0.5：2.4-3.0：35-42充分混合后，制成浆料混合物二；向浆料混合物二中冲入氮气同时剧烈搅拌置换其中的氧气，随后将浆料混合物二升温至60-80℃，充分搅拌后向浆料混合物二中依次加入添加量占混合溶液一质量2-3wt％的添加剂一，添加量占混合溶液一质量0.022-0.030wt％的添加剂二，然后继续搅拌3-5分钟后停止搅拌，在60-80℃下保温8-10小时固化成型，然后脱模坯体在60℃干燥24-30h；
(3)将干燥后的坯体煅烧，第一阶段煅烧温度为120-150℃，煅烧3-4h,随后在30min内升温至1300℃～1350℃，第二阶段煅烧，煅烧时间5～8min；而后在30min内降温至300-340℃，第三阶段煅烧，煅烧时间3-5h；最后在30min 内升温至850-880℃，煅烧24-30h烧结完毕,冷却24-48小时，得到轻质自保温砌块。
实施例中温度均为摄氏度。未指明的百分含量均为质量百分含量。
实施例1 本发明轻质自保温砌块
一种轻质自保温砌块，包括以下原料：黄河胶泥50质量份、石英砂淤砂42质量份，纳米聚四氟乙烯3.5质量份(上海广宾贸易有限公司)、氧化锌1.5质量份、二氧化铪HfO20.5质量份(CAS No.12055-23-1，上海沪震实业有限公司)、碳化钛TIC0.8质量份(CAS No.12070-08-5，秦皇岛一诺高新材料开发有限公司)、氮化钽TaN0.3质量份(CAS No.12033-62-4，(Codow可道)广州和为化工有限公司)、玻璃微珠2.5质量份(永清县海宇玻璃微珠有限公司)、混合溶液一40质量份、占混合溶液一质量2.3wt％的添加剂一和占混合溶液一质量0.026wt％的添加剂二；混合溶液一中，包括丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇PVA(CAS No.9002-89-5，型号1799)、改性小麦秸秆和水。其中丙烯酸为部分中和丙烯酸，丙烯酸的中和度为70％。
混合溶液一中，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为26：5：6：65(其中部分中和的丙烯酸换算成等摩尔的未中和的丙烯酸后，按照未中和丙烯酸质量计，)；其中聚乙烯醇PVA的量为聚乙烯醇的净含量，不是聚乙烯醇PVA溶液的含量；
石英砂淤砂为过100目筛的石英砂淤砂，
添加剂一为碳酸氢铵；
添加剂二包括过硫酸钾和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺，其中过硫酸钾：N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺质量比为12:1。(N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺CAS No.924-42-5)
制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)用质量浓度为30wt％的氢氧化钠溶液二中和丙烯酸至中和度70％，得中和后丙烯酸，备用；
将小麦秸秆晾干,用粉碎机粉碎,取过120目筛的小麦秸秆粉,加入相对于小麦秸秆粉质量20倍的氢氧化钠溶液一，静置浸泡20小时,抽滤，舍去滤液，剩余固体用水洗涤至中性后，在60℃下烘干，所述氢氧化钠溶液一质量浓度为6wt％,得预处理小麦秸秆粉，加入相对于预处理小麦秸秆粉40质量倍的N,N-二亚甲基甲酰胺DMF(CAS No.68-12-2)，搅拌40min后,继续搅拌并加入马来 酸酐MA(CAS No.108-31-6)，所述马来酸酐MA：预处理小麦秸秆粉质量比为0.75:1，然后升温至110℃进行反应，反应过程保持搅拌，反应6小时后，将产物冷却至室温，过滤去除滤液，取过滤后剩余固体，用水洗涤3次后，放入烘箱60℃下烘干，便得到改性小麦秸秆，备用；
向聚乙烯醇PVA中加入相对于聚乙烯醇质量7倍的蒸馏水，搅拌并加热至85℃使聚乙烯醇PVA完全溶解后,停止加热,冷却至20℃,得到聚乙烯醇PVA溶液备用；
(2)将中和后丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇PVA溶液、改性小麦秸秆和水,搅拌混合均匀得混合溶液一；混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为26：5：6：65；在模具中将黄河胶泥、石英砂淤砂、纳米聚四氟乙烯、氧化锌、二氧化铪HfO2、碳化钛TIC、氮化钽TaN、玻璃微珠与所述混合溶液一按质量比充分混合后，制成浆料混合物二；向浆料混合物二中冲入氮气同时剧烈搅拌置换其中的氧气，随后将浆料混合物二升温至70℃，充分搅拌后向浆料混合物二中依次加入添加量占混合溶液一质量2.3wt％的添加剂一，添加量占混合溶液一质量0.026wt％的添加剂二，然后继续搅拌5分钟后停止搅拌，在80℃下保温8小时固化成型，然后脱模坯体在60℃干燥24h；
(3)将干燥后的坯体煅烧，第一阶段煅烧温度为120℃，煅烧4h,随后在30min内升温至1350℃，第二阶段煅烧，煅烧时间5min；而后在30min内降温至340℃，第三阶段煅烧，煅烧时间4h；最后在30min内升温至880℃，第四阶段煅烧，煅烧24h烧结完毕,自然冷却24小时，得到轻质自保温砌块。
实施例2
一种轻质自保温砌块，轻质自保温砌块包括以下原料：黄河胶泥52质量份、石英砂淤砂44质量份，纳米聚四氟乙烯2.5质量份、氧化锌1.2质量份、二氧化铪HfO20.3质量份、碳化钛TIC0.9质量份、氮化钽TaN0.5质量份、玻璃微珠3.0质量份、混合溶液一35质量份、占混合溶液一质量2.5wt％的添加剂一和占混合溶液一质量0.022wt％的添加剂二；所述混合溶液一中，包括丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇PVA、改性小麦秸秆和水。
混合溶液一，其中丙烯酸为部分中和丙烯酸，丙烯酸的中和度为60％。
混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为30：4:7：70。
石英砂淤砂为过100目筛的石英砂淤砂。
添加剂一为碳酸氢铵；
添加剂二包括过硫酸钾和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺，其中过硫酸钾：N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺质量比为10:1。
轻质自保温砌块的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)用质量浓度为30wt％的氢氧化钠溶液二中和丙烯酸至中和度60％，得中和后丙烯酸，备用；
将小麦秸秆晾干,用粉碎机粉碎,取过120目筛的小麦秸秆粉,加入相对于小麦秸秆粉质量15倍的氢氧化钠溶液一，静置浸泡18小时,抽滤，舍去滤液，剩余固体用水洗涤至中性后，在50℃下烘干，所述氢氧化钠溶液一质量浓度为10wt％,得预处理小麦秸秆粉，加入相对于预处理小麦秸秆粉45质量倍的N,N-二亚甲基甲酰胺DMF，搅拌30min后,继续搅拌并加入马来酸酐MA，所述马来酸酐MA：预处理小麦秸秆粉质量比为0.8:1，然后升温至100℃进行反应，反应过程保持搅拌，反应2小时后，将产物冷却至室温，过滤去除滤液，取过滤后滤纸上层的剩余固体，用水洗涤4次后，放入烘箱60℃下烘干，便得到改性小麦秸秆，备用；
向聚乙烯醇PVA中加入相对于聚乙烯醇质量6倍的蒸馏水，搅拌并加热至85℃使聚乙烯醇PVA完全溶解后,停止加热,冷却至15℃,得到聚乙烯醇PVA溶液备用；
(2)将中和后丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇PVA溶液、改性小麦秸秆和水,搅拌混合均匀得混合溶液一；混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为30：4:7：70；在模具中将黄河胶泥、石英砂淤砂、纳米聚四氟乙烯、氧化锌、二氧化铪HfO2、碳化钛TIC、氮化钽TaN、玻璃微珠与所述混合溶液一按质量比充分混合后，制成浆料混合物二；向浆料混合物二中冲入氮气同时剧烈搅拌置换其中的氧气，随后将浆料混合物二升温至80℃，充分搅拌后向浆料混合物二中依次加入添加量占混合溶液一质量2.5wt％的添加剂一，添加量占混合溶液一质量0.022wt％的添加剂二，然后继续搅拌3分钟后停止搅拌，在60℃下保温10小时固化成型，然后脱模坯体在60℃干燥24h；
(3)将干燥后的坯体煅烧，第一阶段煅烧温度为150℃，煅烧3h,随后在30min内升温至1300℃，第二阶段煅烧，煅烧时间8min；而后在30min内降温 至300℃，第三阶段煅烧，煅烧时间5h；最后在30min内升温至850℃，煅烧30h烧结完毕,自然冷却24小时，得到轻质自保温砌块。
实施例3
一种轻质自保温砌块，轻质自保温砌块包括以下原料：黄河胶泥54质量份、石英砂淤砂43质量份，纳米聚四氟乙烯4.3质量份、氧化锌1.7质量份、二氧化铪HfO20.7质量份、碳化钛TIC1.0质量份、氮化钽TaN0.2质量份、玻璃微珠2.4质量份、混合溶液一42质量份、占混合溶液一质量2.1wt％的添加剂一和占混合溶液一质量0.030wt％的添加剂二；所述混合溶液一中，包括丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇PVA、改性小麦秸秆和水。
混合溶液一，其中丙烯酸为部分中和丙烯酸，丙烯酸的中和度为65％。
混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为28：6:7：62。
石英砂淤砂为过100目筛的石英砂淤砂。
添加剂一为碳酸氢铵；
添加剂二为过硫酸钾和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺，其中过硫酸钾：N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺质量比为14:1。
轻质自保温砌块的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)用质量浓度为30wt％的氢氧化钠溶液二中和丙烯酸至中和度65％，得中和后丙烯酸，备用；
将小麦秸秆晾干,用粉碎机粉碎,取过120目筛的小麦秸秆粉,加入相对于小麦秸秆粉质量18倍的质量浓度为8wt％的氢氧化钠溶液一，静置浸泡19小时,抽滤，舍去滤液，剩余固体用水洗涤至中性后，在55℃下烘干，得预处理小麦秸秆粉，加入相对于预处理小麦秸秆粉42质量倍的N,N-二亚甲基甲酰胺DMF，搅拌35min后,继续搅拌并加入马来酸酐MA，所述马来酸酐MA：预处理小麦秸秆粉质量比为0.78:1，然后升温至100℃进行反应，反应过程保持搅拌，反应4小时后，将产物冷却至室温，过滤去除滤液，取过滤后滤纸上层的剩余固体，用水洗涤3次后，放入烘箱60℃下烘干，便得到改性小麦秸秆，备用；
向聚乙烯醇PVA中加入相对于聚乙烯醇质量6倍的蒸馏水，搅拌并加热至90℃使聚乙烯醇PVA完全溶解后,停止加热,冷却至25℃,得到聚乙烯醇PVA溶液备用；
(2)将中和后丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇PVA溶液、改性小麦秸秆和水,搅拌混合均匀得混合溶液一；混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为28：6:7：62；在模具中将黄河胶泥、石英砂淤砂、纳米聚四氟乙烯、氧化锌、二氧化铪HfO2、碳化钛TIC、氮化钽TaN、玻璃微珠与所述混合溶液一按质量比充分混合后，制成浆料混合物二；向浆料混合物二中冲入氮气同时剧烈搅拌置换其中的氧气，随后将浆料混合物二升温至60℃，充分搅拌后向浆料混合物二中依次加入添加量占混合溶液一质量2.1wt％的添加剂一，添加量占混合溶液一质量0.030wt％的添加剂二，然后，继续搅拌4分钟后停止搅拌，在60℃下保温9小时固化成型，然后脱模坯体在60℃干燥30h；
(3)将干燥后的坯体煅烧，第一阶段煅烧温度为130℃，煅烧4h,随后在30min内升温至1320℃，第二阶段煅烧，煅烧时间7min；而后在30min内降温至320℃，第三阶段煅烧，煅烧时间3h；最后在30min内升温至860℃，煅烧26h烧结完毕,自然冷却30小时，得到轻质自保温砌块。
实施例4
一种轻质自保温砌块，轻质自保温砌块包括以下原料：黄河胶泥55质量份、石英砂淤砂44质量份，纳米聚四氟乙烯3质量份、氧化锌1.6质量份、二氧化铪HfO20.4质量份、碳化钛TIC0.9质量份、氮化钽TaN0.4质量份、玻璃微珠2.7质量份、混合溶液一39质量份、占混合溶液一质量2.0wt％的添加剂一和占混合溶液一质量0.028wt％的添加剂二；所述混合溶液一中，包括丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇PVA、改性小麦秸秆和水。
混合溶液一，其中丙烯酸为部分中和丙烯酸，丙烯酸的中和度为62％。
混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为25：5:8：60。
石英砂淤砂为过100目筛的石英砂淤砂。
添加剂一为碳酸氢铵；
添加剂二为过硫酸钾和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺，其中过硫酸钾：N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺质量比为13:1。
轻质自保温砌块的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)用质量浓度为30wt％的氢氧化钠溶液二中和丙烯酸至中和度62％，得中和后丙烯酸，备用；
将小麦秸秆晾干,用粉碎机粉碎,取过120目筛的小麦秸秆粉,加入相对于小麦秸秆粉质量15倍的质量浓度为7wt％的氢氧化钠溶液一，静置浸泡18小时,抽滤，舍去滤液，剩余固体用水洗涤至中性后，在60℃下烘干，得预处理小麦秸秆粉，加入相对于预处理小麦秸秆粉45质量倍的N,N-二亚甲基甲酰胺DMF，搅拌40min后,继续搅拌并加入马来酸酐MA，所述马来酸酐MA：预处理小麦秸秆粉质量比为0.75:1，然后升温至110℃进行反应，反应过程保持搅拌，反应2-6小时后，将产物冷却至室温，过滤去除滤液，取滤纸上层的剩余固体，用水洗涤4次后，放入烘箱60℃下烘干，便得到改性小麦秸秆，备用；
向聚乙烯醇PVA中加入相对于聚乙烯醇质量6.5倍的蒸馏水，搅拌并加热至88℃使聚乙烯醇PVA完全溶解后,停止加热,冷却至20℃,得到聚乙烯醇PVA溶液备用；
(2)将中和后丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇PVA溶液、改性小麦秸秆和水,搅拌混合均匀得混合溶液一；混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为25：5:8：60；在模具中将黄河胶泥、石英砂淤砂、纳米聚四氟乙烯、氧化锌、二氧化铪HfO2、碳化钛TIC、氮化钽TaN、玻璃微珠与所述混合溶液一按质量比充分混合后，制成浆料混合物二；向浆料混合物二中冲入氮气同时剧烈搅拌置换其中的氧气，随后将浆料混合物二升温至80℃，充分搅拌后向浆料混合物二中依次加入添加量占混合溶液一质量2.0wt％的添加剂一，添加量占混合溶液一质量0.028wt％的添加剂二，然后继续搅拌3分钟后停止搅拌，在60℃下保温8小时固化成型，然后脱模坯体在60℃干燥25h；
(3)将干燥后的坯体煅烧，第一阶段煅烧温度为140℃，煅烧3h,随后在30min内升温至1330℃，第二阶段煅烧，煅烧时间6min；而后在30min内降温至310℃，第三阶段煅烧，煅烧时间4h；最后在30min内升温至870℃，煅烧24h烧结完毕,自然冷却48小时，得到轻质自保温砌块。
实施例5
一种轻质自保温砌块，轻质自保温砌块包括以下原料：黄河胶泥51质量份、石英砂淤砂41质量份，纳米聚四氟乙烯4质量份、氧化锌1.4质量份、二氧化铪HfO20.6质量份、碳化钛TIC0.8质量份、氮化钽TaN0.3质量份、玻璃微珠2.9份、混合溶液一41质量份、占混合溶液一质量3wt％的添加剂一和占混合溶液一质量0.025wt％的添加剂二；所述混合溶液一中，包括丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇 PVA、改性小麦秸秆和水。
混合溶液一，其中丙烯酸为部分中和丙烯酸，丙烯酸的中和度为69％。
混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为20：4:8：70。石英砂淤砂为过100目筛的石英砂淤砂。
添加剂一为碳酸氢铵；
添加剂二为过硫酸钾和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺，其中过硫酸钾：N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺质量比为11.5:1。
轻质自保温砌块的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)用质量浓度为30wt％的氢氧化钠溶液二中和丙烯酸至中和度69％，得中和后丙烯酸，备用；
将小麦秸秆晾干,用粉碎机粉碎,取过120目筛的小麦秸秆粉,加入相对于小麦秸秆粉质量15倍的质量浓度为10wt％的氢氧化钠溶液一，静置浸泡20小时,抽滤，舍去滤液，剩余固体用水洗涤至中性后，在50℃下烘干，得预处理小麦秸秆粉，加入相对于预处理小麦秸秆粉45质量倍的N,N-二亚甲基甲酰胺DMF，搅拌40min后,继续搅拌并加入马来酸酐MA，所述马来酸酐MA：预处理小麦秸秆粉质量比为0.8:1，然后升温至℃进行反应，反应过程保持搅拌，反应3小时后，将产物冷却至室温，过滤去除滤液，取过滤后的剩余固体，用水洗涤4次后，放入烘箱60℃下烘干，便得到改性小麦秸秆，备用；
向聚乙烯醇PVA中加入相对于聚乙烯醇质量6倍的蒸馏水，搅拌并加热至85℃使聚乙烯醇PVA完全溶解后,停止加热,冷却至25℃,得到聚乙烯醇PVA溶液备用；
(2)将中和后丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇PVA溶液、改性小麦秸秆和水,搅拌混合均匀得混合溶液一；混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为20：4:8：70；在模具中将黄河胶泥、石英砂淤砂、纳米聚四氟乙烯、氧化锌、二氧化铪HfO2、碳化钛TIC、氮化钽TaN、玻璃微珠与所述混合溶液一按质量比充分混合后，制成浆料混合物二；向浆料混合物二中冲入氮气同时剧烈搅拌置换其中的氧气，随后将浆料混合物二升温至60℃，充分搅拌后向浆料混合物二中依次加入添加量占混合溶液一质量3wt％的添加剂一，添加量占混合溶液一质量0.025wt％的添加剂二，然后继续搅拌5分钟后停止搅拌，在70℃下保温9小时固化成型，然后脱模坯体在60℃干燥28h；
(3)将干燥后的坯体煅烧，第一阶段煅烧温度为140℃，煅烧4h,随后在30min内升温至1310℃，第二阶段煅烧，煅烧时间6min；而后在30min内降温至340℃，第三阶段煅烧，煅烧时间4h；最后在30min内升温至880℃，煅烧24h烧结完毕,自然冷却36小时，得到轻质自保温砌块。
实施例6
一种轻质自保温砌块，轻质自保温砌块包括以下原料：黄河胶泥53质量份、石英砂淤砂42质量份，纳米聚四氟乙烯3.2质量份、氧化锌1.3质量份、二氧化铪HfO20.4质量份、碳化钛TIC1.0质量份、氮化钽TaN0.2质量份、玻璃微珠2.8质量份、混合溶液一37质量份、占混合溶液一质量2wt％的添加剂一和占混合溶液一质量0.024wt％的添加剂二；所述混合溶液一中，包括丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇PVA、改性小麦秸秆和水。
混合溶液一，其中丙烯酸为部分中和丙烯酸，丙烯酸的中和度为65％。
混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为23：5:7：66。
石英砂淤砂为过100目筛的石英砂淤砂。
添加剂一为碳酸氢铵；
添加剂二包括过硫酸钾和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺，其中过硫酸钾：N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺质量比为11:1。
轻质自保温砌块的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)用质量浓度为30wt％的氢氧化钠溶液二中和丙烯酸至中和度65％，得中和后丙烯酸，备用；
将小麦秸秆晾干,用粉碎机粉碎,取过120目筛的小麦秸秆粉,加入相对于小麦秸秆粉质量17倍的氢氧化钠溶液一，静置浸泡19小时,抽滤，舍去滤液，剩余固体用水洗涤至中性后，在55℃下烘干，所述氢氧化钠溶液一浓度为6wt％,得预处理小麦秸秆粉，加入相对于预处理小麦秸秆粉43质量倍的N,N-二亚甲基甲酰胺DMF，搅拌36min后,继续搅拌并加入马来酸酐MA，所述马来酸酐MA：预处理小麦秸秆粉质量比为0.76:1，然后升温至104℃进行反应，反应过程保持搅拌，反应4小时后，将产物冷却至室温，过滤去除滤液，取过滤后滤纸上层的剩余固体，用水洗涤3次后，放入烘箱60℃下烘干，便得到改性小麦秸秆， 备用；
向聚乙烯醇PVA中加入相对于聚乙烯醇质量7倍的蒸馏水，搅拌并加热至90℃使聚乙烯醇PVA完全溶解后,停止加热,冷却至15℃,得到聚乙烯醇PVA溶液备用；
(2)将中和后丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇PVA溶液、改性小麦秸秆和水,搅拌混合均匀得混合溶液一；混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇PVA：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为23：5:7：66；在模具中将黄河胶泥、石英砂淤砂、纳米聚四氟乙烯、氧化锌、二氧化铪HfO2、碳化钛TIC、氮化钽TaN、玻璃微珠与所述混合溶液一按质量比充分混合后，制成浆料混合物二；向浆料混合物二中冲入氮气同时剧烈搅拌置换其中的氧气，随后将浆料混合物二升温至80℃，充分搅拌后向浆料混合物二中依次加入添加量占混合溶液一质量2wt％的添加剂一，添加量占混合溶液一质量0.024wt％的添加剂二，然后继续搅拌5分钟后停止搅拌，在70℃下保温9小时固化成型，然后脱模坯体在60℃干燥24h；添加剂为碳酸氢铵：硝酸铈铵(NH4)2Ce(N03)6质量比为23:1。
(3)将干燥后的坯体煅烧，第一阶段煅烧温度为150℃，煅烧3h,随后在30min内升温至1330℃，第二阶段煅烧，煅烧时间6min；而后在30min内降温至340℃，第三阶段煅烧，煅烧时间3h；最后在30min内升温至870℃，煅烧26h烧结完毕,自然冷却26小时，得到轻质自保温砌块。
对比例
对比例1黄河胶泥标砖(多孔砖)
黄河淤泥标砖(多孔砖)，黄河胶泥70％，煤矸石30％，单块重2.4㎏，抗压强度15MPa以上，用于建筑物承重墙，砌体必须做外墙保温，费工、成本高、工期长、保温效果差。
制备方法：混合料→搅拌→成型→干燥→烧结→出窑码垛。
对比例2混凝土砖
混凝土砖，240*115*53，单块重3.5㎏，主要原料水泥15％，石硝10％，石粉45％，粉煤灰30％，抗压强度大于15MPa，用于建筑物承重墙，本身自重大，墙体必须做外墙保温，工人劳动强度大，费工，成本高，保温效果差。
制备方法：布料→搅拌→输送→成型→落板→成品养护→成品。
对比例3
在实施例1基础上，将黄河胶泥和石英砂淤砂替换为普通硅酸盐水泥和沙子，其他条件不变。
密度为732kg/m3，抗压强度7.2Mpa，吸水率15％，抗风化性能0.68，需要做外保温。
对比例4
在实施例1基础上，不加纳米聚四氟乙烯和玻璃微珠其他条件不变。
密度为711kg/m3，抗压强度6.9Mpa，吸水率15％，抗风化性能0.67，需要做外保温。
对比例5
在实施例1基础上，不加混合溶液一和添加剂，仅保留混合溶液一中的水分，其他条件不变。
坯体煅烧是需要升温到950-1250℃，煅烧36-48h,密度为834kg/m3，抗压强度7.2Mpa，吸水率13％，抗风化性能0.69。
对比例6
在实施例1基础上，混合溶液一中不加改性小麦秸秆，其他条件不变。
密度为747kg/m3，抗压强度7.0Mpa，吸水率16％，抗风化性能0.67。
对比例7
在实施例1基础上，混合溶液一中不加聚乙烯醇PVA，其他条件不变。
密度为764kg/m3，抗压强度7.8Mpa，吸水率16％，抗风化性能0.68，需要做外保温。
对比例8
在实施例1基础上，混合溶液一中不加氧化锌、二氧化铪HfO2、碳化钛TIC、氮化钽TaN，其他条件不变。
密度为582kg/m3，抗压强度7.3Mpa，吸水率13％，抗风化性能0.65，需要做外保温。
表1各实施例产品的性能指标
Figure PCTCN2017075159-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2017075159-appb-000002
从表1可以看出利用我国黄河大量的淤泥资源及小麦秸秆固体废料为原料，资源综合利用，生产能耗低，保温效果好，安全稳固性好的产品，外墙不再做保温，即可达到国家公建50％居建65％的节能保温标准，节约工期30％以上。
自重轻的建筑地震力就小，对抗震有利，和砖混建筑相比，同样的建筑，同样的地震条件下，震害程度相差一个地震设计设防级别，在相同地基条件下，自重轻的建筑的层数可以增多，经济上有利。实施例中轻质自保温砌块密度为相同强度等级砌块的50％以下，稳定性高，综合性能好，综合降低施工成本20％以上。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种轻质自保温砌块，其特征在于，所述轻质自保温砌块包括以下原料：黄河胶泥50-55质量份、石英砂淤砂41-44质量份、纳米聚四氟乙烯2.5-4.3质量份、氧化锌1.2-1.7质量份、二氧化铪0.3-0.7质量份、碳化钛0.8-1.0质量份、氮化钽0.2-0.5质量份、玻璃微珠2.4-3.0质量份、混合溶液一35-42质量份、占混合溶液一质量2-3wt％的添加剂一和占混合溶液一质量0.022-0.030wt％的添加剂二；所述混合溶液一中，包括丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇、改性小麦秸秆和水。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的轻质自保温砌块，其特征在于，所述混合溶液一，其中丙烯酸为部分中和丙烯酸，丙烯酸的中和度为60-70％。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的轻质自保温砌块，其特征在于，所述混合溶液一中，其中丙烯酸以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为20-30：4-6:6-8：60-70。
  4. 根据权利要求1-3任一所述的轻质自保温砌块，其特征在于，所述石英砂淤砂为过100目筛的石英砂淤砂。
  5. 根据权利要求1-4任一所述的轻质自保温砌块，其特征在于，所述添加剂一为碳酸氢铵；
    所述添加剂二包括过硫酸钾和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺，其中过硫酸钾：N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺质量比为10-14:1。
  6. 根据权利要求1-5任一所述的轻质自保温砌块，其特征在于，所述改性小麦秸秆的制备方法为：将小麦秸秆晾干,用粉碎机粉碎,取过120目筛的小麦秸秆粉,加入相对于小麦秸秆粉质量15-20倍的氢氧化钠溶液一，静置浸泡18-20小时,抽滤，舍去滤液，剩余固体用水洗涤至中性后，在50-60℃下烘干，得预处理小麦秸秆粉；在预处理小麦秸秆粉中加入相对于预处理小麦秸秆粉40-45质量倍的N,N-二亚甲基甲酰胺，搅拌30-40min后,继续搅拌并加入马来酸酐，所述马来酸酐：预处理小麦秸秆粉质量比为0.75-0.8:1，然后升温至100-110℃进行反应，反应过程保持搅拌，反应2-6小时后，将产物冷却至室温，过滤去除滤液，取过滤后剩余固体，用水洗涤3-4次后，放入烘箱60℃下烘干，便得到改性小麦秸秆；所述氢氧化钠溶液一质量浓度为6-10wt％。
  7. 根据权利要求1-6任一所述的轻质自保温砌块，其特征在于，所述轻质 自保温砌块的制备方法包括以下步骤：
    (1)用质量浓度为30％的氢氧化钠溶液二中和丙烯酸至中和度60-70％，得中和后丙烯酸，备用；
    将小麦秸秆晾干,用粉碎机粉碎,取过120目筛的小麦秸秆粉,加入相对于小麦秸秆粉质量15-20倍的氢氧化钠溶液一，静置浸泡18-20小时,抽滤，舍去滤液，剩余固体用水洗涤至中性后，在50-60℃下烘干，得预处理小麦秸秆粉，然后向预处理小麦秸秆粉中加入相对于预处理小麦秸秆粉40-45质量倍的N,N-二亚甲基甲酰胺，搅拌30-40min后,继续搅拌并加入马来酸酐，所述马来酸酐：预处理小麦秸秆粉质量比为0.75-0.8:1，然后升温至100-110℃进行反应，反应过程保持搅拌，反应2-6小时后，将产物冷却至室温，过滤去除滤液，取过滤后剩余固体，用水洗涤3-4次后，放入烘箱60℃下烘干，便得到改性小麦秸秆，备用，所述氢氧化钠溶液一质量浓度为6-10wt％；
    向聚乙烯醇中加入相对于聚乙烯醇质量6-7倍的蒸馏水，搅拌并加热至85-90℃使聚乙烯醇完全溶解后,停止加热,冷却至15℃-25℃,得到聚乙烯醇溶液备用；
    (2)将中和后丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇溶液、改性小麦秸秆和水,搅拌混合均匀得混合溶液一；混合溶液一中，以未中和的丙烯酸计，丙烯酸：聚乙烯醇：改性小麦秸秆：水质量比为20-30：4-6:6-8：60-70；在模具中将黄河胶泥、石英砂淤砂、纳米聚四氟乙烯、氧化锌、二氧化铪、碳化钛、氮化钽、玻璃微珠与所述混合溶液一按重量比50-55：41-44：2.5-4.3：1.2-1.7：0.3-0.7：0.8-1.0：0.2-0.5：2.4-3.0：35-42充分混合后，制成浆料混合物二；向浆料混合物二中冲入氮气同时剧烈搅拌置换其中的氧气，随后将浆料混合物二升温至60-80℃，充分搅拌后向浆料混合物二中依次加入添加剂一和添加剂二，然后继续搅拌3-5分钟后停止搅拌，在60-80℃下保温8-10小时固化成型，然后脱模坯体在60℃干燥24-30h；所述添加剂一添加量为占混合溶液一质量的2-3wt％，所述添加剂二添加量为占混合溶液一质量的0.022-0.030wt％；
    (3)将干燥后的坯体煅烧，第一阶段煅烧温度为120-150℃，煅烧3-4h,随后在30min内升温至1300℃～1350℃，第二阶段煅烧，煅烧时间5～8min；而后在30min内降温至300-340℃，第三阶段煅烧，煅烧时间3-5h；最后在30min内升温至850-880℃，第四阶段煅烧，煅烧24-30h烧结完毕,冷却24-48小时， 得到轻质自保温砌块。
  8. 根据权利要求1-7任一所述的轻质自保温砌块，其特征在于，所述添加剂一为碳酸氢铵；
    所述添加剂二包括过硫酸钾和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺，其中过硫酸钾：N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺质量比为10-14:1。
  9. 根据权利要求1-8任一所述的轻质自保温砌块，其特征在于，所述添加剂一添加量为占混合溶液一质量的2-3wt％，所述添加剂二添加量为占混合溶液一质量的0.022-0.030wt％。
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