WO2018082307A1 - 一种全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置及方法 - Google Patents

一种全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置及方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018082307A1
WO2018082307A1 PCT/CN2017/087491 CN2017087491W WO2018082307A1 WO 2018082307 A1 WO2018082307 A1 WO 2018082307A1 CN 2017087491 W CN2017087491 W CN 2017087491W WO 2018082307 A1 WO2018082307 A1 WO 2018082307A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
full
section
hole
roadway
anchor
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PCT/CN2017/087491
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
谢正正
张农
韩昌良
潘东江
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中国矿业大学
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Application filed by 中国矿业大学 filed Critical 中国矿业大学
Priority to CA2992883A priority Critical patent/CA2992883C/en
Priority to US15/744,061 priority patent/US10280750B2/en
Priority to AU2017308026A priority patent/AU2017308026B2/en
Publication of WO2018082307A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018082307A1/zh

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
    • E21F17/00—Methods or devices for use in mines or tunnels, not covered elsewhere
    • E21F17/18—Special adaptations of signalling or alarm devices
    • E21F17/185—Rock-pressure control devices with or without alarm devices; Alarm devices in case of roof subsidence
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D20/00—Setting anchoring-bolts
    • E21D20/003—Machines for drilling anchor holes and setting anchor bolts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D20/00—Setting anchoring-bolts
    • E21D20/02—Setting anchoring-bolts with provisions for grouting
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D21/00—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
    • E21D21/0026—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection characterised by constructional features of the bolts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
    • E21F17/00—Methods or devices for use in mines or tunnels, not covered elsewhere
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
    • E21F17/00—Methods or devices for use in mines or tunnels, not covered elsewhere
    • E21F17/02—Suspension devices for tubes or the like, e.g. for ventilating ducts
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/30—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces
    • G01B11/303—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces using photoelectric detection means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/30—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces
    • G01B11/306—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces for measuring evenness
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
    • G01B11/245—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures using a plurality of fixed, simultaneously operating transducers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of roadway surface deformation monitoring, in particular to a full-section full-surface surface deformation monitoring device and method.
  • the monitoring of traditional roadway deformation is mainly manual point measurement. This method not only has large measurement error, but also has many layout sections, and there are few points for monitoring section measurement. It can not accurately monitor the deformation status of the section, so it can not reflect the deformation and failure of surrounding rock of roadway. .
  • the whole road full-surface full-surface surface deformation monitoring device of the present invention comprises a connecting sleeve disposed on an outer threaded sleeve of a cable tail end at a point to be measured in a roadway, and a connecting sleeve
  • a short anchor rod is vertically arranged under the tube, and one side of the connecting sleeve is connected with a hanging hammer through a thin wire, and the tail end of the anchor rod is fixed by a fixing nut of the upper and lower support brackets, and a rotating laser measuring device is arranged on the supporting frame.
  • the connecting sleeve is composed of a thick section of the sleeve disposed above and below and a thin section of the sleeve.
  • the thick section of the sleeve is opened from the top to the bottom with a cable hole matching the outer threaded sleeve of the tail end of the anchor cable.
  • the bolt hole connected with the short anchor rod is opened from the bottom to the upper part of the pipe, and the cylindrical thin rod a and the cylindrical thin rod b are respectively arranged on the side of the thick section of the sleeve, and the cylindrical thin rod a and the cylindrical thin rod b have the same structure, In a straight line arrangement, the cylindrical thin rod a and the cylindrical thin rod b are connected by a thin wire with a hammer.
  • the length of the connecting sleeve is 200-300 mm
  • the length of the thick section of the sleeve is 150 mm-200 mm
  • the length of the inner anchor cable hole is shorter than the length of the thick end 20 mm ⁇ 30 mm
  • the anchor cable hole is matched with the external threaded sleeve through the thread
  • the length of the sleeve section is 50mm-100mm
  • the length of the bolt hole is the same as the length of the sleeve section, and the bolt hole is matched with the short anchor rod through the thread
  • the length of the cylindrical thin rod a and the cylindrical thin rod b is 10mm-30mm
  • the diameter is 10mm
  • the cylindrical thin rod b is 20mm ⁇ 30mm from the platform under the thick end
  • the distance between the cylindrical thin rod a and the cylindrical thin rod b is 70mm ⁇ 90mm.
  • the short anchor rod (9) is a full-threaded anchor rod with a length of 1.2m to 1.5m.
  • the symmetrical positions on both sides of the support frame respectively open a bolt hole for mounting a short anchor rod and a pillar hole for mounting a rotating laser measuring device, and a hanging hammer is arranged on the upper surface of the support frame between the anchor hole and the pillar hole Embed in the slot.
  • the rotating laser measuring device comprises a rotating strut, the rotating strut is provided with a one-way rotating handle a, the bottom of the rotating strut is provided with a fastening nut, and the rotating strut between the handle a and the fastening nut is arranged in the strut hole of the supporting frame,
  • the fastening nut and the pin provided on the fastening nut are fixed, the top of the rotating pillar is provided with a base, the base is provided with a rotating shaft, one end of the rotating shaft is provided with a laser range finder, and the other end of the rotating shaft is provided with a one-way rotating handle b.
  • a pick gear coaxial with the strut hole is disposed above the strut hole of the support frame, the pick gear includes a dial a and a plurality of picks a, and the pick a of the pick gear has a right angle shape, adjacent The corresponding angle between the lowest points of the two picks a is 10-15°; the base mounting handle b end is provided with a coaxial pick gear pointing to the handle b, the pick gear includes a dial b and The right-angled pick b provided on the dial b has a corresponding angle of 5 to 10° between the lowest points of the adjacent two picks.
  • a full-surface full-surface surface deformation monitoring method for a whole lane the steps of which are as follows:
  • b. Use a drilling rig to construct a hole in the middle of the section of the section where the first station is located.
  • the hole passes through the direct top of the roof of the roadway to reach the basic top.
  • the anchoring agent is placed in the hole and pushed by the anchor cable.
  • Anchoring agent to the bottom of the drilling hole, inserting the tray into the outer threaded sleeve of the cable tail and fixing it by nut, and then starting the anchor drilling machine to drive the anchor cable to stir the anchoring agent. After the anchoring agent solidifies, the nut is pre-tensioned by the drilling machine. ;
  • the center position of the laser range finder is defined as the origin of the space coordinate system, pointing from the origin to the coal gang as the X axis, from the origin to the top plate as the Y axis, and from the origin to the boring face as the Z axis;
  • step f When performing the next roadway deformation monitoring, repeat steps c to f at each station, each time the angle of the measurement interval of the rotating laser measuring device in step f is the same, and repeat the step h to process the data to obtain the generated monitoring.
  • the profile image of each section is superimposed and compared with the contour image of the previous section collected to obtain the deformation information of the surrounding rock of the roadway;
  • the measurement period is: 1 time/day in the first 3 days, 1 time/2 days in the 4th day to the 11th day, and 1 time/7 days in the 12th day to the 33rd day.
  • the length of the anchor cable (4) is 200 mm to 300 mm deeper than the borehole hole, and the outer end of the anchor cable (4) has an externally threaded sleeve (5), and the length of the sleeve is 50 mm to 100 mm longer than the exposed length of the anchor cable.
  • the diameter of the casing is 4 mm to 6 mm larger than the diameter of the anchor cable; the length of the borehole is 8 m to 10 m, and the diameter of the borehole is 4 mm to 6 mm larger than the diameter of the anchor cable (4).
  • the present invention Since the above technical solution is adopted, the present invention has the following advantages compared with the prior art:
  • the measuring station is arranged at the tail of the anchor cable.
  • the device When the measuring is carried out, the device is installed. After the measurement, the device can be removed, and the operation is convenient, that is, the construction is not hindered, and the anchor cable can support the roof plate;
  • the distance and angle measured by the laser range finder can be converted into space coordinate points by computer programming, and the spatial points with the same coordinate Z or within 5 mm can be extracted from them, and the measured cross-sectional images can be drawn. And the cross-sectional image obtained by the next measurement can be merged with this image, so that the deformation dynamics of the roadway and the accurate warning roof pressure can be visually observed, which provides technical guarantee for the safety of the underground workers.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing the operation of the full-surface full-surface surface deformation monitoring of the whole lane of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic view showing the structure of the connecting sleeve of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is a front elevational view of the support frame of the present invention.
  • Figure 4 is a plan view of the support frame of the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic structural view of a rotary laser measuring apparatus of the present invention.
  • Figure 6 is a plan view showing the arrangement of the mineway pressure observation station of the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is a left side elevational view of the arrangement of the roadway mine pressure observation station of the present invention.
  • Fig. 8 is a schematic view showing the processing of the mine rock pressure observation data of the present invention.
  • the whole road full-section surface deformation monitoring device of the present invention is characterized in that it comprises a connecting sleeve on the outer threaded sleeve 5 of the tail end of the anchor cable 4 at the point to be measured in the roadway 1 .
  • the tube 8 is provided with a short anchor rod 9 vertically below the connecting sleeve 8.
  • the side of the connecting sleeve 8 is connected with a hanging hammer 11 through a thin wire 10, and the tail end of the anchor rod 9 is fixed to the supporting frame 12 by the upper and lower support frame fixing nuts 13.
  • a rotating laser measuring device 14 is disposed on the support frame 12.
  • the connecting sleeve 8 is composed of a sleeve thick section 8-1 and a sleeve section 8-2 which are arranged up and down, and the sleeve section 8-1 is opened from the top to the bottom.
  • the anchor cable 4 end-end male threaded sleeve 5 is matched with the anchor cable hole 8-3, and the casing thin section 8-2 is opened from the bottom to the upper bolt shaft 8-4 connected to the short anchor rod 9, and the casing is thick
  • the side of the segment 8-1 is respectively provided with a cylindrical thin rod a8-5 and a cylindrical thin rod b8-6.
  • the cylindrical thin rod a8-5 and the cylindrical thin rod b8-6 have the same structure, and are arranged vertically up and down, the cylindrical thin rod a8-5 and the cylinder.
  • the thin rod b8-6 is connected to the sling 11 through the thin wire 10.
  • the connecting sleeve 8 has a length of 200-300 mm, the length of the sleeve thick section 8-1 is 150 mm-200 mm, and the length of the inner anchor cable hole 8-3 is shorter than the length of the thick end 8-1 by 20 mm-30 mm, and the anchor hole 8-3 is matched with the externally threaded sleeve 5 by thread;
  • the length of the sleeve section 8-2 is 50 mm to 100 mm, and the anchor hole 8-4 is the same length as the sleeve section 8-2, and the anchor hole is 8-4 is matched with the short anchor rod 9 by thread;
  • the cylindrical thin rod a8-5 and the cylindrical thin rod b8-6 have a length of 10 mm to 30 mm, and the diameter is 10mm, the cylindrical thin rod b is 20mm ⁇ 30mm from the platform under the thick end, and the distance between the cylindrical thin rod a8-5 and the cylindrical thin rod b8-6 is 70mm ⁇ 90mm.
  • the short anchor rod 9 is
  • the symmetrical positions of the support frame 12 are respectively opened with a bolt hole 12-1 for mounting the short anchor rod 9 and a pillar hole 12-2 for mounting the rotary laser measuring device 14.
  • a hammer insertion groove 12-3 is provided on the upper surface of the support frame 12 between the anchor hole 12-1 and the support hole 12-2.
  • the rotary laser measuring device 14 includes a rotating strut 15, and the rotating strut 15 is provided with a one-way rotating handle a18.
  • the bottom of the rotating strut 15 is provided with a fastening nut 16, between the handle a18 and the fastening nut 16.
  • the rotating strut 15 is disposed in the strut hole 12-2 of the support frame 12, and is fixed by a fastening nut 16 and a pin 17 provided on the fastening nut 16.
  • the top of the rotating strut 15 is provided with a base 23, and the base 23 is internally provided.
  • There is a rotating shaft 20, one end of the rotating shaft 20 is provided with a laser range finder 24, and the other end of the rotating shaft 20 is provided with a one-way rotating handle b19.
  • a support gear coaxial with the support hole 12-2 is disposed above the support hole 12-2 of the support frame 12, and the pick gear includes a dial a12-5 and a plurality of picks a12-4, and a pick gear
  • the shape of the pick a12-4 is a right angle, and the corresponding angle between the lowest points of the adjacent two picks a12-4 is 10-15°; the end of the base 15 mounting handle b19 is provided with the same pointing handle b19
  • a pick-up gear of the shaft, the pick-up gear includes a dial b22 and a right-angled pick b21 provided on the dial b22, and the corresponding angle between the lowest points of the adjacent two picks is 5-10.
  • a full-surface full-surface surface deformation monitoring method for the whole lane is as follows:
  • a drilling rig uses a drilling rig to construct a hole in the middle of the section of the section where the first station is located.
  • the hole passes through the direct top 2 of the roof of the roadway 1 to reach the basic roof 3, and the anchoring agent is placed in the hole.
  • the cable 4 pushes the anchoring agent to the bottom of the drilling hole, inserts the tray 6 into the outer threaded sleeve 5 of the anchor cable 4 and fixes it through the nut 7, and then starts the anchor drilling machine to drive the anchor cable 4 to stir the anchoring agent, and the anchoring agent is to be anchored.
  • the nut 7 is pre-tensioned by a drill;
  • the center position of the laser range finder 24 is defined as the origin of the space coordinate system, pointing vertically from the origin to the coal gang as the X axis, from the origin perpendicularly to the top plate as the Y axis, pointing vertically from the origin to the boring face As the Z axis;
  • step f When performing the next roadway deformation monitoring, repeat steps c to f at each station, each time the angle of the measurement interval of the rotating laser measuring device in step f is the same, and repeat the step h to process the data to obtain the generated monitoring.
  • the profile image of each section is superimposed and compared with the contour image of the previous section collected to obtain the deformation information of the surrounding rock of the roadway;
  • the length of the anchor cable 4 is 200 mm to 300 mm deeper than the borehole hole, and the outer end of the anchor cable 4 has an externally threaded sleeve 5, and the length of the sleeve is 50 mm to 100 mm longer than the exposed length of the anchor cable.
  • the diameter of the cable is 4 mm to 6 mm in diameter; the length of the borehole is 8 m to 10 m, and the diameter of the drilled hole is 4 mm to 6 mm larger than the diameter of the anchor cable 4.
  • the measurement period is: 1 time/day in the first 3 days, 1 time/2 days in the 4th day to the 11th day, and 1 time/7 days in the 12th day to the 33rd day.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the mine rail pressure observation data processing according to the present invention, and the measured data is converted into the coordinates of the space coordinate system by calculation and programming, thereby drawing the contour of the roadway section. Introduce the process of data processing through the following two examples:
  • the m point and the n point represent the Mth station and the Nth station, respectively.
  • the Mth station is a roadway section in which the dial a is ⁇ q and the dial b is ⁇ q , and the measuring point N (0, 0, N ⁇ S) is set to a point Q (x q , y q , z q ), shoulder angle A 1 (x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) and shoulder angle A 2 (x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ), to obtain the spatial coordinate of point Q, first obtain Q The linear equation is located, so the straight line equation can be obtained by the shoulder angles A 1 and A 2 . The distances l q , l A1 and l A2 can be measured by the laser range finder. A 1 A 2 can be obtained through geometric knowledge.
  • the linear equation can be used to find the spatial coordinates of Q. Then use the software to program the linear equation, you can get the coordinates of all the monitoring points in the section, and the space point with the same coordinate of the Z axis or the error within 5mm is used as the point on the roadway section, so that a roadway section can be determined.
  • the image, processing all the spatial points makes it an overall outline of the roadway.

Abstract

一种全巷全过程全断面变形监测装置及方法，适用于巷道表面变形监测领域。利用锚索（4）布置测站，通过锚索（4）尾部的螺纹套管（5）连接支撑架（12）和旋转激光测量装置（14），旋转激光测量装置（14）可以旋转并且可以带动激光测距仪（24）转动，可以实现一个测站可以同时测量多个断面的数据，又通过电脑编程处理，使测量的数据转换成空间坐标系的坐标，实现全巷全过程全断面的数字成像。该监测方法测量精确度高、人工误差小，并且可以直观的观察巷道的变形动态及准确的预警顶板压力情况，为井下工作人员的安全提供了技术保障。

Description

一种全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置及方法 技术领域
本发明涉及巷道表面变形监测领域，尤其是一种全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置及方法。
背景技术
中国是世界上采煤最多的国家，为了开采煤炭资源，就需要在地下掘出大量的巷道，因此对于巷道的维护与监测显得尤为重要。巷道掘进期间，围岩在应力的作用下会产生一定的变形破坏，但在回采期间巷道的变形破坏更大，如果对巷道表面变形不进行监测控制，顶板有时会发生碎石的脱落，甚至整块岩石的跨冒，严重威胁着井下工作人员的生命安全。
传统巷道变形的监测主要是人工布点测量，该方法不仅测量误差大、布置断面多，而且监测断面测量的点较少，不能准确监测该断面变形状况，从而更不能反映巷道围岩变形和破坏规律。
发明内容
技术问题：针对上述技术的不足之处，提供一种结构简单，使用方便，检测效果好的全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置及方法。
技术方案：为实现上述技术目的，本发明的全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置，它包括设在巷道中待测点处的锚索尾端外螺纹套管上的连接套管，连接套管下方垂直设有短锚杆，连接套管的一侧通过细线连接有吊锤，锚杆尾部通过上下两个支撑架固定螺母固定支撑架，支撑架上设有旋转激光测量装置。
所述连接套管由上下设置的套管粗段和套管细段两部分构成，套管粗段内由上向下开有与锚索尾端外螺纹套管相匹配的锚索孔，套管细段内由下向上开有与短锚杆连接的锚杆孔，套管粗段侧面分别设有圆柱细杆a和圆柱细杆b，圆柱细杆a和圆柱细杆b结构相同，上下直线布置，圆柱细杆a和圆柱细杆b通过细线连接有吊锤。
所述的连接套管长度200～300mm，所述套管粗段长度为150mm～200mm，内部锚索孔长度比粗端长度短20mm～30mm，锚索孔通过螺纹与外螺纹套管匹配连接；所述的套管细段长度为50mm～100mm，锚杆孔与套管细段长度相同，锚杆孔通过螺纹与短锚杆匹配连接；圆柱细杆a和圆柱细杆b长度为10mm～30mm，直径为10mm，圆柱细杆b距粗端下平台20mm～30mm，圆柱细杆a和圆柱细杆b之间的间距为70mm～90mm。
所述的短锚杆(9)为全螺纹锚杆，长度为1.2m～1.5m。
所述支撑架两侧对称位置分别开有用以安装短锚杆的锚杆孔和用以安装旋转激光测量装置的支柱孔，锚杆孔和支柱孔之间的支撑架上表面上设有吊锤嵌入槽。
所述旋转激光测量装置包括旋转支柱，旋转支柱上设有单向转动手柄a，旋转支柱底部设有紧固螺母，手柄a与紧固螺母之间的旋转支柱设在支撑架的支柱孔中，通过紧固螺母和设在紧固螺母上的销钉固定，旋转支柱顶部设有基座，基座内部设有转轴，转轴一端设有激光测距仪，转轴另一端设有单向转动手柄b。
所述支撑架的支柱孔上方设有与支柱孔同轴的截齿齿轮，所述截齿齿轮包括刻度盘a和多个截齿a，截齿齿轮的截齿a形状为直角形，相邻的两个截齿a最低点之间对应的角度为10～15°；所述基座安装手柄b端设有指向手柄b的同轴的截齿齿轮，所述截齿齿轮包括刻度盘b和设在刻度盘b上的直角形截齿b，相邻的两个截齿最低点之间对应的角度为5～10°。
一种全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测方法，其步骤如下：
a.在巷道起点附近选择一个相对平整的断面，布置第1个测站；
b.用钻机在第1个测站所在的断面顶板中部位置施工一个钻孔，所述钻孔穿过巷道顶板的直接顶到达基本顶，在钻孔中放入锚固剂，用锚索顶推锚固剂至钻孔孔底，将托盘套入锚索尾部外螺纹套管并通过螺母固定，再启动锚杆钻机带动锚索对锚固剂进行搅拌，待锚固剂凝固之后用钻机对螺母进行预紧；
c.将连接套管的粗端旋入锚索尾部的外螺纹套管内紧固，将短锚杆旋入连接套管的细端内紧固，将吊锤利用细线固定在圆柱细杆b上，让支撑架的锚杆孔从短锚杆下端旋入使得吊锤正好卡入支撑架的吊锤嵌入槽内，用固定螺母把支撑架固定，再让旋转激光测量装置的旋转支柱穿入支撑架的支柱孔中，用螺母旋紧后插入销钉紧固；
d.先转动旋转激光测量装置手柄a至刻度盘a标示0°的位置，再转动连接激光测距仪的手柄b至刻度盘b标示0°的位置，至此第1测站布置完毕；开始建立空间坐标系：以激光测距仪的中心位置定为空间坐标系的原点，从原点垂直指向煤帮作为X轴，从原点垂直指向顶板作为Y轴，从原点垂直指向掘进工作面作为Z轴；
e.保持旋转激光测量装置的手柄a不动，转动连接激光测距仪的手柄b，每转过一个截齿b(21)就利用激光测距仪测量一次，直到测量完整个断面，记录每一次测量的距离与角度数据；
f.转动旋转激光测量装置的手柄a，分别在10～20°、25～35°、40～50°、55～65°、70～80°、100～110°、115～125°、130～140°、145～155°、160～170°区间中的确定角度停止并重复步骤e采集数据；
g.取55～65°区间中的确定角度γ测量的最远断面点到激光测距仪中心位置之间的Z轴 距离为S/2，其中，巷道高度为H，巷道宽度为L，激光测距仪测量的距离lγ，通过三角形几何关系计算可得S2＝4lγ 2-H2-L2，从而可知两侧站之间的距离S，接下来布置下一测站，然后重复步骤a～f，直至布置完所需要观测的巷道，并收集到所有测站的监测数据；
h.利用计算机将井下收集到的数据点转换成空间坐标系的坐标点，筛选出坐标点的空间坐标Z轴坐标相同或误差在5mm之内的空间点作为一个巷道断面上的成像点，再通过筛选的巷道断面成像点确定一个巷道断面的轮廓图像，处理所有测站的空间坐标点从而得到巷道的整体轮廓图，由此完成了本次巷道变形的监测；
i.当进行下一次巷道变形监测时，在各个测站重复步骤c～f，每次在步骤f中的旋转激光测量装置测量区间的角度相同，并重复步骤h处理数据获得这次监测生成的各断面轮廓图像，将这次收集到的各断面轮廓图像与上一次的轮廓图像重叠对比，从而获得巷道围岩变形情况信息；
所述测量周期为：前3天1次/天，第4天至第11天1次/2天，第12天至33天1次/7天。所述的锚索(4)长度比钻孔孔深多出200mm～300mm，所述的锚索(4)尾部有一个外螺纹套管(5)，套管长度比锚索外露长50mm～100mm，套管直径比锚索直径大4mm-6mm；所述钻孔长度为8m～10m，所述的钻孔直径比锚索(4)直径大4mm-6mm。
有益效果：由于采用了上述技术方案，本发明与现有技术相比具有如下优点：
(1)一般情况下，巷道开挖之后的30天之内，深部围岩基本上不变形，即使变形也在误差允许的范围之内，再者8～10m的长锚索可以打到深部基本顶当中，可以确定此处位置为零位移点，再加上用吊锤对测站的位置进行定位，从而之后测量时可以准确地找到该测站的精确位置，测量出巷道的绝对变形量，对巷道的支护起到指导作用；
(2)测站布置在锚索的尾部，测量时把装置安装上，测量完即可把装置卸下，操作方便，即不妨碍施工，锚索又能对顶板有支护作用；
(3)采用激光测距仪对围岩变形进行监测，避免了人工测量产生的比较大的误差；
(4)测量时通过激光测距仪对一个巷道断面多点测量，并且通过旋转圆盘改变激光测距仪的方位，从而可以测量多个断面的变形情况，实现了一个测站可以监测多个断面的变形，减少了测站的数量，节约了监测时间；
(5)激光测距仪测量的距离和角度，可以通过电脑编程把各个测量点转换成空间坐标点，从中提取坐标Z相同或相差在5mm之内的空间点，绘制出一个个测量的断面图像，并且可以将下一次测量得出的断面图像与这次的图像进行融合，从而可以直观的观察巷道的变形动态及准确的预警顶板压力情况，为井下工作人员的安全提供了技术保障。
附图说明
图1是本发明的全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测的工作示意图。
图2是本发明的连接套管的结构示意图。
图3是本发明的支撑架的主视图。
图4是本发明的支撑架的俯视图。
图5是本发明的旋转激光测量装置的结构示意图。
图6是本发明的巷道矿压观测测站布置俯视图。
图7是本发明的巷道矿压观测测站布置左视图。
图8是本发明的巷道矿压观测数据处理示意图。
图中：1、巷道；2、直接顶；3、基本顶；4、长锚索；5、螺纹套管；6、托盘；7、锚索预紧螺母；8、连接套管；8-1、套管粗段；8-2、套管细段；8-3、锚索孔；8-4、锚杆孔；8-5、圆柱细杆a；8-6、圆柱细杆b；9、短锚杆；10、细线；11、吊锤；12、支撑架；12-1、锚杆孔；12-2、支柱孔；12-3、吊锤嵌入槽；12-4、截齿a；12-5、刻度盘a；13、支撑架固定螺母；14、旋转激光测量装置；15、旋转支柱；16、支柱紧固螺母；17、销钉；18、手柄a；19、手柄b；20、转轴；21、截齿b；22、刻度盘b；23、基座；24、激光测距仪。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明的一个实施例作进一步的描述：
如图1所示，本发明的全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置，其特征在于：它包括设在巷道1中待测点处的锚索4尾端外螺纹套管5上的连接套管8，连接套管8下方垂直设有短锚杆9，连接套管8的一侧通过细线10连接有吊锤11，锚杆9尾部通过上下两个支撑架固定螺母13固定支撑架12，支撑架12上设有旋转激光测量装置14。
如图2所示，所述连接套管8由上下设置的套管粗段8-1和套管细段8-2两部分构成，套管粗段8-1内由上向下开有与锚索4尾端外螺纹套管5相匹配的锚索孔8-3，套管细段8-2内由下向上开有与短锚杆9连接的锚杆孔8-4，套管粗段8-1侧面分别设有圆柱细杆a8-5和圆柱细杆b8-6，圆柱细杆a8-5和圆柱细杆b8-6结构相同，上下直线布置，圆柱细杆a8-5和圆柱细杆b8-6通过细线10连接有吊锤11。
所述的连接套管8长度200～300mm，所述套管粗段8-1长度为150mm～200mm，内部锚索孔8-3长度比粗端8-1长度短20mm～30mm，锚索孔8-3通过螺纹与外螺纹套管5匹配连接；所述的套管细段8-2长度为50mm～100mm，锚杆孔8-4与套管细段8-2长度相同，锚杆孔8-4通过螺纹与短锚杆9匹配连接；圆柱细杆a8-5和圆柱细杆b8-6长度为10mm～30mm，直径为 10mm，圆柱细杆b距粗端下平台20mm～30mm，圆柱细杆a8-5和圆柱细杆b8-6之间的间距为70mm～90mm。所述的短锚杆9为全螺纹锚杆，长度为1.2m～1.5m。
如图3和图4所示，所述支撑架12两侧对称位置分别开有用以安装短锚杆9的锚杆孔12-1和用以安装旋转激光测量装置14的支柱孔12-2，锚杆孔12-1和支柱孔12-2之间的支撑架12上表面上设有吊锤嵌入槽12-3。
如图5所示，所述旋转激光测量装置14包括旋转支柱15，旋转支柱15上设有单向转动手柄a18，旋转支柱15底部设有紧固螺母16，手柄a18与紧固螺母16之间的旋转支柱15设在支撑架12的支柱孔12-2中，通过紧固螺母16和设在紧固螺母16上的销钉17固定，旋转支柱15顶部设有基座23，基座23内部设有转轴20，转轴20一端设有激光测距仪24，转轴20另一端设有单向转动手柄b19。
所述支撑架12的支柱孔12-2上方设有与支柱孔12-2同轴的截齿齿轮，所述截齿齿轮包括刻度盘a12-5和多个截齿a12-4，截齿齿轮的截齿a12-4形状为直角形，相邻的两个截齿a12-4最低点之间对应的角度为10～15°；所述基座15安装手柄b19端设有指向手柄b19的同轴的截齿齿轮，所述截齿齿轮包括刻度盘b22和设在刻度盘b22上的直角形截齿b21，相邻的两个截齿最低点之间对应的角度为5～10°。
如图6～图7所示，一种全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测方法，其步骤如下：
a.在巷道1起点附近选择一个相对平整的断面，布置第1个测站；
b.用钻机在第1个测站所在的断面顶板中部位置施工一个钻孔，所述钻孔穿过巷道1顶板的直接顶2到达基本顶3，在钻孔中放入锚固剂，用锚索4顶推锚固剂至钻孔孔底，将托盘6套入锚索4尾部外螺纹套管5并通过螺母7固定，再启动锚杆钻机带动锚索4对锚固剂进行搅拌，待锚固剂凝固之后用钻机对螺母7进行预紧；
c.将连接套管8的粗端8-1旋入锚索4尾部的外螺纹套管5内紧固，将短锚杆9旋入连接套管8的细端8-2内紧固，将吊锤11利用细线10固定在圆柱细杆b8-6上，让支撑架12的锚杆孔12-1从短锚杆9下端旋入使得吊锤11正好卡入支撑架12的吊锤嵌入槽12-3内，用固定螺母13把支撑架12固定，再让旋转激光测量装置14的旋转支柱15穿入支撑架12的支柱孔12-2中，用螺母16旋紧后插入销钉17紧固；
d.先转动旋转激光测量装置手柄a18至刻度盘a12-5标示0°的位置，再转动连接激光测距仪24的手柄b19至刻度盘b22标示0°的位置，至此第1测站布置完毕；开始建立空间坐标系：以激光测距仪24的中心位置定为空间坐标系的原点，从原点垂直指向煤帮作为X轴，从原点垂直指向顶板作为Y轴，从原点垂直指向掘进工作面作为Z轴；
e.保持旋转激光测量装置的手柄a18不动，转动连接激光测距仪24的手柄b19，每转过 一个截齿b(21)就利用激光测距仪24测量一次，直到测量完整个断面，记录每一次测量的距离与角度数据；
f.转动旋转激光测量装置的手柄a18，分别在10～20°、25～35°、40～50°、55～65°、70～80°、100～110°、115～125°、130～140°、145～155°、160～170°区间中的确定角度停止并重复步骤e采集数据；
g.取55～65°区间中的确定角度γ测量的最远断面点到激光测距仪24中心位置之间的Z轴距离为S/2，其中，巷道高度为H，巷道宽度为L，激光测距仪测量的距离lγ，通过三角形几何关系计算可得S2＝4lγ 2-H2-L2，从而可知两侧站之间的距离S，接下来布置下一测站，然后重复步骤a～f，直至布置完所需要观测的巷道，并收集到所有测站的监测数据；
h.利用计算机将井下收集到的数据点转换成空间坐标系的坐标点，筛选出坐标点的空间坐标Z轴坐标相同或误差在5mm之内的空间点作为一个巷道断面上的成像点，再通过筛选的巷道断面成像点确定一个巷道断面的轮廓图像，处理所有测站的空间坐标点从而得到巷道的整体轮廓图，由此完成了本次巷道变形的监测；
i.当进行下一次巷道变形监测时，在各个测站重复步骤c～f，每次在步骤f中的旋转激光测量装置测量区间的角度相同，并重复步骤h处理数据获得这次监测生成的各断面轮廓图像，将这次收集到的各断面轮廓图像与上一次的轮廓图像重叠对比，从而获得巷道围岩变形情况信息；
所述的锚索4长度比钻孔孔深多出200mm～300mm，所述的锚索4尾部有一个外螺纹套管5，套管长度比锚索外露长50mm～100mm，套管直径比锚索直径大4mm-6mm；所述钻孔长度为8m～10m，所述的钻孔直径比锚索4直径大4mm-6mm。所述测量周期为：前3天1次/天，第4天至第11天1次/2天，第12天至33天1次/7天。
图8为本发明的巷道矿压观测数据处理示意图，将测量的数据通过计算和编程转换成空间坐标系的坐标，从而可绘制出巷道断面的轮廓。通过以下两个实例介绍一下数据处理的过程：
m点和n点分别代表第M个测站和第N个测站。第M个测站是测量的其中刻度盘a为αp＝0°和刻度盘b为βp的巷道截面，测点M(0，0，M·S)，设该断面上一点为P(xp，yp，zp)，巷道宽度为L，巷道高度为H，通过激光测距仪可测出距离lp，由图9可直接求得，xp＝L/2，zp＝M·S，yp＝lp·sinβp。第M个测站是测量的其中刻度盘a为αq和刻度盘b为βq的巷道截面，测点N(0，0，N·S)，设该断面上一点为Q(xq，yq，zq)、肩角A1(x1，y1，z1)和肩角A2(x2，y2，z2)，要得出点Q的空间坐标得先求出Q所在的直线方程，因此通过肩角A1和A2即可得出直线方程，由激光测距仪可测出距离lq、lA1和lA2，通过几何知识，可求出 A1A2的直线方程，进而可求得Q的空间坐标。再用软件对直线方程进行编程，可以得出断面中所有监测点的坐标，将Z轴的坐标相同或误差在5mm之内的空间点作为一个巷道断面上的点，从而可以确定一个巷道断面的图像，处理所有的空间点使得变成巷道的整体轮廓图。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置，其特征在于：它包括设在巷道(1)中待测点处的锚索(4)尾端外螺纹套管(5)上的连接套管(8)，连接套管(8)下方垂直设有短锚杆(9)，连接套管(8)的一侧通过细线(10)连接有吊锤(11)，锚杆(9)尾部通过上下两个支撑架固定螺母(13)固定支撑架(12)，支撑架(12)上设有旋转激光测量装置(14)。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置，其特征在于：所述连接套管(8)由上下设置的套管粗段(8-1)和套管细段(8-2)两部分构成，套管粗段(8-1)内由上向下开有与锚索(4)尾端外螺纹套管(5)相匹配的锚索孔(8-3)，套管细段(8-2)内由下向上开有与短锚杆(9)连接的锚杆孔(8-4)，套管粗段(8-1)侧面分别设有圆柱细杆a(8-5)和圆柱细杆b(8-6)，圆柱细杆a(8-5)和圆柱细杆b(8-6)结构相同，上下直线布置，圆柱细杆a(8-5)和圆柱细杆b(8-6)通过细线(10)连接有吊锤(11)。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置，其特征在于：所述的连接套管(8)长度200～300mm，所述套管粗段(8-1)长度为150mm～200mm，内部锚索孔(8-3)长度比粗端(8-1)长度短20mm～30mm，锚索孔(8-3)通过螺纹与外螺纹套管(5)匹配连接；所述的套管细段(8-2)长度为50mm～100mm，锚杆孔(8-4)与套管细段(8-2)长度相同，锚杆孔(8-4)通过螺纹与短锚杆(9)匹配连接；圆柱细杆a(8-5)和圆柱细杆b(8-6)长度为10mm～30mm，直径为10mm，圆柱细杆b距粗端下平台20mm～30mm，圆柱细杆a(8-5)和圆柱细杆b(8-6)之间的间距为70mm～90mm。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置及方法，其特征在于：所述的短锚杆(9)为全螺纹锚杆，长度为1.2m～1.5m。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置，其特征在于：所述支撑架(12)两侧对称位置分别开有用以安装短锚杆(9)的锚杆孔(12-1)和用以安装旋转激光测量装置(14)的支柱孔(12-2)，锚杆孔(12-1)和支柱孔(12-2)之间的支撑架(12)上表面上设有吊锤嵌入槽(12-3)。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置，其特征在于：所述旋转激光测量装置(14)包括旋转支柱(15)，旋转支柱(15)上设有单向转动手柄a(18)，旋转支柱(15)底部设有紧固螺母(16)，手柄a(18)与紧固螺母(16)之间的旋转支柱(15)设在支撑架(12)的支柱孔(12-2)中，通过紧固螺母(16)和设在紧固螺母(16)上的销钉(17)固定，旋转支柱(15)顶部设有基座(23)，基座(23)内部设有转轴(20)，转轴(20)一端设有激光测距仪(24)，转轴(20)另一端设有单向转动手柄b(19)。
  7. 根据权利要求5所述的全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置，其特征在于：所述支撑架(12)的支柱孔(12-2)上方设有与支柱孔(12-2)同轴的截齿齿轮，所述截齿齿轮包括 刻度盘a(12-5)和多个截齿a(12-4)，截齿齿轮的截齿a(12-4)形状为直角形，相邻的两个截齿a(12-4)最低点之间对应的角度为10～15°；所述基座(15)安装手柄b(19)端设有指向手柄b(19)的同轴的截齿齿轮，所述截齿齿轮包括刻度盘b(22)和设在刻度盘b(22)上的直角形截齿b(21)，相邻的两个截齿最低点之间对应的角度为5～10°。
  8. 一种使用权利要求1所述全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置的全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测方法，其特征在于步骤如下：
    a.在巷道(1)起点附近选择一个相对平整的断面，布置第1个测站；
    b.用钻机在第1个测站所在的断面顶板中部位置施工一个钻孔，所述钻孔穿过巷道(1)顶板的直接顶(2)到达基本顶(3)，在钻孔中放入锚固剂，用锚索(4)顶推锚固剂至钻孔孔底，将托盘(6)套入锚索(4)尾部外螺纹套管(5)并通过螺母(7)固定，再启动锚杆钻机带动锚索(4)对锚固剂进行搅拌，待锚固剂凝固之后用钻机对螺母(7)进行预紧；
    c.将连接套管(8)的粗端(8-1)旋入锚索(4)尾部的外螺纹套管(5)内紧固，将短锚杆(9)旋入连接套管(8)的细端(8-2)内紧固，将吊锤(11)利用细线(10)固定在圆柱细杆b(8-6)上，让支撑架(12)的锚杆孔(12-1)从短锚杆(9)下端旋入使得吊锤(11)正好卡入支撑架(12)的吊锤嵌入槽(12-3)内，用固定螺母(13)把支撑架(12)固定，再让旋转激光测量装置(14)的旋转支柱(15)穿入支撑架(12)的支柱孔(12-2)中，用螺母(16)旋紧后插入销钉(17)紧固；
    d.先转动旋转激光测量装置手柄a(18)至刻度盘a(12-5)标示0°的位置，再转动连接激光测距仪(24)的手柄b(19)至刻度盘b(22)标示0°的位置，至此第1测站布置完毕；开始建立空间坐标系：以激光测距仪(24)的中心位置定为空间坐标系的原点，从原点垂直指向煤帮作为X轴，从原点垂直指向顶板作为Y轴，从原点垂直指向掘进工作面作为Z轴；
    e.保持旋转激光测量装置的手柄a(18)不动，转动连接激光测距仪(24)的手柄b(19)，每转过一个截齿b(21)就利用激光测距仪(24)测量一次，直到测量完整个断面，记录每一次测量的距离与角度数据；
    f.转动旋转激光测量装置的手柄a(18)，分别在10～20°、25～35°、40～50°、55～65°、70～80°、100～110°、115～125°、130～140°、145～155°、160～170°区间中的确定角度停止并重复步骤e采集数据；
    g.取55～65°区间中的确定角度γ测量的最远断面点到激光测距仪(24)中心位置之间的Z轴距离为S/2，其中，巷道高度为H，巷道宽度为L，激光测距仪测量的距离lγ，通过三角形几何关系计算可得S2＝4lγ 2-H2-L2，从而可知两侧站之间的距离S，接下来布置下一测站， 然后重复步骤a～f，直至布置完所需要观测的巷道，并收集到所有测站的监测数据；
    h.利用计算机将井下收集到的数据点转换成空间坐标系的坐标点，筛选出坐标点的空间坐标Z轴坐标相同或误差在5mm之内的空间点作为一个巷道断面上的成像点，再通过筛选的巷道断面成像点确定一个巷道断面的轮廓图像，处理所有测站的空间坐标点从而得到巷道的整体轮廓图，由此完成了本次巷道变形的监测；
    i.当进行下一次巷道变形监测时，在各个测站重复步骤c～f，每次在步骤f中的旋转激光测量装置测量区间的角度相同，并重复步骤h处理数据获得这次监测生成的各断面轮廓图像，将这次收集到的各断面轮廓图像与上一次的轮廓图像重叠对比，从而获得巷道围岩变形情况信息；
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置及方法，其特征在于：所述测量周期为：前3天1次/天，第4天至第11天1次/2天，第12天至33天1次/7天。
  10. 根据权利要求8所述的全巷全过程全断面表面变形监测装置及方法，其特征在于：所述的锚索(4)长度比钻孔孔深多出200mm～300mm，所述的锚索(4)尾部有一个外螺纹套管(5)，套管长度比锚索外露长50mm～100mm，套管直径比锚索直径大4mm-6mm；所述钻孔长度为8m～10m，所述的钻孔直径比锚索(4)直径大4mm-6mm。
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