WO2018070316A1 - Friction stir welding method and device - Google Patents
Friction stir welding method and device Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018070316A1 WO2018070316A1 PCT/JP2017/036092 JP2017036092W WO2018070316A1 WO 2018070316 A1 WO2018070316 A1 WO 2018070316A1 JP 2017036092 W JP2017036092 W JP 2017036092W WO 2018070316 A1 WO2018070316 A1 WO 2018070316A1
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- heating
- steel plate
- friction stir
- joining
- stir welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/26—Auxiliary equipment
Definitions
- the rotary tool is inserted into an unjoined portion between the workpieces and moved while rotating, and the workpiece is softened by frictional heat with the rotary tool, and the softened portion is stirred by the rotary tool.
- the present invention relates to a friction stir welding method in which joining is performed without adding a filler material by using the generated plastic flow, and an apparatus for realizing the friction stir welding method.
- Patent Document 1 As a friction welding method, in Patent Document 1, by rotating both or one of a pair of metal materials, the metal material generates frictional heat and softens, while the softened portion is stirred to cause plastic flow. Thus, a technique for joining metal materials is disclosed.
- Patent Document 2 a tool made of a material that is substantially harder than a workpiece is inserted into an unjoined portion of the workpiece, and the tool is moved while being rotated.
- a method is disclosed in which workpieces are continuously joined in the longitudinal direction by heat and plastic flow.
- the friction welding method described in Patent Document 1 is a method of rotating workpieces and welding them by frictional heat between workpieces.
- the friction stir welding method disclosed in Patent Document 2 is a method of joining by moving a tool while rotating a joining member in a fixed state.
- the friction stir welding method since the tool is moved and joined, even a member that is substantially infinitely long with respect to the welding direction has an advantage that it can be continuously solid-phase joined in the longitudinal direction.
- it is a solid-phase joining using the plastic flow of the metal by the frictional heat of a tool and a joining member, it can join, without melt
- the heating temperature is low, deformation after joining is small, the joint is not melted, so there are few defects, and in addition, there are many advantages such as not requiring a filler material.
- the friction stir welding method is a method of joining low melting point metal materials represented by aluminum alloys and magnesium alloys, and its use is expanding in the fields of aircraft, ships, railway vehicles, automobiles, and the like.
- the reason for this is that these low melting point metal materials are difficult to obtain satisfactory characteristics of the joints by conventional arc welding methods, and the productivity is improved and the quality is high by applying the friction stir welding method. It is because a junction can be obtained.
- the application of friction stir welding to structural steel which is mainly applied as a structural material such as buildings, ships, heavy machinery, pipelines, and automobiles, is subject to solidification cracking and hydrogen cracking, which are problems in conventional fusion welding. Can be avoided, and the structural change of the steel material can be suppressed, so that it can be expected that the joint performance is excellent. Further, in the friction stir welding method, a clean interface is created by stirring the bonding interface with a rotating tool and the clean surfaces are brought into contact with each other. Therefore, an advantage that a preparatory step such as diffusion bonding is unnecessary can be expected. Thus, the application of the friction stir welding method to structural steel is expected to have many advantages. However, since there is a problem in joining workability such as suppression of defect generation during joining and an increase in joining speed, the friction stir welding method has not been widely used in structural steel compared to low melting point metal materials.
- Patent Document 5 and Patent Document 6 disclose a joining method in which a heating means is added for the purpose of improving joining workability.
- Patent Document 5 includes a heating unit using an induction heating device, and by heating the workpieces before and after joining, friction that increases the joining speed and eliminates cracks in the joined part.
- a stir welding method is disclosed.
- Patent Document 6 has a heating means using a laser device, and the workpiece is partially heated immediately before joining, thereby suppressing the microstructure change around the heating region due to preheating and increasing the joining speed.
- a friction stir welding apparatus which is designed to be simplified is disclosed.
- Patent Document 5 and Patent Document 6 do not consider the surface temperature, depth, and the like of the heating region of the workpieces by heating before bonding, and therefore, sufficient bonding workability cannot be obtained. Furthermore, the microstructure around the heating region may change due to overheating, which may adversely affect the properties of the joint joint, particularly the joint strength.
- Patent Document 7 the position of the heating region, the surface temperature, the depth, and the like are limited with respect to partially heating the workpieces immediately before bonding, and sufficient strength is obtained and the bonding workability is improved.
- a friction stir welding method is disclosed.
- the relationship between the position of partial heating of the workpiece and the frictional heat generated by the dynamic friction coefficient between the rotating tool material or the material coated on the surface of the rotating tool and the workpiece is effective for bonding workability. No influence is taken into account.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned present situation, and at the time of friction stir welding, an object of the present invention is to solve the plastic flow failure due to insufficient heating of work materials and to improve the joining workability with sufficient strength. To do.
- the relationship between the position of partial heating of the workpiece and the frictional heat generation due to the dynamic friction coefficient between the rotating tool material or the material coated on the surface of the rotating tool and the workpiece affects the workability.
- the present invention is based on the above knowledge, and in particular, when the friction stir welding method is applied to the joining of structural steel, the plastic flow failure due to insufficient heating of the work material is solved, and sufficient In addition to high strength, it is intended to improve the joining workability.
- the gist configuration of the present invention is as follows. [1] A shoulder portion and a pin portion that is arranged on the shoulder portion and shares the rotation axis with the shoulder portion, and the shoulder portion and the pin portion are made of a material harder than a steel plate that is a workpiece.
- the rotating tool is inserted into an unjoined portion between the steel plates and rotated to move in the joining direction, and the softened portion is softened by the frictional heat between the rotating tool and the steel plate while the softened part is moved with the rotating tool.
- a friction stir welding method in which steel plates are joined to each other by causing plastic flow by stirring, and the dynamic friction coefficient between the material of the rotating tool or the material coated on the surface of the rotating tool and the steel plate is 0.
- a region where the surface temperature T S (° C.) of the steel sheet heated by the heating means provided in front of the rotating tool in the joining direction satisfies the following formula (1) is defined as a heating region.
- the heating area and the front The minimum distance to the rotating tool is not more than the diameter of the shoulder of the rotating tool, the area of the heating region is not more than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion of the rotating tool, and is 65% of the area of the heating region.
- % Of the surface of the steel plate is a straight line that passes through the rotation axis of the rotary tool and is parallel to the welding direction, and is parallel to the welding center line and to the retreating side of the pin portion of the rotary tool.
- T A1 is a temperature represented by the following formula (2).
- T A1 (° C.) 723-10.7 [% Mn] ⁇ 16.9 [% Ni] +29.1 [% Si] +16.9 [% Cr] +290 [% As] +6.38 [% W] ⁇
- Said [% M] is content (mass%) of M element in the steel plate which is a workpiece, and is set to 0 when not containing.
- a friction stir welding method according to [4], wherein a cooling means is provided behind the rear heating means in the joining direction, and the cooling means cools the joint heated by the rear heating means. .
- a cooling means is provided behind the rotating tool in the joining direction, and the cooling means cools the joining portion of the steel sheet. Friction stirring according to any one of [1] to [3] Joining method.
- a friction stir welding method according to [6], wherein a rear heating unit is provided behind the cooling unit in the joining direction, and the rear heating unit heats the joint cooled by the cooling unit. .
- a friction stir welding apparatus for joining unjoined portions between steel plates as workpieces comprising a shoulder portion and a pin portion arranged on the shoulder portion and sharing the rotation axis with the shoulder portion.
- the shoulder portion and the pin portion are made of a material harder than the steel plate, and move in the joining direction while rotating in a state where the shoulder portion and the pin portion are inserted in the unjoined portion between the steel plates, so that the steel plate is caused by frictional heat.
- a rotating tool that causes plastic flow by stirring the softened portion while being softened, a heating means that is provided in front of the rotating tool in the joining direction, and that heats the steel sheet, and realizes the following state 1
- a friction stir that has a dynamic friction coefficient of 0.6 or less between the material of the rotary tool or the material coated on the surface of the rotary tool and the steel plate. Joining device.
- T A1 is a temperature represented by the following formula (2).
- T A1 (° C.) 723-10.7 [% Mn] ⁇ 16.9 [% Ni] +29.1 [% Si] +16.9 [% Cr] +290 [% As] +6.38 [% W] ⁇
- Said [% M] is content (mass%) of M element in the steel plate which is a workpiece, and is set to 0 when not containing.
- the friction stir welding apparatus according to [8], wherein the control unit controls the rotating tool and the heating unit so as to realize the following state 2.
- the friction stir welding apparatus according to [11], further including a cooling unit that cools the joint, and the cooling unit is provided behind the rear heating unit in the joining direction.
- the friction stirrer according to any one of [8] to [10], further including a cooling unit that cools a bonded portion of the steel plates, the cooling unit being provided at the rear in the bonding direction of the rotary tool. Joining device.
- the friction stir welding apparatus according to [13], further including a rear heating unit that heats the joint, and the rear heating unit is provided behind the cooling unit in the joining direction.
- the present invention it is possible to eliminate the plastic flow failure due to insufficient heating of the workpiece and improve the workability of the friction stir welding. Furthermore, a change in the microstructure around the heating region is also suppressed, and a high joint strength can be obtained at the joint.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a friction stir welding method according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram (top view and AA cross-sectional view) showing an example of a heating region in a preheating process, a cooling region and a reheating region in a process performed after bonding.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the temperature and tensile strength of the steel plates to be joined by the friction stir welding method according to this embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a cross-sectional dimension of the rotary tool.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a friction stir welding method and a friction stir welding apparatus according to the present embodiment.
- the friction stir welding method according to the present embodiment as shown in FIG. 1, the rotary tool is inserted into an unjoined portion between the steel plates and moved in the joining direction while rotating, and the frictional heat between the rotary tool and the steel plate is obtained. While the steel plates are softened by the above, the softened portion is stirred with a rotating tool to cause plastic flow, thereby joining the steel plates together.
- the rotating tool includes a shoulder portion and a pin portion that is arranged on the shoulder portion and shares the rotation axis with the shoulder portion, and at least the shoulder portion and the pin portion are harder than the steel plate that is the workpiece. It is formed by the material.
- reference numeral 1 is a rotary tool
- 2 is a rotating shaft
- 3 is a steel plate
- 4 is a joint
- 5 is a heating means
- 6 is a cooling means
- 7 is backward heating.
- Means 8 a shoulder of the rotary tool
- 9 a pin part of the rotary tool
- 15 a control means.
- ⁇ indicates the tilt angle of the rotating tool.
- AS indicates an advancing side
- RS indicates a retreating side.
- the advancing side is defined as the side where the tool rotation direction and the joining direction coincide with each other
- the retreating side is defined as the side where the tool rotation direction and the joining direction are opposite to each other.
- the butted portion that is not yet joined just by butting the steel plates 3 is described as “unjoined portion”, and the portion joined and integrated by plastic flow is described as “joined portion”. To do.
- a pre-heat treatment process for heating the steel plate 3 by the heating means 5 provided in front of the rotary tool 1 moving in the joining direction is important.
- the conditions of the pre-heat treatment process will be described with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram (top view and AA sectional view) showing an example of a heating region in a preheating process, a cooling region and a reheating region in a process performed after bonding.
- the joining center line 10 indicates a straight line passing through the rotation axis 2 of the rotary tool 1 on the surface of the steel plate 3 and parallel to the joining direction.
- the RS line 11 is a straight line parallel to the joining center line 10 and separated to the retreating side by the same distance as the maximum radius of the pin portion 9 of the rotary tool, 12 is a heating area, and 13 is a cooling area.
- 14 is a reheating region.
- a indicates the diameter of the shoulder 8 of the rotary tool
- b indicates the maximum diameter of the pin portion 9 of the rotary tool
- X indicates the minimum distance between the heating region 12 and the rotary tool 1
- D indicates the depth of the heating region 12.
- T indicates the thickness of the steel plate 3.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the temperature and tensile strength of the steel plates to be joined by the friction stir welding method according to this embodiment.
- the steel plate 3 to be joined by the friction stir welding method of the present embodiment is generally about 30% strength at room temperature at a temperature of about 80% of TA1 , which is the transformation temperature of steel. It becomes. Moreover, when it becomes higher than this temperature, the intensity
- T S ⁇ 0.8 ⁇ T A1
- T A1 (° C.) of steel
- T A1 (° C.) 723-10.7 [% Mn] ⁇ 16.9 [% Ni] +29.1 [% Si] +16.9 [% Cr] +290 [% As] +6.38 [% W] ⁇ (2) Said [% M] is content (mass%) of M element in the steel plate 3 which is a workpiece, and is set to 0 when not containing.
- T S of the steel plate 3 in the heating region 12 does not increase excessively.
- a temperature gradient (temperature variation on the surface) may exist on the surface of the heating region 12.
- the high surface temperature is preferably 1.5 ⁇ T M ° C. or less.
- the surface temperature of the steel plate 3 in the heating region 12 is less than T M ° C. before contacting the rotary tool 1 that passes through the heating region 12. Thereby, the damage of the rotary tool 1 and the alteration of the microstructure around the heating region 12 due to an excessive increase in the temperature of the joint 4 can be avoided.
- T M (° C.) is the melting point of the steel plate 3 as the workpiece.
- Minimum distance X between the heating region on the surface of the steel plate and the rotating tool less than the diameter of the shoulder of the rotating tool If the minimum distance X between the heating region 12 on the surface of the steel plate 3 and the rotating tool 1 becomes too large, heating is performed before joining. The temperature in the region 12 is lowered and the effect of preheating is not sufficiently obtained. For this reason, in the friction stir welding method according to the present embodiment, the minimum distance X between the heating region 12 on the surface of the steel plate 3 and the rotary tool 1 moving in the joining direction is equal to or less than the diameter of the shoulder 8 of the rotary tool.
- the minimum distance X between the heating region 12 and the rotating tool 1 becomes too small, the rotating tool 1 may be damaged by the heat of the heating means 5, so that it moves in the joining direction with the heating region 12 on the surface of the steel plate 3.
- the minimum distance X to the rotating tool 1 is preferably 0.1 times or more the diameter of the shoulder 8 of the rotating tool.
- the diameter of the shoulder 8 of the rotary tool in the present embodiment is, for example, about 8 to 60 mm.
- the moving speed of the rotary tool 1 is preferably 200 mm / min or more and 3000 mm / min or less.
- the area of the heating region on the surface of the steel sheet not more than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion of the rotating tool
- the microstructure of the heating region 12 and its peripheral region changes.
- the martensite is tempered to cause softening and greatly reduce the joint strength.
- the area of the heating region 12 on the surface of the steel plate 3 is equal to or less than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion 9 of the rotary tool.
- the area of the heating region 12 on the surface of the steel plate 3 is preferably 0.1 times or more the area of the maximum diameter portion in the pin portion 9 of the rotary tool.
- the maximum diameter of the pin portion 9 of the rotary tool in this embodiment is, for example, about 2 to 50 mm.
- the maximum diameter of the pin portion 9 of the rotary tool is the maximum diameter among the diameters obtained at the cut surface when one pin portion is cut in a cross section perpendicular to the axial direction.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the cross-sectional dimensions of the rotary tool.
- the diameter of the pin portion 9 of the rotary tool when the diameter of the pin portion 9 of the rotary tool does not change along the axial direction, the diameter (4 mm in the figure) of the pin portion 9 of the rotary tool is set to the diameter of the pin portion 9 of the rotary tool.
- the maximum diameter may be used.
- the largest diameter may be the maximum diameter of the pin portion 9 of the rotating tool. 4 indicates the probe length, and the probe length is calculated by the difference in height between the tip portion of the pin portion 9 of the rotary tool and the highest position of the shoulder portion 8 of the rotary tool. Length.
- the shape of the heating region 12 may be any shape such as a circle, an ellipse, or a rectangle.
- the shape of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion 9 of the rotary tool is usually circular or elliptical.
- the area of the heating region located between the joining center line and the RS wire 65% or more of the area of the heating region on the surface of the steel plate
- the plastic flow starts from the advanced side As described above, along the rotational direction of the rotary tool 1, it passes through the joining direction front, the retreating side, and the joining direction rear, and the advanced side is the end point. Since the advanced side is the starting point of plastic flow, insufficient heating of the steel plate 3 as the workpiece is likely to occur. For this reason, when plastic flow is insufficient and defects occur, most of them occur on the advanced side. Therefore, on the surface of the steel plate 3, the advancing side is preferentially heated and the steel plate is softened to promote plastic flow, suppress the occurrence of defects, and increase the joining speed.
- the dynamic friction coefficient between the material of the rotary tool 1 or the material coated on the surface of the rotary tool 1 and the steel plate 3 to be joined is 0.6 or less, it is between the rotary tool 1 and the steel plate 3.
- the generated frictional heat and plastic flow are reduced.
- the advanced side is a region that is a starting point of plastic flow in front of the rotary tool 1 and is a region where frictional heat between the rotary tool 1 and the steel plate 3 is greatly generated.
- the dynamic friction coefficient tends to decrease in a high temperature state, if this part is heated to a high temperature by preheating, if the dynamic friction coefficient between the rotary tool 1 and the steel plate 3 is small, sufficient frictional heat generation cannot be obtained.
- the dynamic friction coefficient between the material of the rotary tool 1 or the material coated on the surface of the rotary tool 1 and the steel plate 3 is 0.6 or less, 65% of the area of the heating region 12 on the surface of the steel plate 3.
- the above is positioned between the junction center line 10 and the RS wire 11 parallel to the junction center line 10 to preferentially heat the retreating side. This promotes plastic flow on the retreating side, which is the middle of plastic flow, while ensuring frictional heat generation on the advanced side, which is the starting point of plastic flow, suppresses the occurrence of defects, and increases the joining speed. Can be planned.
- the area range of the heating region 12 located between the bonding center line 10 and the RS line 11 is preferably 70% or more, more preferably 80% or more, and may be 100%.
- the center of the heating region 12 is positioned between the RS line 11 and the straight line passing through the midpoint between the junction center line 10 and the RS line 11.
- the center of the heating region 12 is positioned on the retreating side with respect to the bonding center line 10, and the distance from the center of the heating region 12 to the bonding center line 10 is set to 0 of the maximum radius in the pin portion 9 of the rotary tool. It is preferable to be 5 times or more and 1 time or less.
- the steel plate 3 joined by the friction stir welding method of the present embodiment has a strength of about 30% of the strength at normal temperature at a temperature of about 80% of TA1 , which is the transformation temperature of the steel. Moreover, when it becomes higher than this temperature, the intensity
- T A1 (° C.) can be obtained by the following formula (2).
- T A1 (° C.) 723-10.7 [% Mn] ⁇ 16.9 [% Ni] +29.1 [% Si] +16.9 [% Cr] +290 [% As] +6.38 [% W] ⁇ (2) Said [% M] is content (mass%) of M element in the steel plate 3 which is a workpiece, and is set to 0 when not containing.
- the strength of the steel plate 3 tends to decrease as the temperature rises if it exceeds 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C, it is preferable to adjust so that the temperature of the steel plate 3 in the heating region 12 does not rise too much.
- the temperature in the thickness direction of the steel plate 3 in the heating region 12 is It is preferable that the temperature is lower than T M ° C. before contacting the rotary tool 1 passing through the heating region 12.
- T M (° C.) is the melting point of the steel sheet 3 as the workpiece.
- the depth D of the heating zone depth D of 30% of the thickness t or more heating region 12 of the steel sheet, the steel sheet in the region where the temperature T D in the thickness direction of the heating area 12 is 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C. or higher 3 is defined by the maximum depth from the surface.
- the depth D of the heating region 12 is preferably 30% or more of the thickness t of the steel plate 3. By setting the depth D of the heating region 12 to 30% or more of the thickness t of the steel plate 3, plastic flow is further promoted, which is advantageous for reducing the load applied to the rotary tool 1 and increasing the joining speed.
- the depth D of the heating region 12 is more preferably 50% or more of the thickness of the steel plate 3.
- the thickness D is preferably 90% or less of the thickness t of the steel plate 3.
- the friction stir welding apparatus includes a control unit 15.
- the control means 15 controls the operations of the rotary tool 1 and the heating means 5.
- the control means 15 may control operations of the rear heating means 7 and the cooling means 6.
- the heating means 5 used in the pre-heat treatment process is not particularly limited, but is preferably a laser heating device.
- a laser having a high energy density as a heat source, it is possible to more accurately control the preheat treatment process conditions, and it is possible to improve the joining workability without impairing the joint characteristics.
- the joining conditions other than those described above are not particularly limited.
- the moving speed of the heating means 5 used in the pre-heat treatment process may be approximately the same as the joining speed.
- the laser output and beam diameter may be suitably set according to joining conditions.
- the cooling means 6 is disposed behind the rotating tool 1 moving in the joining direction.
- the joint joint strength may be improved by providing the cooling means 6.
- a cooling means 6 is provided behind the rotating tool 1 moving in the joining direction, and the joining portion 4 of the steel plate 3 is cooled by the cooling means 6 and the cooling rate is appropriately controlled. Strength can be improved.
- a cooling device that ejects an inert gas is preferably used.
- the cooling rate in this case is preferably 30 to 300 ° C./s in the range of 800 ° C. to 500 ° C., for example.
- argon gas or helium gas can be used as the inert gas.
- the hardenability of the steel plate 3 that is a work material is high, it may be excessively hardened and the toughness of the joint joint is lowered.
- excessive heating is suppressed by providing a rear heating means 7 for heating a rear portion close to the rotary tool 1 at the rear in the joining direction of the rotary tool 1 and gradually cooling it while appropriately controlling the cooling rate.
- the rear heating means 7 it is preferable to use, for example, a high-frequency induction heating or a heating device using a laser as a heat source.
- the slow cooling rate is preferably 10 to 30 ° C./s in the range of 800 ° C. to 500 ° C., for example.
- the rear heating means 7 may be provided behind the rotating tool moving in the joining direction and behind the cooling means 6, and the joined portion 4 of the steel plate 3 may be reheated by the rear heating means 7. Thereby, when the joining part 4 is quenched by cooling by the cooling means 6 and hardened excessively, the joint characteristics having both strength and toughness can be obtained by suppressing the hardness by tempering by the rear heating means 7.
- the cooling rate in this case is preferably 30 to 300 ° C./s in the range of 800 ° C. to 500 ° C., for example, and the reheating temperature is preferably 550 to 650 ° C., for example.
- a cooling means 6 may be provided behind the rotating tool 1 moving in the joining direction and behind the rear heating means 7, and the joint 4 of the steel plate 3 may be cooled by the cooling means 6.
- the cooling rate in this case is, for example, about 10 to 30 ° C./s in the range of 800 ° C. to 600 ° C. (gradual cooling range), and then 30 to 30 ° C. in the range of 600 ° C. to 400 ° C. (rapid cooling range). It is preferably about 300 ° C./s.
- the rotational speed of the rotary tool 1 is set in the range of 100 to 1000 rpm, the torque of the rotary tool 1 is suppressed, and the target is to increase the welding speed to 1000 mm / min or higher.
- the torque of the rotary tool 1 is preferably suppressed to 90 N ⁇ m or less.
- the torque of the rotary tool 1 is preferably suppressed to less than 75 N ⁇ m.
- general structural steel and carbon steel for example, JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) G 3106 welded rolled steel, JIS G 4051 for mechanical structure Carbon steel or the like can be used. It can also be applied to high-strength structural steel having a tensile strength of 800 MPa or more, and a strength of 85% or more of the tensile strength of the steel plate (base material), and further, a strength of 90% or more can be obtained at the joint 4.
- Example 1 Friction stir welding was performed using a steel plate having a plate thickness of 1.6 mm and having a chemical composition and tensile strength shown in Table 1 below. The joint butt surfaces were joined in one pass on one side in a so-called I-shaped groove with no angle, and with a surface condition of the degree of milling. Table 2 shows the welding conditions of the friction stir welding.
- the rotary tool having the cross-sectional dimensions shown in FIG. 4 (shoulder diameter a: 12 mm, pin portion maximum diameter b: 4 mm, probe length c: 1.4 mm) was used.
- the rotary tool used in Example 1 is a rotary tool whose surface is coated with titanium nitride (TiN) by physical vapor deposition (PVD) using tungsten carbide (WC) as a raw material. At the time of bonding, the bonded portion was shielded with argon gas to prevent surface oxidation.
- the coefficient of dynamic friction between the surface of the rotating tool of WC having a TiN coating treatment on the surface and the steel sheet was 0.6 or less.
- the dynamic friction coefficient between the tool material surface and the steel plate was measured by the following measurement method. Using a ball-on-disk friction and wear tester, a disk made of the target material was pressed against a steel ball having a diameter of 6 mm while rotating with a load of 5 N, and the test was performed at a rotational speed of 100 mm / s and a sliding distance of 300 m. The test was performed at room temperature and without lubrication.
- the steel ball used in the test is a steel ball made of a material having a chemical component of SUJ2 defined in JIS G 4805 and processed as a steel ball for bearings.
- the steel plate I in Table 1 Prior to the bonding, in order to confirm the heating region by preheating using a laser as a heat source, the steel plate I in Table 1 was subjected to laser irradiation under the irradiation conditions (laser moving speed, laser output, and beam diameter) shown in Table 3. Light was irradiated and the surface temperature was measured by thermography. Furthermore, the cross section of the laser irradiation part was observed, and the microstructure was observed with a nital etchant.
- laser moving speed, laser output, and beam diameter shown in Table 3.
- the region having the transformation point (T A1 ° C) or higher is darkest, and is less than the transformation point (T A1 ° C) existing outside, but a high hardness structure such as martensite in the base material is tempered. Since the region is etched relatively thin, the region where the transformation point (T A1 ° C) or higher, the tempering region below the transformation point (T A1 ° C), and the base material region can be distinguished. is there. Furthermore, from the knowledge of heat treatment of steel, it is known that the tempering region below the transformation point (T A1 ° C) coincides with the region of 0.8 x T A1 ° C or more and less than T A1 ° C.
- the depth D 0 of the region where the transformation point (T A1 ° C) or higher and the depth of the region where the temperature becomes 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher (of the heating region) Depth D) was measured.
- the region of 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or more was a circular shape having a diameter of 3.5 mm. Since the maximum diameter of the pin portion of the rotating tool used here is 4.0 mm, the area of the heating region in the irradiation condition A is equal to or less than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion of the rotating tool.
- the region of 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C. or higher was a circular shape having a diameter of 2.0 mm. Therefore, similarly to the above, the area of the heating region in the irradiation condition B is equal to or smaller than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion of the rotary tool.
- the region of 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C. or higher was a circular shape with a diameter of 4.5 mm. Since the maximum diameter of the pin part of the rotary tool used here is 4.0 mm, the area of the heating region in the irradiation condition C exceeds the area of the maximum diameter part of the pin part of the rotary tool.
- the region of 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C. or higher is an ellipse having a major axis in the laser moving direction and a minor axis in the direction perpendicular to the laser moving direction, the major axis is 3.8 mm, and the minor axis is 3. It was 2 mm. Since the maximum diameter of the pin portion of the rotating tool used here is 4.0 mm, the area of the heating region in the irradiation condition D is equal to or less than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion of the rotating tool.
- the region where the temperature is 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or more is an ellipse having a major axis in the laser moving direction and a minor axis in the direction perpendicular to the laser moving direction.
- the major axis is 2.2 mm and the minor axis is 1. It was 8 mm. Therefore, similarly to the above, the area of the heating region under the irradiation condition E is equal to or smaller than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion of the rotary tool.
- the region where the temperature is 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or more is an ellipse having a major axis in the laser movement direction and a minor axis in the direction perpendicular to the laser movement direction.
- the major axis is 4.9 mm and the minor axis is 4.1 mm. Met. Since the maximum diameter of the pin part of the rotary tool used here is 4.0 mm, the area of the heating region under the irradiation condition F exceeds the area of the maximum diameter part of the pin part of the rotary tool.
- the depth of the region becomes T A1 ° C. or higher and the depth of the turned region D 0 and 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C. or higher
- the depth (depth D of the heating region) was 0.28 mm and 0.30 mm, respectively. Since the thickness t of the steel plate as the workpiece is 1.6 mm, the depth D of the heating region, which is the depth of the region that is 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher, is about the thickness t of the steel plate. 18.8%.
- the depth D 0 of the region where T A1 ° C or higher and the depth of the region where 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher are 0.47 mm and 0, respectively. .50 mm. Since the thickness t of the steel plate as the workpiece is 1.6 mm, the depth D of the heating region is about 31.3% of the thickness t of the steel plate.
- the depth D 0 of the region where T A1 ° C or higher and the depth of the region where 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher are 0.09 mm and 0, respectively. .10 mm. Since the thickness t of the steel plate that is the workpiece is 1.6 mm, the depth D of the heating region is about 6.3% of the thickness t of the steel plate.
- the depth D 0 of the region where T A1 ° C or higher and the depth of 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher are 0.30 mm and 0, respectively. .32 mm. Since the thickness t of the steel plate as the workpiece is 1.6 mm, the depth D of the heating region, which is the depth of the region that is 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher, is about the thickness t of the steel plate. 20.0%.
- the depth D 0 of the region that is T A1 ° C or higher and the depth of the region that is 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher are 0.51 mm and 0, respectively. .54 mm. Since the thickness t of the steel plate as the workpiece is 1.6 mm, the depth D of the heating region is about 33.8% of the thickness t of the steel plate.
- the depth D 0 of the region that is T A1 ° C or higher and the depth of the region that is 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher are 0.10 mm and 0, respectively. .11 mm. Since the thickness t of the steel plate as the workpiece is 1.6 mm, the depth D of the heating region is about 6.9% of the thickness t of the steel plate.
- Table 5 shows preheating process conditions by laser irradiation performed before joining the workpieces
- Table 6 shows process conditions performed after joining.
- cooling by gas ejection was performed, and in the heating (and reheating), induction heating was performed.
- Table 7 shows the measured value of the torque of the rotating tool when the joining is performed and the measured value of the tensile strength of the obtained joint.
- the tensile strength of the joint joint is the result of taking a tensile test piece having the size of No. 1 test piece specified in JIS Z 3121 and conducting a tensile test. The greater the torque of the rotating tool, the lower the plastic fluidity and the more likely to cause defects.
- Invention Examples 1 to 10 even when the joining speed was 400 mm / min, a joint strength of 90% or more of the tensile strength of the steel sheet as the base material was obtained.
- the torque of the rotary tools of Invention Examples 1 to 10 was 72 N ⁇ m or less, and the plastic fluidity was also good.
- Invention Examples 6, 7, and 8 in which only cooling / reheating or cooling was performed after joining, joint joint strength equivalent to the tensile strength of the base material was obtained.
- Invention Examples 9 and 10 in which only heating / cooling or heating was performed after joining, a joint strength of 93% or more of the tensile strength of the base material was obtained.
- Invention Examples 11 to 20 even when the joining speed is increased to 1000 mm / min, a joint strength of 85% or more of the tensile strength of the base material is obtained, and the torque of the rotary tool is 90 N ⁇ m. It was the following. In particular, in Invention Examples 16, 17, and 18 in which only cooling / reheating or cooling was performed after joining, a joint joint strength of 99% or more of the tensile strength of the base material was obtained. In Invention Examples 19 and 20, in which only reheating / cooling or reheating was performed after joining, a joint joint strength of 95% or more of the tensile strength of the base material was obtained.
- Example 7 Friction stir welding was performed using a steel plate having a plate thickness of 1.6 mm and a chemical composition and tensile strength shown in Table 1 above. The joint butt surfaces were joined in one pass on one side in a so-called I-shaped groove with no angle, and with a surface condition of the degree of milling. The welding conditions for friction stir welding are shown in Table 2 above.
- Example 2 the rotary tool having the cross-sectional dimensions (shoulder diameter a: 12 mm, pin portion maximum diameter b: 4 mm, probe length c: 1.4 mm) shown in FIG. 4 was used.
- the rotary tool used in Example 2 is made of tungsten carbide (WC) as a raw material and is not subjected to coating treatment, and tungsten carbide (WC) is used as a raw material and is coated with titanium nitride (TiN) by physical vapor deposition (PVD).
- the surface is made of tungsten carbide (WC), the surface is coated with aluminum chromium nitride (AlCrN), or the material is cubic boron nitride (CBN). .
- the bonded portion was shielded with argon gas to prevent surface oxidation.
- the coefficient of dynamic friction between the surface of the rotating tool and the steel sheet is 0.7 when tungsten carbide (WC) is not used as a raw material, and titanium nitride (PVD) is used as titanium nitride (WC) as a raw material.
- PVD titanium nitride
- the dynamic friction coefficient between the tool material surface and the steel plate was measured by the same measurement method as in Example 1.
- Table 8 shows the preheating process conditions by laser irradiation performed before joining the workpieces.
- WC is a rotating tool that is not coated with tungsten carbide (WC) as a material
- titanium nitride (TiN) is coated by physical vapor deposition (PVD) with tungsten carbide (WC) as a material
- PVD physical vapor deposition
- WC + TiN as the rotary tool
- WC + AlCrN as the rotary tool coated with aluminum chromium nitride (AlCrN) using tungsten carbide (WC) as the raw material
- CBN cubic boron nitride
- Example 2 the post-joining process was not performed.
- “(AS)” and “(RS)” in the distance from the junction center line to the center of the heating region indicate that the center of the heating region is located on the advansing side and the retreating side from the junction center line, respectively.
- Table 9 shows the measured values of the torque of the rotating tool and the measured values of the tensile strength of the obtained joints when bonding is performed.
- the tensile strength of the joint joint is the result of taking a tensile test piece having the size of No. 1 test piece specified in JIS Z 3121 and conducting a tensile test. The greater the torque of the rotating tool, the lower the plastic fluidity and the more likely to cause defects.
- Comparative Examples 15 and 16 the unbonded portion remained and bonding could not be performed. For this reason, in Comparative Examples 15 and 16, measurement of torque and the like of the rotary tool is not performed.
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Abstract
Description
a)通常の摩擦撹拌接合では、接合のために必要な熱源が、回転ツールと被加工材との間で発生する摩擦熱のみである。そのため、構造用鋼を摩擦撹拌接合法により接合する場合には、被加工材である構造用鋼を軟化させるために必要な熱量を十分に確保できない。その結果、接合部において十分な塑性流動が得られず、接合速度の低下や接合欠陥の発生などの接合施工性の劣化が懸念される。 The inventors obtained the following knowledge as a result of intensive studies to solve the above problems.
a) In ordinary friction stir welding, the only heat source required for welding is frictional heat generated between the rotary tool and the workpiece. Therefore, when the structural steel is joined by the friction stir welding method, the amount of heat necessary to soften the structural steel that is the workpiece cannot be secured. As a result, a sufficient plastic flow cannot be obtained at the joint, and there is a concern about the deterioration of joining workability such as a reduction in joining speed and the occurrence of joining defects.
b)しかしながら、摩擦撹拌接合前の予熱処理プロセスを行う際に、予熱熱量が過剰になると、加熱領域周辺のミクロ組織が変化する問題が生じる。特に、マルテンサイト組織により強化された高張力鋼板の場合は、加熱領域周辺が、フェライト-オーステナイト変態温度以下での加熱であっても、マルテンサイトが焼き戻されることで軟化が生じ、接合継手強度を著しく低下させる。 In order to avoid the deterioration of joining workability, which is very important in industrializing the above technology, it is considered that a pre-heat treatment process before friction stir welding is effective.
b) However, when the preheating heat amount before the friction stir welding is performed, if the amount of preheating heat is excessive, there arises a problem that the microstructure around the heating region changes. In particular, in the case of a high-tensile steel sheet strengthened with a martensite structure, softening occurs due to the tempering of martensite even when the periphery of the heating region is heated below the ferrite-austenite transformation temperature, and the joint joint strength is increased. Is significantly reduced.
c)レーザなどのエネルギー密度の高い熱源を用いることで、予熱処理プロセスでの加熱領域の表面温度、面積、位置を厳密に制御し、また必要に応じて加熱領域の厚さ方向における温度についても適正に制御する。それにより、接合継手強度等の接合継手特性の劣化を招くことなく、接合施工性を向上できるとの知見を得た。
d)特に、上記の被加工材の部分的な加熱の位置に関しては、回転ツールの素材もしくは回転ツールの表面に被覆した素材と被接合材の間の動摩擦係数に支配される摩擦発熱との関係により、接合施工性を向上する効果が生じる領域が変化するとの知見を得た。
e)通常の摩擦撹拌接合では、接合完了後、接合部が自然放冷状態となるので、鋼材製造時の圧延プロセスで行われているような熱履歴管理によるミクロ組織制御を適用できないという問題があった。しかし、接合完了直後に、接合部に対し、加熱処理や冷却処理を組み合わせたプロセスを実施することで、接合継手特性をさらに向上できるとの知見を得た。 as a result,
c) By using a heat source with a high energy density such as a laser, the surface temperature, area, and position of the heating region in the pre-heat treatment process are strictly controlled, and the temperature in the thickness direction of the heating region is also adjusted as necessary. Control appropriately. As a result, it has been found that the joining workability can be improved without causing deterioration of the jointed joint properties such as the jointed joint strength.
d) In particular, with respect to the position of partial heating of the workpiece, the relationship between the frictional heating controlled by the dynamic friction coefficient between the workpiece of the rotary tool or the material coated on the surface of the rotary tool and the workpiece. Thus, the knowledge that the region where the effect of improving the bonding workability is generated is obtained.
e) In normal friction stir welding, since the joint is naturally cooled after the completion of joining, there is a problem that the microstructure control by thermal history management that is performed in the rolling process at the time of steel production cannot be applied. there were. However, immediately after the completion of the joining, it was found that the joint joint characteristics can be further improved by performing a process that combines heat treatment and cooling treatment on the joint.
[1]肩部と、該肩部に配され、該肩部と回転軸を共有するピン部と、を含み、前記肩部および前記ピン部が被加工材である鋼板よりも硬い材質からなる回転ツールを、鋼板間の未接合部に挿入して回転させながら接合方向に移動させ、前記回転ツールと前記鋼板との摩擦熱により前記鋼板を軟化させつつ、その軟化した部位を前記回転ツールで撹拌することにより塑性流動を生じさせて鋼板同士を接合する摩擦撹拌接合方法であって、前記回転ツールの素材、もしくは前記回転ツールの表面に被覆された素材と前記鋼板との動摩擦係数がは0.6以下であり、前記回転ツールの接合方向前方に設けられた加熱手段により加熱された前記鋼板の表面の温度TS(℃)が下記式(1)を満足する領域を加熱領域としたとき、前記加熱領域と前記回転ツールとの最小距離は、前記回転ツールの肩部の直径以下であり、前記加熱領域の面積は、前記回転ツールのピン部の最大径部の面積以下であり、前記加熱領域の面積の65%以上は、前記鋼板の表面における前記回転ツールの回転軸を通り接合方向に平行な直線である接合中央線と、該接合中央線に平行で、かつリトリーティングサイドへ前記回転ツールのピン部の最大半径と同じ距離だけ隔てた直線と、の間に位置する摩擦撹拌接合方法。
TS≧0.8×TA1・・・(1)
TA1は、下記式(2)で示される温度である。
TA1(℃)=723-10.7[%Mn]-16.9[%Ni]+29.1[%Si]+16.9[%Cr]+290[%As]+6.38[%W]・・・(2)
上記[%M]は、被加工材である鋼板におけるM元素の含有量(質量%)であり、含有しない場合は0とする。
[2]前記加熱領域の厚さ方向の温度TD(℃)が下記式(3)を満足する領域における前記鋼板の表面からの最大深さを加熱領域の深さDとしたとき、前記加熱領域の深さDは、前記鋼板の厚さの30%以上である請求項1に記載の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
TD≧0.8×TA1・・・(3)
[3]前記加熱手段は、レーザ加熱装置である[1]または[2]に記載の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
[4]前記回転ツールの接合方向後方には後方加熱手段が設けられており、該後方加熱手段は、前記鋼板の接合部を加熱する[1]から[3]のいずれか1つに記載の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
[5]前記後方加熱手段の接合方向後方には冷却手段が設けられており、該冷却手段は、前記後方加熱手段により加熱された前記接合部を冷却する[4]に記載の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
[6]前記回転ツールの接合方向後方には冷却手段が設けられており、該冷却手段は、前記鋼板の接合部を冷却する[1]から[3]のいずれか1つに記載の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
[7]前記冷却手段の接合方向後方には後方加熱手段が設けられており、該後方加熱手段は、前記冷却手段により冷却された前記接合部を加熱する[6]に記載の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
[8]被加工材である鋼板間の未接合部を接合する摩擦撹拌接合装置であって、肩部と、該肩部に配され、該肩部と回転軸を共有するピン部と、を含み、前記肩部および前記ピン部は、前記鋼板よりも硬い材質からなり、前記鋼板間の未接合部に挿入された状態で回転しながら接合方向に移動することで、摩擦熱により前記鋼板を軟化させつつ、その軟化した部位を撹拌することにより塑性流動を生じさせる回転ツールと、該回転ツールの接合方向前方に設けられ、前記鋼板を加熱する加熱手段と、下記状態1を実現するように前記回転ツール及び前記加熱手段を制御する制御手段と、を有し、前記回転ツールの素材、もしくは前記回転ツールの表面に被覆した素材と前記鋼板との動摩擦係数は0.6以下である摩擦撹拌接合装置。
(状態1)
前記加熱手段により加熱された前記鋼板の表面の温度TS(℃)が下記式(1)を満足する領域を加熱領域としたとき、前記加熱領域と前記回転ツールとの最小距離は、前記回転ツールの肩部の直径以下であり、前記加熱領域の面積は、前記回転ツールのピン部の最大径部の面積以下であり、前記加熱領域の面積の65%以上は、前記鋼板の表面における前記回転ツールの回転軸を通り接合方向に平行な直線である接合中央線と、該接合中央線に平行で、かつリトリーティングサイドへ前記回転ツールのピン部の最大半径と同じ距離だけ隔てた直線と、の間に位置する。
TS≧0.8×TA1・・・(1)
TA1は、下記式(2)で示される温度である。
TA1(℃)=723-10.7[%Mn]-16.9[%Ni]+29.1[%Si]+16.9[%Cr]+290[%As]+6.38[%W]・・・(2)
上記[%M]は、被加工材である鋼板におけるM元素の含有量(質量%)であり、含有しない場合は0とする。
[9]前記制御手段は、以下の状態2を実現するように前記回転ツール及び前記加熱手段を制御する[8]に記載の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
(状態2)
前記加熱領域の厚さ方向の温度TD(℃)が下記式(3)を満足する領域における前記鋼板の表面からの最大深さを加熱領域の深さDとしたとき、前記加熱領域の深さDがは、前記鋼板の厚さの30%以上である。
TD≧0.8×TA1・・・(3)
[10]前記加熱手段は、レーザ加熱装置である[8]または[9]に記載の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
[11]前記鋼板の接合部を加熱する後方加熱手段をさらに有し、該後方加熱手段は、前記回転ツールの接合方向後方に設けられる[8]から[10]のいずれか1つに記載の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
[12]前記接合部を冷却する冷却手段をさらに有し、該冷却手段は、前記後方加熱手段の接合方向後方に設けられる[11]に記載の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
[13]前記鋼板の接合部を冷却する冷却手段をさらに有し、該冷却手段は、前記回転ツールの接合方向後方に設けられる[8]から[10]のいずれか1つに記載の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
[14]前記接合部を加熱する後方加熱手段をさらに有し、該後方加熱手段は、前記冷却手段の接合方向後方に設けられる[13]に記載の摩擦撹拌接合装置。 That is, the gist configuration of the present invention is as follows.
[1] A shoulder portion and a pin portion that is arranged on the shoulder portion and shares the rotation axis with the shoulder portion, and the shoulder portion and the pin portion are made of a material harder than a steel plate that is a workpiece. The rotating tool is inserted into an unjoined portion between the steel plates and rotated to move in the joining direction, and the softened portion is softened by the frictional heat between the rotating tool and the steel plate while the softened part is moved with the rotating tool. A friction stir welding method in which steel plates are joined to each other by causing plastic flow by stirring, and the dynamic friction coefficient between the material of the rotating tool or the material coated on the surface of the rotating tool and the steel plate is 0. .6 or less, and a region where the surface temperature T S (° C.) of the steel sheet heated by the heating means provided in front of the rotating tool in the joining direction satisfies the following formula (1) is defined as a heating region. The heating area and the front The minimum distance to the rotating tool is not more than the diameter of the shoulder of the rotating tool, the area of the heating region is not more than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion of the rotating tool, and is 65% of the area of the heating region. % Of the surface of the steel plate is a straight line that passes through the rotation axis of the rotary tool and is parallel to the welding direction, and is parallel to the welding center line and to the retreating side of the pin portion of the rotary tool. A friction stir welding method located between a straight line separated by the same distance as the maximum radius.
T S ≧ 0.8 × T A1 (1)
T A1 is a temperature represented by the following formula (2).
T A1 (° C.) = 723-10.7 [% Mn] −16.9 [% Ni] +29.1 [% Si] +16.9 [% Cr] +290 [% As] +6.38 [% W] · (2)
Said [% M] is content (mass%) of M element in the steel plate which is a workpiece, and is set to 0 when not containing.
[2] When the maximum depth from the surface of the steel sheet in the region where the temperature T D (° C.) in the thickness direction of the heating region satisfies the following formula (3) is the depth D of the heating region, the heating The friction stir welding method according to
T D ≧ 0.8 × T A1 (3)
[3] The friction stir welding method according to [1] or [2], wherein the heating means is a laser heating device.
[4] Back heating means is provided at the rear of the rotating tool in the joining direction, and the rear heating means heats the joining portion of the steel sheet according to any one of [1] to [3]. Friction stir welding method.
[5] A friction stir welding method according to [4], wherein a cooling means is provided behind the rear heating means in the joining direction, and the cooling means cools the joint heated by the rear heating means. .
[6] A cooling means is provided behind the rotating tool in the joining direction, and the cooling means cools the joining portion of the steel sheet. Friction stirring according to any one of [1] to [3] Joining method.
[7] A friction stir welding method according to [6], wherein a rear heating unit is provided behind the cooling unit in the joining direction, and the rear heating unit heats the joint cooled by the cooling unit. .
[8] A friction stir welding apparatus for joining unjoined portions between steel plates as workpieces, comprising a shoulder portion and a pin portion arranged on the shoulder portion and sharing the rotation axis with the shoulder portion. The shoulder portion and the pin portion are made of a material harder than the steel plate, and move in the joining direction while rotating in a state where the shoulder portion and the pin portion are inserted in the unjoined portion between the steel plates, so that the steel plate is caused by frictional heat. A rotating tool that causes plastic flow by stirring the softened portion while being softened, a heating means that is provided in front of the rotating tool in the joining direction, and that heats the steel sheet, and realizes the following state 1 A friction stir that has a dynamic friction coefficient of 0.6 or less between the material of the rotary tool or the material coated on the surface of the rotary tool and the steel plate. Joining device.
(State 1)
When a region where the surface temperature T S (° C.) of the steel sheet heated by the heating unit satisfies the following formula (1) is a heating region, the minimum distance between the heating region and the rotating tool is the rotation It is not more than the diameter of the shoulder portion of the tool, the area of the heating region is not more than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion of the rotating tool, and 65% or more of the area of the heating region is the surface of the steel plate A joint center line that is a straight line that passes through the rotation axis of the rotary tool and is parallel to the joint direction, and a straight line that is parallel to the joint center line and separated from the retreating side by the same distance as the maximum radius of the pin portion of the rotary tool. , Located between.
T S ≧ 0.8 × T A1 (1)
T A1 is a temperature represented by the following formula (2).
T A1 (° C.) = 723-10.7 [% Mn] −16.9 [% Ni] +29.1 [% Si] +16.9 [% Cr] +290 [% As] +6.38 [% W] · (2)
Said [% M] is content (mass%) of M element in the steel plate which is a workpiece, and is set to 0 when not containing.
[9] The friction stir welding apparatus according to [8], wherein the control unit controls the rotating tool and the heating unit so as to realize the
(State 2)
When the maximum depth from the surface of the steel sheet in the region where the temperature T D (° C.) in the thickness direction of the heating region satisfies the following formula (3) is the depth D of the heating region, the depth of the heating region The thickness D is 30% or more of the thickness of the steel plate.
T D ≧ 0.8 × T A1 (3)
[10] The friction stir welding apparatus according to [8] or [9], wherein the heating means is a laser heating apparatus.
[11] The apparatus according to any one of [8] to [10], further including a rear heating unit that heats the joint portion of the steel plates, the rear heating unit provided at a rear side in the joining direction of the rotary tool. Friction stir welding device.
[12] The friction stir welding apparatus according to [11], further including a cooling unit that cools the joint, and the cooling unit is provided behind the rear heating unit in the joining direction.
[13] The friction stirrer according to any one of [8] to [10], further including a cooling unit that cools a bonded portion of the steel plates, the cooling unit being provided at the rear in the bonding direction of the rotary tool. Joining device.
[14] The friction stir welding apparatus according to [13], further including a rear heating unit that heats the joint, and the rear heating unit is provided behind the cooling unit in the joining direction.
図3は、本実施形態に係る摩擦撹拌接合方法で接合する鋼板の温度と引張強さの関係を示す図である。本実施形態の摩擦撹拌接合方法で接合する鋼板3は、図3に示すように、通常、鋼の変態温度であるTA1の80%程度の温度では、常温時の強度の30%程度の強度となる。また、この温度より高くなると、銅板3の強度はさらに低下する。よって、鋼板3の表面温度TSが0.8×TA1℃以上を満足するように鋼板3を予め軟化させ、当該鋼板3を撹拌し、塑性流動を促進する。これにより、回転ツール1にかかる負荷が低減され、接合速度を高速度化できる。このため、本実施形態における摩擦撹拌接合方法では、鋼板3の表面温度TSが下記式(1)を満足する領域を加熱領域12とする。 Surface temperature T S of steel plate in heating region: T S ≧ 0.8 × T A1
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the temperature and tensile strength of the steel plates to be joined by the friction stir welding method according to this embodiment. As shown in FIG. 3, the
鋼の変態温度TA1(℃)は、下記式(2)により求めることができる。 T S ≧ 0.8 × T A1 (1)
The transformation temperature T A1 (° C.) of steel can be obtained by the following formula (2).
上記[%M]は、被加工材である鋼板3におけるM元素の含有量(質量%)であり、含有しない場合は0とする。 T A1 (° C.) = 723-10.7 [% Mn] −16.9 [% Ni] +29.1 [% Si] +16.9 [% Cr] +290 [% As] +6.38 [% W] · (2)
Said [% M] is content (mass%) of M element in the
鋼板3の表面における加熱領域12と回転ツール1との最小距離Xが大きくなり過ぎると、接合前に加熱領域12における温度が低下し、予熱による効果が十分に得られない。このため、本実施形態に係る摩擦撹拌接合方法において、鋼板3の表面における加熱領域12と接合方向へ移動する回転ツール1との最小距離Xは、回転ツールの肩部8の直径以下である。 Minimum distance X between the heating region on the surface of the steel plate and the rotating tool: less than the diameter of the shoulder of the rotating tool If the minimum distance X between the
加熱領域12が大きくなり過ぎると加熱領域12およびその周辺領域のミクロ組織が変化する。特に、マルテンサイト組織により強化された高張力鋼板の場合は、フェライト-オーステナイト変態温度以下での加熱であっても、マルテンサイトが焼き戻されることで軟化を生じ、接合継手強度を大幅に低下させる。このため、本実施形態に係る摩擦撹拌接合方法において、鋼板3の表面における加熱領域12の面積は、回転ツールのピン部9の最大径部の面積以下である。 The area of the heating region on the surface of the steel sheet: not more than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion of the rotating tool When the
鋼板3の摩擦撹拌接合において、塑性流動はアドバンシングサイドを始点として、回転ツール1の回転方向に沿って、接合方向前方、リトリーティングサイド、接合方向後方を通り、アドバンシングサイドが終点となる。アドバンシングサイドは、塑性流動の始点となるので、被加工材である鋼板3の加熱不足が生じ易い。このため、塑性流動が不十分で欠陥が発生する場合には、その殆どがアドバンシングサイドで発生する。従って、鋼板3の表面において、アドバンシングサイドを優先的に加熱し、鋼板を軟化させることで塑性流動を促進し、欠陥の発生を抑え、接合速度の高速度化を図ることができる。 On the surface of the steel plate, the area of the heating region located between the joining center line and the RS wire: 65% or more of the area of the heating region on the surface of the steel plate In the friction stir welding of the
前述したように、本実施形態の摩擦撹拌接合方法で接合する鋼板3は、鋼の変態温度であるTA1の80%程度の温度では、常温時の強度の30%程度の強度となる。また、この温度より高くなると、鋼板3の強度は、さらに低下する。よって、加熱領域12の厚さ方向の領域においても、温度を0.8×TA1℃以上として鋼板3を予め軟化させることが好ましい。これにより、回転ツール1にかかる負荷がさらに低減され、接合速度をさらに高速度化できる。従って、加熱領域12の厚さ方向の領域における温度TDが下記式(3)を満足する領域における鋼板3の表面からの深さを加熱領域12の深さDとした。 Temperature T D in the thickness direction region of the heating region: T D ≧ 0.8 × T A1
As described above, the
TA1(℃)は下記式(2)により求めることができる。 T D ≧ 0.8 × T A1 (3)
T A1 (° C.) can be obtained by the following formula (2).
上記[%M]は、被加工材である鋼板3におけるM元素の含有量(質量%)であり、含有しない場合は0とする。 T A1 (° C.) = 723-10.7 [% Mn] −16.9 [% Ni] +29.1 [% Si] +16.9 [% Cr] +290 [% As] +6.38 [% W] · (2)
Said [% M] is content (mass%) of M element in the
加熱領域12の深さDは、加熱領域12の厚さ方向の温度TDが0.8×TA1℃以上となる領域の鋼板3の表面からの最大深さで規定される。この加熱領域12の深さDは、鋼板3の厚さtの30%以上であることが好ましい。加熱領域12の深さDを鋼板3の厚さtの30%以上とすることで、塑性流動がさらに促進され、回転ツール1にかかる負荷低減および接合速度の高速度化に有利となる。加熱領域12の深さDは、鋼板3の厚さの50%以上であることがより好ましい。 The depth D of the heating zone: depth D of 30% of the thickness t or
板厚が1.6mmであって、下記表1に示す化学組成、引張強さの鋼板を用いて、摩擦撹拌接合を実施した。継手突合せ面は、角度をつけない、いわゆるI型開先でフライス加工程度の表面状態により片面1パスで接合を行った。摩擦撹拌接合の接合条件を表2に示す。実施例1では、図4に示した断面寸法形状(肩部直径a:12mm、ピン部の最大径b:4mm、プローブ長さc:1.4mm)の回転ツールを用いた。実施例1で用いた回転ツールは、炭化タングステン(WC)を素材とし、物理蒸着(PVD)により窒化チタン(TiN)の被覆処理が表面に施された回転ツールである。接合時にはアルゴンガスにより接合部をシールドし、表面の酸化を防止した。TiNの被覆処理を表面に施したWCの回転ツールの表面と鋼板との動摩擦係数は、0.6以下であった。 Example 1
Friction stir welding was performed using a steel plate having a plate thickness of 1.6 mm and having a chemical composition and tensile strength shown in Table 1 below. The joint butt surfaces were joined in one pass on one side in a so-called I-shaped groove with no angle, and with a surface condition of the degree of milling. Table 2 shows the welding conditions of the friction stir welding. In Example 1, the rotary tool having the cross-sectional dimensions shown in FIG. 4 (shoulder diameter a: 12 mm, pin portion maximum diameter b: 4 mm, probe length c: 1.4 mm) was used. The rotary tool used in Example 1 is a rotary tool whose surface is coated with titanium nitride (TiN) by physical vapor deposition (PVD) using tungsten carbide (WC) as a raw material. At the time of bonding, the bonded portion was shielded with argon gas to prevent surface oxidation. The coefficient of dynamic friction between the surface of the rotating tool of WC having a TiN coating treatment on the surface and the steel sheet was 0.6 or less.
(実施例2)
板厚が1.6mmであって、上記表1に示す化学組成、引張強さの鋼板を用いて、摩擦撹拌接合を実施した。継手突合せ面は、角度をつけない、いわゆるI型開先でフライス加工程度の表面状態により片面1パスで接合を行った。摩擦撹拌接合の接合条件を上記表2に示す。実施例2では、図4に示した断面寸法形状(肩部直径a:12mm、ピン部の最大径b:4mm、プローブ長さc:1.4mm)の回転ツールを用いた。実施例2で用いた回転ツールは、炭化タングステン(WC)を素材とし、被覆処理を施していないもの、炭化タングステン(WC)を素材とし、物理蒸着(PVD)により窒化チタン(TiN)の被覆処理を表面に施したもの、炭化タングステン(WC)を素材とし、表面に窒化アルミクロム(AlCrN)の被覆処理を表面に施したもの、または、立方晶窒化ホウ素(CBN)を素材としたものである。 On the other hand, in Comparative Example 7, the rotary tool was damaged during the joining and could not be joined. In Comparative Examples 8 to 12, unjoined portions remained and could not be joined, and a healthy joint could not be obtained. For this reason, in Comparative Examples 7 to 12, measurement of the rotating tool torque or the like is not performed.
(Example 2)
Friction stir welding was performed using a steel plate having a plate thickness of 1.6 mm and a chemical composition and tensile strength shown in Table 1 above. The joint butt surfaces were joined in one pass on one side in a so-called I-shaped groove with no angle, and with a surface condition of the degree of milling. The welding conditions for friction stir welding are shown in Table 2 above. In Example 2, the rotary tool having the cross-sectional dimensions (shoulder diameter a: 12 mm, pin portion maximum diameter b: 4 mm, probe length c: 1.4 mm) shown in FIG. 4 was used. The rotary tool used in Example 2 is made of tungsten carbide (WC) as a raw material and is not subjected to coating treatment, and tungsten carbide (WC) is used as a raw material and is coated with titanium nitride (TiN) by physical vapor deposition (PVD). The surface is made of tungsten carbide (WC), the surface is coated with aluminum chromium nitride (AlCrN), or the material is cubic boron nitride (CBN). .
2 回転軸
3 鋼板
4 接合部
5 加熱手段
6 冷却手段
7 後方加熱手段
8 回転ツールの肩部
9 回転ツールのピン部
10 接合中央線
11 RS線
12 加熱領域
13 冷却領域
14 再加熱領域
15 制御手段
a 回転ツールの肩部直径
b 回転ツールのピン部の最大径
c 回転ツールのプローブ長さ
X 加熱領域と回転ツールとの最小距離
D 加熱領域の深さ
t 鋼板の厚さ
α 回転ツールの傾斜角度 DESCRIPTION OF
Claims (14)
- 肩部と、該肩部に配され、該肩部と回転軸を共有するピン部と、を含み、前記肩部とおよび前記ピン部が被加工材である鋼板よりも硬い材質からなる回転ツールを、鋼板間の未接合部に挿入して回転させながら接合方向に移動させ、前記回転ツールと前記鋼板との摩擦熱により前記鋼板を軟化させつつ、その軟化した部位を前記回転ツールで撹拌することにより塑性流動を生じさせて鋼板同士を接合する摩擦撹拌接合方法であって、
前記回転ツールの素材、もしくは前記回転ツールの表面に被覆された素材と前記鋼板との動摩擦係数は0.6以下であり、
前記回転ツールの接合方向前方に設けられた加熱手段により加熱された前記鋼板の表面の温度TS(℃)が下記式(1)を満足する領域を加熱領域としたとき、前記加熱領域と前記回転ツールとの最小距離は、前記回転ツールの肩部の直径以下であり、
前記加熱領域の面積は、前記回転ツールのピン部の最大径部の面積以下であり、
前記加熱領域の面積の65%以上は、前記鋼板の表面における前記回転ツールの回転軸を通り接合方向に平行な直線である接合中央線と、該接合中央線に平行で、かつリトリーティングサイドへ前記回転ツールのピン部の最大半径と同じ距離だけ隔てた直線と、の間に位置する摩擦撹拌接合方法。
TS≧0.8×TA1・・・(1)
TA1は、下記式(2)で示される温度である。
TA1(℃)=723-10.7[%Mn]-16.9[%Ni]+29.1[%Si]+16.9[%Cr]+290[%As]+6.38[%W]・・・(2)
上記[%M]は、被加工材である鋼板におけるM元素の含有量(質量%)であり、含有しない場合は0とする。 A rotating tool comprising a shoulder portion and a pin portion arranged on the shoulder portion and sharing the rotation axis with the shoulder portion, and the shoulder portion and the pin portion are made of a material harder than a steel plate as a workpiece Is inserted into an unjoined portion between the steel plates and moved in the joining direction while rotating, and the softened portion is agitated with the rotary tool while the steel plate is softened by frictional heat between the rotary tool and the steel plate. This is a friction stir welding method for joining steel plates by causing plastic flow,
The material of the rotating tool, or the dynamic friction coefficient between the steel sheet and the material coated on the surface of the rotating tool is 0.6 or less,
When the region where the surface temperature T S (° C.) of the steel sheet heated by the heating means provided in front of the rotating tool in the joining direction satisfies the following formula (1) is defined as the heating region, the heating region and the The minimum distance to the rotating tool is not more than the diameter of the shoulder of the rotating tool,
The area of the heating region is equal to or less than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion of the rotary tool,
65% or more of the area of the heating region is a joining center line that is a straight line passing through the rotation axis of the rotating tool on the surface of the steel plate and parallel to the joining direction, parallel to the joining center line, and to the retreating side. A friction stir welding method positioned between a straight line separated by the same distance as the maximum radius of the pin portion of the rotating tool.
T S ≧ 0.8 × T A1 (1)
T A1 is a temperature represented by the following formula (2).
T A1 (° C.) = 723-10.7 [% Mn] −16.9 [% Ni] +29.1 [% Si] +16.9 [% Cr] +290 [% As] +6.38 [% W] · (2)
Said [% M] is content (mass%) of M element in the steel plate which is a workpiece, and is set to 0 when not containing. - 前記加熱領域の厚さ方向の温度TD(℃)が下記式(3)を満足する領域における前記鋼板の表面からの最大深さを加熱領域の深さDとしたとき、前記加熱領域の深さDは、前記鋼板の厚さの30%以上である請求項1に記載の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
TD≧0.8×TA1・・・(3) When the maximum depth from the surface of the steel sheet in the region where the temperature T D (° C.) in the thickness direction of the heating region satisfies the following formula (3) is the depth D of the heating region, the depth of the heating region The friction stir welding method according to claim 1, wherein the thickness D is 30% or more of the thickness of the steel plate.
T D ≧ 0.8 × T A1 (3) - 前記加熱手段は、レーザ加熱装置である請求項1または請求項2に記載の摩擦撹拌接合方法。 The friction stir welding method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the heating means is a laser heating device.
- 前記回転ツールの接合方向後方には後方加熱手段が設けられており、該後方加熱手段は、前記鋼板の接合部を加熱する請求項1から請求項3のいずれか一項に記載の摩擦撹拌接合方法。 The friction stir welding according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a rear heating unit is provided at a rear side of the rotating tool in a joining direction, and the rear heating unit heats a joint portion of the steel plate. Method.
- 前記後方加熱手段の接合方向後方には冷却手段が設けられており、該冷却手段は、前記後方加熱手段により加熱された前記接合部を冷却する請求項4に記載の摩擦撹拌接合方法。 5. The friction stir welding method according to claim 4, wherein a cooling means is provided behind the rear heating means in the joining direction, and the cooling means cools the joint heated by the rear heating means.
- 前記回転ツールの接合方向後方には冷却手段が設けられており、該冷却手段は、前記鋼板の接合部を冷却する請求項1から請求項3のいずれか一項に記載の摩擦撹拌接合方法。 The friction stir welding method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a cooling means is provided behind the rotating tool in the joining direction, and the cooling means cools the joining portion of the steel sheet.
- 前記冷却手段の接合方向後方には後方加熱手段が設けられており、該後方加熱手段は、前記冷却手段により冷却された前記接合部を加熱する請求項6に記載の摩擦撹拌接合方法。 The friction stir welding method according to claim 6, wherein a rear heating means is provided behind the cooling means in the joining direction, and the rear heating means heats the joining portion cooled by the cooling means.
- 被加工材である鋼板間の未接合部を接合する摩擦撹拌接合装置であって、
肩部と、該肩部に配され、該肩部と回転軸を共有するピン部と、を含み、前記肩部および前記ピン部は、前記鋼板よりも硬い材質からなり、前記鋼板間の未接合部に挿入された状態で回転しながら接合方向に移動することで、摩擦熱により前記鋼板を軟化させつつ、その軟化した部位を撹拌することにより塑性流動を生じさせる回転ツールと、
該回転ツールの接合方向前方に設けられ、前記鋼板を加熱する加熱手段と、
下記状態1を実現するように前記回転ツール及び前記加熱手段を制御する制御手段と、を有し、
前記回転ツールの素材、もしくは前記回転ツールの表面に被覆した素材と前記鋼板との動摩擦係数は0.6以下である摩擦撹拌接合装置。
(状態1)
前記加熱手段により加熱された前記鋼板の表面の温度TS(℃)が下記式(1)を満足する領域を加熱領域としたとき、前記加熱領域と前記回転ツールとの最小距離は、前記回転ツールの肩部の直径以下であり、
前記加熱領域の面積は、前記回転ツールのピン部の最大径部の面積以下であり、
前記加熱領域の面積の65%以上は、前記鋼板の表面における前記回転ツールの回転軸を通り接合方向に平行な直線である接合中央線と、該接合中央線に平行で、かつリトリーティングサイドへ前記回転ツールのピン部の最大半径と同じ距離だけ隔てた直線と、の間に位置する。
TS≧0.8×TA1・・・(1)
TA1は、下記式(2)で示される温度である。
TA1(℃)=723-10.7[%Mn]-16.9[%Ni]+29.1[%Si]+16.9[%Cr]+290[%As]+6.38[%W]・・・(2)
上記[%M]は、被加工材である鋼板におけるM元素の含有量(質量%)であり、含有しない場合は0とする。 A friction stir welding apparatus that joins unjoined portions between steel plates that are workpieces,
A shoulder portion and a pin portion arranged on the shoulder portion and sharing the rotation axis with the shoulder portion, and the shoulder portion and the pin portion are made of a material harder than the steel plate, A rotating tool that causes plastic flow by stirring the softened part while softening the steel plate by frictional heat by moving in the joining direction while rotating in a state inserted in the joint part,
A heating means provided in front of the rotating tool in the joining direction, for heating the steel plate;
Control means for controlling the rotating tool and the heating means so as to realize the following state 1;
The friction stir welding apparatus, wherein the dynamic friction coefficient between the steel plate and the material of the rotary tool or the material coated on the surface of the rotary tool is 0.6 or less.
(State 1)
When a region where the surface temperature T S (° C.) of the steel sheet heated by the heating unit satisfies the following formula (1) is a heating region, the minimum distance between the heating region and the rotating tool is the rotation Less than the diameter of the shoulder of the tool,
The area of the heating region is equal to or less than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion of the rotary tool,
65% or more of the area of the heating region is a joining center line that is a straight line passing through the rotation axis of the rotating tool on the surface of the steel plate and parallel to the joining direction, parallel to the joining center line, and to the retreating side. And a straight line separated by the same distance as the maximum radius of the pin portion of the rotating tool.
T S ≧ 0.8 × T A1 (1)
T A1 is a temperature represented by the following formula (2).
T A1 (° C.) = 723-10.7 [% Mn] −16.9 [% Ni] +29.1 [% Si] +16.9 [% Cr] +290 [% As] +6.38 [% W] · (2)
Said [% M] is content (mass%) of M element in the steel plate which is a workpiece, and is set to 0 when not containing. - 前記制御手段は、以下の状態2を実現するように前記回転ツール及び前記加熱手段を制御する請求項8に記載の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
(状態2)
前記加熱領域の厚さ方向の温度TD(℃)が下記式(3)を満足する領域における前記鋼板の表面からの最大深さを加熱領域の深さDとしたとき、前記加熱領域の深さDは、前記鋼板の厚さの30%以上である。
TD≧0.8×TA1・・・(3) The friction stir welding apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the control means controls the rotary tool and the heating means so as to realize the following state 2.
(State 2)
When the maximum depth from the surface of the steel sheet in the region where the temperature T D (° C.) in the thickness direction of the heating region satisfies the following formula (3) is the depth D of the heating region, the depth of the heating region The thickness D is 30% or more of the thickness of the steel plate.
T D ≧ 0.8 × T A1 (3) - 前記加熱手段は、レーザ加熱装置である請求項8または請求項9に記載の摩擦撹拌接合装置。 The friction stir welding apparatus according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the heating means is a laser heating apparatus.
- 前記鋼板の接合部を加熱する後方加熱手段をさらに有し、
該後方加熱手段は、前記回転ツールの接合方向後方に設けられる請求項8から請求項10のいずれか一項に記載の摩擦撹拌接合装置。 It further has a rear heating means for heating the joined portion of the steel sheet,
The friction stir welding apparatus according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the rear heating means is provided at a rear side in the joining direction of the rotary tool. - 前記接合部を冷却する冷却手段をさらに有し、
該冷却手段は、前記後方加熱手段の接合方向後方に設けられる請求項11に記載の摩擦撹拌接合装置。 A cooling means for cooling the joint;
The friction stir welding apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the cooling means is provided at a rear side in the joining direction of the rear heating means. - 前記鋼板の接合部を冷却する冷却手段をさらに有し、
該冷却手段は、前記回転ツールの接合方向後方に設けられる請求項8から請求項10のいずれか一項に記載の摩擦撹拌接合装置。 A cooling means for cooling the joint of the steel plates;
The friction stir welding apparatus according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the cooling means is provided behind the rotating tool in the joining direction. - 前記接合部を加熱する後方加熱手段をさらに有し、
該後方加熱手段は、前記冷却手段の接合方向後方に設けられる請求項13に記載の摩擦撹拌接合装置。 A rear heating means for heating the joint;
14. The friction stir welding apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the rear heating means is provided behind the cooling means in the joining direction.
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