WO2018028228A1 - 一种用于增加板翼动力锚沉贯深度的推进器及其方法 - Google Patents

一种用于增加板翼动力锚沉贯深度的推进器及其方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018028228A1
WO2018028228A1 PCT/CN2017/079918 CN2017079918W WO2018028228A1 WO 2018028228 A1 WO2018028228 A1 WO 2018028228A1 CN 2017079918 W CN2017079918 W CN 2017079918W WO 2018028228 A1 WO2018028228 A1 WO 2018028228A1
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Prior art keywords
propeller
wing
anchor
power anchor
soil
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
刘君
韩聪聪
胡玉霞
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Dalian University of Technology
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Dalian University of Technology
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Priority to US15/776,954 priority Critical patent/US10384746B2/en
Priority to AU2017309535A priority patent/AU2017309535B2/en
Publication of WO2018028228A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018028228A1/zh
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B21/00—Tying-up; Shifting, towing, or pushing equipment; Anchoring
    • B63B21/24—Anchors
    • B63B21/26—Anchors securing to bed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B21/00—Tying-up; Shifting, towing, or pushing equipment; Anchoring
    • B63B21/50—Anchoring arrangements or methods for special vessels, e.g. for floating drilling platforms or dredgers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B21/00—Tying-up; Shifting, towing, or pushing equipment; Anchoring
    • B63B21/24—Anchors
    • B63B21/26—Anchors securing to bed
    • B63B2021/265—Anchors securing to bed by gravity embedment, e.g. by dropping a pile-type anchor from a certain height
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of marine engineering, and in particular relates to a propeller for increasing the depth of penetration of a wing power anchor and a method thereof.
  • the anchor is the foundation of the ship and the marine floating structure. It is connected to the upper structure through the anchor chain and relies on the anchoring force of the seabed soil to resist the load transmitted by the upper structure.
  • Anchors suitable for use in deep sea mooring systems include: suction caisson, tow anchor, suction mounted plate anchor and power mounting anchor.
  • the power installation anchor is referred to as the power anchor. It does not need external force when installing, and the installation is completed by its own weight. Therefore, its application prospects in deep sea engineering are extensive.
  • the power anchor mainly includes two types: torpedo anchor and wing power anchor.
  • the anchor When installing, the anchor is first released to a certain height on the surface of the seabed; then the anchor rope is loosened, the anchor begins to fall freely in the water, and the anchor tip reaches the sea.
  • the corresponding speed at the surface of the bed is the penetration speed; the anchor penetrates into the soil under the action of the self-weight and the kinetic energy obtained by the free fall of the water, and the depth of the anchor tip to the surface of the seabed is called the depth of penetration.
  • the power anchor After the installation, the power anchor provides the uplift bearing capacity by its own weight and the anchoring force of the surrounding soil.
  • Most of the seabed soil is normally consolidated soil or slightly over-consolidated soil. The undrained shear strength s u of the soil increases linearly with depth. Therefore, the greater the depth of penetration of the dynamic anchor, the higher the corresponding bearing capacity.
  • O'Loughlin et al. compared the depth of penetration of torpedo anchors with different shapes and sizes in kaolin by centrifugal model test.
  • the penetration speed is 12 ⁇ 29m/s
  • the depth of penetration is (2.1 ⁇ 2.9)h.
  • A is the height of the anchor.
  • Hossain et al. summarized the depth of the torpedo anchor in actual deep-sea engineering in Campos Bay, Brazil, (1.5 to 2.4) h A .
  • Hossain et al. simulated the dynamic installation process of torpedo anchor in calcareous soil by centrifugal model test. When the penetration speed is 15 ⁇ 22m/s, the corresponding depth of penetration is (0.96 ⁇ 1.4)h A .
  • Guadin et al. simulated the dynamic penetration process of the wing-wing dynamic anchor by centrifugal model test.
  • the penetration speed is (20.53 ⁇ 28.60) m/s
  • the corresponding depth of penetration is (1.14 ⁇ 1.46).
  • h A In kaolin, when the penetration speed is (10.40 to 23.00) m/s, the corresponding depth of penetration is (1.18 to 2.00) h A .
  • Zimmerman et al. carried out 54 sets of wing-wing dynamic anchor power installation field tests in the Gulf of Mexico, and obtained the ultimate speed of the anchor is about 19m / s, corresponding to an average depth of penetration of 1.77h A.
  • the shape of the wing-wing power anchor is complex, and the resistance in the water is relatively large, so the penetration speed is small;
  • the wing-wing power anchor has a larger side area than the torpedo anchor, so When the soil is penetrated into the soil, the corresponding soil resistance is larger, so the depth of penetration is smaller.
  • the depth of penetration of the wing power anchor is lower, and the depth of the wing power anchor is lower due to the larger side area. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the depth of penetration of the wing power anchor to increase the bearing capacity.
  • the present invention provides a method for increasing the depth of penetration of a wing power anchor and a propeller thereof.
  • the present invention adds a retractable thruster to the tail of the wing power anchor for increasing the penetration speed and depth of the anchor.
  • a propeller for increasing the depth of penetration of a wing power anchor characterized in that the propeller mainly comprises a cylindrical central shaft, the front end of the cylindrical central shaft is ellipsoidal, and the tail is streamlined, Reducing the overall resistance during the fall in water and soil; the tail of the cylindrical central shaft is provided with three tails Wing, used to improve the directional stability of the overall structure, the shape and size of the empennage can be determined according to the actual needs of the project; the front end of the propeller is provided with a connecting groove, the tail of the wing power anchor is provided with a connecting rod, and the propeller is connected The slot is connected to the connecting rod of the tail of the wing power anchor and fixed by a shear pin; the pusher can increase the penetration speed of the wing power anchor when falling in the water and the depth of penetration when entering the soil And can improve the directional stability of the wing power anchor; the tail of the propeller is also provided with a recovery rope. After the installation of the wing power anchor is completed, the propeller is recovered by
  • a method for increasing the depth of penetration of a wing power anchor the steps are as follows:
  • Step 1 Install a retractable propeller at the tail of the wing power anchor, and the wing power anchor tail is provided with a connecting rod connecting rod for use with the propeller connecting groove, the connecting rod and the propeller head
  • the connecting groove is matched and fixed by the shear pin to ensure that the axis of the propeller and the axis of the wing power anchor coincide; to improve the overall stability and avoid a large declination during the falling process, and to improve the power anchor Penetration speed and depth of penetration;
  • Step 2 Comparing the penetration speed of the wing power anchor with or without the propeller, and the corresponding limit speed when the blade power anchor without the propeller is free to fall in the water is obtained by the formula (1), and the propulsion is installed.
  • the corresponding limit speed of the wing power anchor of the device when it falls freely in water is obtained by formula (2).
  • V T represents the ultimate speed of the wing power anchor without the propeller
  • V′ T represents the ultimate speed of the wing power anchor with the propeller installed
  • m A represents the mass of the wing power anchor
  • m p denotes the propulsion Mass
  • ⁇ w represents the density of water
  • ⁇ A represents the volume of the wing power anchor
  • ⁇ p represents the volume of the thruster
  • g represents the gravity acceleration
  • a p represents the wing power anchor without the propeller mounted perpendicular to the axis plane parallel to the direction of the projected area
  • a 'p represents a pusher plate mounted power wing anchor projected area parallel to the direction perpendicular to the surface of the power of the anchor axis
  • C d represents the water drag coefficient flap members pusher force is not installed anchor
  • C' d represents the drag coefficient of water on the wing power anchor with the propeller installed, and is related to the viscosity coefficient of the fluid, the size and shape of the moving object; when the propeller is
  • Step 3 Compare the depth of penetration of the wing-wing power anchors with or without the propellers.
  • the resistance of the blade-wing dynamic anchors without the propellers in the soil is determined by the formula (3).
  • the resistance of the blade-wing dynamic anchor with the propeller in the soil is determined by the formula (4).
  • Step 4 After the installation of the wing power anchor is completed, the recovery rope of the tail of the propeller is tightened. When the tensile force of the recovery rope exceeds the shear resistance of the shear pin, the shear pin is cut, the pusher is pulled out and can be reused. The wing-wing power anchor remains in the soil.
  • the present invention proposes a method for increasing the depth of penetration of a wing power anchor, and designs a retractable thruster device that increases the falling speed of the blade power anchor in the water and in the soil.
  • the depth of penetration can improve the directional stability of the wing power anchor.
  • the invention only adds one propeller, the processing process is simple, and the cost is low, but the depth of penetration of the wing power anchor can be greatly improved, so as to increase the bearing capacity of the wing power anchor and improve The safety factor of the superstructure or the total cost of the project.
  • the invention has strong applicability and can be adapted to marine soils of different nature by adjusting the size of the propeller.
  • Figure 1a is a schematic view of the thruster and wing power anchor connection.
  • Figure 1b is a schematic view of a wing power anchor.
  • Figure 1c is a schematic illustration of the propeller of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a flow chart of the steps of the method of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is a diagram showing the increase in the speed limit of the propeller to the power anchor of the blade in the present invention.
  • Fig. 4 is a view showing an increase degree of the thrust coefficient of the propeller to the power anchor of the blade in the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is a numerical simulation method to calculate the degree of increase in the penetration depth of the propeller to the power anchor of the wing.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic view showing the force of the blade wing anchoring process.
  • Figure 7a shows the effect of the friction coefficient and penetration speed of the anchor-soil interface on the dynamic anchor of the wing and the depth of the dynamic anchor of the rear wing of the propeller.
  • Figure 7b shows the effect of soil strength gradient and penetration speed on the dynamic anchor of the wing and the depth of the dynamic anchor of the rear wing of the propeller.
  • 1 wing power anchor 1a connecting rod; 2 propeller; 2a cylindrical central shaft; 2b tail; 2c connecting groove; 3 shear pin.
  • a method for increasing the penetration depth of a power anchor includes the following steps:
  • Step 1 Install a retractable propeller at the tail of the power anchor, fix the propeller to the tail of the power anchor through the shear pin, and ensure that the axis of the propeller and the axis of the power anchor coincide to improve overall stability. Avoiding a large declination during the falling process, which is used to increase the penetration speed and depth of penetration of the power anchor;
  • Step 2 Compare the penetration speed of the installed propeller power anchor. If the propeller power anchor is not installed in the water, the corresponding limit speed is obtained by the formula (1). The propeller power anchor is installed in the water. The corresponding limit speed at the time of falling is obtained by the formula (2).
  • V T represents the ultimate speed at which the propeller power anchor is not installed
  • V' T represents the ultimate speed at which the propeller power anchor is installed
  • m A represents the mass of the anchor
  • m p represents the mass of the propeller
  • ⁇ w represents the water Density
  • ⁇ A represents the volume of the power anchor
  • ⁇ p represents the volume of the propeller
  • g represents the acceleration of gravity
  • a p represents the projected area of the propeller power anchor on the plane perpendicular to the axial direction
  • A' p indicates that the propulsion is installed
  • C d represents the drag coefficient of the water pair without the propeller power anchor
  • C' d represents the drag coefficient of the water pair mounted with the propeller power anchor
  • the viscosity coefficient, the size and shape of the moving object; when the thruster is installed, the limit speed of the power anchor can be increased under the premise that the projected
  • Step 3 Compare the depth of penetration of the propeller power anchor with or without the installation.
  • the resistance of the propeller power anchor in the soil is determined by the formula (3), and the propeller power anchor is installed.
  • the resistance to the process of sinking in the soil is obtained by the formula (4).
  • z is the depth of the earth at which the thruster's power anchor tip is not installed at t
  • W s is the effective weight of the power anchor in the water
  • W p is the effective weight of the thruster in the water
  • F b is the earth versus no thruster power
  • the buoyancy of the anchor F' b indicates the buoyancy of the earth with the propeller power anchor installed
  • R f indicates the parameter characterizing the effect of the rate effect
  • F bear indicates the end bearing resistance of the soil to the propeller without the propeller
  • F' bear indicates the soil pair
  • F frict indicates the frictional resistance of the earth to the propeller power anchor
  • F' frict indicates the frictional resistance of the earth to the propeller power anchor
  • F d indicates that the soil does not install the propulsion.
  • Step 4 After the power anchor is installed, tighten the recovery rope at the tail of the propeller. When the tension of the recovery rope exceeds the shear resistance of the shear pin, the shear pin is cut, the propeller is pulled out and can be reused. The anchor remains in the soil.
  • a propeller 2 in a method for increasing the penetration depth of a power anchor mainly comprises a cylindrical central shaft 2a, which is a streamlined design and a front end.
  • An ellipsoidal shape, the tail gradually shrinks to reduce the overall resistance during the fall in water and soil, the cylindrical central axis
  • the tail portion of 2a is provided with three fins 2b and is connected to the tail portion of the cylindrical center shaft 2a through a card slot for improving the orientation stability of the overall structure of the propeller.
  • the front end of the cylindrical center shaft 2a is provided with a connecting groove 2c.
  • a cylindrical connecting rod 1a is disposed at the tail of the wing power anchor 1, and the axis of the connecting rod 1a coincides with the axis of the wing power anchor 1, and the connecting rod 1a and the propeller 2 of the wing power anchor 1 are sheared by the shear pin 3.
  • the connecting grooves 2c of the front end are fixed together, ensuring that the cylindrical center shaft 2a in the pusher 2 coincides with the axis of the wing power anchor 1 to increase the overall stability and avoid a large yaw angle during the falling process.
  • the shear pin 3 can provide a shear resistance that is slightly greater than the effective weight of the wing power anchor 1 in the water, ensuring that the blade power anchor 1 and the pusher 2 do not separate. After the installation is completed, the recovery rope connecting the pusher 2 is tightened. When the tensile force of the recovery rope exceeds the shear resistance of the shear pin 3, the shear pin 3 is cut, the pusher 2 is pulled out and can be reused, and the power anchor is used. Still in the soil.
  • the inventors verified the free fall process of the anchor in the water and the dynamic penetration process in the soil through theoretical calculation methods and numerical calculation methods.
  • the thruster improves the penetration speed
  • the free fall process of the power anchor in the water can be divided into two phases: the accelerated falling phase and the stable phase.
  • the anchor accelerates and the speed increases; since the resistance of the anchor to the anchor is proportional to the square of the falling speed, the resistance of the anchor increases with the falling speed.
  • the speed of the anchor remains constant, and the corresponding speed is the limit speed V T , and the expression is as shown in the formula (5).
  • m A is the mass of the anchor
  • ⁇ w is the density of water
  • ⁇ A is the volume of the anchor
  • g is the acceleration of gravity
  • a p is the projected area of the anchor on the plane perpendicular to the axial direction
  • C d is the drag coefficient. It is related to the viscosity coefficient of the fluid, the size and shape of the moving object.
  • the influence of the propeller on the ultimate speed of the wing power anchor can be obtained by hydrodynamic model test.
  • the limit speed of the wing power anchor is 22.63m/s when no propeller is used; when the thrust mass m p is 0.5m A , 1.0m A , 1.5m A respectively, corresponding
  • the ultimate speeds are 27.01m/s, 30.9m/s, 32.46m/s, and the kinetic energy of the wing-wing power anchors is increased by 42%, 86%, and 106%, respectively.
  • the influence of the propeller on the drag coefficient of the wing anchor dynamic anchor can be obtained by hydrodynamic model test.
  • Figure 4 shows that after the thrusters of 0.5m A , 1.0m A and 1.5m A are added, the drag coefficient of the wing power anchors is slightly increased from 1.02 to 1.08, 1.12 and 1.30 respectively.
  • the model test verified that the propeller can increase the falling speed of the wing power anchor in the water and increase the kinetic energy of the wing power anchor.
  • the inventors used the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to calculate the depth of penetration of the wing power anchor corresponding to the propeller.
  • the penetration speed of the wing-wing power anchor is 20m/s
  • the penetration speed of the power-anchor of the rear wing of the propeller is increased to 20m/s and 25m/s.
  • the penetration speed is 20m/s
  • the influence of different thruster weights on the penetration depth of the wing power anchor can be compared under the same penetration speed; when the penetration speed is 25m/s, the different penetration speeds can be compared.
  • the influence of the depth of the wing-wing power anchor is 20m/s, the influence of different thruster weights on the penetration depth of the wing power anchor can be compared under the same penetration speed; when the penetration speed is 25m/s, the different penetration speeds can be compared.
  • the influence of the depth of the wing-wing power anchor is 20m/s
  • the influence of different thruster weights on the penetration depth of the wing power anchor can be
  • Figure 5 shows that the penetration depth of the wing power anchor is 9.01m; at the same penetration speed, when the thrust masses are 0.5m A , 1.0m A , 1.5m A , respectively, the spread of the wing power anchor The depth is 11.09m, 12.33m, and 13.99m, which is 23%, 37%, and 55% higher than that without a propeller.
  • the thruster can also increase the penetration speed of the wing power anchor. Taking 25m/s as an example, when the thrust masses are 0.5m A , 1.0m A and 1.5m A respectively, the spread of the wing power anchor The depth is 12.41m, 13.66m, and 15.52m, which is 38%, 52%, and 72% higher than that without a propeller.
  • the force analysis of the dynamic power anchor of the blade wing in the soil is shown in Figure 6.
  • the forces acting on the anchor are: the effective weight W s of the anchor in the water, the buoyancy F b of the soil to the anchor, and the end bearing resistance F. bear, the frictional resistance F frict, dragging F d.
  • the anchor is moving in the soil, it is also necessary to consider the resistance F a caused by the additional mass of the anchor.
  • End bearing resistance F bear is the earth resistance that the anchor receives on the section perpendicular to the axial direction, as shown in formula (6).
  • N c is the bearing capacity coefficient, which varies with the change of the buried depth.
  • the calculation formula of N c is as shown in formula (7), and A t is the contact area of the anchor with the soil in the direction of the vertical axis.
  • c 1 and c 2 are parameters related to the shape of the anchor plate, B is the anchor plate width, L is the anchor plate length, and D is the anchor plate depth.
  • Frictional resistance F frict is the soil resistance received by the side of the anchor, as shown in formula (8).
  • ⁇ is the coefficient of friction between the anchor-soil interfaces, usually taken as the reciprocal of the soil sensitivity coefficient S t
  • a s is the area of the anchor side in contact with the soil.
  • Buoyancy F b , F b is the effective weight of the anchor row opening soil.
  • ⁇ s is the density of the soil and v t is the velocity of the anchor at time t.
  • C m is the additional mass coefficient, and the mass of the m soil anchor row.
  • R f is the parameter of the rate effect
  • the rate effect of the soil is the phenomenon that the undrained shear strength s u increases with the increase of the shear strain rate.
  • R f can be used.
  • Formula (12) is indicated.
  • ⁇ is the viscosity coefficient and ⁇ is the rate effect parameter, and its physical meaning is that the shear strain rate increases by an order of magnitude corresponding to the undrained shear strength of the soil.
  • the shear strain rate is taken as the ratio of the velocity of the anchor to the equivalent diameter D eff (the projected area of the anchor perpendicular to the axis is equivalent to the diameter corresponding to a circle).
  • D eff the projected area of the anchor perpendicular to the axis is equivalent to the diameter corresponding to a circle.
  • ref is the undrained shear strength of the soil under the reference shear strain rate.
  • the depth of penetration without thrusters and propellers with different penetration speeds and different soil strengths can be calculated separately.
  • the soil strength gradient k 3.0kP/m
  • the penetration speed v 20m/s
  • the friction coefficient of the anchor soil interface is 1.0
  • the dynamic power of the wing wing without the propeller and the calculation results are obtained by the CFD method.
  • the results are compared. As shown in Figure 5, the two results are consistent, and the deviation does not exceed 1.2%, indicating that the parameters selected in the theoretical calculation formula are appropriate.
  • the theoretical calculation method is used to discuss the influence of the friction coefficient of the anchor-soil interface, the soil strength gradient k and the penetration velocity v on the dynamic anchor of the wing and the depth of the dynamic anchor of the rear wing of the propeller.
  • the depth of penetration of the wing-wing dynamic anchor without the propeller and the wing-wing dynamic anchor after adding the propeller are 11.64m and 18.81m, respectively, that is, after the thruster is added
  • the anchor's depth of penetration is 1.62 times the original.
  • the thruster is added at the tail of the wing power anchor, and the penetration depth of the power anchor can be increased under the same penetration speed condition; in addition, the thruster can be increased to increase the penetration speed of the power anchor. It will increase the kinetic energy of the anchor and further increase the depth of penetration. Therefore, the actual conditions of the project and the nature of the offshore soil should be considered comprehensively, and the propellers of appropriate quality should be selected to improve the safety factor of the superstructure or reduce the total cost of the project.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract

一种用于增加板翼动力锚沉贯深度的推进器（2），包括圆柱形中轴（2a）。圆柱形中轴（2a）为流线形设计，前端为椭球形，尾部逐渐收缩。圆柱形中轴（2a）的尾部设置有三片尾翼（2b）并通过卡槽连接在推进器（2）的尾部。圆柱形中轴（2a）的前端开设有连接槽（2c），以连接板翼动力锚（1）。推进器（2）可拆卸地安装在板翼动力锚（1）的尾部，可增加板翼动力锚（1）在水中的下落速度和在土中的沉贯深度，可提高板翼动力锚（1）的定向稳定性。该推进器（2）可以回收、重复利用，降低工程总造价。

Description

一种用于增加板翼动力锚沉贯深度的推进器及其方法 技术领域
本发明属于海洋工程技术领域，具体涉及一种用于增加板翼动力锚沉贯深度的推进器及其方法。
背景技术
随着国民经济的高速发展和对化石能源的不断需求，石油天然气开采由浅海逐渐向深海过渡。锚是船舶和海洋浮式结构的基础，通过锚链与上部结构连接，并依靠海床土的锚固力抵抗上部结构传递的荷载。适用于深海锚泊系统中的锚主要包括：吸力式沉箱、拖曳锚、吸力式安装平板锚和动力安装锚。动力安装锚简称动力锚，安装时不需借助外力，仅靠自重完成安装，所以其在深海工程中的应用前景广泛。
动力锚主要包括两种：鱼雷锚和板翼动力锚，在安装时，首先将锚预先释放至海床表面一定高度处；然后松开安装锚绳，锚在水中开始自由下落，锚尖端到达海床表面时对应的速度为贯入速度；锚在自重作用和水中自由下落获得的动能作用下贯入土中，锚尖端至海床表面的埋深称为沉贯深度。安装结束后，动力锚依靠自重和周围土体的锚固力提供抗拔承载力。大部分海床土为正常固结土或轻微超固结土，土的不排水抗剪强度su随深度线性增加，因此动力锚的沉贯深度越大，对应的承载力越高。
前人对动力锚沉贯深度的研究总结如下：
O’Loughlin等通过离心模型试验比较了不同形状和不同尺寸的鱼雷锚在高岭土中的沉贯深度，当贯入速度为12～29m/s时，得到的沉贯深度为(2.1～2.9)hA(hA为锚的高度)。Hossain等总结了位于巴西坎波斯湾等地实际深海工程中鱼雷锚的沉贯深度，为(1.5～2.4)hA。Hossain等通过离心模型试验模拟了鱼雷锚在钙 质土中的动力安装过程，当贯入速度为15～22m/s时，对应的沉贯深度为(0.96～1.4)hA。Guadin等通过离心模型试验模拟了板翼动力锚的动力沉贯过程，在钙质土中，当贯入速度为(20.53～28.60)m/s时，对应的沉贯深度为(1.14～1.46)hA；在高岭土中，当贯入速度为(10.40～23.00)m/s时，对应的沉贯深度为(1.18～2.00)hA。Zimmerman等在墨西哥湾进行了54组板翼动力锚动力安装现场测试，得到锚的极限速度约为19m/s，对应的平均沉贯深度为1.77hA。
通过总结前人的研究成果可以发现：一，板翼动力锚形状复杂，在水中受到的阻力较大，所以贯入速度较小；二，板翼动力锚与鱼雷锚相比侧面积大，所以贯入土中时对应的土阻力较大，因此沉贯深度较小；三，相同贯入速度条件下，板翼动力锚在钙质土中的沉贯深度明显小于高岭土中的沉贯深度，这是因为钙质土的强度梯度k(沿深度每增加1m，土的不排水抗剪强度su提高值，单位：kPa/m)比较大，一般能达到3kPa/m，而高岭土中k＝1kPa/m左右。
综上所述，在强度梯度k比较高的土中(例如钙质土)板翼动力锚的沉贯深度较低，且板翼动力锚由于侧面积比较大对应的沉贯深度也较低，因此需要增大板翼动力锚的沉贯深度以提高承载力。
发明内容
为了克服已有技术存在的问题，本发明目的是提供一种用于增加板翼动力锚沉贯深度的方法及其推进器。本发明在板翼动力锚的尾部增加一个可回收的推进器，用于提高锚的贯入速度和沉贯深度。
本发明的技术方案：
一种用于增加板翼动力锚沉贯深度的推进器，其特征在于，所述推进器主要包括一个圆柱形中轴，所述圆柱形中轴前端为椭球形，尾部为流线形，以减小整体在水中和土中下落过程中的阻力；所述圆柱形中轴的尾部设置有三片尾 翼，用于提高整体结构的定向稳定性，尾翼的形状和尺寸可根据工程实际需求来确定；所述推进器的前端开设有连接槽，板翼动力锚尾部设置有连接杆，推进器通过连接槽连接在板翼动力锚尾部的连接杆上，并通过剪切销固定；所述推进器可增大板翼动力锚在水中下落时的贯入速度和在土中贯入时的沉贯深度，并能提高板翼动力锚的定向稳定性；所述推进器的尾部还设置回收绳，板翼动力锚安装完成后，通过拉紧回收绳回收推进器，板翼动力锚仍留在土中，因此推进器可以重复使用。
一种用于增加板翼动力锚沉贯深度的方法，步骤如下：
步骤1、在板翼动力锚的尾部安装一个可回收的推进器，板翼动力锚尾部设置与所述的推进器连接槽相配合使用的连接杆连接杆，该连接杆和推进器头部的连接槽配合，并通过剪切销固定，确保推进器的中轴和板翼动力锚的轴线重合；以提高整体稳定性，避免在下落过程中产生较大的偏角，用于提高动力锚的贯入速度和沉贯深度；
步骤2、对有无安装推进器的板翼动力锚的贯入速度进行比较，不安装推进器的板翼动力锚在水中自由下落时对应的极限速度通过公式(1)求得，安装有推进器的板翼动力锚在水中自由下落时对应的极限速度通过公式(2)求得，
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000002
式中，VT表示不安装推进器的板翼动力锚的极限速度，V'T表示安装有推进器的板翼动力锚的极限速度，mA表示板翼动力锚的质量，mp表示推进器的质量，ρw表示水的密度，ΘA表示板翼动力锚的体积，Θp表示推进器的体积，g表示重 力加速度，Ap表示不安装推进器的板翼动力锚在垂直于轴线方向平面上的投影面积，A'p表示安装有推进器的板翼动力锚在垂直于动力锚轴线方向平面上的投影面积，Cd表示水对不安装推进器的板翼动力锚的拖曳系数，C'd表示水对安装有推进器的板翼动力锚的拖曳系数，并与流体的粘滞系数、运动物体的尺寸和形状有关；当安装推进器后，在保证投影面积和拖曳系数不变或增加不多的前提下，通过提高动力锚的极限速度，在相同下落高度时，安装推进器也会提高动力锚的贯入速度；
步骤3、对有无安装推进器的板翼动力锚的沉贯深度进行比较，不安装推进器的板翼动力锚在土中的沉贯过程所受阻力通过公式(3)求得，对安装有推进器的板翼动力锚在土中的沉贯过程所受阻力通过公式(4)求得，
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000004
式中，z表示t时刻板翼动力锚尖端的入土深度，Ws表示板翼动力锚在水中的有效重量，Wp表示推进器在水中的有效重量，Fb表示土对不安装推进器的板翼动力锚的浮力，F'b表示土对安装有推进器的板翼动力锚的浮力，Rf表示表征率效应的参数，Fbear表示土对不安装推进器的板翼动力锚的端承阻力，F'bear表示土对安装有推进器的板翼动力锚的端承阻力，Ffrict表示土对不安装推进器的板翼动力锚的摩擦阻力，F'frict表示土对安装有推进器的板翼动力锚的摩擦阻力，Fd表示土对不安装推进器的板翼动力锚的拖曳阻力，F'd表示土对安装有推进器的板翼动力锚的拖曳阻力；当安装推进器后，虽然对应土的端承阻力和摩擦阻力会增大，但由于整体的质量增大，对应的沉贯深度也相应得到提高，公式(1)至(4)中具体参数的取值需要依据动力锚和推进器的具体形状、土特性参数加 以确定；
步骤4、板翼动力锚安装完成后，拉紧推进器尾部的回收绳，当回收绳的拉力超过剪切销的抗剪力时，剪切销被剪断，推进器被拔出并可以重复使用，板翼动力锚仍留在土中。
本发明的有益效果：本发明提出了一种增加板翼动力锚沉贯深度的方法，并设计了一种可回收的推进器装置，可增加板翼动力锚在水中的下落速度和在土中的沉贯深度，并可提高板翼动力锚的定向稳定性。与已有技术相比，本发明只增加了一个推进器，加工工艺简单，造价较低，但能大幅度提高板翼动力锚的沉贯深度，以增大板翼动力锚的承载能力，提高上部结构的安全系数或降低工程总造价。本发明适用性强，可通过调整推进器的大小以适应于不同性质的海洋土中。
附图说明
图1a是推进器和板翼动力锚连接示意图。
图1b是板翼动力锚示意图。
图1c是本发明的推进器示意图。
图2是本发明方法步骤流程图。
图3是本发明中增加推进器对板翼动力锚极限速度的提高程度。
图4是本发明中增加推进器对板翼动力锚拖曳系数的提高程度。
图5是采用数值模拟方法计算增加推进器对板翼动力锚沉贯深度的提高程度。
图6是板翼动力锚沉贯过程受力示意图。
图7a是锚土界面摩擦系数和贯入速度对板翼动力锚及增加推进器后板翼动力锚沉贯深度的影响。
图7b是土强度梯度和贯入速度对板翼动力锚及增加推进器后板翼动力锚沉贯深度的影响。
图中：1板翼动力锚；1a连接杆；2推进器；2a圆柱形中轴；2b尾翼；2c连接槽；3剪切销。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图和技术方案，进一步说明本发明的具体实施方式。
如图2所示，一种增加动力锚沉贯深度的方法，包括以下步骤：
步骤1、在动力锚的尾部安装一个可回收的推进器，将推进器通过剪切销固定在动力锚的尾部，并确保推进器的中轴和动力锚的轴线重合，以提高整体稳定性，避免在下落过程中产生较大的偏角，用于提高动力锚的贯入速度和沉贯深度；
步骤2、对有无安装推进器动力锚的贯入速度进行比较，不安装推进器动力锚在水中自由下落时对应的极限速度通过公式(1)求得，安装有推进器动力锚在水中自由下落时对应的极限速度通过公式(2)求得，
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000005
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000006
式中，VT表示不安装推进器动力锚的极限速度，V'T表示安装有推进器动力锚的极限速度，mA表示锚的质量，mp表示推进器的质量，ρw表示水的密度，ΘA表示动力锚的体积，Θp表示推进器的体积，g表示重力加速度，Ap表示不安装推进器动力锚在垂直于轴线方向平面上的投影面积，A'p表示安装有推进器动力锚在垂直于动力锚轴线方向平面上的投影面积，Cd表示水对不安装推进器动力锚的拖曳系数，C'd表示水对安装有推进器动力锚的拖曳系数，并与流体的粘滞系数、运动物体的尺寸和形状有关；当安装推进器后，在保证投影面积和拖曳系数不变或者增加不多的前提下，可以提高动力锚的极限速度，并在相同下落 高度时，安装推进器也会提高动力锚的贯入速度；
步骤3、对有无安装推进器动力锚的沉贯深度进行比较，不安装推进器动力锚在土中的沉贯过程所受阻力通过公式(3)求得，对安装有推进器动力锚在土中的沉贯过程所受阻力通过公式(4)求得，
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000007
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000008
式中，z表示t时刻不安装推进器动力锚尖端的入土深度，Ws表示动力锚在水中的有效重量，Wp表示推进器在水中的有效重量，Fb表示土对不安装推进器动力锚的浮力，F'b表示土对安装有推进器动力锚的浮力，Rf表示表征率效应的参数，Fbear表示土对不安装推进器动力锚的端承阻力，F'bear表示土对安装有推进器动力锚的端承阻力，Ffrict表示土对不安装推进器动力锚的摩擦阻力,F'frict表示土对安装有推进器动力锚的摩擦阻力，Fd表示土对不安装推进器动力锚的拖曳阻力，F'd表示土对安装有推进器动力锚的拖曳阻力；当安装推进器后，虽然对应土的端承阻力和摩擦阻力会增大，但由于整体的质量增大，对应的沉贯深度也相应得到提高，公式(1)至(4)中具体参数的取值需要依据动力锚和推进器的具体形状、土特性参数加以确定；
步骤4、动力锚安装完成后，拉紧推进器尾部的回收绳，当回收绳的拉力超过剪切销的抗剪力时，剪切销被剪断，推进器被拔出并可以重复使用，动力锚仍留在土中。
如图1a、图1b、图1c所示，一种增加动力锚沉贯深度方法中的推进器2，主要包括一个圆柱形中轴2a，所述圆柱形中轴2a为流线形设计，前端为椭球形，尾部逐渐收缩，以减小整体在水中和土中下落过程中的阻力，所述圆柱形中轴 2a的尾部设置有三片尾翼2b并通过卡槽连接在圆柱形中轴2a的尾部，用于提高推进器整体结构的定向稳定性，所述圆柱形中轴2a的前端开设有连接槽2c。如果推进器下落高度比较大，为了提高稳定性，可以加大尾翼2b的尺寸；如果推进器下落高度比较小，为了减小推进器在水中和土中下落时的阻力，可以减小尾翼2b的尺寸。在板翼动力锚1的尾部设置有一个圆柱形连接杆1a，连接杆1a轴线与板翼动力锚1的轴线重合，采用剪切销3将板翼动力锚1的连接杆1a和推进器2前端的连接槽2c固定在一起，保证推进器2中的圆柱形中轴2a与板翼动力锚1的轴线重合，以增加整体稳定性，避免在下落过程中产生较大的偏角。剪切销3可提供的抗剪力应稍大于板翼动力锚1在水中的有效重量，确保板翼动力锚1和推进器2不会分离。安装完成后，拉紧连接推进器2的回收绳，当回收绳的拉力超过剪切销3的抗剪力时，剪切销3被剪断，推进器2被拔出并可以重复使用，动力锚仍留在土中。
发明设计验证
为了验证本发明能增加板翼动力锚的贯入速度和沉贯深度，发明人针对锚在水中的自由下落过程和土中的动力沉贯过程，通过理论计算方法和数值计算方法进行验证。
一、推进器对贯入速度的提高程度验证
动力锚在水中的自由下落过程可分为两个阶段：加速下落阶段和稳定阶段。当锚在水中的有效重量大于水对锚的阻力时，锚做加速运动，速度不断增大；由于水对锚的阻力与下落速度的平方成正比，所以锚受到的阻力随着下落速度的增加不断增大，当水的阻力与锚的有效重量相等时，锚的速度保持恒定，此时对应的速度为极限速度VT，表达式如公式(5)所示。
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000009
式中，mA为锚的质量，ρw为水的密度，ΘA为锚的体积，g为重力加速度，Ap为锚在垂直于轴线方向平面上的投影面积，Cd为拖曳系数，与流体的粘滞系数、运动物体的尺寸和形状有关。
如图3所示，通过水动力学模型试验可以得到有无推进器对板翼动力锚极限速度的影响。由模型试验换算到原型时，当不带推进器时，板翼动力锚的极限速度为22.63m/s；当推进器质量mp分别取0.5mA、1.0mA、1.5mA时，对应的极限速度分别为27.01m/s、30.9m/s、32.46m/s，板翼动力锚的动能分别提高了42％、86％、106％。
如图4所示，通过水动力学模型试验可以得到有无推进器对板翼动力锚拖曳阻力系数的影响。图4表明，增加0.5mA、1.0mA、1.5mA的推进器后，板翼动力锚的拖曳阻力系数略有提高，从1.02分别提高到了1.08、1.12、1.30。模型试验验证了推进器能提高板翼动力锚在水中的下落速度，增加板翼动力锚的动能。
二、推进器对沉贯深度的提高程度验证
1、基于流体动力学的数值方法模拟结果
为预测推进器对板翼动力锚沉贯深度的影响，发明人采用基于流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics-CFD)方法分别计算了有无推进器对应的板翼动力锚的沉贯深度。板翼动力锚的贯入速度为20m/s，增加推进器后板翼动力锚的贯入速度设为20m/s和25m/s。当贯入速度为20m/s时，可比较相同贯入速度条件下不同推进器重量对板翼动力锚沉贯深度的影响；当贯入速度为25m/s时，可比较不同贯入速度对板翼动力锚沉贯深度的影响。土的不排水抗剪强度su＝(su0+3k)kPa，其中su0为海床表面土的不排水抗剪强度。锚土界面之间的摩 擦系数为1.0。分别考虑不带推进器和推进器质量为0.5mA、1.0mA、1.5mA时对应的板翼动力锚的沉贯深度，其余参数设置与下面理论计算中保持一致，计算结果如图5所示。图5表明，板翼动力锚的沉贯深度为9.01m；在相同贯入速度条件下，当推进器质量分别为0.5mA、1.0mA、1.5mA时，板翼动力锚的沉贯深度为11.09m、12.33m、13.99m，相比无推进器时的沉贯深度提高了23％、37％、55％。前面提到推进器还可以提高板翼动力锚的贯入速度，以25m/s为例，当推进器质量分别为0.5mA、1.0mA、1.5mA时，板翼动力锚的沉贯深度为12.41m、13.66m、15.52m，相比无推进器时的沉贯深度提高了38％、52％、72％。
2、理论计算方法
板翼动力锚在土中动力沉贯时的受力分析如图6所示，作用在锚上的力有：锚在水中的有效重量Ws，土对锚的浮力Fb，端承阻力Fbear，摩擦阻力Ffrict，拖曳阻力Fd。当锚在土中做变速运动时，还需要考虑锚的附加质量引起的阻力Fa。
(1)端承阻力Fbear，Fbear为锚在垂直于轴线方向截面上受到的土阻力，如公式(6)所示。
Fbear＝NcsuAt           (6)
式中，Nc为承载力系数，随埋置深度的变化而变化，Nc的计算公式如公式(7)所示，At为锚在垂直轴线方向与土的接触面积。
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000010
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000011
式中，c1、c2为与锚板形状相关的参数，B为锚板宽度，L为锚板长度，D为锚板埋深。
(2)摩擦阻力Ffrict，Ffrict为锚的侧面受到的土阻力，如公式(8)所示。式 中，α为锚土界面间的摩擦系数，通常取为土灵敏度系数St的倒数，As为锚侧面与土接触的面积。
Ffrict＝αsuAs        (8)
(3)浮力Fb，Fb为锚排开土的有效重量。
(4)拖曳阻力Fd，Fd可由公式(9)计算得到。
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000012
式中，ρs为土的密度，vt为锚在t时刻的速度。
(5)附加质量m*可由公式(10)表示。
m*＝Cmmsoil           (10)
式中，Cm为附加质量系数，msoil锚排开土的质量。已知锚的各项受力，由基于牛顿第二定律的微分方程可以描述锚在动力沉贯过程中的动力平衡关系，如公式(11)所示。
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000013
式中，z为t时刻锚尖端的入土深度，Rf为表征率效应的参数，土的率效应是指不排水抗剪强度su随剪应变率增大而提高的现象，Rf可采用公式(12)表示。
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000014
式中，η为粘滞系数，β为率效应参数，其物理意义为剪应变率每提高一个量级对应土的不排水抗剪强度增长量，
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000015
为剪应变率，取为锚的速度与等效直径Deff(将锚垂直于轴线方向的投影面积等效成一个圆后对应的直径)的比值，
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000016
为参考剪应变率，su,ref为参考剪应变率下土的不排水抗剪强度。
由锚板参数和土特性参数，根据公式(6)至(12)，可以计算出不同贯入 速度对应的沉贯深度；再依据上述步骤计算出有推进器时锚在不同贯入速度时对应的沉贯深度，与前者计算结果比较，可在相同贯入速度和相同土强度条件下比较推进器对锚沉贯深度的提高程度。
将表1中列出的参数带入公式(6)至(12)中，可以分别计算出无推进器和有推进器时不同贯入速度和不同土强度时条件下的沉贯深度。首先计算土强度梯度k＝3.0kP/m，贯入速度v＝20m/s，锚土界面摩擦系数为1.0，板翼动力锚不带推进器的工况，并将计算结果与CFD方法得到的结果进行对比，如图5所示，两种得到的结果比较一致，偏差不超过1.2％，说明理论计算公式中选取的参数合适。
下面用理论计算方法分别讨论锚土界面摩擦系数、土强度梯度k以及贯入速度v对板翼动力锚和增加推进器后板翼动力锚沉贯深度的影响。
表1
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000017
Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-000018
从图7a中可以发现，相同土强度和贯入速度条件下，有推进器的锚对应的沉贯深度明显提高，且推进器质量越大，得到的沉贯深度越大；锚土界面之间的摩擦系数越小，沉贯深度越高；贯入速度越大，沉贯深度越大。从图7b中可以发现，土强度梯度越小，锚的沉贯深度越大。
下面以一个简单算例说明推进器对沉贯深度的提高程度，板翼动力锚的贯入速度取为极限速度22.63m/s，土强度su＝2.4+3z kPa，锚土界面摩擦系数为1.0，对应的贯入深度为9.24m；增加一个质量mp＝1.0mA的推进器，则对应的贯入速度提高到30.9m/s，沉贯深度提高到14.48m，是原来沉贯深度的1.57倍。考虑锚土界面之间的摩擦系数为0.33，则不带推进器的板翼动力锚和增加推进器后的板翼动力锚对应的沉贯深度分别为11.64m和18.81m，即增加推进器后锚的沉贯深度为原来的1.62倍。
综上所述，在板翼动力锚的尾部增加推进器，在相同贯入速度条件下，可提高动力锚的沉贯深度；另外，增加推进器，还可提高动力锚的贯入速度，这会增大锚的动能，进一步提高沉贯深度。所以，应综合考虑工程实际情况和现场海洋土性质，选取合适质量的推进器，以提高上部结构的安全系数或降低工程总造价。

Claims (5)

  1. 一种用于增加板翼动力锚沉贯深度的推进器，其特征在于：所述推进器主要包括一个圆柱形中轴，所述圆柱形中轴为流线形设计，前端为椭球形，尾部逐渐收缩，以减小整体在水中和土中下落过程中的阻力，所述圆柱形中轴的尾部设置有三片尾翼并通过卡槽连接在圆柱形中轴的尾部，用于提高整体结构的定向稳定性，所述推进器的前端开设有连接槽，用于连接板翼动力锚。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种用于增加板翼动力锚沉贯深度的推进器，其特征还在于,所述的板翼动力锚尾部设置与所述的推进器连接槽相配合使用的连接杆。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的一种用于增加板翼动力锚沉贯深度的推进器，其特征还在于，所述推进器的连接槽与板翼动力锚尾部的连接杆连接后通过剪切销固定。
  4. 根据权利要求1或2或3所述的一种用于增加板翼动力锚沉贯深度的推进器，其特征还在于推进器可重复使用，该推进器的尾部还设置回收绳，板翼动力锚安装完成后，通过拉紧回收绳回收推进器。
  5. 权利要求1-4任一所述用推进器增加板翼动力锚沉贯深度的方法，其特征在于，步骤如下：
    步骤1、在板翼动力锚的尾部安装一个可回收的推进器，板翼动力锚尾部的连接杆和推进器头部的连接槽配合，并通过剪切销固定，确保推进器的中轴和板翼动力锚的轴线重合；
    步骤2、对有无安装推进器的板翼动力锚的贯入速度进行比较，不安装推进器的板翼动力锚在水中自由下落时对应的极限速度通过公式(1)求得，安装有推进器的板翼动力锚在水中自由下落时对应的极限速度通过公式(2)求得，
    Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-100001
    Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-100002
    式中，VT表示不安装推进器的板翼动力锚的极限速度，V′T表示安装有推进器的板翼动力锚的极限速度，mA表示板翼动力锚的质量，mp表示推进器的质量，ρw表示水的密度，ΘA表示板翼动力锚的体积，Θp表示推进器的体积，g表示重力加速度，Ap表示不安装推进器的板翼动力锚在垂直于轴线方向平面上的投影面积，Ap'表示安装有推进器的板翼动力锚在垂直于动力锚轴线方向平面上的投影面积，Cd表示水对不安装推进器的板翼动力锚的拖曳系数，Cd'表示水对安装有推进器的板翼动力锚的拖曳系数，Cd和Cd'与流体的粘滞系数、运动物体的尺寸和形状有关；
    步骤3、对有无安装推进器的板翼动力锚的沉贯深度进行比较，不安装推进器的板翼动力锚在土中的沉贯过程所受阻力通过公式(3)求得，对安装有推进器的板翼动力锚在土中的沉贯过程所受阻力通过公式(4)求得，
    Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-100003
    Figure PCTCN2017079918-appb-100004
    式中，z表示t时刻板翼动力锚尖端的入土深度，Ws表示板翼动力锚在水中的有效重量，Wp表示推进器在水中的有效重量，Fb表示土对不安装推进器的板翼动力锚的浮力，Fb'表示土对安装有推进器的板翼动力锚的浮力，Rf表示表征率效应的参数，Fbear表示土对不安装推进器的板翼动力锚的端承阻力，F′bear表示土对安装有推进器的板翼动力锚的端承阻力，Ffrict表示土对不安装推进器的板翼动力锚的摩擦阻力，F′frict表示土对安装有推进器的板翼动力锚的摩擦阻力，Fd表示土对不安装推进器的板翼动力锚的拖曳阻力，Fd'表示土对安装有推进器的 板翼动力锚的拖曳阻力；
    步骤4、板翼动力锚安装完成后，拉紧推进器尾部的回收绳，当回收绳的拉力超过剪切销的抗剪力时，剪切销被剪断，推进器被拔出并可重复使用，板翼动力锚仍留在土中。
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