WO2018010369A1 - 一种架空型故障指示定位终端及对地电压测量方法 - Google Patents

一种架空型故障指示定位终端及对地电压测量方法 Download PDF

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WO2018010369A1
WO2018010369A1 PCT/CN2016/108790 CN2016108790W WO2018010369A1 WO 2018010369 A1 WO2018010369 A1 WO 2018010369A1 CN 2016108790 W CN2016108790 W CN 2016108790W WO 2018010369 A1 WO2018010369 A1 WO 2018010369A1
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voltage
ground
positioning terminal
electric field
fault indication
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PCT/CN2016/108790
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French (fr)
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周华良
张红
杨志宏
童瑞婷
邓庆
唐成虹
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国电南瑞科技股份有限公司
国电南瑞南京控制系统有限公司
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R15/00—Details of measuring arrangements of the types provided for in groups G01R17/00 - G01R29/00, G01R33/00 - G01R33/26 or G01R35/00
    • G01R15/14—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks
    • G01R15/16—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using capacitive devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
    • G01R31/081—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors
    • G01R31/085—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors in power transmission or distribution lines, e.g. overhead
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
    • G01R19/0084—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof measuring voltage only
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks

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  • the invention relates to an overhead type fault indication positioning terminal and a ground voltage measuring method, and belongs to the technical field of distribution network automation.
  • Zero-sequence current method capacitor current mutation method, first half-wave method, fifth-order harmonic method and signal injection method are commonly used.
  • Each of the above five methods has advantages and disadvantages, and the accuracy of judgment of a single method is not high. If several methods can be combined, when several conditions are satisfied at the same time, it is determined that the ground fault occurs, and the accuracy of the discrimination can be greatly improved.
  • the present invention provides an overhead type fault indication positioning terminal and a ground voltage measuring method.
  • An overhead type fault indication positioning terminal includes a capacitance sensor disposed in an electric field of an overhead line, and the capacitance sensor is connected to a CPU of the fault indication positioning terminal through a conditioning circuit.
  • the capacitive sensor includes two plates and a dielectric disposed between the plates.
  • the plates are PCB boards.
  • the capacitance sensor converts the power frequency electric field intensity into an induced voltage by an electric field coupling method, and the induced voltage is transmitted to the CPU of the fault indication positioning terminal through the conditioning circuit, and the fault indication positioning terminal
  • the CPU calculates the power frequency electric field intensity based on the sensed induced voltage, and calculates the ground line voltage to the ground according to the power frequency electric field strength.
  • the power frequency electric field strength calculates the formula of the overhead line to ground voltage
  • U 0 is the voltage of the overhead line to ground
  • r 1 and r 2 are the distances from the measurement point to the line equivalent charge and the image charge
  • E is the power frequency electric field strength
  • r 1 r e +l
  • r 2 2h-l+r e
  • r e is the cable diameter
  • l is the distance from the measuring point to the lower surface of the cable
  • h is the distance from the lower surface of the cable to the bottom surface
  • V is the induced voltage after conditioning
  • R 1 and R 2 are the voltage dividing resistance values of the conditioning circuit
  • Z C is the capacitive reactance of the capacitive sensor.
  • the invention achieves the beneficial effects: 1.
  • the invention realizes real-time measurement of the voltage of the overhead line to the ground, captures the change of the voltage of the overhead line to the ground, and provides a basis for determining the ground fault of the line; 2.
  • the fault indication positioning terminal adopts the capacitive sensor Measuring probe, small size, low cost, easy to manufacture; 3, measuring the voltage of the overhead line to the ground for non-contact induction measurement, to solve the problem of high-voltage insulation isolation; 4, using compensation to eliminate errors, accuracy is easy to control.
  • FIG. 1 is a structural block diagram of a fault indication positioning terminal.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a capacitive sensor.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of signal conditioning.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a power frequency electric field strength calculation model.
  • an overhead type fault indication positioning terminal includes a capacitance sensor disposed in an electric field of an overhead line, and the capacitance sensor is used as a measurement probe, and the capacitance sensor is connected to the CPU of the fault indication positioning terminal through a conditioning circuit.
  • the capacitive sensor is a flat-panel structure consisting of a PCB with a special laminate design.
  • the capacitive sensor comprises two plates 1, a dielectric 2 disposed between the plates 1, and a protective layer 3 disposed outside the plate 1.
  • the size is small, the cost is low, and the fabrication is simple.
  • the plate 1 is made of a PCB, specifically circular spread copper layer on the PCB, using dielectric permittivity ⁇ r 2 is 4.5 PP material, the dielectric thickness d is 0.114 mm 2, the capacitance of the capacitive sensor Where S is the area of the plate 1 and k is the constant of the electrostatic force.
  • the conditioning circuit adopts passive resistance-capacitance coupling design, low cost and low power consumption.
  • the conditioning circuit adjusts the induced voltage to the input signal range of AD by low-cost resistance and capacitive coupling.
  • the capacitive sensor The induced voltage in the electric field can be equivalent to an equivalent circuit in which an AC voltage source and a capacitor are connected in series, and the induced voltage is converted into a range of 0 to 2.5 V (considering 1.4 times overload) by a RC coupling method.
  • the above-mentioned fault indicates the grounding voltage measuring method of the positioning terminal, and the specific process is as follows: the capacitive sensor converts the power frequency electric field intensity into an induced voltage through an electric field coupling manner, and the induced voltage is transmitted to the CPU of the fault indication positioning terminal through the conditioning circuit, and the fault indication positioning terminal The CPU calculates the power frequency electric field strength based on the sensed induced voltage, and calculates the ground line voltage to the ground according to the power frequency electric field strength.
  • the sensed induced voltage V is:
  • U is the induced voltage
  • V is the induced voltage after conditioning
  • R 1 and R 2 are the voltage dividing resistance values of the conditioning circuit
  • Z R1 is the impedance of R 1
  • Z R2 is the impedance of R 2
  • Z C is The capacitive reactance of the capacitive sensor.
  • U is the induced voltage
  • E is the power frequency electric field strength
  • d is the distance between the capacitive sensor plates 1 , that is, the thickness of the dielectric 2 .
  • the calculation method of the power frequency electric field intensity under the high-voltage transmission line adopts the method recommended by the 36.01 working group of the International Large Power Grid Conference. As shown in FIG. 4, the equivalent charge model of the infinitely long straight wire in the two-dimensional field is used to calculate, and the power frequency electric field intensity generated by the transmission line wire at the spatial point (ie, measurement point A) is obtained.
  • U 0 is the voltage of the overhead line to ground
  • r 1 and r 2 are the distances from the measurement point to the line equivalent charge and the image charge, respectively.
  • r 1 r e +l
  • r 2 2h-l+r e
  • r e the cable diameter
  • l the distance from the measuring point to the lower surface of the cable
  • h the distance from the lower surface to the bottom surface of the cable.
  • the measured value of the induced voltage is shown in Table 1 at the measuring point 6cm below the 35kv overhead line.
  • Voltage level (effective value) Power frequency electric field strength Induced voltage (effective value) 35kV 9.804 ⁇ 10 4 V/m 11.176V
  • h is a fixed value. Since the error caused by ⁇ d is a linear error, it can be calibrated by slope compensation; the error caused by ⁇ r e and ⁇ l is a nonlinear error, and for a specific cable diameter, ⁇ r e is a fixed value, and the zero error can be utilized.
  • the method compensates; the error of ⁇ l is fitted by a linear function to the transformation function of the card line, and then the slope compensation method is used for calibration.
  • the design of the card line structure of the fault indication positioning terminal is optimized, and the error value can be reduced. That is to say, the error caused by the thickness of the dielectric 2 and the difference of the wire diameter of the cable can be eliminated by software compensation.
  • the present invention realizes real-time measurement of the voltage of the overhead line to the ground, captures the change of the voltage of the overhead line to the ground, and provides a basis for determining the ground fault of the line; measures the voltage of the ground line to the ground for non-contact induction measurement, and solves the high voltage insulation. Isolation problem; compensation is used to eliminate errors, and accuracy is easy to control.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Locating Faults (AREA)

Abstract

一种架空型故障指示定位终端，包括设置在架空线路电场内的电容传感器，所述电容传感器通过调理电路连接至故障指示定位终端的CPU。同时也公开了该故障指示定位终端的对地电压测量方法。实现了架空线路对地电压的实时测量，捕捉架空线路对地电压的变化，为线路接地故障判定提供依据。

Description

一种架空型故障指示定位终端及对地电压测量方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种架空型故障指示定位终端及对地电压测量方法，属于配电网自动化技术领域。
背景技术
为了快速定位配电线路故障点，减轻故障巡线人员劳动强度，节省人力物力，提高供电可靠性，我国从九十年代开始引进国外短路故障指示器技术，用于检测线路短路故障。二十世纪发展了具有信号远传功能的故障指示器。直到21世纪，国内主要厂商开始研究线路上的单相接地故障检测问题。随着各科研单位和厂商不断地研究和发展，目前线路短路故障检测技术已经十分成熟，判别成功率比较高，而接地故障检测的准确率一直不高。
为了解决配电线路接地故障检测难题，目前研究单相接地故障的判别方法较多，常用有零序电流法、电容电流突变法、首半波法、5次谐波法、信号注入法等。以上五种方法各有优势和劣势，单独某种方法的判断准确率均不高。如果能够结合其中几种方法，当几种条件同时满足时才判定接地故障发生，则判别的准确率可以大大提高。
当配电线路发生单相接地故障时，故障相对地电压会突然降低，由于接地性质的不同，电压不一定都降到零。线路中负荷升高时，电压也会降低。为了避免负荷升高造成的“假接地”而又不漏掉非金属接地引起的真接地，考虑了一个两全其美的数值，即电压降低百分之二十即认为发生了接地。这就要求故障指示器能够实时监测线路的对地电压值，并且能够达到一定的精度，但是目 前没有匹配的故障指示定位终端。
发明内容
为了解决上述技术问题，本发明提供了一种架空型故障指示定位终端及对地电压测量方法。
为了达到上述目的，本发明所采用的技术方案是：
一种架空型故障指示定位终端，包括设置在架空线路电场内的电容传感器，所述电容传感器通过调理电路连接至故障指示定位终端的CPU。
所述电容传感器包括两块极板以及设置在极板之间的电介质。
所述极板为PCB板。
一种架空型故障指示定位终端的对地电压测量方法，电容传感器通过电场耦合方式将工频电场强度转换成感应电压，感应电压通过调理电路传输至故障指示定位终端的CPU，故障指示定位终端的CPU根据调理后的感应电压计算出工频电场强度，根据工频电场强度计算出架空线路对地电压。
工频电场强度计算出架空线路对地电压的公式为，
Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-000001
其中，U0为架空线路对地电压，r1、r2分别为测量点到线路等效电荷和镜像电荷的距离，E为工频电场强度；
工频电场强度的计算公式为，
U＝Ed    (2)
其中，U为感应电压，d为电容传感器极板间的距离，即电介质厚度；
将公式(1)带入公式(2)可得，
Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-000002
其中，r1＝re+l，r2＝2h-l+re，re为线缆线径，l为测量点到线缆下表面距离，h为线缆下表面到底面距离；
感应电压的计算公式为，
Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-000003
其中，V为调理后的感应电压，R1、R2均为调理电路的分压电阻值，ZC为电容传感器的容抗。
在计算架空线路对地电压时，针对电介质厚度的误差和不同的线缆线径对测量产生的误差，可以通过软件补偿方式消除；
对公式3的各变量求偏导数，得到测量产生的误差为，
Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-000004
本发明所达到的有益效果：1、本发明实现了架空线路对地电压的实时测量，捕捉架空线路对地电压的变化，为线路接地故障判定提供依据；2、故障指示定位终端采用电容传感器做测量探头，尺寸小，成本低，制作简便；3、测量架空线路对地电压为非接触感应测量，解决了高压绝缘隔离问题；4、采用补偿方式消除误差，精度容易控制。
附图说明
图1为故障指示定位终端的结构框图。
图2为电容传感器的结构示意图。
图3为信号调理原理图。
图4为工频电场强度计算模型示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明作进一步描述。以下实施例仅用于更加清楚地说明本发明的技术方案，而不能以此来限制本发明的保护范围。
如图1所示，一种架空型故障指示定位终端，包括设置在架空线路电场内的电容传感器，电容传感器作为测量探头，电容传感器通过调理电路连接至故障指示定位终端的CPU。
如图2所示，电容传感器为平板型结构，由特殊叠层设计的PCB构成。电容传感器包括两块极板1、设置在极板1之间的电介质2以及设置在极板1外部的保护层3，尺寸小，成本低，制作简便，极板1采用PCB板，具体的是PCB板上的圆形铺铜层，电介质2采用介电常数εr为4.5的PP材料，电介质2厚度d为0.114mm，电容传感器的电容
Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-000005
其中，S为极板1面积，k为静电力常量。
调理电路采用无源阻容耦合方式设计，成本低廉，功耗极低，调理电路由低成本的电阻和电容耦合方式将感应电压调理到AD的输入信号范围以内，如图3所示，电容传感器在电场中的感应电压可以等效为一个交流电压源和一个电容器串联的等效电路，采用阻容耦合方式将感应电压变换为0～2.5V(考虑1.4倍过载)范围内。
上述故障指示定位终端的对地电压测量方法，具体过程如下：电容传感器通过电场耦合方式将工频电场强度转换成感应电压，感应电压通过调理电路传输至故障指示定位终端的CPU，故障指示定位终端的CPU根据调理后的感应电压计算出工频电场强度，根据工频电场强度计算出架空线路对地电压。
根据图3所示调理电路可知调理后的感应电压V为：
Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-000006
Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-000007
ZR2＝R2
Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-000008
其中，U为感应电压，V为调理后的感应电压，R1、R2均为调理电路的分压电阻值，ZR1为R1的阻抗，ZR2为R2的阻抗，ZC为电容传感器的容抗。
则调理后的感应电压：
Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-000009
工频电场强度计算公式为，
U＝Ed    (2)
其中，U为感应电压，E为工频电场强度，d为电容传感器极板1间的距离，即电介质2厚度。
高压输电线路下的工频电场强度的计算方法采用的是国际大电网会议36.01工作组推荐的方法。如图4所示，采用二维场中的无限长直导线的等效电荷模型进行计算，得到输电线路导线在空间点处(即测量点A)产生的工频电场强度为，
Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-000010
其中，U0为架空线路对地电压，r1、r2分别为测量点到线路等效电荷和镜像电荷的距离。
将公式(1)带入公式(2)可得，感应电压与架空线路对地电压之间的公式为，
Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-000011
其中，r1＝re+l，r2＝2h-l+re，re为线缆线径，l为测量点到线缆下表面距离，h为线缆下表面到底面距离。
对于线缆线径为7mm，在距离35kv架空线路正下方6cm的测量点处，其感应电压计算值如表一所示。
电压等级(有效值) 工频电场强度 感应电压(有效值)
35kV 9.804×104V/m 11.176V
在计算架空线路对地电压时，电介质2厚度的误差和不同的线缆线径对测量会产生误差，对公式3的各变量求偏导数，得到测量产生的误差为，
Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-000012
带入参数得，
ΔU＝U0*[2.796Δd-3.866×10-3(Δre+Δl)-4.287×10-6(2Δh-Δl+Δre)]
在特定的电压等级下，h为定值。由于Δd引起的误差为线性误差，可以通过斜率补偿的方式校准；Δre和Δl引起的误差为非线性误差，而对于特定的线缆线径，Δre为定值，可以利用零位误差的方式进行补偿；Δl的误差采用线性函数拟合卡线范围内l的变换函数，然后采用斜率补偿方式进行校准，同时优化故障指示定位终端的卡线结构设计，可以减小误差值。也就是说，针对电介质2厚度的误差和不同的线缆线径对测量产生的误差，均可以通过软件补偿方式消除。
综上所述本发明实现了架空线路对地电压的实时测量，捕捉架空线路对地电压的变化，为线路接地故障判定提供依据；测量架空线路对地电压为非接触感应测量，解决了高压绝缘隔离问题；采用补偿方式消除误差，精度容易控制。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明技术原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和变形，这些改进和变形也应视为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (6)

  1. 一种架空型故障指示定位终端，其特征在于：包括设置在架空线路电场内的电容传感器，所述电容传感器通过调理电路连接至故障指示定位终端的CPU。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种架空型故障指示定位终端，其特征在于：所述电容传感器包括两块极板以及设置在极板之间的电介质。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的一种架空型故障指示定位终端，其特征在于：所述极板为PCB板。
  4. 基于权利要求1所述的一种架空型故障指示定位终端的对地电压测量方法，其特征在于：电容传感器通过电场耦合方式将工频电场强度转换成感应电压，感应电压通过调理电路传输至故障指示定位终端的CPU，故障指示定位终端的CPU根据调理后的感应电压计算出工频电场强度，根据工频电场强度计算出架空线路对地电压。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的一种架空型故障指示定位终端的对地电压测量方法，其特征在于：工频电场强度计算出架空线路对地电压的公式为，
    Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-100001
    其中，U0为架空线路对地电压，r1、r2分别为测量点到线路等效电荷和镜像电荷的距离，E为工频电场强度；
    工频电场强度的计算公式为，
    U＝Ed  (2)
    其中，U为感应电压，d为电容传感器极板间的距离，即电介质厚度；
    将公式(1)带入公式(2)可得，
    Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-100002
    其中，r1＝re+l，r2＝2h-l+re，re为线缆线径，l为测量点到线缆下表面距离，h为线缆下表面到底面距离；
    感应电压的计算公式为，
    Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-100003
    其中，V为调理后的感应电压，R1、R2均为调理电路的分压电阻值，ZC为电容传感器的容抗。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的一种架空型故障指示定位终端的对地电压测量方法，其特征在于：在计算架空线路对地电压时，针对电介质厚度的误差和不同的线缆线径对测量产生的误差，可以通过补偿方式消除；
    对公式3的各变量求偏导数，得到测量产生的误差为，
    Figure PCTCN2016108790-appb-100004
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