WO2017223348A1 - Électrode multicouche - Google Patents

Électrode multicouche Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017223348A1
WO2017223348A1 PCT/US2017/038814 US2017038814W WO2017223348A1 WO 2017223348 A1 WO2017223348 A1 WO 2017223348A1 US 2017038814 W US2017038814 W US 2017038814W WO 2017223348 A1 WO2017223348 A1 WO 2017223348A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
core
intermediate layer
electrode
cermet
ceramic
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2017/038814
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Xinghua Liu
Original Assignee
Alcoa Usa Corp.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alcoa Usa Corp. filed Critical Alcoa Usa Corp.
Publication of WO2017223348A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017223348A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
    • C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
    • C25C3/12—Anodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
    • C25C7/02—Electrodes; Connections thereof
    • C25C7/025—Electrodes; Connections thereof used in cells for the electrolysis of melts

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to electrodes useful for the electrolytic production of metal.
  • Hall-Heroult electrolytic cells are utilized to produce aluminum metal in the commercial production of aluminums form alumina that is dissolved in molten electrolyte and reduced by a DC electric current using electrodes.
  • an electrode includes: a core; an outer shell; and an intermediate layer disposed between the core and the outer shell, wherein the intermediate layer covers at least a portion of the core, wherein the intermediate layer comprises an inner boundary and an outer boundary, wherein the intermediate layer electrically contacts the core at the inner boundary and electrically contacts the outer shell at the outer boundary, wherein the intermediate layer at the inner boundary has a first coefficient of thermal expansion that is substantially similar to a coefficient of thermal expansion of the core, and wherein the intermediate layer at the outer boundary has a second coefficient of thermal expansion that is substantially similar to a coefficient of thermal expansion of the outer shell.
  • the core comprises one or more electrically conductive materials.
  • the core comprises at least one metal or metal alloy.
  • the at least one metal comprises at least one of: copper, nickel, iron, manganese, aluminum, cobalt, titanium, zinc or combinations thereof.
  • the at least one metal of the core is in the form of at least one of: a solid material, a metal foam, a metal powder, a metal wire, or combinations thereof.
  • the core comprises a cermet material having a continuous metal phase.
  • the cermet material comprises a structure of alternating metal fibers and ceramic fibers.
  • the cermet material comprises an interwoven microstructure.
  • the outer shell comprises one or more ceramic materials.
  • the ceramic material of the outer shell comprises at least one of oxides of iron, oxides of titanium, oxides of aluminum, oxides of chromium, oxides of zinc, oxides of vanadium, oxides of nickel, oxides of copper, oxides of ruthenium, oxides of tin, oxides of cobalt, nickel ferrites, copper ferrites, zinc ferrites, magnetite and combinations thereof.
  • the intermediate layer comprises one or more cermet materials and wherein the one or more cermet materials comprise a metallic phase and a ceramic phase.
  • the metallic phase of the cermet material is continuous and the ceramic phase of the cermet material is discontinuous.
  • the cermet material comprises 20 to 90 wt. % metal phase and the balance ceramic phase.
  • the cermet material of the intermediate layer has a first ceramic concentration proximal the inner boundary of the intermediate layer and a second ceramic concentration proximal the outer boundary of the intermediate layer, and wherein the second ceramic concentration is greater than the first ceramic concentration.
  • the coefficient of thermal expansion of the core is greater than the coefficient of thermal expansion of the outer shell.
  • the core has a first electrical conductivity and the outer shell has a second electrical conductivity, and wherein the intermediate layer has a third electrical conductivity between the first electrical conductivity and second electrical conductivity.
  • the intermediate layer comprises one or more sub-layers.
  • a method of forming a multi-layer electrode includes: coating a core material with a first cermet material via at least one of spray coating, dip coating, and slip casting to form a first coated core, wherein the first cermet material has a first coefficient of thermal expansion at an inner boundary electrically contacting the core, that is substantially similar to a coefficient of thermal expansion of the core material; coating the coated core with a second cermet material via at least one of spray coating, dip coating, and slip casting, to form a second coated core; and coating the second coated core with a ceramic material via at least one of spray coating, dip coating, and slip casting, wherein the second cermet material has a second coefficient of thermal expansion at an outer boundary electrically contacting the ceramic material, that is substantially similar to a coefficient of thermal expansion of the ceramic material.
  • coating the core with the cermet material further comprises: pressing a cermet powder on the core; and sintering the cermet powder.
  • coating the core with the cermet material further comprises: forming a slurry comprising sub-micron size oxide powders and polymer binders; spray drying the slurry to form aggregated oxide granules; mixing the aggregated oxide granules with metal powder to produce a cermet powder blend; spray drying the slurry to form cerment granules; isostatically pressing the cermet granules onto the core to form a green intermediate layer; sintering the electrode to a temperature of 1000 to 1350 degrees Celsius in an inert gas atmosphere.
  • Figures 1A-1B depict a cross section of one embodiment of an electrode in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.
  • Figures 2A-2E depict plan views of different embodiments of an electrode in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.
  • Figures 3A-3B are micrographs of electrodes in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.
  • Figures 4A-4B depict a core of an electrode in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.
  • Figures 5 A-5B depict the cermet material of the intermediate layer of an electrode in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.
  • Figures 6A-6B depict a core of an electrode in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.
  • cermet material is a composite material comprising a ceramic phase and a metallic phase.
  • the ceramic phase is a continuous phase and the metal phase is a discontinuous phase in the cermet material.
  • the metal phase is a continuous phase and the ceramic phase is a discontinuous phase in the cermet material.
  • a “discontinuous phase” is a phase of a cermet material that is present in the cermet material as dispersed particles surrounded by the continuous phase of the cermet material.
  • a “continuous phase” is a phase of a cermet material that surrounds the dispersed particles of the discontinuous phase.
  • a "metallic phase” is a phase of a cermet material that comprises at least one alloy and/or elemental metal.
  • the metallic phase may comprise at least one of copper, nickel, iron, cobalt, titanium, aluminum, zinc, and/or alloys thereof.
  • a "ceramic phase” is a phase of a cermet material that comprises at least one metal oxide.
  • the ceramic phase may comprise at least one ceramic material such as: a copper oxide, a nickel oxide, an iron oxide, a cobalt oxide, a titanium oxide, an aluminum oxide, a zinc oxide, and/or combinations thereof.
  • a “ceramic concentration” is an amount of ceramic material per unit volume of cermet material.
  • a "ceramic concentration gradient" is a difference in ceramic concentration along a direction within a cermet material.
  • the electrode 1 is suitable for use in an aluminum electrolysis cell.
  • the electrode 1 is suitable for use as an anode in an aluminum electrolysis cell.
  • the electrode comprises a core 100, an outer shell 300; and an intermediate layer 200 disposed between the core 100 and the outer shell 300.
  • the core 100 comprises one or more electrically conductive materials.
  • the core 100 comprises at least one metal.
  • the metal of the core 100 may comprise at least one of: copper, nickel, iron, manganese, aluminum, cobalt, titanium, aluminum, zinc and combinations thereof.
  • the core 100 comprises at least one metal alloy, including but not limited to: corrosion protected steel, carbon steel, nickel -chromium alloy (e.g. Inconel®), or nickel- chromium -molybdenum alloy (e.g. Hastelloy®).
  • the core 100 comprises at least one of: a solid material, a metal foam, a metal powder, a metal wire; and cermet having a continuous metal phase and a discontinuous ceramic phase. In some embodiments, the core 100 comprises a continuous metal phase and a continuous ceramic phase.
  • the core 100 comprises cermet having a layered metal 400/ceramic 402 structure. In some embodiments, the core 100 comprises a cermet having an alternating metal 400/ceramic 402 structure as illustrated in Figure 4B. In some embodiments, as illustrated in Figures 6A and 6B, the core 100 may comprise a cermet having an interwoven metal 400/ceramic 402 microstructure.
  • the core 100 is cylindrical and has a diameter of 1/8 inch to 6 inches. In some embodiments, the core is cylindrical and has a diameter of 1/4 inch to 5 inches. In some embodiments, the core is cylindrical and has a diameter of 1/2 inch to 4 inches. In some embodiments, the core is cylindrical and has a diameter of 1 inch to 3 inches. In some embodiments, the core is cylindrical and has a diameter of about 2 inches.
  • the core is non-cylindrically shaped and has a thickness of
  • the core is non- cylindrical shaped and has a thickness of 1/4 inch to 3 inches. In some embodiments, the core is non-cylindrical shaped and has a thickness of 1/2 inch to 2 inches. In some embodiments, the core is non-cylindrical shaped and has a thickness of about 1 inch. In some embodiments, the core is non-cylindrical shaped and has a width of 1 inch to 11 inches. In some embodiments, the core is non-cylindrical shaped and has a width of 2 inches to 10 inches. In some embodiments, the core is non-cylindrical shaped and has a width of 3 inches to 9 inches.
  • the core is non-cylindrical shaped and has a width of 4 inches to 8 inches. In some embodiments, the core is non-cylindrical shaped and has a width of 5 inches to 7 inches. In some embodiments, the core is non-cylindrical shaped and has a width of about 6 inches.
  • the core has a height of 2 to 48 inches. In some embodiments, the core has a height of 4 to 46 inches. In some embodiments, the core has a height of 6 to 44 inches. In some embodiments, the core has a height of 8 to 42 inches. In some embodiments, the core has a height of 10 to 40 inches. In some embodiments, the core has a height of 12 to 36 inches. In some embodiments, the core has a height of 14 to 32 inches. In some embodiments, the core has a height of 16 to 28 inches. In some embodiments, the core has a height of 18 to 24 inches.
  • the outer shell 300 comprises one or more ceramic materials.
  • the ceramic materials of the outer shell 300 comprise at least one of oxides of iron, oxides of titanium, oxides of aluminum, oxides of chromium, oxides of zinc, oxides of vanadium, oxides of nickel, oxides of copper, oxides of ruthenium, oxides of tin, oxides of cobalt, nickel ferrites, copper ferrites, zinc ferrites, magnetite and combinations thereof.
  • the outer shell 300 has a thickness of 1/4 inch to 3 inches.
  • the outer shell 300 has a thickness of 1/2 inch to 2 inches. In some embodiments, the outer shell 300 has a thickness of about 1 inch.
  • the coefficient of thermal expansion of the core 100 is greater than the coefficient of thermal expansion of the outer shell 300.
  • Table 1 depicts non-limiting examples of materials suitable for use as the core, along with electrical conductivity and CTE values of the of the core material.
  • Table 2 depicts non-limiting examples of materials suitable for use as the outer shell along with electrical conductivity and CTE values of the outer shell material.
  • the intermediate layer 200 may have coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) that is between the coefficients of thermal expansion of the core 100 and the outer shell 300.
  • CTE coefficient of thermal expansion
  • the intermediate layer 200 may serve to at least partially compensate for this difference in thermal expansion. Therefore, in some embodiments, the intermediate layer 200 may serve to prevent the outer shell 300 from cracking during use of the electrode 1 in an aluminum electrolysis cell. Furthermore, the intermediate layer 200 may add corrosion protection to the core 100.
  • the intermediate layer 200 has an inner boundary 202 and an outer boundary 204.
  • the inner boundary 202 of the intermediate layer 200 contacts the core 100.
  • the outer boundary 204 of the intermediate layer contacts the outer shell 300.
  • the intermediate layer 200 at the inner boundary 202 has a coefficient of thermal expansion that is substantially similar to a coefficient of thermal expansion of the core 100 and the intermediate layer 200 at the outer boundary 202 has a coefficient of thermal expansion that is substantially similar to a coefficient of thermal expansion of the outer shell 300.
  • the intermediate layer 200 may have an electrical conductivity that is between the electrical conductivities of the core 100 and the outer shell 300.
  • the intermediate layer covers at least a portion of the core 100. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer covers at least 5% of the core. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer covers at least 10% of the core. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer covers at least 15% of the core. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer covers at least 20% of the core. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer covers at least 25% of the core. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer covers at least 30% of the core. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer covers at least 35% of the core. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer covers at least 40% of the core. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer covers at least 45% of the core. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer covers at least 50% of the core.
  • the intermediate layer covers at least 60% of the core. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer covers at least 70% of the core. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer covers at least 80% of the core. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer covers at least 90% of the core. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer covers at least 95% of the core.
  • the intermediate layer 200 comprises one or more cermet materials.
  • the cermet material of the intermediate layer 200 comprises a metallic phase and a ceramic phase.
  • the cermet material of the intermediate layer is 20 to 90 wt% metal phase and the balance ceramic phase.
  • the cermet material of the intermediate layer is 40 to 90 wt% metal phase and the balance ceramic phase.
  • the cermet material of the intermediate layer is 60 to 90 wt% metal phase and the balance ceramic phase.
  • the cermet material of the intermediate layer is 80 to 90 wt% metal phase and the balance ceramic phase.
  • the metallic phase 502 of the cermet material 500 is continuous and the ceramic phase 504 of the cermet material 500 is discontinuous.
  • the cermet material of the intermediate layer 200 has a first ceramic concentration proximal the inner boundary 202 of the intermediate layer 200 and a second ceramic concentration proximal the outer boundary 204 of the intermediate layer 200. In some embodiments, the second ceramic concentration is higher than the first.
  • the cermet material of the intermediate layer 200 has a ceramic concentration gradient from the inner boundary to the outer boundary of the intermediate layer. In some embodiments, the ceramic concentration gradient increases from the inner boundary of the intermediate layer to the outer boundary of the intermediate layer.
  • Graph 1 shows the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) as a function of percent of metal phase in nickel ferrite cermet.
  • the circular data points represent cermet of nickel ferrite and Cu and the square data point represent the cermet of nickel ferrite and Ni30Cu.
  • the CTEs of the cermet material is substantially constant.
  • the metallic phase (Cu or Ni30Cu) is higher than 30 weight percentage, the CTEs of the cermet material increases proportionally with metallic phase percentage, indicating metallic phases becomes the continuous phase after reaching 30 wt.%.
  • the intermediate layer 200 may comprise one or more sublayers of cermet material.
  • the intermediate layer 200 comprises, a first sub-layer 220 located proximal the inner boundary 202 of the intermediate layer 200, a third sub-layer 230 located proximal the outer boundary 204 of the intermediate layer 200, and a second sub-layer 210 located between the first sub-layer 220 and third sub-layer 230.
  • the first sub-layer 220 comprises a first cermet material
  • the second sub-layer 210 comprises a second cermet material
  • the third sub-layer 230 comprises a third cermet material.
  • the first cermet material has a continuous metal phase and a discontinuous ceramic phase. In some embodiments, the third cermet material has a continuous ceramic phase and a discontinuous metal phase. [00059] In some embodiments, the first cermet material comprises 70 to 90 wt. % metal phase. In some embodiments, the first cermet material comprises 72 to 88 wt. % metal phase. In some embodiments, the first cermet material comprises 75 to 85 wt. % metal phase. In some embodiments, the first cermet material comprises 77 to 83 wt. % metal phase. In some embodiments, the first cermet material comprises about 80 wt. % metal phase.
  • the first cermet material comprises 10 to 30 wt. % ceramic phase. In some embodiments, the first cermet material comprises 12 to 28 wt. % ceramic phase. In some embodiments, the first cermet material comprises 15 to 25 wt. % ceramic phase. In some embodiments, the first cermet material comprises 17 to 23 wt. % ceramic phase. In some embodiments, the first cermet material comprises about 20 wt. % ceramic phase.
  • the second cermet material comprises 40 to 60 wt. % metal phase. In some embodiments, the second cermet material comprises 42 to 58 wt. % metal phase. In some embodiments, the second cermet material comprises 45 to 55 wt. % metal phase. In some embodiments, the second cermet material comprises 47 to 53 wt. % metal phase. In some embodiments, the second cermet material comprises about 50 wt. % metal phase.
  • the second cermet material comprises 40 to 60 wt. % ceramic phase. In some embodiments, the second cermet material comprises 42 to 58 wt. % ceramic phase. In some embodiments, the second cermet material comprises 45 to 55 wt. % ceramic phase. In some embodiments, the second cermet material comprises 47 to 53 wt. % ceramic phase. In some embodiments, the second cermet material comprises about 50 wt. % ceramic phase.
  • the third cermet material comprises 70 to 90 wt. % ceramic phase. In some embodiments, the third cermet material comprises 72 to 88 wt. % ceramic phase. In some embodiments, the third cermet material comprises 75 to 85 wt. % ceramic phase. In some embodiments, the third cermet material comprises 77 to 83 wt. % ceramic phase. In some embodiments, the third cermet material comprises about 80 wt. % ceramic phase.
  • the third cermet material comprises 10 to 30 wt. % metal phase. In some embodiments, the third cermet material comprises 12 to 28 wt. % metal phase. In some embodiments, the third cermet material comprises 15 to 25 wt. % metal phase. In some embodiments, the third cermet material comprises 17 to 23 wt. % metal phase. In some embodiments, the third cermet material comprises about 20 wt. % metal phase.
  • the intermediate layer has a thickness of 1/16 to 1 inch. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer has a thickness of 1/8 to 1/2 inch. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer has a thickness of about 1/4 inch.
  • the first sub-layer has a thickness of 1/8 inch to 4 inches.
  • the first sub-layer has a thickness of 1/4 inch to 3 inches. In some embodiments, the first sub-layer has a thickness of 1/2 inch to 2 inches. In some embodiments, the first sub-layer has a thickness of about 1 inch.
  • the second sub-layer has a thickness of 1/4 inch to 2 inches. In some embodiments, the second sub-layer has a thickness of 1/2 inch to 1.5 inches. In some embodiments, the second sub-layer has a thickness of about 1 inch.
  • the third sub-layer has a thickness of 1/4 to 1 inch. In some embodiments, the third sub-layer has a thickness of 3/8 to 7/8 inch. In some embodiments, the third sub-layer has a thickness of 1/2 to 3/4 inch. In some embodiments, the third sub-layer has a thickness of about 5/8 inch.
  • the electrode may be formed in a variety of shapes.
  • Non-limiting examples of the shape of the electrode include cylindrical or non-cylindrical.
  • the electrode may have a rectangular shape when viewed from the top.
  • the electrode may have a rounded rectangular shape when viewed from the top.
  • the electrode may be pill shaped when viewed from the top.
  • the electrode may be elliptical when viewed from the top.
  • the electrode may have a circular shape when viewed from the top.
  • FIG. 3 A is a micrograph of one embodiment of an electrode in accordance with the present invention.
  • the electrode includes a core comprised of wires 110, an outer shell 310 comprised of ceramic material, and an intermediate layer 210 comprised of cermet material having a continuous metal phase and a discontinuous ceramic phase.
  • Figure 3B is a micrograph of another embodiment of an electrode in accordance with the present invention.
  • the electrode includes a core comprised of solid metal material 120, an outer shell 320 comprised of ceramic material, and an intermediate layer 220 comprised of cermet material.
  • the embodiment of Figure 3B depicts an intermediate layer 220 having an increasing ceramic concentration gradient from the solid metal material 120 of the core to the outer shell 320 of ceramic material.
  • a method of forming a multi-layer electrode includes coating a core material with a first cermet material via at least one of spray coating, dip coating, and slip casting to form a first coated core, wherein the first cermet material has a first coefficient of thermal expansion at an inner boundary electrically contacting the core, that is substantially similar to a coefficient of thermal expansion of the core material; coating the coated core with a second cermet material via at least one of spray coating, dip coating, and slip casting, to form a second coated core; and coating the second coated core with a ceramic material via at least one of spray coating, dip coating, and slip casting, wherein the second cermet material has a second coefficient of thermal expansion at an outer boundary electrically contacting the ceramic material, that is substantially similar to a coefficient of thermal expansion of the ceramic material.
  • the coating with the cermet material comprises pressing a cermet powder onto the underlying material (e.g. electrode core) and sintering the cermet powder.
  • coating the core with cermet material comprises producing a cermet powder blend.
  • the step of producing a cermet powder blend includes mixing aggregated oxide granules with metal powder.
  • the aggregated oxide granules may be produced, for example, by forming a slurry of sub-micron size oxide powders and polymer binders or a slurry of sub-micron size oxide powders, polymer binders, and metal powders, and then spray drying the slurry to form aggregated oxide granules that flow and deform readily during forming.
  • the cermet powder blend may be mixed into a slurry and spray dried to from cermet granules.
  • the cermet granules may be pressed isostatically onto the core at an isostatic pressure to form a green intermediate layer.
  • the isostatic pressure is 5 to 35 kpsi (thousand pounds per square inch).
  • the green intermediate layer may be heated in an inert atmosphere.
  • the inert atmosphere comprises Ar and/or N2 with oxygen concentration below lOOppm.
  • the core with green intermediate layer is placed in a furnace and exposed to a first temperature of 400 to 600 degrees C to burn out the polymer binder.
  • the heating rate is from 10 to 180 degrees C/hr.
  • the electrode with green intermediate layer is exposed to a second temperature of 1000 to 1350 degrees Celsius to sinter the cermet granules and form a cermet intermediate layer.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Abstract

Des modes de réalisation de la présente invention concernent généralement des électrodes utiles pour la production électrolytique de métal. Selon certains modes de réalisation, une électrode comprend : un noyau ; une coquille externe ; et une couche intermédiaire disposée entre le noyau et la coquille externe, la couche intermédiaire recouvrant au moins une partie du noyau, la couche intermédiaire comprenant une limite interne et une limite externe, la couche intermédiaire étant en contact électrique avec le noyau au niveau de la limite interne et étant en contact électrique avec la coquille externe au niveau de la limite externe, la couche intermédiaire au niveau de la limite interne ayant un premier coefficient de dilatation thermique qui est sensiblement similaire au coefficient de dilatation thermique du noyau, et la couche intermédiaire au niveau de la limite externe ayant un second coefficient de dilatation thermique qui est sensiblement similaire au coefficient de dilatation thermique de la coquille externe.
PCT/US2017/038814 2016-06-22 2017-06-22 Électrode multicouche WO2017223348A1 (fr)

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US201662353246P 2016-06-22 2016-06-22
US62/353,246 2016-06-22

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11078584B2 (en) 2017-03-31 2021-08-03 Alcoa Usa Corp. Systems and methods of electrolytic production of aluminum

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4624766A (en) * 1982-07-22 1986-11-25 Commonwealth Aluminum Corporation Aluminum wettable cathode material for use in aluminum reduction cell
US6077415A (en) * 1998-07-30 2000-06-20 Moltech Invent S.A. Multi-layer non-carbon metal-based anodes for aluminum production cells and method
US20040108205A1 (en) * 2002-03-26 2004-06-10 Larsen Lewis G. Electrode constructs, and related cells and methods
US20170275773A1 (en) * 2016-03-25 2017-09-28 Alcoa Usa Corp Electrode Configurations for Electrolytic Cells and Related Methods

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4624766A (en) * 1982-07-22 1986-11-25 Commonwealth Aluminum Corporation Aluminum wettable cathode material for use in aluminum reduction cell
US6077415A (en) * 1998-07-30 2000-06-20 Moltech Invent S.A. Multi-layer non-carbon metal-based anodes for aluminum production cells and method
US20040108205A1 (en) * 2002-03-26 2004-06-10 Larsen Lewis G. Electrode constructs, and related cells and methods
US20170275773A1 (en) * 2016-03-25 2017-09-28 Alcoa Usa Corp Electrode Configurations for Electrolytic Cells and Related Methods

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11078584B2 (en) 2017-03-31 2021-08-03 Alcoa Usa Corp. Systems and methods of electrolytic production of aluminum

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