WO2017217967A1 - Nouveaux procédés d'administration d'agents thérapeutiques à l'œil par l'intermédiaire des voies nasales - Google Patents

Nouveaux procédés d'administration d'agents thérapeutiques à l'œil par l'intermédiaire des voies nasales Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017217967A1
WO2017217967A1 PCT/US2016/037217 US2016037217W WO2017217967A1 WO 2017217967 A1 WO2017217967 A1 WO 2017217967A1 US 2016037217 W US2016037217 W US 2016037217W WO 2017217967 A1 WO2017217967 A1 WO 2017217967A1
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cells
cell
optic
accs
eye
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PCT/US2016/037217
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English (en)
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Larry R. Brown
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Noveome Biotherapeutics, Inc.
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Priority to PCT/US2016/037217 priority Critical patent/WO2017217967A1/fr
Publication of WO2017217967A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017217967A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
    • A61F9/0008—Introducing ophthalmic products into the ocular cavity or retaining products therein
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0043—Nose

Definitions

  • the field of the invention is directed to delivering therapeutic agents to the eye for the purpose of treating ophthalmic disorders, diseases and injuries.
  • the field of the invention is directed to delivering therapeutic agents to the eye for the purpose of treating ophthalmic disorders, diseases and injuries by targeted intranasal administration of the therapeutic agents.
  • the field of the invention is specifically directed to treating disorders, diseases and injuries of the cornea and ocular surface, treating retinal disorders, diseases and injuries and optic nerve disorders, diseases and injuries by targeted intranasal administration of the therapeutic agents.
  • Renner DB Svitak AL, Gallus NJ, Ericson ME, Frey WH 2nd, Hanson LR describe intranasal delivery of insulin via the olfactory nerve pathway (J Pharm Pharmacol doi:
  • Glarative corneal disorders, diseases and injuries include corneal ulcers, corneal wounds (i.e., thermal, chemical, physical, surgical), keratitis (inflammation of the cornea), allergic conjunctivitis, dry eye syndrome, and Sjogren's syndrome.
  • Serious lens disorders include cataracts and refractive errors.
  • the most serious disorders and diseases of the retina include macular holes, retinal degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal ischemia, diabetic macular edema, wet and dry macular degeneration, glaucoma, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Usher syndrome, Stargardt disease, retinal detachment, choroideremia, and retinoschisis.
  • Serious diseases of the optic nerve include optic neuritis and neuromyelitis optica.
  • ophthalmic diseases such as glaucoma, which is characterized by ocular hypertension, can cause damage to the optic nerve.
  • the cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber.
  • the human cornea has five layers. From the anterior to posterior the five layers of the human cornea are the 1) corneal epithelium, a thin layer of stratified squamous epithelial cells which are fast-growing and easily-regenerated cells that are kept moist with tears.
  • the corneal epithelium is continuous with the conjunctival epithelium which is composed of about 6 layers of cells which are shed constantly and are regenerated by cell division in the basal layer; 2) Bowman's layer which is a tough layer of condensed collagen fibers that protects the corneal stroma, which consists of similar irregularly arranged collagen fibers; 3) The corneal stroma which is a thick, transparent middle layer, consisting of regularly arranged collagen fibers along with sparsely distributed interconnected keratocytes, which are the cells for general repair and maintenance; 4) Descemet's membrane which is a thin acellular layer that serves as the modified basement membrane of the corneal endothelium, from which the cells are derived; and 5) the corneal endothelium which is a simple squamous or low cuboidal monolayer of mitochondria-rich cells responsible for regulating fluid and solute transport between the aqueous and corneal stromal compartments.
  • the lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.
  • the lens has three main parts: the lens capsule, the lens epithelium, and the lens fibers.
  • the lens capsule forms the outermost layer of the lens and the lens fibers form the bulk of the interior of the lens.
  • the cells of the lens epithelium, located between the lens capsule and the outermost layer of lens fibers, are found only on the anterior side of the lens.
  • the retina is a very thin layer of light-sensitive neural tissue lining at the inner posterior surface of the eyeball. It is composed of six classes of neurons and one type of glial cell that are interconnected in a highly organized structure.
  • the rod and cone photoreceptor cells reside in the outer nuclear layer; the horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine interneurons plus the Miiller glial cells reside in the inner nuclear layer; and the retinal ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cells reside in the ganglion cell layer.
  • the major function of the retina is to convert light signals detected by photoreceptor cells into electrical impulses, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve which is derived from the projecting axons of the retinal ganglion cells. Any loss and/or damage of the various retinal cell types will result in disruption of the normal transmission of nerve impulses and lead to impaired vision.
  • the optic nerve also known as cranial nerve II, is a paired nerve that transmits the visual information from the retina to the brain.
  • the optic nerve is derived from optic stalks during the seventh week of fetal development and is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells. In humans, the optic nerve extends from the optic disc to the optic chiasm and then continues as the optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectal nuclei, and superior colliculi in the brain.
  • the fibers of the optic nerve are covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes, rather than
  • ophthalmic disorders, diseases and injuries are treated with surgery (i.e., cataracts).
  • treatment has focused on gene therapy to correct inheritable disorders such as those found in Retinitis Pigmentosa.
  • Other areas of treatment and current research are directed towards evaluating the role of growth factors and/or cytokines.
  • the growth factors and/or cytokines have been evaluated for their ability to prevent or protect against retinal cell death or for generating new retinal cells to replace lost ones. Similar studies with growth factors and/or cytokines aim to protect and/or regenerate limbal stem cells to treat corneal injuries such as corneal wounds.
  • VEGF inhibitors such as EYLEA®
  • Other treatment options for corneal disorders/diseases/injuries include antibiotics, antifungals or antivirals if infection is present; mitomycin C; topical steroids to treat inflammation; bandage contact lens; fibrin glue; tarsorraphy (partial suturing of the eyelids);
  • Another area of research is directed to evaluating the potential of stem cells to replace damaged or lost retinal cells or corneal epithelial cells, including limbal stem cells (see, for example, Chacko, D.M., et al, (Biochem Biophy Res Commun 2000, 268(3):842-6); Otani, A., et al, (J Clin Invest 2004 114(6):765-7); Smith, L.E. (J Clin Invest 2004 114(6):755-7; Ahmed, S., et al, (Stem Cells, 2007, Jan 25 e-publication). Also being studied is retinal transplantation (see Ng, T.F., et al, Chem Immunol Allergy, 2007, 92:300-16).
  • Additional treatment options include topically delivering therapeutic agents to the surface of the eye or injecting therapeutic agents into the vitreous of the eye.
  • injections into the eye are unpleasant and uncomfortable. Therefore, it is an object of the instant invention to provide a treatment option for patients suffering from ophthalmic disorders, diseases and injuries, in particular, corneal, lens, retinal, and optic nerve disorders, diseases and injuries, which encompass delivering the therapeutic agent non-invasively to the ocular tissues by targeted intranasal administration of a therapeutic agent.
  • Such targeted intranasal administration would be particularly desirable in patients who currently require injections into the vitreous for treatment of their ophthalmic condition or those wherein systemic administration is not possible because the therapeutic agent cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
  • Applicant has discovered that when a therapeutic agent is administered by targeted intranasal delivery to a specific region in the nasal cavity, the agent can be found in the optic nerve, optic chiasm, the optic nerve head, the eye choroid, the retinal pigment epithelium, the retina and the eye vitreous humor.
  • Applicant has also discovered that Amnion-derived Cellular Cytokine Solution (ACCS) (for details see US Patent Nos. 8,058,066 and 8,088,732, both of which are incorporated herein by reference), now termed ST266, exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, anti-vascular permeability properties, myelin sheath protective properties, neuroprotective properties, and wound healing properties.
  • ACCS Amnion-derived Cellular Cytokine Solution
  • Amnion-derived Multipotent Progenitor (AMP) cell compositions from which ST266 is derived (for details see U.S. Patent Nos. 8,058,066 and 8,088,732, both of which are incorporated herein by reference) also exhibit many of these properties.
  • Applicant has also developed novel cells called AMP-N cells which produce a novel secretome called ACCS-N (see U.S. Publication No. 2015-0196603-A1, published on July 16, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference) both of which are suitable for use in practicing the methods of the invention.
  • ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cells when administered by targeted intranasal delivery, for example as a liquid or a fine powder nasal spray, provide an effective means of treating ophthalmic disorders, disease and injuries.
  • the compositions are specifically targeted to the nasal mucosa which is adjacent to the foramina of the cribriform plate located at the superior aspect of the nasal cavity such that the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions can permeate through the foramina into the cranial cavity at the location of the optic nerve and globe of the eye.
  • any therapeutic agents including those described herein, as well as second generation versions of the disclosed compositions and functional equivalents thereof, that are useful for treating ophthalmic conditions are suitable for use in the methods of the invention.
  • the only requirement is that the agent be able to be formulated for targeted intranasal administration. Therefore, both small and large molecular agents can be used, including complex biological compositions such as ST266 and ACCS-N, and cells such as AMP cells and AMP-N cells describe herein.
  • non-targeted intranasal administration requires a combination of suitable permeability of the agent across the nasal epithelium to achieve a therapeutic systemic dose and a suitable resident time for the agent on the mucosa (see Bitter, et al. Surber C, Eisner P., Farage, MA (eds): Topical Applications and the Mucosa. Curr Probl Dermatol. Basel, Karger, 2001, vol. 40, pp 20-35).
  • suitable permeability of the agent across the nasal epithelium to achieve a therapeutic systemic dose and a suitable resident time for the agent on the mucosa
  • suitable resident time for the agent on the mucosa see Bitter, et al. Surber C, Eisner P., Farage, MA (eds): Topical Applications and the Mucosa. Curr Probl Dermatol.
  • non-human primate studies were conducted to establish that targeted intranasal delivery of an agent, in this case Evans blue dye or I- 125 radiolabeled ST266, to the optic nerve, the optic chiasm, and globe of the eye, the caudate putamen, the cerebellum, the entorhinal cortex, the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the olfactory bulb, the olfactory nerve, the substantia nigra, the trigeminal nerve, the trochlear nerve, could be successfully accomplished.
  • an agent in this case Evans blue dye or I- 125 radiolabeled ST266, to the optic nerve, the optic chiasm, and globe of the eye, the caudate putamen, the cerebellum, the entorhinal cortex, the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the olfactory bulb, the olfactory nerve, the substantia nigra, the trigeminal nerve, the trochlear nerve,
  • novel methods for treating ophthalmic diseases, disorders and injuries including corneal, intravitreal, retinal, and optic nerve disorders, diseases and injuries by targeted intranasal administration of therapeutic agents.
  • novel methods for treating ophthalmic disorders/diseases/injuries by targeted intranasal administration of therapeutic agents utilize novel compositions including ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions, each alone and/or in combination with each other and/or with other agents including active and/or inactive agents.
  • a first aspect of the invention is a method for delivering a therapeutic agent to the eye in a patient in need thereof comprising targeted intranasal administration of the therapeutic agent to the patient.
  • the therapeutic agent is targeted to the superior aspect of the nasal cavity which is adjacent to the cribriform plate.
  • a device is used to effect the targeted intranasal administration of the therapeutic agent.
  • the patient is in an upright position while using the device to effect the targeted intranasal
  • the therapeutic agent is a small molecular weight agent.
  • the small molecular weight agent is a biological.
  • the small molecular weight agent is a chemical.
  • the small molecular weight agent has a molecular weight equal to or less than 900 daltons.
  • the small molecular weight agent is water-soluble.
  • the small molecular weight agent is amphiphilic.
  • the therapeutic agent is a large molecular weight agent.
  • the large molecular weight agent is a biological.
  • the large molecular weight agent is a chemical.
  • the large molecular weight agent has a molecular weight greater than 900 daltons.
  • the therapeutic agent is a complex biological composition comprised of numerous biological molecules.
  • the complex biological composition comprised of numerous biological molecules is selected from the group consisting of ST266 and ACCS-N.
  • the therapeutic agent is a population of cells.
  • the population of cells is selected from the group consisting of AMP cells and AMP-N cells.
  • the patient is afflicted with an ophthalmic disorder, disease or injury.
  • the ophthalmic disorder, disease or injury is selected from the group consisting of a corneal disorder, disease or injury, a lens disorder, disease or injury, a retinal disorder, disease or injury and an optic nerve disorder, disease or injury.
  • the therapeutic agent is administered in combination with other agents or treatment modalities.
  • the other agents are active agents.
  • the active agents are selected from the group consisting of growth factors, cytokines, inhibitors, immunosuppressive agents, steroids, chemokines, antibodies, antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, mitomycin C, and other cell types.
  • the inhibitor is a LINGO inhibitor. LINGO is a protein found in nerve cells and myelin-making oligodendrocyte cells.
  • the inhibitor is Glatiramer (TEVA
  • LINGO is a protein found in nerve cells and myelin-making oligodendrocyte cells.
  • the inhibitor is a VEGF inhibitor.
  • VEGF inhibitors include Eylea® (Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), Macugen® (EyeTech Pharmaceuticals),
  • the immunosuppressive agents are cyclosporine, methotrexate, FK-506 and corticosteroids.
  • the other cell types are retinal progenitor cells (see, for example, Coles, B.L., et al., PNAS USA 2004, 101(44): 15772-7.).
  • the other treatment modalities are selected from the group consisting of bandage contact lens, fibrin glue, tarsorraphy (partial suturing of the eyelids), autologous serum, Gunderson flap and corneal transplant.
  • the corneal disorder, disease or injury is keratitis, corneal ulcers, corneal wounds, dry eye syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome, allergic conjunctivitis, and corneal transplantation;
  • the corneal wounds are selected from the group consisting of chemical wounds, thermal wounds, surgical wounds and mechanical wounds;
  • the keratitis is caused by amoebic, bacterial, fungal or viral infection; photokeratitis; exposure (eyelid dysfunction); chemical injury; trauma; surgery; keratoconus; Fuchs' dystrophy; or keratoconjunctivitis sicca; and the surgery is selected from the group consisting of laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), cataract, corneal transplant and pterygium surgery.
  • the retinal disorder, disease or injury is macular holes, retinal detachment, retinal degeneration, retinitis pigmentos
  • ROP retinal transplantation
  • the optic nerve disorder, disease or injury is optic neuritis, optic neuropathy, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), traumatic optic neuropathy (TON), Leber's optic neuropathy (LHON) or Leber optic atrophy, dominant optic atrophy, or dominant optic atrophy, Kjer's type, recessive optic atrophy, radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RION), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), optic nerve crush, optic nerve blunt force trauma, and glaucoma.
  • the other treatment modalities are selected from the group consisting of bandage contact lens, fibrin glue, tarsorraphy (partial suturing of the eyelids), autologous serum, Gunderson flap and corneal transplant.
  • the therapeutic agent is formulated for targeted intranasal administration.
  • the targeted intranasal administration is aerosol or spray administration.
  • the therapeutic agent is formulated as a lyophilized dry powder nasal formulation.
  • isolated refers to material removed from its original environment and is thus altered “by the hand of man” from its natural state.
  • a “gene” is the segment of DNA involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it includes regions preceding and following the coding region, as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons).
  • the term "protein marker” means any protein molecule characteristic of a cell or cell population. The protein marker may be located on the plasma membrane of a cell or in some cases may be a secreted protein.
  • enriched means to selectively concentrate or to increase the amount of one or more materials by elimination of the unwanted materials or selection and separation of desirable materials from a mixture (i.e., separate cells with specific cell markers from a heterogeneous cell population in which not all cells in the population express the marker).
  • substantially purified means a population of cells substantially homogeneous for a particular marker or combination of markers.
  • substantially homogeneous is meant at least 90%, and preferably 95% homogeneous for a particular marker or combination of markers.
  • placenta means both preterm and term placenta.
  • totipotent cells shall have the following meaning. In mammals, totipotent cells have the potential to become any cell type in the adult body; any cell type(s) of the extraembryonic membranes (e.g., placenta). Totipotent cells are the fertilized egg and approximately the first 4 cells produced by its cleavage.
  • pluripotent stem cells shall have the following meaning.
  • Pluripotent stem cells are true stem cells with the potential to make any differentiated cell in the body, but cannot contribute to making the components of the extraembryonic membranes which are derived from the trophoblast. The amnion develops from the epiblast, not the trophoblast.
  • Three types of pluripotent stem cells have been confirmed to date: Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells (may also be totipotent in primates), Embryonic Germ (EG) Cells, and Embryonic Carcinoma (EC) Cells. These EC cells can be isolated from teratocarcinomas, a tumor that occasionally occurs in the gonad of a fetus. Unlike the other two, they are usually aneuploid.
  • multipotent stem cells are true stem cells but can only differentiate into a limited number of types.
  • the bone marrow contains multipotent stem cells that give rise to all the cells of the blood but may not be able to differentiate into other cells types.
  • extraembryonic tissue means tissue located outside the embryonic body which is involved with the embryo's protection, nutrition, waste removal, etc. Extraembryonic tissue is discarded at birth. Extraembryonic tissue includes but is not limited to the amnion, chorion (trophoblast and extraembryonic mesoderm including umbilical cord and vessels), yolk sac, allantois and amniotic fluid (including all components contained therein). Extraembryonic tissue and cells derived therefrom have the same genotype as the developing embryo.
  • extraembryonic cells or "EE cells” means a population of cells derived from the extraembryonic tissue.
  • Amnion-derived Multipotent Progenitor cell or "AMP cell” means a specific population of epithelial cells derived from the amnion which have the characteristic of secreting VEGF, Angiogenin, PDGF and TGFp2 and the MMP inhibitors TIMP-1 and/or TIMP-2 at physiologically relevant levels in a physiologically relevant temporal manner into the extracellular space or into the surrounding culture media.
  • AMP cells have not been cultured in the presence of any non-human animal materials, making them and cell products derived from them suitable for human clinical use as they are not xeno-contaminated.
  • AMP cells have the following characteristics:
  • non-human animal-derived materials such as bovine serum, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, vitamins, etc.
  • non-human animal-derived materials such as bovine serum, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, vitamins, etc.
  • non-human animal-derived materials are meant that the materials have never been in or in contact with a non-human animal body or substance so they are not xeno-contaminated. Only clinical grade materials, such as recombinantly produced human proteins, are used in the preparation, growth, culturing, expansion, storage and/or formulation of such compositions and/or processes.
  • the term “expanded”, in reference to cell compositions, means that the cell population constitutes a significantly higher concentration of cells than is obtained using previous methods.
  • the level of cells per gram of amniotic tissue in expanded compositions of AMP cells is at least 50 and up to 150 fold higher than the number of amnion epithelial cells in the primary culture after 5 passages, as compared to about a 20 fold increase in such cells using previous methods.
  • the level of cells per gram of amniotic tissue in expanded compositions of AMP cells is at least 30 and up to 100 fold higher than the number of amnion epithelial cells in the primary culture after 3 passages.
  • an “expanded” population has at least a 2 fold, and up to a 10 fold, improvement in cell numbers per gram of amniotic tissue over previous methods.
  • the term “expanded” is meant to cover only those situations in which a person has intervened to elevate the number of the cells.
  • the term "passage” means a cell culture technique in which cells growing in culture that have attained confluence or are close to confluence in a tissue culture vessel are removed from the vessel, diluted with fresh culture media (i.e., diluted 1 :5) and placed into a new tissue culture vessel to allow for their continued growth and viability.
  • fresh culture media i.e., diluted 1 :5
  • primary culture means a freshly isolated, non-passaged cell population.
  • differentiation means the process by which cells become progressively more specialized.
  • differentiation efficiency means the percentage of cells in a population that are differentiating or are able to differentiate.
  • conditioned medium is a medium in which a specific cell or population of cells has been cultured, and then removed. When cells are cultured in a medium, they may secrete cellular factors that can provide support to or affect the behavior of other cells. Such factors include, but are not limited to hormones, cytokines, extracellular matrix (ECM), proteins, vesicles, antibodies, chemokines, receptors, inhibitors and granules. The medium containing the cellular factors is the conditioned medium.
  • ST266 means a novel conditioned medium that has been derived from AMP cells that have been cultured in basal media supplemented with human serum albumin under proprietary condition.
  • ST266 has previously been referred to as "Amnion-derived Cellular Cytokine Solution” or “ACCS” and "amnion-derived cellular cytokine suspension” (for details see U.S. Patent Nos. 8,058,066 and 8,088,732, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • ACCS-N means a novel conditioned medium that has been derived from AMP-N cells.
  • AMP-N are a novel population of cells having certain, but not all, characteristics of neurons. ACCS-N and AMP-N cells are described in detail in U.S. Publication No. 2015-0196603-A1, published on July 16, 2015, and incorporated herein in its entirety.
  • physiological level means the level that a substance in a living system is found and that is relevant to the proper functioning of a biochemical and/or biological process.
  • the term “pooled” means a plurality of compositions that have been combined to create a new composition having more constant or consistent characteristics as compared to the non-pooled compositions.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount means that amount of a therapeutic agent necessary to achieve a desired physiological effect (i.e., treat an ophthalmic disorder, disease or injury).
  • lysate refers to the composition obtained when cells, for example, AMP cells, are lysed and optionally the cellular debris (e.g., cellular membranes) is removed. This may be achieved by mechanical means, by freezing and thawing, by sonication, by use of detergents, such as EDTA, or by enzymatic digestion using, for example, hyaluronidase, dispase, proteases, and nucleases. In some instances, it may be desirable to lyse the cells and retain the cellular membrane portion and discard the remaining portion of the lysed cells, or to retain both portions separately.
  • cellular debris e.g., cellular membranes
  • the term "pharmaceutically acceptable” means that the components, in addition to the therapeutic agent, comprising the formulation, are suitable for administration to the patient being treated in accordance with the present invention.
  • tissue refers to an aggregation of similarly specialized cells united in the performance of a particular function.
  • therapeutic protein includes a wide range of biologically active proteins including, but not limited to, growth factors, enzymes, hormones, cytokines, inhibitors of cytokines, blood clotting factors, peptide growth and differentiation factors.
  • transplantation refers to the administration of a composition comprising cells, including a cell suspension or cells incorporated into a matrix or tissue, that are either in an undifferentiated, partially differentiated, or fully differentiated form into a human or other animal.
  • parenteral administration and “administered parenterally” are art-recognized and refer to modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intra-articulare, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural, intracerebral and intrasternal injection or infusion.
  • targeted intranasal or “targeted intranasal delivery” or “targeted intranasal administration” as used herein means targeted delivery within the nasal structures at a precise location.
  • aerosol means a cloud of solid or liquid particles in a gaseous medium.
  • particles are used interchangeably herein and shall mean particles of formulation comprised of any
  • a carrier e.g., a pharmaceutically active ingredient
  • nebulizer means a device used to reduce a liquid medication to extremely fine cloudlike particles (i.e., an aerosol).
  • a nebulizer may be useful in targeted intranasal delivery of a medication to a specific region of the nasal cavity if it is designed appropriately to accomplish targeted administration.
  • Nebulizers may also be referred to as atomizers and vaporizers.
  • targeted intranasal delivery device means a device that is capable of delivering a therapeutic agent to a precise location within the nasal cavity.
  • examples include the SipNose Ltd. (Yokneam Israel) nasal delivery systems as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 9,339,617 and 9,227,031 and U.S. Published Application No. US-20160106937-A1, The Impel NeuroPharma (Seattle, WA) POD nasal delivery devices, and the Optinose US Inc. (Yardley, PA) nasal delivery devices.
  • immediate-release means that all of the pharmaceutical agent(s) is released into solution and into the biological orifice or blood or cavity etc. at the same time.
  • targeted-release or “targeted delivery” as used herein means that the
  • pharmaceutical agent is targeted to a specific body region, tissue, biological orifice, tumor site or cavity, etc.
  • sustained-release means an agent, typically a therapeutic agent or drug, that is formulated to dissolve slowly and be released over time.
  • lyophilization or "lyophilized” or “lyophilized powder” means a dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material or make the material more convenient for transport. Lyophilization works by freezing the material and then reducing the surrounding pressure to allow the frozen water in the material to sublimate directly from the solid phase to the gas phase. Other terms meaning lyophilization include freeze-drying and
  • co-administer can include simultaneous or sequential
  • administration of two or more agents either by the same route of administration or by different routes of administration.
  • neurodegeneration means the progressive loss of neurons in the nervous system. This includes but is not limited to immediate loss of neurons due to injury or disease followed by subsequent loss of connecting or adjacent neurons.
  • neurodegeneration is retinal degeneration, in which the cells of the retina (i.e., photoreceptors known as rods and cones) are progressively lost.
  • neurodegeneration means to arrest and/or reverse progression of neurodegeneration following a nervous system injury or as a result of disease.
  • Treatment covers any treatment of a disease or condition of a mammal, particularly a human, and includes: (a) preventing the disease or condition from occurring in a subject which may be predisposed to the disease or condition but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease or condition, i.e., arresting its development; (c) relieving and or ameliorating the disease or condition, i.e., causing regression of the disease or condition; or (d) curing the disease or condition, i.e., stopping its development or progression.
  • the population of subjects treated by the methods of the invention includes subjects suffering from the undesirable condition or disease, as well as subjects at risk for development of the condition or disease.
  • ophthalmically acceptable with respect to a formulation, composition or ingredient as used herein means having no persistent effect that is substantially detrimental to the treated eye or the functioning thereof, or on the general health of the subject being treated. It will be recognized that transient effects such as minor irritation or a "stinging" sensation are common with topical ophthalmic administration of drugs and the existence of such transient effects is not inconsistent with the formulation, composition or ingredient in question being "ophthalmically acceptable” as herein defined. However, preferred formulations, compositions and ingredients are those that cause no substantial detrimental effect, even of a transient nature.
  • front of the eye refers to the anterior surface of the eye and all related structures.
  • back of the eye refers to all eye structures that are not the anterior surface and related structures.
  • standard animal model refers to any art-accepted animal model in which the compositions of the invention exhibit efficacy.
  • AMP cells Various methods for isolating cells from the extraembryonic tissue, which may then be used to produce the AMP cells of the instant invention are described in the art (see, for example, US2003/0235563, US2004/0161419, US2005/0124003, U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/666,949, 60/699,257, 60/742,067, 60/813,759, U.S. Application No. 11/333,849, U.S.
  • Identifying AMP cells Once extraembryonic tissue is isolated, it is necessary to identify which cells in the tissue have the characteristics associated with AMP cells (see definition above). For example, cells are assayed for their ability to secrete VEGF, Angiogenin, PDGF and TGFP2 and the MMP inhibitors TFMP-1 and/or TFMP-2 into the extracellular space or into surrounding culture media. In some instances, it may be difficult or impossible to detect certain factors using standard assays. This may be because certain factors are secreted by the cells at physiological levels that are below the level of detection by the assay methods.
  • the factor(s) is being utilized by the AMP cells and/or by other local cells, thus preventing accumulation at detectable levels using standard assays. It is also possible that the temporal manner in which the factors are secreted may not coincide with the timing of sampling.
  • AMP cell compositions are prepared using the steps of a) recovery of the amnion from the placenta, b) dissociation of the epithelial cells from the amniotic membrane using a protease, c) culturing of the cells in a basal medium with the addition of a naturally derived or recombinantly produced human protein (i.e., human serum albumin) and no non-human animal protein; d) selecting AMP cells from the epithelial cell culture, and optionally e) further proliferation of the cells, optionally using additional additives and/or growth factors (i.e., recombinant human EGF). Details are contained in US Publication No. 2006-0222634-A1, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • a basal medium includes, but is not limited to, EPILIFE® culture medium for epithelial cells (Cascade Biologicals), OPTI-PROTM serum-free culture medium, VP-SFM serum-free medium, IMDM highly enriched basal medium, KNOCKOUTTM DMEM low osmolality medium, 293 SFM II defined serum-free medium (all made by Gibco; Invitrogen), UPGM hematopoietic progenitor growth medium, Pro 293S-CDM serum-free medium, Pro 293A-CDM serum-free medium, UltraMDCKTM serum-free medium (all made by Cambrex), STEMLINE® T-cell expansion medium and STEMLINE® II hematopoietic stem cell expansion medium (both made by Sigma-Aldrich), DMEM culture medium, DMEM/F-12 nutrient mixture growth medium (both made by Gibco), Ham's F-12 nutrient mixture
  • Such media should either contain human protein or be supplemented with human protein.
  • a "human protein” is one that is produced naturally or one that is produced using recombinant technology.
  • Human protein also is meant to include a human fluid or derivative or preparation thereof, such as human serum or amniotic fluid, which contains human protein.
  • the basal media is IMDM highly enriched basal medium, STEMLINE® T- cell expansion medium or STEMLINE® II hematopoietic stem cell expansion medium, or OPTI- PROTM serum-free culture medium, or combinations thereof and the human protein is human albumin at a concentration of at least 0.5% and up to 10%.
  • the human albumin concentration is from about 0.5 to about 2%.
  • the human albumin may come from a liquid or a dried (powder) form and includes, but is not limited to, recombinant human albumin,
  • PLASBUMIN® normal human serum albumin and PLASMANATE® human blood fraction are made by Talecris Biotherapeutics.
  • the cells are cultured using a system that is free of non- human animal products to avoid xeno-contamination.
  • the culture medium is IMDM highly enriched basal medium, STEMLINE® T-cell expansion medium or STEMLINE® II hematopoietic stem cell expansion medium, OPTI-PROTM serum-free culture medium, or DMEM culture medium, with human albumin (for example, PLASBUMIN® normal human serum albumin) added up to concentrations of 10%.
  • epidermal growth factor at a concentration of between O- ⁇ g/mL is used.
  • EGF concentration is around 10-20ng/mL.
  • Alternative growth factors which may be used include, but are not limited to, TGFa or TGFP2 (5ng/mL; range 0.1-lOOng/mL), activin A, cholera toxin (preferably at a level of about O.
  • ⁇ g/mL range 0-10 ⁇ g/mL
  • transferrin ⁇ g/mL range 0.1-100 ⁇ g/mL
  • fibroblast growth factors bFGF 40ng/mL (range 0-200ng/mL)
  • aFGF, FGF-4, FGF-8 all in range 0-200ng/mL
  • bone morphogenic proteins i.e. BMP -4 or other growth factors known to enhance cell proliferation. All supplements are clinical grade.
  • the AMP cells of the invention can be used to generate ST266.
  • the AMP cells are isolated as described herein and 10 xlO 6 cells are seeded into T75 flasks containing between 5-30mL culture medium, preferably between 10-25mL culture medium, and most preferably about lOmL culture medium.
  • the cells are cultured until confluent, the medium is changed and in one embodiment the ST266 is collected 1 day post-confluence. In another embodiment the medium is changed and ST266 is collected 2 days post-confluence. In another embodiment the medium is changed and ST266 is collected 3 days post-confluence. In another embodiment the medium is changed and ST266 is collected 4 days post-confluence.
  • the medium is changed and ST266 is collected 5 days post-confluence. In another embodiment the medium is changed and ST266 is collected 3 days post-confluence. In another preferred embodiment the medium is changed and ST266 is collected 3, 4, 5, 6 or more days post-confluence.
  • Skilled artisans will recognize that other embodiments for collecting ST266 from AMP cell cultures, such as using other tissue culture vessels, including but not limited to cell factories, bioreactors, flasks, hollow fibers, or suspension culture apparatus, or collecting ST266 from sub-confluent and/or actively proliferating cultures, are also contemplated by the methods of the invention. It is also contemplated by the instant invention that the ST266 be cryopreserved following collection. It is also contemplated by the instant invention.
  • ST266 be lyophilized following collection. It is also contemplated by the invention that ST266 be lyophilized following collection. It is also
  • ST266 be formulated for sustained-release after collection. It is also contemplated that ST266 be formulated for targeted intranasal administration.
  • compositions of the invention can be prepared in a variety of ways depending on the intended use of the compositions.
  • a composition useful in practicing the invention may be a liquid comprising an agent of the invention, i.e., ST266 and ACCS-N, and cells such as AMP cells and AMP-N cells compositions, in solution, in suspension, or both (solution/suspension).
  • solution/suspension refers to a liquid composition where a first portion of the active agent is present in solution and a second portion of the active agent is present in particulate form, in suspension in a liquid matrix.
  • a liquid composition also includes a gel.
  • the liquid composition may be aqueous or in the form of an ointment, salve, cream, or the like.
  • An aqueous suspension or solution/suspension useful for practicing the methods of the invention may contain one or more polymers as suspending agents.
  • Useful polymers include water- soluble polymers such as cellulosic polymers and water-insoluble polymers such as cross-linked carboxyl-containing polymers.
  • An aqueous suspension or solution/suspension of the present invention is preferably viscous or muco-adhesive, or even more preferably, both viscous and muco- adhesive.
  • compositions - The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions of ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly, in humans.
  • carrier refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the composition is
  • Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like.
  • Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like.
  • the composition if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents.
  • compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like.
  • suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin, and still others are familiar to skilled artisans.
  • compositions of the invention can be formulated as neutral or salt forms.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those formed with free amino groups such as those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed with free carboxyl groups such as those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc.
  • Treatment Kits - The invention also provides for an article of manufacture comprising packaging material and a pharmaceutical composition of the invention contained within the packaging material, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises compositions of ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions.
  • the packaging material comprises a label or package insert which indicates that the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS- N and/or AMP-N cell compositions can be used for targeted intranasal administration to treat ophthalmic disorders, diseases and injuries.
  • compositions comprising ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cells may be delivered by targeted intranasal administration to a subject to provide various cellular or tissue functions, for example, to treat ophthalmic disorders, diseases and injuries due to trauma, surgery, genetics, disease, inflammation, etc.
  • subject may mean either a human or non-human animal.
  • compositions may be formulated for targeted intranasal administration in any conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers optionally comprising excipients and auxiliaries.
  • the compositions may be packaged with written instructions for their use in treating ophthalmic disorders, diseases and injuries.
  • the compositions may also be delivered by targeted intranasal administration to the recipient in one or more physiologically acceptable carriers.
  • Carriers for the cells may include but are not limited to solutions of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or lactated Ringer's solution containing a mixture of salts in physiologic concentrations and the like.
  • compositions useful in the practice of the invention include a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Such pharmaceutical compositions may be liquid, gel, ointment, salve, slow release formulations or other formulations suitable for ophthalmic indications.
  • the composition comprises a composition of the invention (i.e., ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell) and, optionally, at least one ophthalmically acceptable excipient, for example, wherein the excipient is able to reduce a rate of removal of the composition from the front of the eye by lacrimation, such that the composition has an effective residence time on the eye of about 2 hours to about 24 hours or longer.
  • compositions of the invention can comprise a liquid comprising an active agent in solution, in suspension, or both.
  • the term "suspension” herein includes a liquid composition wherein a first portion of the active agent is present in solution and a second portion of the active agent is present in particulate form, in suspension in a liquid matrix.
  • liquid compositions include gels.
  • Aqueous compositions of the invention have ophthalmically compatible pH and osmolality.
  • these compositions incorporate means to inhibit microbial growth, for example through preparation and packaging under sterile conditions and/or through inclusion of an antimicrobially effective amount of an ophthalmically acceptable preservative.
  • Suitable preservatives non- restrictively include mercury-containing substances such as phenylmercuric salts (e.g.,
  • One of skill in the art may readily determine the appropriate concentration, or dose, of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions, for a particular purpose.
  • a preferred dose is one which produces a therapeutic effect, such as treating and ophthalmic disorder, disease or injury, in a patient in need thereof.
  • proper doses of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell will require empirical determination at time of use based on several variables including but not limited to the severity and type of disease, injury, disorder or condition being treated; patient age, weight, sex, health; other medications and treatments being administered to the patient; and the like.
  • compositions of the invention can be administered by targeted intranasal delivery as a solution (ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cells) or as a lyophilized or sprayed dried powder (ST266 and/or ACCS-N).
  • a targeted intranasal solution can be administered in varying volumes of 1 microliter to 2000 microliters of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cells compositions or as a 1 mg to 2000 mg of lyophilized or sprayed dried powder for ST266 and/or ACCS-N: .
  • Each volume aliquot of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell product dosage form can be administered to one or both nares of the subject using a device specifically suited to targeting the cribriform plate and olfactory filaments protruding from the olfactory bulb at the superior aspect of the nasal cavity.
  • a device specifically suited to targeting the cribriform plate and olfactory filaments protruding from the olfactory bulb at the superior aspect of the nasal cavity In order to achieve maximum bioavailability of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cells compositions, optimizing the dose volume or mass to achieve saturation concentrations in the olfactory nerve, and ultimately the optic nerve or the vitreous of the ocular globe.
  • the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cells intranasal dosage form can be administered one or more times per day dependent on the effective therapeutic dose needed to achieve the desired biological endpoint for the individual condition or patient being treated. In one embodiment, one dose is sufficient. Other embodiments contemplate 2, 3, 4, or more doses.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating ophthalmic disorders, disease and injuries by targeted intranasal administration to a subject ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions, in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • therapeutically effective amount is meant the dose of ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions, which is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic effect.
  • the concentration of ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions in an administered dose unit in accordance with the present invention is effective in, for example, the treatment of disorders, disease and injuries.
  • ST266 when ST266 is administered by targeted intranasal delivery it is found in the optic nerve, the optic chiasm, and globe of the eye, the caudate putamen, the cerebellum, the entorhinal cortex, the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the olfactory bulb, the olfactory nerve, the substantia nigra, the trigeminal nerve, the trochlear nerve and vitreous of the eye as well as and other brain tissues.
  • ST266 delivered in this fashion could be used to treat inflammation, disease and other cell-based dysfunctions of these tissues.
  • At least one additional neuroprotective agent may be combined with the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions, to enhance neuroprotection of retinal cells, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes etc.
  • Such agents include, for example, antioxidants, such as, ascorbate, dimethylthiourea, a-tocopherol and ⁇ -carotene; calcium antagonists, such as, flunarizine; growth factors, such as, basic-FGF, BDNF, CNTF, and IL-1- ⁇ ; glucocorticoids such as methylprednisolone, dexamethasone; and iron chelators such as desferoxamine.
  • antioxidants such as, ascorbate, dimethylthiourea, a-tocopherol and ⁇ -carotene
  • calcium antagonists such as, flunarizine
  • growth factors such as, basic-FGF, BDNF, CNTF, and IL-1- ⁇
  • glucocorticoids such as methylprednisolone, dexamethasone
  • iron chelators such as desferoxamine.
  • active agents include but are not limited to cytokines, chemokines, antibodies, inhibitors, antibiotics, anti-fungals, anti-virals, immunosuppressive agents, other cell types, and the like.
  • Inactive agents include carriers, diluents, stabilizers, gelling agents, delivery vehicles, ECMs (natural and synthetic), scaffolds, and the like.
  • the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions are administered conjointly with other pharmaceutically active agents, (i.e., other neuroprotective agents) even less of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions, may be needed to be therapeutically effective.
  • other pharmaceutically active agents i.e., other neuroprotective agents
  • ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions are delivered by targeted intranasal administration to the nasal mucosa which is adjacent to the foramina of the cribriform plate located at the superior aspect of the nasal cavity, preferably via a delivery device suitable for targeted delivery to a specific location in the nasal cavity.
  • the timing of administration of ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions will depend upon the type and severity of the ophthalmic disorder being treated.
  • the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions are administered as soon as possible after the ophthalmic disorder is diagnosed.
  • the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions are administered more than one time following diagnosis.
  • compositions comprising cells that have been partially or fully differentiated from AMP cells.
  • Such partially or fully differentiated cell compositions are obtained by treating AMP cells with appropriate reagents and under appropriate conditions wherein the cells undergo partial or complete differentiation into, for example, retinal cells (i.e., rods cells and/or cones cells), retinal ganglion cells, limbal stem cells or corneal epithelial cells.
  • retinal cells i.e., rods cells and/or cones cells
  • retinal ganglion cells i.e., retinal ganglion cells
  • limbal stem cells i.e., corneal epithelial cells.
  • Skilled artisans are familiar with conditions capable of effecting such partial or complete differentiation.
  • the cells may be treated under differentiating conditions prior to targeted intranasal administration.
  • a "therapeutically effective amount" of a therapeutic agent within the meaning of the present invention will be determined by a patient's attending physician or veterinarian. Such amounts are readily ascertained by one of ordinary skill in the art and will enable treating ophthalmic disorders, diseases and injuries when administered by targeted intranasal administration in accordance with the present invention. Factors which influence what a therapeutically effective amount will be include, the specific activity of the therapeutic agent being used, the condition being treated, the absence or presence of infection, time elapsed since diagnosis or injury, and the age, physical condition, existence of other disease states, and nutritional status of the patient. Additionally, other medication the patient may be receiving will effect the determination of the therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic agent to administer.
  • the treatment of ophthalmic disorders, diseases and injuries by targeted intranasal administration of therapeutic agents can be monitored by employing a variety of tests and measurements including but not limited to standard visual acuity tests, the Amsler Grid Test, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, and ERG.
  • Keratitis refers to inflammation of the cornea. causes include but are not limited to amoebic, bacterial, fungal or viral infection, photokeratitis, exposure (eyelid dysfunction), chemical injury, trauma, surgery (LASIK, PRK, cataract, corneal transplant, pterygium surgery), or congenital causes such as keratoconus, Fuchs' dystrophy, or keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat keratitis.
  • Corneal ulcers form when the surface of the cornea is damaged or compromised in some way.
  • the ulcers may be sterile or infected and determines the course of treatment.
  • Bacterially infected ulcers tend to be extremely painful and are typically associated with a break in the corneal epithelium, the outermost layer of the cornea.
  • Certain types of bacteria, such as Pseudomonas are extremely aggressive and can cause severe damage and even blindness within 24-48 hours if left untreated.
  • Sterile ulcers cause little if any pain. They are often found near the peripheral edge of the cornea and are not necessarily accompanied by a break in the corneal epithelium. There are many causes of corneal ulcers.
  • Contact lens wearers are at an increased risk of corneal ulcers if they are not diligent in the cleaning, handling, and disinfection of their lenses and lens cases.
  • Bacterially infected ulcers are also associated with diseases that compromise the corneal surface, creating a window of opportunity for organisms to infect the cornea. Patients with severely dry eyes, who have difficulty blinking, or who are unable to care for themselves, are also at risk.
  • Other causes of ulcers include herpes simplex viral infections, inflammatory diseases, corneal abrasions or injuries, and other systemic diseases.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat corneal ulcers.
  • Corneal wounds are injuries to the ocular surface and can be thermal wounds (i.e., burns), chemical wounds (i.e., acids), physical wounds (i.e., abrasions), surgical wounds (i.e., corneal transplant), or a combination of these wound types.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat corneal wounds.
  • Dry eye syndrome is one of the most common problems treated by ophthalmologists. It is usually caused by a problem with the quality of the tear film that lubricates the eyes. Tears are comprised of three layers. The inner mucus layer coats the cornea, forming a foundation so the tear film can adhere to the eye, the middle aqueous layer provides moisture and supplies oxygen and other important nutrients to the cornea, and the outer lipid layer is an oily film that seals the tear film on the eye and helps to prevent evaporation. Tears are formed by several glands around the eye. The middle aqueous layer is produced in the lacriminal gland located under the upper eyelid and several smaller glands in the lids make the outer lipid and inner mucus layers.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat dry eye syndrome.
  • Sjogren's syndrome is a disorder of the immune system identified by its two most common symptoms - dry eyes and a dry mouth. Sjogren's syndrome often accompanies other immune system disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. In Sjogren's syndrome, the mucous membranes and moisture-secreting glands of your eyes and mouth are usually affected first, resulting in decreased production of tears and saliva. Although Sjogren's syndrome can develope at any age, most people are older than 40 at the time of diagnosis. The condition is much more common in women. Current treatment focuses on relieving symptoms.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat dry eye associated with Sjogren's syndrome.
  • Allergic conjunctivitis occurs when the conjunctiva becomes swollen or inflamed due to a reaction to pollen, dander, mold, or other allergy-causing substances.
  • the conjunctiva is a clear layer of tissue lining the eyelids and covering the white of the eye. When the eyes are exposed to allergy- causing substances, a substance called histamine is released by the body.
  • the blood vessels in the conjunctiva become enlarged and the eyes can become red, itchy, and teary very quickly.
  • the pollens that cause symptoms vary from person to person and from area to area but generally include pollen from grasses, ragweed and trees. Symptoms may be seasonal and can include intense itching or burning eyes, puffy eyelids, especially in the morning, red eyes, stringy eye discharge, tearing, dilated blood vessels in the clear conjunctival tissue covering the white of the eye
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat allergic conjunctivitis.
  • Corneal transplantation is surgery to replace the cornea with tissue from a deceased donor. It is one of the most common transplants done. The donated cornea is processed and tested by a local eye bank to make sure it is safe for use in your surgery. The most common type of corneal transplant is called penetrating keratoplasty. During this procedure, the surgeon removes a small round piece of the cornea. The donated tissue will then be sewed into the surgically created opening. A newer technique is called lamellar keratoplasty. In this procedure, only the inner or outer layers of the cornea are replaced, rather than all of the layers. This technique can lead to faster recovery and fewer complications.
  • a corneal transplant is recommended for people who have vision problems caused by thinning of the cornea, most often due to keratoconus, scarring of the cornea from severe infections or injuries, vision loss caused by cloudiness of the cornea, most often due to Fuchs' dystrophy.
  • the body may reject the transplanted tissue. This occurs in about one out of three patients in the first 5 years. Rejection can sometimes be controlled with steroid eye drops.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to prevent corneal transplant rejection.
  • Macular holes also called macular cysts, retinal holes, retinal tears, and retinal perforations
  • Macular holes may occur for a variety of reasons, but are usually a result of traction from the vitreous gel on the macula. Since the macula is responsible for central vision, this problem causes severe and often complete loss of central vision. It is possible for anyone to develop a macular hole, but they are most common among women about 60-70 years of age.
  • Macular holes are typically treated with a surgical technique called transpars plana vitrectomy, which removes the vitreous and replaces it with an air/gas bubble to hold the retina in place while the hole is repaired. Eventually, the body replaces the air/gas bubble with natural fluids. Unfortunately, the surgery itself may permanently damage central vision.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat macular holes.
  • Retinal detachment occurs when the retina's sensory and pigment layers separate. Because it can cause devastating damage to the vision if left untreated, retinal detachment is considered an ocular emergency that requires immediate medical attention and surgery.
  • retinal detachments There are three types of retinal detachments. The most common type occurs when there is a break in the sensory layer of the retina, and fluid seeps underneath, causing the layers of the retina to separate. The second most common type occurs when strands of vitreous or scar tissue create traction on the retina, pulling it loose. Patients with diabetes are more likely to experience this type. The third type happens when fluid collects underneath the layers of the retina, causing it to separate from the back wall of the eye.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat retinal detachment.
  • Retinal degeneration occurs when the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) are progressively lost due to disease or injury.
  • AMD Age-Related Macular Degeneration
  • Stargardt disease is an inherited juvenile macular degeneration disorder. Dry AMD cannot be cured, but patients with the condition should continue to remain under an ophthalmologist's care to monitor the affected eye. Also, if the other eye is healthy, screening still should continue, to stay on the lookout for problems.
  • Wet AMD may be successfully treated with laser surgery. However, successful treatment may not mean restoring normal vision, but rather, preventing vision loss from worsening.
  • One drawback of laser surgery is that it may damage some of the neighboring retinal tissue.
  • One surgical procedure, called laser photocoagulation destroys leaking blood vessels that have grown under the macula and halts the damage.
  • a newer laser procedure called photodynamic therapy uses a different laser to treat abnormal blood vessels and a medication injected into the patient's arm. This medication travels through the bloodstream and attaches itself to the abnormal blood vessels, so when the laser light is shown in the eye, the blood vessels alone are destroyed. Both of these procedures must be done before the abnormal blood vessels leak and cause irreversible damage to the retina. Also, because more blood vessels could grow later on, patients who get this treatment need to continue to have follow-up evaluations.
  • VEGF inhibitors such as EYLEA ® (Regeneron
  • administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat retinal degeneration, including macular degeneration.
  • Retinitis Pigmentosa refers to a group of inherited retinal degeneration disorders. The most common feature of all forms of RP is the gradual degeneration of the rods and cones. Most forms of RP first cause the degeneration of rod cells. These forms of RP, sometimes called rod-cone dystrophy, usually begin with night blindness. Patients with RP cannot adjust well to dark and dimly lit environments. As the disease progresses and more rod cells degenerate, patients lose their peripheral vision. Patients with RP often experience a ring of vision loss in their mid-periphery with small islands of vision in their very far periphery. Others report the sensation of tunnel vision, as though they see the world through a straw.
  • Light-induced retinal degeneration includes, but is not limited to, medical -light induced retinal degeneration. Some RP patients are more sensitive to light damage than others (see
  • Choroideremia is a rare inherited disorder that causes progressive loss of vision due to degeneration of the choroid and retina. Formerly called tapetochoroidal dystrophy, choroideremia occurs almost exclusively in males. In childhood, night blindness is the most common first symptom. As the disease progresses, there is loss of peripheral vision or "tunnel vision", and later a loss of central vision. Progression of the disease continues throughout the individual's life, although both the rate and the degree of visual loss can vary, even within the same family. Vision loss due to choroideremia is caused by degeneration of several layers of cells that are essential to sight.
  • the choroids which line the inside of the back of the eye, are called the choroids, the retinal pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors.
  • the retinal pigment epithelium and the choroid initially deteriorate to cause choroideremia.
  • the photoreceptors break down as well.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat choroideremia.
  • Retinoschisis is a rare eye disorder characterized by the abnormal splitting of the retina's sensory layers, resulting in loss of visual function. It is estimated that retinoschisis affects one in 5,000 to 25,000 individuals, primarily young males. Treatment is often aimed at restricting any worsening of the separation so that it does not encroach on the macula. Retinoschisis causes acuity loss in the center of the visual field through the formation of tiny cysts in the retina. The cysts are usually only detectable by a trained clinician. Vision cannot be improved by corrective lenses, as the nerve tissue itself is damaged by these cysts.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat retinoschisis.
  • Diabetic retinopathy occurs as a complication of diabetes. Types of diabetic retinopathy include background diabetic retinopathy, pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, clinically significant diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by vitreous or retinal hemorrhage, retinal microaneurysm, retinal neovascularization and macular edema. During the first three stages of diabetic retinopathy, no treatment is needed, unless macular edema is present. To prevent progression of diabetic retinopathy, diabetics should control their levels of blood sugar, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol.
  • Proliferative retinopathy is treated with laser surgery called scatter laser treatment.
  • Scatter laser treatment helps to shrink the abnormal blood vessels. Because a high number of laser burns are necessary, two or more sessions usually are required to complete treatment. Scatter laser treatment works better before the fragile, new blood vessels have started to bleed. However, even if bleeding has started, scatter laser treatment may still be possible, depending on the amount of bleeding. If the bleeding is severe, patients may need a surgical procedure called a vitrectomy. During a vitrectomy, blood is removed from the center of the eye.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS- N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat diabetic retinopathy.
  • Retinal ischemia occurs when there is a lack of oxygen to the cells of the retina and results in damage or death the retinal cells and consequent loss of vision.
  • causes include various retinal vascular disorders such as retinal venous occlusion.
  • Hypertension is a risk factor for retinal ischemia.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat retinal ischemia.
  • ROP Retinopathy of Prematurity
  • retrolental fibroplasia is a disease of the eye that affects premature babies. It is thought to be caused by the disorganized growth of retinal blood vessels which may result in scarring and retinal detachment. ROP can be mild and may resolve spontaneously, but may lead to blindness in serious cases. As such, all preterm babies are at risk for ROP, and very low birth weight is an additional risk factor. Both oxygen toxicity and relative hypoxia can contribute to the development of ROP.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat ROP.
  • AMP cells alone or in combination with other suitable active agents, are useful agents capable of treating HVG, GVHD, as well as many other immune diseases and disorders (see, for example, U.S. Published Application No. 2010- 0068180-A1, which is incorporated herein in its entirety).
  • the cells express HLA-G, do not express MHC Class II antigens, are telomerase negative, do not form teratomas, are not immortal, secrete cellular modulatory factors, and are readily available in great numbers.
  • Optic Neuritis is a demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve. It is also known as optic papillitis (when the head of the optic nerve is involved) and retrobulbar neuritis (when the posterior of the nerve is involved). It is often observed as one of the early symptoms of multiple sclerosis, and it may lead to complete or partial loss of vision in one or both eyes.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat optic neuritis.
  • Optic neuropathy is a term that refers to damage to the optic nerve regardless of the cause.
  • the optic nerve head can be visualized by an ophthalmoscope.
  • a pale disc is characteristic of longstanding optic neuropathy.
  • only one eye is affected and the patient may not be aware of the loss of color vision until the ophthalmologist asks him to cover the unaffected eye.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat optic neuropathy.
  • Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy refers to loss of blood flow to the optic nerve. This condition typically causes sudden vision loss in one eye, without any pain. In many cases, the patient notices significant loss of vision in one eye immediately upon waking up in the morning. The visual loss typically remains fairly stable, without getting markedly better or worse once it has occurred.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
  • Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is associated with giant cell arteritis (GCA; often termed temporal arteritis).
  • GCA giant cell arteritis
  • AION is characterized by visual loss associated with optic disc swelling, sometimes with flame hemorrhages on the swollen disc or nearby neuro-retinal layer, and sometimes with nearby cotton-wool exudates. Visual loss is usually sudden or develops over a few days at most and is commonly unilateral, although second eye involvement may occur later. The visual loss is usually permanent, with some recovery possibly occurring within the first weeks or months.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
  • Traumatic optic neuropathy refers to an acute injury of the optic nerve secondary to trauma.
  • the optic nerve axons may be damaged either directly or indirectly and the visual loss may be partial or complete.
  • An indirect injury to the optic nerve typically occurs from the transmission of forces to the optic canal from blunt head trauma. This is in contrast to direct TON, which results from an anatomical disruption of the optic nerve fibers from penetrating orbital trauma, bone fragments within the optic canal, or nerve sheath hematomas.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat traumatic optic neuropathy.
  • Leber's optic neuropathy or Leber optic atrophy is a mitochondrially inherited degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons that leads to an acute or subacute loss of central vision and affects predominantly young adult males.
  • LHON is only transmitted through the mother, as it is primarily due to mutations in the mitochondrial (not nuclear) genome, and only the oocyte contributes mitochondria to the embryo.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat Leber's optic neuropathy.
  • Dominant optic atrophy or dominant optic atrophy, Kjer's type, is an autosomally inherited disease that affects the optic nerves, causing reduced visual acuity and blindness beginning in childhood. This condition is due to mitochondrial dysfunction mediating the death of optic nerve fibers.
  • dominant optic atrophy is the most common autosomally inherited optic neuropathy aside from glaucoma, it is often misdiagnosed.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat dominant optic atrophy.
  • Recessive optic atrophy is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that leads to vision loss.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used in treating optic neuritis.
  • Radiation-induced optic neuropathy is a devastating late complication of
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat recessive optic atrophy.
  • Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is a recently proposed unifying term for neuromyelitis optica (NMO), also known as Devic's disease, and related syndromes. It is a relapsing inflammatory demyelinating disease that most commonly affects the optic nerves and the spinal cord, leading to sudden vision loss or weakness in one or both eyes, and loss of sensation and bladder function. The condition may also target other parts of the brain, especially the brainstem and hypothalamus, causing signs and symptoms such as severe and persistent vomiting and hiccups, or sleeping and eating disorders.
  • Optic Nerve Crush is a traumatic injury to the optic nerve that leads to retinal ganglion cell and glial cell death and potentially complete loss of vision.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used in treating optic nerve crush.
  • Optic Nerve Blunt Force Trauma is traumatic injury to the optic nerve that leads to retinal ganglion cell and glial cell death and potentially complete loss of vision.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to treat optic nerve blunt force trauma.
  • Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve. This damage is often caused by an abnormally high intraocular pressure. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness in the United States. It can occur at any age but is more common in older adults. The most common form of glaucoma has no warning signs. The effect is so gradual that a patient may not notice a change in vision until the condition is at an advanced stage. Vision loss due to glaucoma cannot be recovered. If glaucoma is diagnosed early, vision loss can be slowed or prevented.
  • the method of targeted intranasal administration of the ST266 and/or AMP cells, and/or ACCS-N and/or AMP-N cell compositions of the present invention may be used to reduce damage to the optic nerve caused by the increased intraocular pressure seen in patients suffering from glaucoma.
  • Example 1 Preparation of AMP cell compositions.
  • Amnion epithelial cells were dissociated from starting amniotic membrane using dissociation agent.
  • the average weight range of an amnion was 18-27 g.
  • the number of cells recovered per g of amnion was about 10-15 x 10 6 .
  • the AMP cells of the invention were used to generate ST266 as follows. A placenta was obtained and the amnion was isolated from the placenta, amnion epithelial cells were enzymatically released from the amnion, the released amnion-derived epithelial cells were collected, the collect cells were cultured in IMDM culture medium that was supplemented with 0.5% human serum albumin and 10 ng/mL recombinant human EGF. The culture medium was collected after about 2-3 days and fresh culture medium was applied. The collected of culture medium and application of fresh culture medium was repeated a plurality of times. It is contemplated by the instant invention that the ST266 be cryopreserved, lyophilized, irradiated, diluted, concentrated or formulated for sustained-release following collection.
  • results Significant quantities of I-labeled ST266 delivered by intranasal delivery were deposited on the rat optic nerve (lOOOng ST266/g tissue) and in the vitreous (900ng ST266/g tissue) as compared to blood (lOOng ST266/g tissue), olfactory bulb (50ng ST266/g tissue) and trigeminal nerve (25ng ST266/g tissue).
  • intranasal delivery of ST266 and other therapeutic agents represents a novel and feasible approach to treat ophthalmic diseases, disorders and injuries.
  • Optic neuritis is a demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve that often occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons also occurs in optic neuritis, and correlates with permanent vision loss.
  • ST266 is a novel biologic mixture of growth factors and cytokines secreted from AMP cells that exhibits anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties in a variety of disease models. The ability of ST266 to suppress optic neuritis in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS was examined.
  • EAE Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
  • MOG myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
  • Mice were placed in the supine position for administration of one drop (6 uL) of ST266 intranasally both at the time of MOG antigen immunization or starting on day 15 coinciding with the symptom optic neuritis onset.
  • Visual function was assessed by optokinetic responses (OKR) at baseline, then weekly until sacrifice 6 weeks post-immunization.
  • Retinas and optic nerves were isolated.
  • Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) were immunolabeled with Brn3a antibodies to quantify RGC survival.
  • Inflammation was assessed by H&E and Ibal (macrophage/microglia marker) staining. Demyelination was assessed by luxol fast blue staining, and axonal loss was assessed by neurofilament staining of optic nerve sections.
  • Example 5 Neuroprotective Effects of ST266 in Experimental Optic Neuritis with multiple daily intranasal dosing
  • EAE and control mice consisted of the following treatment groups: a) 4 control (non-EAE mice), b) 6 EAE mice - sham treated mice with intranasal PBS beginning day 15 post-immunization (disease onset), c) 6 EAE mice - sham treated mice with intranasal Human Serum Albumin (HAS) beginning day 15 post-immunization (disease onset), d) 6 EAE mice - treated daily with intranasal ST266 beginning day 15, and continuing for 2 weeks, then treated with PBS until sacrifice at day 56,be) 6 EAE mice - treated twice daily with intranasal ST266 beginning day 15, and continuing for 2 weeks, then treated with PBS until sacrifice at day 56, f) 6 EAE mice - treated daily with intranasal ST266 beginning day 15, until sacrifice on day 56, g) 6 EAE mice - treated twice daily with intranasal ST266 beginning day 15, until sacrifice on day 56.
  • HAS Human Se
  • mice maintained consistent OKR scores with no loss of visual acuity.
  • Groups b) and c) mice treated with PBS or HSA showed continual loss of visual acuity by OKR commencing on day 15 and progressing throughout the 56 day experiment.
  • Group d) and e) mice treated only for days 15 through 30 showed improvement in visual acuity coincident with ST266 treatment, however the protective targeted neural effect was not maintained after intranasal PBS from days 30 to 56 was substituted for ST266. There was no difference in mice treated once or twice daily.
  • Example 6 Blinded Sample Neuroprotective Effects of Intranasal ST266 in
  • Optic neuritis was induced in the MS model EAE by immunization of 8-week old female C57BL/6J mice with myelin antigen (MOG).
  • MOG myelin antigen
  • the intranasal treatment solutions were blinded and labeled A, B and C. Visual function was assessed by OKR weekly.
  • Six mice in each group were treated daily with intranasal administration of 6 ⁇ _, of either solution A, B or C.
  • the treatment dosage form solutions were revealed to the blinded investigators only upon completion of the experiment.
  • a control group received no MOG antigen served as a positive control.
  • Group A showed continuous loss of visual acuity from day 15 until the end of the experiment.
  • Group B showed loss of visual acuity at day 15 that recovered to non-immunized control groups by day 42.
  • Group C showed continuous loss of visual acuity from day 15 until the end of the experiment. Un-blinding the groups revealed that Group A was PBS, Group B was ST266 and Group C was STM100. Retinal Ganglion Cell number was significantly increased in Group B.
  • Example 7 Evaluation of the distribution of targeted intranasally delivered I- 125 radiolabeled ST266 in a non-human primate animal model. [0179] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution of targeted intranasally delivered I- 125 radiolabeled ST266 in a non-human primate animal model.
  • the animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and given 4 x 125 ⁇ doses per each nare with the treatment agent as indicated above. Each treatment was designed to target the cribriform plate located at the superior aspect of the nasal cavity and the olfactory bulb.
  • the animals were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital and at the following time points and samples were collected from the brain, ocular tissues, stomach, and lungs. Autoradiography was also performed (at what point? I assume after euthanasia but before sample collection)
  • Ocular tissues Evans Blue Dye was visually detected in the olfactory bulb tract, along the olfactory bulb and surrounding the eye socket. I- 125 ST266 deposition was observed in the olfactory nerve tract, optic nerve, and vitreous. SDS PAGE analysis indicated the presence of low, medium and high molecular weight material in optic nerve and vitreous. It was observed that increased incubation time yielded greater optic nerve and vitreous deposition.
  • Brain tissues Targeted intranasal delivery resulted in significant deposition of I- 125 radiolabeled ST266 on numerous right and left side brain tissues including the caudate putamen, the cerebellum, the entorhinal cortex, the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the olfactory bulb, the olfactory nerve, the substantia nigra, the trigeminal nerve, the trochlear nerve, the optic nerve, the optic chiasm, and globe of the eye, and the vitreous humor.
  • This study clearly showed the ability to deliver large molecular proteins to the brain via targeted intranasal administration.
  • Example 8 Traumatic optic neuropathy animal model.
  • Traumatic optic neuropathy was modeled in rodents by crushing the nerve with forceps, resulting in loss of vision and degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) (see, for example, Zuo, et al., "SIRT1 promotes RGC survival and delays loss of function following optic nerve crush", Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54(7):5097-5102, 2013)).
  • RGC function was measured by pupillometry and optokinetic responses, and RGC survival was quantified, showing that this model provides a unique opportunity to assess neuroprotective therapies for traumatic CNS injuries.
  • OKR measurements measured over 5 days following optic nerve crush showed significant improvement in visual acuity upon treatment with targeted intranasal administration of ST266.
  • Optic nerve tissues showed greater retinal ganglion cell number and neuronal survival after ST266 intranasal administration. These animals also showed reduced optic nerve inflammation, and reduced axonal loss in the ST266 treated group.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne l'administration d'agents thérapeutiques à l'œil dans le but de traiter des troubles, des maladies et des lésions ophtalmiques. En particulier, l'invention concerne l'administration d'agents thérapeutiques à l'œil dans le but de traiter des troubles, des maladies et des lésions ophtalmiques par l'administration nasale ciblée des agents thérapeutiques. L'invention concerne particulièrement le traitement de troubles, de maladies et de lésions de la cornée et de la surface oculaire, le traitement de troubles, de maladies et de lésions de la rétine et de troubles, de maladies et de lésions du nerf optique par l'administration nasale ciblée des agents thérapeutiques.
PCT/US2016/037217 2016-06-13 2016-06-13 Nouveaux procédés d'administration d'agents thérapeutiques à l'œil par l'intermédiaire des voies nasales WO2017217967A1 (fr)

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US11786510B2 (en) 2021-04-30 2023-10-17 Perfuse Therapeutics, Inc. Pharmaceutical compositions and intravitreal drug delivery systems for the treatment of ocular diseases
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Cited By (8)

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US10758571B1 (en) 2019-04-09 2020-09-01 Combangio, Inc. Processes for making and using a mesenchymal stem cell derived secretome
US10881693B2 (en) 2019-04-09 2021-01-05 Combangio, Inc. Processes for making and using a mesenchymal stem cell derived secretome
US11129853B2 (en) 2019-04-09 2021-09-28 Combangio, Inc. Processes for making and using a mesenchymal stem cell derived secretome
US11654160B2 (en) 2019-04-09 2023-05-23 Combangio, Inc. Processes for making and using a mesenchymal stem cell derived secretome
WO2021087399A1 (fr) * 2019-10-30 2021-05-06 Perfuse Therapeutics, Inc. Traitement de maladies oculaires à l'aide d'antagonistes du récepteur de l'endothéline
US11738007B2 (en) 2019-10-30 2023-08-29 Perfuse Therapeutics, Inc. Treatment of glaucoma using endothelin receptor antagonists
US11873279B2 (en) 2020-02-06 2024-01-16 Perfuse Therapeutics, Inc. Compositions for treatment of ocular diseases
US11786510B2 (en) 2021-04-30 2023-10-17 Perfuse Therapeutics, Inc. Pharmaceutical compositions and intravitreal drug delivery systems for the treatment of ocular diseases

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