WO2017214456A1 - Anticorps anti-cd98 et conjugués anticorps-médicament - Google Patents

Anticorps anti-cd98 et conjugués anticorps-médicament Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017214456A1
WO2017214456A1 PCT/US2017/036639 US2017036639W WO2017214456A1 WO 2017214456 A1 WO2017214456 A1 WO 2017214456A1 US 2017036639 W US2017036639 W US 2017036639W WO 2017214456 A1 WO2017214456 A1 WO 2017214456A1
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Prior art keywords
methyl
seq
amino acid
acid sequence
antibody
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PCT/US2017/036639
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English (en)
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WO2017214456A4 (fr
Inventor
Lorenzo Benatuil
Milan Bruncko
George Doherty
Robin R. Frey
Andrew S. Judd
Yingchun Li
Andrew Mccluskey
Andrew C. PHILLIPS
Darren C. PHILLIPS
Xiaohong Song
Jane SEAGAL
Andrew J. Souers
Gerard M. Sullivan
Zhi-Fu Tao
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Abbvie Inc.
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Priority to EP17739393.1A priority Critical patent/EP3468598A1/fr
Priority to CA3027033A priority patent/CA3027033A1/fr
Priority to CN201780047783.0A priority patent/CN109562169A/zh
Priority to US16/308,755 priority patent/US20200002432A1/en
Priority to BR112018075630-0A priority patent/BR112018075630A2/pt
Priority to AU2017277914A priority patent/AU2017277914A1/en
Priority to JP2018564399A priority patent/JP2019524651A/ja
Priority to MX2018015274A priority patent/MX2018015274A/es
Publication of WO2017214456A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017214456A1/fr
Publication of WO2017214456A4 publication Critical patent/WO2017214456A4/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2896—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against molecules with a "CD"-designation, not provided for elsewhere
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/337—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having four-membered rings, e.g. taxol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
    • A61K39/39558—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against tumor tissues, cells, antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
    • A61K47/6801—Drug-antibody or immunoglobulin conjugates defined by the pharmacologically or therapeutically active agent
    • A61K47/6803—Drugs conjugated to an antibody or immunoglobulin, e.g. cisplatin-antibody conjugates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
    • A61K47/6801—Drug-antibody or immunoglobulin conjugates defined by the pharmacologically or therapeutically active agent
    • A61K47/6803—Drugs conjugated to an antibody or immunoglobulin, e.g. cisplatin-antibody conjugates
    • A61K47/6807—Drugs conjugated to an antibody or immunoglobulin, e.g. cisplatin-antibody conjugates the drug or compound being a sugar, nucleoside, nucleotide, nucleic acid, e.g. RNA antisense
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
    • A61K47/6835—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site
    • A61K47/6849—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site the antibody targeting a receptor, a cell surface antigen or a cell surface determinant
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
    • C07H15/26—Acyclic or carbocyclic radicals, substituted by hetero rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/24—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin containing regions, domains or residues from different species, e.g. chimeric, humanized or veneered
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
    • C07K2317/33—Crossreactivity, e.g. for species or epitope, or lack of said crossreactivity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C07K2317/565—Complementarity determining region [CDR]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C07K2317/567—Framework region [FR]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
    • C07K2317/92—Affinity (KD), association rate (Ka), dissociation rate (Kd) or EC50 value

Definitions

  • CD98 (also referred to as CD98 heavy chain; 4F2 heavy chain; 4F2hc; SLC3A2) is an 80 kDa type II transmembrane glycoprotein chain which is known to be highly expressed in various types of cancer cells.
  • CD98 forms a heterodimer with a protein of about 40 kDa having an amino acid transporter activity via a disulfide bond and is expressed on the cell membrane.
  • CD98 covalently links via a disulfide bond to one of several light chains (LATl (SLC7A5), SLC7A6, SLC7A7, SLC7A8, SLC7A10, or SLC7A11), which are L-type amino acid transporters.
  • CD98 also associates with integrin ⁇ subunits, thereby regulating integrin signaling that controls cell proliferation, survival, migration, and epithelial adhesion and polarity (Cai et al., J. Cell Sci. (2005) 1 18: 889-899; Haynes B. F. et al., J. Immunol., (1981), 126, 1409-1414; Lindsten T. et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., (1988), 8, 3820-3826; Teixeira S. et al., Eur. J. Biochem., (1991), 202, 819-826; L. A. Diaz Jr.
  • CD98 in regulating both amino acid transport and integrin signaling can contribute to the rapid proliferation and clonal expansion of lymphocytes and tumor cells (Cantor, et al. (2012) J. Cell Sci. 125:1373-82).
  • LAT 1 L-type amino acid transporter 1
  • SLC7A5 L-type amino acid transporter 1
  • LATl forms a complex with CD98 and transports neutral amino acids having large side chains, such as leucine, valine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, methionine, histidine and the like in a sodium ion-independent manner.
  • LATl is poorly or not expressed in most normal tissues except for the brain, placenta, bone marrow and testis, but its expression increases together with CD98 in tissues of several human malignant tumors (Yanagida et al., Biochem. Biophys. Acta (2001), 1514, 291-302).
  • CD98 has been associated with cancer, see, for example, Estrach et al. (2014) Cancer Res 14(23): 6878) and Cantor and Ginsberg (2012) / Cell Sci 125(6): 1373.
  • the expression of CD98 is significantly higher in metastatic sites of human cancers than in the primary sites, suggesting that overexpression of LAT1/CD98 may be important for progression and metatstasis of human cancers (Hayes, et al.
  • ADC Antibody drug conjugates
  • ADCs represent relatively a class of therapeutics comprising an antibody conjugated to a cytotoxic drug via a chemical linker.
  • the therapeutic concept of ADCs is to combine binding capabilities of an antibody with a drug, where the antibody is used to deliver the drug to a tumor cell by means of binding to a target surface antigen.
  • the present invention provides for anti-CD98 antibodies and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) that specifically bind to CD98.
  • ADCs antibody drug conjugates
  • the antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof bind to CD98 (SEQ ID NO: 124) or the extracellular domain of CD98 (SEQ ID NO: 125), with a K d of between about 1 x 10 6 M and about 1 x 10 11 M, as determined by surface plasmon resonance.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody drug conjugates e.g., an anti-CD98 antibody conjugated to a Bcl-xL inhibitor, inhibits tumor growth in an in vivo human non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) xenograft assay.
  • ADCs anti-CD98 antibody drug conjugates
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, that binds to human CD98 comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of either SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, that binds to human CD98 comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90, and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of either SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, that binds to human CD98 comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92, and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of either SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, that binds to human CD98 comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104, and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of either SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • theanti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108, or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 108, and/or a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107, or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, and a heavy chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110, or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 110, and/or a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107, or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and a heavy chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112.
  • an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 115, and/or a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112, or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 112.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104, and a heavy chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117.
  • an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118, or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 118, and/or a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117, or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%c, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 117.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 158 and a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 159.
  • the anti- CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 160 and a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 161.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 162 and a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 163.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 164 and a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 165.
  • the antibody that binds to human CD98 comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDRl having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDRl having the amino acid sequence of either SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the antibody that binds to human CD98 comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90, and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of either SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the antibody that binds to human CD98 comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92, and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of either SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the antibody that binds to human CD98 comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104, and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79 and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of either SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108, or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 108, and/or a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107, or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110, or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 110, and/or a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107, or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112.
  • an anti-CD98 antibody comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in
  • SEQ ID NO: 115 or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 115, and/or a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112, or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 112.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117.
  • an anti-CD98 antibody comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118, or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 118, and/or a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117, or a sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 117.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 158 and a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 159. In another embodiment, the anti-CD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 160 and a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 161. In one embodiment, the anti-CD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 162 and a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 163. In one embodiment, the anti- CD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 164 and a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 165.
  • the antibody is selected from the group consisting of an anti-human
  • CD98 (hCD98) antibody comprising a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 158, and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 159; an anti-human CD98 (hCD98) antibody comprising a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 160, and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 161; an anti-human CD98 (hCD98) antibody comprising a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 162, and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 163; and an anti-human CD98 (hCD98) antibody comprising a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 164, and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 165.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof is an IgG isotype. In some embodiments, the antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, is an IgGl or an IgG4 isotype.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof has a K D of 1.5 x 10 8 or less as determined by surface plasmon resonance.
  • the antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof binds cyno CD98.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof has a dissociation constant (K D ) to CD98 selected from the group consisting of: at most about 10 7 M; at most about 10 8 M; at most about 10 9 M; at most about 10 10 M; at most about 10 11 M; at most about
  • K D dissociation constant
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain immunoglobulin constant domain of a human IgM constant domain, a human IgGl constant domain, a human IgG2 constant domain, a human IgG3 constant domain, a human IgG4 constant domain, a human IgA constant domain, or a human IgE constant domain.
  • the heavy chain immunoglobulin constant region domain is a human
  • the human IgGl constant domain comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154 or SEQ ID NO:155.
  • the antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof is an IgGl antibody and comprises a human Ig kappa constant domain or a human Ig lambda constant domain.
  • the antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof competes with the antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, of any one of the antibodies described herein, e.g., huAbl02, huAbl04, huAbl08, and huAbl lO.
  • the antibody is an IgG having four polypeptide chains which are two heavy chains and two light chains.
  • the invention comprises a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N
  • CD98 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof, e.g., huAbl02, huAbl04, huAbl08, and huAbl lO, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention also provides, in certain embodiments, isolated nucleic acids encoding an antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof, like that described herein.
  • the invention includes an anti-hCD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 16, 87, and 17; 16, 90 and 17; 79, 92, and 97; and 79, 104, and 97, and a light chain CDR set (CDR1 , CDR2, and CDR3) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 16, 87, and 17; 16, 90 and 17; 79, 92, and 97; and 79, 104, and 97, and a light chain CDR set (CDR1 , CDR2, and CDR3) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 16, 87, and 17; 16, 90 and 17; 79, 92, and 97; and 79, 104, and 97, and a light chain CDR set (CDR1 , CDR2, and CDR3) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 16,
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108 and/or a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110 and/or a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115 and/or a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, comprises a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 and/or a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117.
  • the invention includes an anti-hCD98 antibody comprising a heavy chain CDR set (CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 16, 87, and 17; 16, 90 and 17; 79, 92, and 97; and 79, 104, and 97, and a light chain CDR set (CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 7, and 19; 83, 45, and 95; and 83, 45, and 102.
  • CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 16, 87, and 17; 16, 90 and 17; 79, 92, and 97; and 79, 104, and 97
  • CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 7, and 19; 83, 45, and 95; and 83, 45, and 102.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108 and/or a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107. In some embodiments, the anti- CD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110 and/or a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115 and/or a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 and/or a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain immunoglobulin constant domain selected from the group consisting of a human IgG constant domain, a human IgM constant domain, a human IgE constant domain, and a human IgA constant domain.
  • the IgG constant domain is selected from the group consisting of an IgGl constant domain, an IgG2 constant domain, an IgG3 constant domain, and an IgG4 constant domain.
  • the antibody is a multispecific antibody.
  • an antigen binding portion of an antibody is, for example, a Fab, a Fab', a F(ab')2, a Fv, a disulfide linked Fv, an scFv, a single domain antibody, and a diabody.
  • an anti-CD98 antibody of the invention is an IgG having four polypeptide chains which are two heavy chains and two light chains.
  • the antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof are conjugated to an auristatin. In another embodiment, the antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof, are conjugated to a Bcl-xL inhibitor.
  • the antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof are conjugated to an imaging agent.
  • the imaging agent is selected from the group consisting of a radiolabel, an enzyme, a fluorescent label, a luminescent label, a bioluminescent label, a magnetic label, and biotin.
  • the radiolabel is indium.
  • the invention includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention also includes, in some embodiments, an anti-CD98 antibody drug conjugate (ADC) comprising the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, described herein, conjugated to at least one drug.
  • ADC anti-CD98 antibody drug conjugate
  • the antibody is conjugated to a Bcl-xL inhibitor to form an anti-hCD98 ADC.
  • an anti-CD98 ADC of the invention comprises an IgG antibody having four polypeptide chains which are two heavy chains and two light chains.
  • At least one drug is selected from the group consisting of an anti-apoptotic agent, a mitotic inhibitor, an anti-tumor antibiotic, an immunomodulating agent, a nucleic acid for gene therapy, an alkylating agent, an anti-angiogenic agent, an anti-metabolite, a boron-containing agent, a chemoprotective agent, a hormone agent, an anti-hormone agent, a corticosteroid, a photoactive therapeutic agent, an oligonucleotide, a radionuclide agent, a radiosensitizer, a topoisomerase inhibitor, and a kinase inhibitor.
  • the mitotic inhibitor is a dolastatin, an auristatin, a maytansinoid, and a plant alkaloid.
  • the drug is a dolastatin, an auristatin, a maytansinoid, and a plant alkaloid.
  • An example of an auristatin is monomethylaurisatin F (MMAF) or monomethyauristatin E (MMAE).
  • MMAF monomethylaurisatin F
  • MMAE monomethyauristatin E
  • examples of maytansinoids include, but are not limited to, DM1, DM2, DM3, and DM4.
  • the anti-tumor antibiotic is selected from the group consisting of an actinomycin, an anthracycline, a calicheamicin, and a duocarmycin.
  • the actinomycin is a
  • PBD pyrrolobenzodiazepine
  • the invention also includes, in some embodiments, an ADC comprising an anti-CD98 antibody conjugated to a Bcl-xL inhibitor wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the invention also includes, in some embodiments, an ADC comprising an anti-CD98 antibody conjugated to a Bcl-xL inhibitor, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the invention also includes, in some embodiments, an ADC comprising an anti-CD98 antibody conjugated to a Bcl-xL inhibitor, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112.
  • the invention also includes, in some embodiments, an ADC comprising an anti-CD98 antibody conjugated to a Bcl-xL inhibitor, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117.
  • the invention also includes, in some embodiments, an ADC comprising an anti-CD98 antibody conjugated to at least one drug (including, but not limited to, a Bcl-xL inhibitor), wherein between 1 to 8 molecules of the drug are conjugated to the antibody.
  • an ADC comprising an anti-CD98 antibody conjugated to at least one drug (including, but not limited to, a Bcl-xL inhibitor), wherein between 1 to 8 molecules of the drug are conjugated to the antibody.
  • 1 to 4 molecules of the drag are conjugated to the antibody of the ADC.
  • 2 to 4 molecules of the drag are conjugated to the antibody of the ADC.
  • the invention also includes, in some embodiments, an ADC comprising an anti-CD98 antibody conjugated to at least one drug, wherein the drug is conjugated via a maleimidocaproyl, valine -citrulline linker.
  • the drug is conjugated to the antibody via a maleimidocaproyl, valine-citrulline, p-aminobenzyloxycarbamyl (PABA) linker.
  • the invention also includes, in some embodiments, an ADC comprising an anti-CD98 IgGl antibody covalently linked to a Bcl-xL inhibitor via a linker.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108, 110, 115, or 118, and comprises a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107, 112, or 117.
  • 1 to 4 molecules of a Bcl-xL inhibitor are linked to the antibody.
  • 2 to 4 molecules of the Bcl-xL inhibitor are linked to the anti-CD98 antibody.
  • the invention also includes, in some embodiments, an CD98 -directed ADC comprising an IgGl antibody specific for human CD98, a Bcl-xL inhibitor, and a linker that covalently attaches the Bcl-xL inhibitor to the antibody.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain
  • CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, and a heavy chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, and a heavy chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and a heavy chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118, and a light chain variable region comprising the
  • the invention includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising an ADC mixture comprising a plurality of the ADC described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the ADC mixture has an average drug to antibody ratio (DAR) of 2 to 4.
  • the ADC mixture comprises ADCs each having a DAR of 2 to 8.
  • the ADC mixture has an average drug to antibody (DAR) of about 2.4 to about 3.6.
  • the invention includes methods for treating a subject having cancer, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition described herein to the subject, such that the subject having cancer is treated.
  • the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, lung cancer, a glioblastoma, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, and a hematological cancer such as multiple myeloma, acute myeloid leukemia, or lymphoma.
  • the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, a glioblastoma, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, mesothelioma, kidney cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, triple negative breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer.
  • the cancer is breast cancer.
  • the cancer is lung cancer.
  • the cancer is prostate cancer.
  • the cancer is pancreatic cancer.
  • the cancer is colon cancer.
  • the cancer is head and neck cancer.
  • the cancer is kidney cancer.
  • the cancer is a hematological cancer.
  • the hematological cancer is multiple myeloma. In certain embodiments, the hematological cancer is acute myeloid leukemia. In other embodiments, the hematological cancer is lymphoma. In one embodiment, the cancer is colorectal cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is mesothelioma. In one embodiment, the cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. In one embodiment, the cancer is triple negative breast cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer. In certain embodiments, the squamous cell carcinoma is squamous lung cancer or squamous head and neck cancer. In certain embodiments, the cancer is characterized as having EGFR overexpression.
  • the cancer is characterized as having an activating EGFR mutation, e.g. a mutation(s) that activates the EGFR signaling pathway and/or mutation(s) that lead to overexpression of the EGFR protein.
  • the activating EGFR mutation may be a mutation in the EGFR gene.
  • the activating EGFR mutation is an exon 19 deletion mutation, a single -point substitution mutation L858R in exon 21, a T790M point mutation, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the cancer contains amplifications of CD98 or overexpresses
  • the cancer is characterized as having CD98 overexpression. In certain embodiments, the cancer is characterized as having CD98 amplification.
  • the invention further includes, in certain embodiments, methods for inhibiting or decreasing solid tumor growth in a subject having a solid tumor, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition described herein to the subject having the solid tumor, such that the solid tumor growth is inhibited or decreased.
  • the solid tumor is characterized as having CD98 overexpression.
  • the solid tumor is characterized as having CD98 amplification.
  • the invention provides for methods for inhibiting or decreasing solid tumor growth in a subject having a solid tumor, comprising administering to the subject having the solid tumor an effective amount of the antibody or ADC described herein, such that the solid tumor growth is inhibited or decreased.
  • the solid tumor is an CD98 expressing solid tumor.
  • the solid tumor is a non-small cell lung carcinoma or a glioblastoma.
  • the solid tumor is a squamous cell carcinoma.
  • the invention provides for a method for treating a subject having cancer, comprising administering an effective amount of an ADC comprising an anti-CD98 antibody conjugated to at least one Bcl-xL inhibitor, wherein the anti-CD98 antibody is an IgG isotype and comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, and a heavy chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108, and a light chain variable region
  • the invention provides for a method for treating a subject having cancer, comprising administering an effective amount of an ADC comprising an anti-CD98 antibody conjugated to at least one Bcl-xL inhibitor, wherein the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, is an IgG isotype and comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in
  • the invention provides for a method for treating a subject having cancer, comprising administering an effective amount of an ADC comprising an anti-CD98 antibody conjugated to at least one Bcl-xL inhibitor, wherein the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, is an IgG isotype and comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
  • the invention provides for a method for treating a subject having cancer, comprising administering an effective amount of an ADC comprising an anti-CD98 antibody conjugated to at least one Bcl-xL inhibitor, wherein the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, is an IgG isotype and comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region
  • the invention includes methods for treating a subject having cancer, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition described herein to the subject in combination with an additional agent or additional therapy.
  • the additional agent is selected from the group consisting of an anti-PDl antibody (e.g. pembrolizumab), an anti-PD- Ll antibody (e.g. atezolizumab), an anti-CTLA-4 antibody (e.g. ipilimumab), a MEK inhibitor (e.g. trametinib), an ERK inhibitor, a BRAF inhibitor (e.g.
  • dabrafenib osimertinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, sorafenib, a CDK9 inhibitor (e.g. dinaciclib), a MCL-1 inhibitor, temozolomide, a Bcl-xL inhibitor, a Bcl-2 inhibitor (e.g. venetoclax), ibrutinib, a mTOR inhibitor (e.g. everolimus), a PI3K inhibitor (e.g. buparlisib), duvelisib, idelalisib, an AKT inhibitor, a HER2 inhibitor (e.g. lapatinib), a taxane (e.g.
  • PBD e.g. rovalpituzumab tesirine
  • an ADC comprising a maytansinoid e.g. TDM1
  • TRAIL agonist e.g. a TRAIL agonist
  • proteasome inhibitor e.g. bortezomib
  • NAMPT nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase
  • the additional agent is an anti-CTLA-4 antibody (e.g., ipilimumab). In certain embodiments, the additional agent is ibrutinib. In certain embodiments, the additional agent is duvelisib. In certain embodiments, the additional agent is idelalisib. In certain embodiments, the additional agent is venetoclax. In certain embodiments, the additional agent is temozolomide.
  • CTLA-4 antibody e.g., ipilimumab
  • the additional agent is ibrutinib.
  • the additional agent is duvelisib.
  • the additional agent is idelalisib.
  • the additional agent is venetoclax. In certain embodiments, the additional agent is temozolomide.
  • the invention also provides, in certain embodiments, isolated nucleic acids encoding an antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof, like that described herein.
  • the invention includes a vector comprising the nucleic acid, and a host cell, e.g., a prokaryotic or a eukaryotic cell (e.g., animal cell, a protest cell, a plant cell, and a fungal cell) comprising the vector.
  • a host cell e.g., a prokaryotic or a eukaryotic cell (e.g., animal cell, a protest cell, a plant cell, and a fungal cell) comprising the vector.
  • the animal cell is selected from the group consisting of a mammalian cell, an insect cell, and an avian cell.
  • the mammalian cell is selected from the group consisting of a CHO cell, a COS cell, and an Sp2/0 cell.
  • the invention features anti-hCD98 Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADC) comprising an anti-hCD98 antibody conjugated to a Bcl-xL inhibitor, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
  • the invention features anti-hCD98 Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADC) comprising an anti-hCD98 antibody conjugated to a Bcl-xL inhibitor, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107
  • the invention features anti-hCD98 Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADC) comprising an anti-hCD98 antibody conjugated to a Bcl-xL inhibitor, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set
  • the invention features anti-hCD98 Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADC) comprising an anti-hCD98 antibody conjugated to a Bcl-xL inhibitor, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence
  • the antibody comprises an IgG heavy chain immunoglobulin constant domain.
  • the IgG is an IgGl or an IgG4 heavy chain immunoglobulin constant domain.
  • the invention includes an ADC comprising an anti-hCD98 antibody conjugated to an auristatin, wherein the auristatin is monomethylaurisatin F (MMAF) or
  • the invention includes an ADC, wherein the auristatin is monomethylaurisatin F (MMAF). In one embodiment, the invention includes an ADC, wherein the auristatin is monomethyauristatin E (MMAE).
  • the anti-CD98 antibody is covalently linked to the auristatin by a linker comprising maleimidocaproyl, valine-citrulline, p-aminobenzylalcohol (mc-vc-PABA).
  • the invention includes an ADC comprising an anti-CD98 and a radiolabel, e.g. indium.
  • an anti-CD98 antibody described herein is covalently linked to at least one pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD).
  • PBD pyrrolobenzodiazepine
  • the anti-CD98 antibody disclosed herein is linked to a PBD as described in Figure 4 (i.e., SGD-1882).
  • the invention features pharmaceutical compositions comprising the ADC described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention features pharmaceuticals composition comprising an ADC mixture comprising the ADC described herein, wherein the average drug to antibody ratio (DAR) range in the ADC mixture is 2 to 4. In certain embodiments, the average drug to antibody ratio (DAR) range in the ADC mixture is 2.4 to 3.6.
  • the invention features pharmaceutical compositions comprising an ADC mixture comprising anti-hCD98 Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the ADC mixture has an average Drug to Antibody Ratio (DAR) of 2 to 4, and wherein said ADC comprises a Bcl-xL inhibitor conjugated to an anti-hCD98 antibody comprising a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
  • ADC anti-hCD98 Antibody Drug Conjugates
  • DAR Drug to Antibody Ratio
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the invention features pharmaceutical compositions comprising an ADC mixture comprising anti-hCD98 Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the ADC mixture has an average Drug to Antibody Ratio (DAR) of 2 to 4, and wherein said ADC comprises a Bcl-xL inhibitor conjugated to an anti-hCD98 antibody comprising a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the
  • the invention features pharmaceutical compositions comprising an ADC mixture comprising anti-hCD98 Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the ADC mixture has an average Drug to Antibody Ratio (DAR) of 2 to 4, and wherein said ADC comprises a Bcl-xL inhibitor conjugated to an anti-hCD98 antibody comprising a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, and
  • compositions comprising an
  • ADC mixture comprising anti-hCD98 Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the ADC mixture has an average Drug to Antibody Ratio (DAR) of 2 to 4, and wherein said ADC comprises a Bcl-xL inhibitor conjugated to an anti-hCD98 antibody comprising a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth
  • the antibody comprises an IgG heavy chain immunoglobulin constant domain.
  • the invention includes an antibody having an IgGl or an IgG4 heavy chain immunoglobulin constant domain.
  • the invention includes an antibody is an IgGl isotype.
  • the invention includes antibodies comprising a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108, 110, 115, or 118, and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107 or 112.
  • the invention features having a Bcl-xL inhibitor which is conjugated to the antibody by a linker.
  • the invention provides methods for treating a subject having cancer, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or ADC described herein to the subject, such that the subject having cancer is treated.
  • the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, a glioblastoma, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, and a hematological cancer such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and acute myeloid leukemia.
  • the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, a glioblastoma, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, mesothelioma, kidney cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, triple negative breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer.
  • the cancer contains amplifications of CD98 or overexpresses CD98.
  • the squamous cell carcinoma is squamous lung cancer or squamous head and neck cancer.
  • the cancer is a CD98 overexpressing cancer.
  • the cancer is characterized as CD98 amplified.
  • the cancer is breast cancer.
  • the cancer is lung cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is prostate cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is pancreatic cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is colon cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is head and neck cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is kidney cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is a hematological cancer. In certain embodiments, the hematological cancer is multiple myeloma. In certain embodiments, the hematological cancer is acute myeloid leukemia. In other embodiments, the hematological cancer is lymphoma. In one embodiment, the cancer is colorectal cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is mesothelioma. In one embodiment, the cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. In one embodiment, the cancer is triple negative breast cancer.
  • the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer.
  • the squamous cell carcinoma is squamous lung cancer or squamous head and neck cancer.
  • the cancer is characterized as having EGFR overexpression.
  • the cancer is characterized as having an activating EGFR mutation, e.g. a mutation(s) that activates the EGFR signaling pathway and/or mutation(s) that lead to overexpression of the EGFR protein.
  • the activating EGFR mutation may be a mutation in the EGFR gene.
  • the activating EGFR mutation is an exon 19 deletion mutation, a single -point substitution mutation L858R in exon 21, a T790M point mutation, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the invention provides methods for inhibiting or decreasing solid tumor growth in a subject having a solid tumor, said method comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition described herein to the subject having the solid tumor, such that the solid tumor growth is inhibited or decreased.
  • the solid tumor is a non-small cell lung carcinoma or a glioblastoma.
  • the solid tumor is a CD98 overexpressing solid tumor.
  • the solid tumor is a CD98 amplified tumor.
  • the solid tumor is a non-small cell lung carcinoma having amplified CD98.
  • the solid tumor is a non-small cell lung carcinoma having CD98 overexpression.
  • the solid tumor is a glioblastoma having amplified CD98. In one embodiment, the solid tumor is a glioblastoma having CD98 overexpression.
  • the invention provides combination therapies whereby the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are administered to a subject in need thereof, (e.g., a subject having cancer or a solid tumor).
  • the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be administered at the same time as, prior to, or following administration of an additional agent or additional therapy.
  • the additional agent is selected from the group consisting of an anti-PDl antibody (e.g. pembrolizumab), an anti-PD-Ll antibody (atezolizumab), an anti- CTLA-4 antibody (e.g.
  • ipilimumab a MEK inhibitor (e.g. trametinib), an ERK inhibitor, a BRAF inhibitor (e.g. dabrafenib), osimertinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, sorafenib, a CDK9 inhibitor (e.g.
  • a MCL-1 inhibitor temozolomide
  • a Bcl-xLinhibitor e.g. venetoclax
  • ibrutinib e.g. everolimus
  • a mTOR inhibitor e.g. everolimus
  • a PI3K inhibitor e.g. buparlisib
  • duvelisib idelalisib
  • an AKT inhibitor e.g. lapatinib
  • a taxane e.g. docetaxel, paclitaxel, nab- paclitaxel
  • an ADC comprising an auristatin
  • an ADC comprising a PBD (e.g.
  • the additional agent is a chemotherapeutic agent.
  • the additional therapy is radiation.
  • the additional agent is ibrutinib (Imbruvica®, Pharmacyclics).
  • the additional agent is duvelisib.
  • the additional agent is idelalisib (Zydelig®, Gilead Sciences, Inc.). In other embodiments, the additional agent is venetoclax (ABT-199/GDC-0199, Abb Vie, Inc.). In certain embodiments, the additional agent is an anti-PDl antibody (e.g., pembrolizumab (Keytruda®) or nivolumab). In certain embodiments, the additional agent is an anti-PD-Ll antibody (atezolizumab). In certain embodiments, the additional agent is an anti-CTLA-4 antibody (e.g., ipilimumab). In certain embodiments, the additional agent is temozolomide.
  • PDl antibody e.g., pembrolizumab (Keytruda®) or nivolumab
  • the additional agent is an anti-PD-Ll antibody (atezolizumab).
  • the additional agent is an anti-CTLA-4 antibody (e.g., ipilimuma
  • the invention features a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising antigen binding regions, e.g. CDRs, of the antibodies described herein or an scFv described herein.
  • CAR chimeric antigen receptor
  • the invention features a CAR comprising a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the invention features a CAR comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the invention features a CAR comprising a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, and a heavy chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the invention features a CAR comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110, and
  • the invention features a CAR comprising a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and a heavy chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the invention features a CAR comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112.
  • the invention features a CAR comprising a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104, and a heavy chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; and a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the invention features a CAR comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117.
  • the invention provides an anti-CD98 Antibody Drug Conjugate (ADC) comprising an anti-CD98 antibody of any one the antibodies described herein, e.g., huAbl02, huAbl04, huAbl08, and huAbl 10, conjugated to a drug via a linker.
  • ADC Antibody Drug Conjugate
  • the drug is an auristatin or a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD).
  • the drug is a Bcl-xL inhibitor.
  • the linker is a cleavable linker. In other embodiments, the linker is a non-cleavable linker. In certain embodiments, the linker is maleimidocaproyl, valine-citrulline, p- aminobenzylalcohol (mc-vc-PABA).
  • the invention provides an anti-human CD98 (hCD98) antibody drug conjugate (ADC) comprising a drug linked to an anti-hCD98 antibody by way of a linker, wherein the drug is a Bcl-xL inhibitor according to structural formula (Ila):
  • Z 1 is selected from N, CH and C-CN
  • Z 2 is selected from NH, CH 2 , O, S, S(O), and S(0) 2 ;
  • R 1 is selected from methyl, chloro, and cyano
  • R 2 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, chloro, and cyano
  • R 4 is hydrogen, Ci_ 4 alkanyl, C 2 -4 alkenyl, C 2 - 4 alkynyl, Ci_ 4 haloalkyl or C 1 4 hydroxyalkyl, wherein the R 4 Q_ alkanyl, C 2 _ alkenyl, C 2 _ alkynyl, Q_ haloalkyl and Q_ hydroxyalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OCH 3 ,
  • R 10a , R 10b , and R 10c are each, independently of one another, selected from hydrogen, halo, Ci_6 alkanyl, C 2 _ alkenyl, C 2 _6 alkynyl, and d_ 6 haloalkyl;
  • R lla and R llb are each, independently of one another, selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, halomethyl, hydroxyl, methoxy, halo, CN and SCH 3 ;
  • n 0, 1, 2 or 3;
  • # represents a point of attachment to a linker
  • the anti-hCD98 is selected from the group consisting of a heavy chain CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16, a heavy chain CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, a heavy chain CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a light chain CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13 a light chain CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, and a light chain CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19;
  • a heavy chain CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16
  • a heavy chain CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:90
  • a heavy chain CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17
  • a light chain CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13
  • a light chain CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7
  • a light chain CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19;
  • a heavy chain CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79
  • a heavy chain CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:92
  • a heavy chain CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:97
  • a light chain CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:83
  • a light chain CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:45
  • a light chain CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95;
  • a heavy chain CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:79
  • a heavy chain CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104
  • a heavy chain CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:97
  • a light chain CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:83
  • a light chain CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:45
  • a light chain CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102.
  • the ADC is a compound according to structural formula (I): wherein:
  • D is the Bcl-xL inhibitor drug of formula (Ila);
  • L is the linker
  • LK represents a covalent linkage linking the linker (L) to the anti-hCD98 antibody (Ab); and m is an integer ranging from 1 to 20.
  • Ar is unsubstituted. In some embodiments, Ar is . In other embodiments, R 10a , R 10b , and R 10c are each hydrogen. In some embodiments, one of R 10 , R 10b and R 10c is halo and the others are hydrogen. In some embodiments, Z 1 is N. In some embodiments, R 1 is methyl or chloro. In some embodiments, R 2 is hydrogen or methyl. In some embodiments, R 2 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 4 is hydrogen or d_ 4 alkanyl, wherein the d_ 4 alkanyl is optionally substituted with -OCH 3 .
  • Z 1 is N; R 1 is methyl; R 2 is hydrogen; R 4 is hydrogen or Ci_ alkanyl, wherein the d_ alkanyl is optionally substituted with -OCH 3 ; one of R 10a , R 10b and R 10c is hydrogen or halo, and the
  • R l la and R llb are each methyl, and Ar is
  • Z 2 is CH 2 or O. In some embodiments, n is 0, 1 or 2. In some
  • the group is or .
  • Z 2 oxygen, R 4 is hydrogen or C 1 4 alkanyl optionally substituted with OCH 3 , and n is 0, 1 or 2.
  • the Bcl-xL inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of the following compounds modified in that the hydrogen corresponding to the # position of structural formula (Ila) is not present forming a monoradical:
  • the linker is cleavable by a lysosomal enzyme.
  • the lysosomal enzyme is Cathepsin B.
  • the linker comprises a segment according to structural formula (IVa), (IVb), (IVc), or (IVd):
  • peptide represents a peptide (illustrated N ⁇ C, wherein peptide includes the amino and carboxy "termini”) cleavable by a lysosomal enzyme;
  • T represents a polymer comprising one or more ethylene glycol units or an alkylene chain, or combinations thereof;
  • R a is selected from hydrogen, Ci_ 6 alkyl, S0 3 H and CH 2 S0 3 H;
  • R y is hydrogen or C 1 4 alkyl-(0) r -(C 1 4 alkylene ⁇ -G 1 or C 1 4 alkyl-(N)-[(C 1 4 alkylene) ⁇ 1 ⁇ ;
  • R z is C 1 alkyl-(0) r -(C 1 4 alkylene) s -G 2 ;
  • G 1 is S0 3 H, C0 2 H, PEG 4-32, or sugar moiety
  • G 2 is SO 3 H, C0 2 H, or PEG 4-32 moiety
  • r is 0 or 1 ;
  • s is 0 or 1 ;
  • p is an integer ranging from 0 to 5;
  • q is 0 or 1 ;
  • x is 0 or 1 ;
  • y is 0 or 1 ;
  • ⁇ represents the point of attachment of the linker to the Bcl-xL inhibitor
  • the peptide is selected from the group consisting of Val-Cit; Cit-Val; Ala-Ala; Ala-Cit; Cit-AIa; Asn-Cit; Cit-Asn; Cit-Cit; Val-Glu; Glu-Val; Ser-Cit; Cit-Ser; Lys-Cit; Cit-Lys; Asp-Cit; Cit-Asp; Ala-Val; Val-Ala; Phe-Lys; Lys-Phe; Val-Lys; Lys-Val; Ala-Lys; Lys- Ala; Phe-Cit; Cit-Phe; Leu-Cit; Cit-Leu; Ile-Cit; Cit-Ile; Phe-Arg; Arg-Phe; Cit-Trp; and Trp-Cit.
  • the lysosomal enzyme is ⁇ -glucuronidase or ⁇ -galactosidase.
  • the linker comprises a segment according to structural formula (Va), (Vb), (Vc), (Vd), or (Ve):
  • q is 0 or 1
  • r is 0 or 1 ;
  • X 1 is CH 2 , O or NH
  • ⁇ represents the point of attachment of the linker to the drug
  • the linker comprises a segment according to structural formulae (Villa),
  • R q is H or -0-(CH 2 CH 2 0) folk-CH 3 ;
  • x is 0 or 1 ;
  • G 3 is -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 S0 3 H or -CH 2 CH 2 0-(CH 2 CH 2 0) deliberately-CH 3 ;
  • R w is -0-CH 2 CH 2 S0 3 H or -NH(CO)-CH 2 CH 2 0-(CH 2 CH 2 0) 12 -CH 3 ;
  • ⁇ represents the point of attachment of the linker to the antibody.
  • the linker comprises a polyethylene glycol segment having from 1 to 6 ethylene glycol units.
  • m is 2, 3 or 4.
  • the linker L is selected from IVa or IVb.
  • the linker L is selected from the group consisting of IVa.l-IVa.8, IVb.l-IVb.19, IVc.l-IVc.7, IVd.l-IVd.4, Va. l-Va.12, Vb. l-Vb.lO, Vc.l-Vc. l l, Vd. l-Vd.6, Ve.l- Ve.2, VIa. l, VIc.l-Vlc.2, VId.l-VId.4, VIIa.l-VIIa.4, VIIb. l-VIIb.8, VIIc.l-VIIc.6 in the closed or open form.
  • the linker L is selected from the group consisting of IVb.2, IVc.5, IVc.6, IVc.7, IVd.4, Vb.9, Vlla. l, VIIa.3, VIIc.l, VIIc.3, VIIc.4, and VIIc.5, wherein the maleimide of each linker has reacted with the antibody, Ab, forming a covalent attachment as either a succinimide (closed form) or succinamide (open form).
  • the linker L is selected from the group consisting of IVc.5, IVc.6, IVd.4, Vlla.l, VIIa.3, VIIc. l, VIIc.3, VIIc.4, and VIIc.5, wherein the maleimide of each linker has reacted with the antibody, Ab, forming a covalent attachment as either a succinimide (closed form) or succinamide (open form).
  • the linker L is selected from the group consisting of VIIa.3, IVc.6,
  • LK is a linkage formed with an amino group on the anti-hCD98 antibody Ab.
  • LK is an amide or a thiourea.
  • LK is a linkage formed with a sulfhydryl group on the anti-hCD98 antibody Ab.
  • LK is a thioether.
  • LK is selected from the group consisting of amide, thiourea and thioether; and m is an integer ranging from 1 to 8.
  • D is the Bcl-xL inhibitor selected from the group consisting of the following compounds modified in that the hydrogen corresponding to the # position of structural formula (Ila) is not present forming a monoradical 6- [8 -( 1 , 3 -benzothiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)-3 ,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2( 1 H)-yl] -3 - [ 1 -( ⁇ 3 , 5 - dimethyl-7- [2-(methylamino)ethoxy] tricyclo [3.3.1.1 ' 7 ] dec- 1 -yl ⁇ methyl) -5 -methyl- 1 H-pyrazol-4- yl]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid;
  • L is selected from the group consisting of linkers IVa. l-IVa.8, IVb. l-IVb.19, IVc. l-IVc.7,
  • IVd.l -IVd.4 Va. l-Va.12, Vb. l-Vb. lO, Vc. l-Vc.l l, Vd. l-Vd.6, Ve. l-Ve.2, Vla. l, VIc. l-Vlc.2, VId.l -VId.4, VIIa. l -VIIa.4, VIIb. l-VIIb.8, VIIc.l-VIIc.6 wherein each linker has reacted with the anti-hCD98 antibody, Ab, forming a covalent attachment;
  • LK is thioether
  • n is an integer ranging from 1 to 8.
  • D is the Bcl-xL inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of the following compounds modified in that the hydrogen corresponding to the # position of structural formula (Ila) is not present forming a monoradical:
  • L is selected from the group consisting of linkers Vc.5, IVc.6, IVd.4, VIIa.1, Vila.3, VIIc. l, VIIc.3, VIIc.4, and VIIc.5 in either closed or open form;
  • LK is thioether
  • n is an integer ranging from 2 to 4.
  • the ADC is selected from the group consisting of huAbl02-WD, huA 02-LB, huA 02-VD, huA 04-WD, huA 04-LB, huAbl04-VD, huA 08-WD, huAbl08- LB, huAbl08-VD, huAbl lO-WD, huAbl lO-LB, and huAbl lO-VD, wherein WD, LB, and VD are synthons disclosed in Table A, and where in the synthons are either in open or closed form.
  • the ADC is selected from the group consisting of formulas i-vi:
  • m is an integer from 1 to 6. In a specific embodiment, m is 2.
  • Ab is the anti-hCD98 antibody, wherein the anti-hCD98 antibody comprises the heavy and light chain CDRs of huAbl02. In another specific embodiment, Ab is the anti-hCD98 antibody, wherein the anti-hCD98 antibody comprises the heavy and light chain CDRs of huAbl04. In a specific embodiment, Ab is the anti-hCD98 antibody, wherein the anti-hCD98 antibody comprises the heavy and light chain CDRs of huAbl08. In another specific embodiment, Ab is the anti-hCD98 antibody, wherein the anti-hCD98 antibody comprises the heavy and light chain CDRs of huAbl 10.
  • the anti-hCD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the anti-hCD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the anti-hCD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112.
  • the anti-hCD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104, and a heavy chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102, a light chain CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a light chain CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of an ADC, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an
  • ADC mixture comprising a plurality of the ADCs of the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the ADC mixture has an average drug to antibody ratio (DAR) of 2 to 4.
  • the ADC mixture comprises ADCs each having a DAR of 2 to 8.
  • the invention provides a method for treating cancer, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an ADC of the invention a subject in need thereof.
  • the cancer is selected from the group consisting of small cell lung cancer, non small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, a glioblastoma, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, head and neck cancer, multiple myeloma, acute myeloid leukemia, B cell lymphoma, T cell lymphoma, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic leukocytic leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, and kidney cancer.
  • the cancer is a squamous cell carcinoma.
  • the squamous cell carcinoma is squamous lung cancer or squamous head and neck cancer.
  • the cancer is triple negative breast cancer.
  • the cancer is multiple myeloma. In some embodiments, the cancer is acute myeloid leukemia. In some embodiments, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer.
  • the invention provides a method for inhibiting or decreasing solid tumor growth in a subject having a solid tumor, said method comprising administering an effective amount of an ADC of the invention to the subject having the solid tumor, such that the solid tumor growth is inhibited or decreased.
  • the solid tumor is a non-small cell lung carcinoma.
  • the cancer is characterized as having an activating EGFR mutation.
  • the activating EGFR mutation is selected from the group consisting of an exon 19 deletion mutation, a single-point substitution mutation L858R in exon 21, a T790M point mutation, and combinations thereof.
  • the ADC is administered in combination with an additional agent or an additional therapy.
  • the additional agent is selected from the group consisting of an anti-PDl antibody (e.g. pembrolizumab), an anti-PD-Ll antibody (e.g. atezolizumab), an anti- CTLA-4 antibody (e.g. ipilimumab), a MEK inhibitor (e.g. trametinib), an ERK inhibitor, a BRAF inhibitor (e.g. dabrafenib), osimertinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, sorafenib, a CDK9 inhibitor (e.g.
  • a MCL-1 inhibitor temozolomide
  • a Bcl-xL inhibitor e.g. venetoclax
  • ibrutinib e.g. everolimus
  • a mTOR inhibitor e.g. everolimus
  • a PI3K inhibitor e.g. buparlisib
  • duvelisib idelalisib
  • an AKT inhibitor e.g. HER2 inhibitor (e.g. lapatinib), a taxane (e.g. docetaxel, paclitaxel, nab- paclitaxel), an ADC comprising an auristatin, an ADC comprising a PBD (e.g.
  • an ADC comprising a maytansinoid (e.g. TDM1), a TRAIL agonist, a proteasome inhibitor (e.g. bortezomib), and a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitor.
  • a maytansinoid e.g. TDM1
  • a TRAIL agonist e.g. a TRAIL agonist
  • a proteasome inhibitor e.g. bortezomib
  • NAMPT nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase
  • the additional therapy is radiation.
  • the additional agent is a chemotherapeutic agent.
  • the cancer or tumor is characterized as having CD98 overexpression or CD98 amplification.
  • the invention provides a process for the preparation of an ADC according to structural formula (I): wherein:
  • D is the Bcl-xL inhibitor drug of formula (Ila) as disclosed herein;
  • L is the linker as disclosed herein;
  • Ab is the anti-hCD98 antibody, wherein the anti-hCD98 antibody comprises the heavy and light chain CDRs of huAbl02, huAbl04, huAbl08, or huAbl lO;
  • LK represents a covalent linkage linking linker L to antibody Ab
  • n is an integer ranging from 1 to 20.
  • ADC is optionally purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
  • m is 2.
  • the invention provides ADC prepared by the foregoing process.
  • the invention provides an ADC of the invention, formed by contacting an antibody that binds a hCD98 cell surface receptor or tumor associated antigen expressed on a tumor cell with a drug-linker synthon under conditions in which the synthon covalently links to the antibody through a maleimide moiety as shown in formulae (lid) and (He),
  • D is the Bcl-xL inhibitor drug of formula (Ila); and L 1 is the portion of the linker not formed from the maleimide upon attachment of the synthon to the antibody; and wherein the drug-linker synthon is selected from the list below:
  • the contacting step is carried out under conditions such that the ADC has a DAR of 2, 3 or 4.
  • Figure 1 depicts antibody reduction, modification with a maleimide derivative to give a thiosuccinimide intermediate, and subsequent hydrolysis of thiosuccinimide moiety.
  • Figure 2 depicts MS characterization of light chain and heavy chain of huAbl08 1) prior to conjugation, 2) after conjugation to a maleimide derivative to give a thiosuccinimide intermediate and 3) post pH8-mediated hydrolysis of the thiosuccinimide ring.
  • FIG 3 provides the structure of an antibody (Ab)-malemidocaproyl-vc-PABA-MMAE ADC (referred to herein as “Ab-vcMMAE”).
  • FIG. 4 depicts the structure of a PBD dimer (SGD-1882) conjugated to an antibody (Ab) via a maleimidocaproyl-valine-alanine linker (collectively referred to as SGD-1910).
  • Various aspects of the invention relate to anti-CD98 antibodies and antibody fragments, anti- CD98 ADCs, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, as well as nucleic acids, recombinant expression vectors and host cells for making such antibodies and fragments.
  • Methods of using the antibodies and ADCs described herein to detect human CD98, to inhibit human CD98 activity (in vitro or in vivo), and to treat cancers such as epithelial cancers, gastric cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancers e.g.
  • glioblastomas laryngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, mesothelioma, squamous cell carcinoma (e.g., squamous lung cancer or squamous head and neck cancer), triple negative breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, hematological cancers such as multiple myeloma, acute myeloid leukemia, or lymphoma, and prostate cancer are also encompassed by the invention.
  • mesothelioma e.g., squamous lung cancer or squamous head and neck cancer
  • triple negative breast cancer small cell lung cancer
  • non-small cell lung cancer non-small cell lung cancer
  • hematological cancers such as multiple myeloma, acute myeloid leukemia, or lymphoma
  • prostate cancer are also encompassed by the invention.
  • anti-CD98 antibody refers to an antibody that specifically binds to CD98.
  • An antibody "which binds" an antigen of interest, i.e., CD98 is one capable of binding that antigen, e.g., the extracellular domain of CD98, with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful in targeting a cell expressing the antigen.
  • the antibody specifically binds to human CD98 (hCD98), e.g., the extracellular domain of hCD98.
  • hCD98 human CD98
  • anti-CD98 antibody is meant to refer to an antibody which binds to wild type CD98, including the extracellular domain of CD98, or any variant of CD98.
  • CD98 (also referred to as (also referred to as CD98 heavy chain; 4F2 heavy chain; 4F2hc; SLC3A2) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein composed of 630 amino acid residues.
  • the protein comprises a 75 amino acid N-terminal intracellular cytoplasmic domain, a single transmembrane domain, and a 425 amino acid C-terminal extracellular domain (Parmacek et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17: 1915-1931).
  • An exemplary amino acid sequence of wild-type human CD98 is provided below as SEQ ID NO: 124.
  • the extracellular domain (ECD) of CD98 (SEQ ID NO:125; underlined), includes amino acids 206-630 of SEQ ID NO: 124.
  • MELQPPEAS I AVVSIPRQLP GSHSEAGVQG LSAGDDSELG SHCVAQTGLE LLASGDPLPS ASQNAEMIET GSDCVTQAGL QLLASSDPPA LASKNAEVTG TMSQDTEVDM KEVELNELEP EKQPMNAASG AAMSLAGAEK NGLVKIKVAE DEAEAAAAAK FTGLSKEELL KVAGSPGWVR TRWALLLLF LGWLGMLAGA
  • Bio activity of CD98 refers to all inherent biological properties of the CD98, including, but not limited to, modulation of cell proliferation, survival and/or growth; modulation of integrin signaling; and modulation of amino acid transport.
  • telomere binding in reference to the interaction of an antibody or an ADC with a second chemical species, mean that the interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure (e.g. , an antigenic determinant or epitope) on the chemical species; for example, an antibody recognizes and binds to a specific protein structure rather than to proteins generally. If an antibody or ADC is specific for epitope "A", the presence of a molecule containing epitope A (or free, unlabeled A), in a reaction containing labeled "A” and the antibody, will reduce the amount of labeled A bound to the antibody or ADC.
  • a particular structure e.g. , an antigenic determinant or epitope
  • an antibody "binds specifically" to a target if the antibody, when labeled, can be competed away from its target by the corresponding non-labeled antibody.
  • an antibody specifically binds to a target, e.g., CD98, if the antibody has a K D for the target of at least about 10 4 M, 10 5 M, 10 6 M, 10-7 M, 10 8 M, 10 9 M, 10 10 M, 10 11 M, 10 12 M, or less (less meaning a number that is less than 10 u , e.g. 10 13 ).
  • the term "specific binding to CD98” or “specifically binds to CD98,” as used herein, refers to an antibody or an ADC that binds to CD98 and has a dissociation constant (K D ) of 1.0 x 10 6 M or less, as determined by surface plasmon resonance. It shall be understood, however, that the antibody or ADC may be capable of specifically binding to two or more antigens which are related in sequence. For example, in one embodiment, an antibody can specifically bind to both human and a non-human (e.g., mouse or non-human primate) orthologs of CD98.
  • K D dissociation constant
  • antibody refers to an immunoglobulin molecule that specifically binds to an antigen and comprises a heavy (H) chain(s) and a light (L chain(s).
  • Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR or VH) and a heavy chain constant region.
  • the heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CHI , CH2 and CH3.
  • Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or VL) and a light chain constant region.
  • the light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL.
  • VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR).
  • CDR complementarity determining regions
  • FR framework regions
  • Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino- terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FRl, CDRl, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
  • An antibody can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA and IgY) and class (e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG 3, IgG4, IgAl and IgA2) or subclass.
  • an antibody is not intended to include antigen binding portions of an antibody (defined below), it is intended, in certain embodiments, to describe an antibody comprising a small number of amino acid deletions from the carboxy end of the heavy chain(s).
  • an antibody comprises a heavy chain having 1-5 amino acid deletions the carboxy end of the heavy chain.
  • an antibody is a monoclonal antibody which is an IgG, having four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains, and two light (L chains) that can bind to hCD98.
  • an antibody is a monoclonal IgG antibody comprising a lambda or a kappa light chain.
  • antibody portion refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen (e.g. , hCD98). It has been shown that the antigen binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody. Such antibody embodiments may also be bispecific, dual specific, or multi-specific formats; specifically binding to two or more different antigens.
  • binding fragments encompassed within the term "antigen binding portion" of an antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CHI domains; (ii) a F(ab')2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CHI domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al, (1989) Nature 341 :544-546, Winter et al., PCT publication WO 90/05144 Al herein incorporated by reference), which comprises a single variable domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR).
  • CDR complementarity determining region
  • the two domains of the Fv fragment, VL and VH are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv); see e.g., Bird et al. (1988) Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883).
  • single chain Fv single chain Fv
  • Such single chain antibodies are also intended to be encompassed within the term "antigen binding portion" of an antibody.
  • scFv molecules may be incoroporated into a fusion protein.
  • Other forms of single chain antibodies, such as diabodies are also encompassed.
  • Diabodies are bivalent, bispecific antibodies in which VH and VL domains are expressed on a single polypeptide chain, but using a linker that is too short to allow for pairing between the two domains on the same chain, thereby forcing the domains to pair with complementary domains of another chain and creating two antigen binding sites (see e.g., Holliger, P., et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 6444-6448 ; Poljak, R.J., et al. (1994) Structure 2:1121-1123).
  • Such antibody binding portions are known in the art (Kontermann and Dubel eds., Antibody Engineering (2001) Springer-Verlag. New York. 790 pp. (ISBN 3-540-41354-5).
  • IgG immunoglobulin G
  • An IgG is a class of antibody comprising two heavy chains and two light chains arranged in a Y-shape.
  • Exemplary human IgG heavy chain and light chain constant domain amino acid sequences are known in the art and represented below.
  • an “isolated antibody”, as used herein, is intended to refer to an antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities (e.g., an isolated antibody that specifically binds CD98 is substantially free of antibodies that specifically bind antigens other than CD98).
  • An isolated antibody that specifically binds CD98 may, however, have cross-reactivity to other antigens, such as CD98 molecules from other species.
  • an isolated antibody may be substantially free of other cellular material and/or chemicals.
  • the term “chimeric antibody” refers to antibodies which comprise heavy and light chain variable region sequences from one species and constant region sequences from another species, such as antibodies having murine heavy and light chain variable regions linked to human constant regions.
  • humanized antibody refers to antibodies which comprise heavy and light chain variable region sequences from a nonhuman species (e.g., a mouse) but in which at least a portion of the VH and/or VL sequence has been altered to be more "human-like", i.e., more similar to human germline variable sequences.
  • the term “humanized antibody” is an antibody or a variant, derivative, analog or fragment thereof which immunospecifically binds to an antigen of interest and which comprises a framework (FR) region having substantially the amino acid sequence of a human antibody and a complementary determining region (CDR) having substantially the amino acid sequence of a non-human antibody.
  • FR framework
  • CDR complementary determining region
  • the term "substantially" in the context of a CDR refers to a CDR having an amino acid sequence at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of a non-human antibody CDR.
  • a humanized antibody comprises substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains (Fab, Fab', F(ab') 2 , FabC, Fv) in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin (i.e., donor antibody) and all or substantially all of the framework regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence.
  • a humanized antibody also comprises at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin.
  • a humanized antibody contains both the light chain as well as at least the variable domain of a heavy chain.
  • the antibody also may include the CHI, hinge, CH2, CH3, and CH4 regions of the heavy chain.
  • a humanized antibody only contains a humanized light chain.
  • a humanized antibody only contains a humanized heavy chain.
  • a humanized antibody only contains a humanized variable domain of a light chain and/or humanized heavy chain.
  • the humanized antibody can be selected from any class of immunoglobulins, including IgM,
  • IgG, IgD, IgA and IgE, and any isotype including without limitation IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4.
  • the humanized antibody may comprise sequences from more than one class or isotype, and particular constant domains may be selected to optimize desired effector functions using techniques well-known in the art.
  • Kabat numbering “Kabat definitions,” and “Kabat labeling” are used interchangeably herein. These terms, which are recognized in the art, refer to a system of numbering amino acid residues which are more variable (i.e., hypervariable) than other amino acid residues in the heavy and light chain variable regions of an antibody, or an antigen binding portion thereof (Kabat et al. (1971) Ann. NY Acad, Set 190:382-391 and, Kabat, E.A., et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH
  • the hypervariable region ranges from amino acid positions 31 to 35 for CDR1, amino acid positions 50 to 65 for CDR2, and amino acid positions 95 to 102 for CDR3.
  • the hypervariable region ranges from amino acid positions 24 to 34 for CDR1, amino acid positions 50 to 56 for CDR2, and amino acid positions 89 to 97 for CDR3.
  • CDR refers to the complementarity determining region within antibody variable sequences. There are three CDRs in each of the variable regions of the heavy chain (HC) and the light chain (LC), which are designated CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 (or specifically HC CDR1, HC CDR2, HC CDR3, LC CDR1, LC CDR2, and LC CDR3), for each of the variable regions.
  • CDR set refers to a group of three CDRs that occur in a single variable region capable of binding the antigen. The exact boundaries of these CDRs have been defined differently according to different systems.
  • CDR boundary definitions may not strictly follow one of the above systems, but will nonetheless overlap with the Kabat CDRs, although they may be shortened or lengthened in light of prediction or experimental findings that particular residues or groups of residues or even entire CDRs do not significantly impact antigen binding.
  • the methods used herein may utilize CDRs defined according to any of these systems, although preferred embodiments use Kabat or Chothia defined CDRs.
  • framework or “framework sequence” refers to the remaining sequences of a variable region minus the CDRs. Because the exact definition of a CDR sequence can be determined by different systems, the meaning of a framework sequence is subject to
  • the six CDRs (CDR-L1, CDR-L2, and CDR-L3 of light chain and CDR-Hl, CDR-H2, and CDR-H3 of heavy chain) also divide the framework regions on the light chain and the heavy chain into four sub-regions (FR1, FR2, FR3 and FR4) on each chain, in which CDR1 is positioned between FR1 and FR2, CDR2 between FR2 and FR3, and CDR3 between FR3 and FR4.
  • a framework region represents the combined FR's within the variable region of a single, naturally occurring immunoglobulin chain.
  • a FR represents one of the four sub- regions, and FRs represents two or more of the four sub- regions constituting a framework region.
  • the framework and CDR regions of a humanized antibody need not correspond precisely to the parental sequences, e.g., the donor antibody CDR or the consensus framework may be mutagenized by substitution, insertion and/or deletion of at least one amino acid residue so that the CDR or framework residue at that site does not correspond to either the donor antibody or the consensus framework. In a preferred embodiment, such mutations, however, will not be extensive. Usually, at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95% of the humanized antibody residues will correspond to those of the parental FR and CDR sequences.
  • the term "consensus framework” refers to the framework region in the consensus immunoglobulin sequence.
  • the term “consensus immunoglobulin sequence” refers to the sequence formed from the most frequently occurring amino acids (or nucleotides) in a family of related immunoglobulin sequences (See e.g., Winnaker, From Genes to Clones (Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany 1987). In a family of immunoglobulins, each position in the consensus sequence is occupied by the amino acid occurring most frequently at that position in the family. If two amino acids occur equally frequently, either can be included in the consensus sequence.
  • human acceptor framework is meant to refer to a framework of an antibody or antibody fragment thereof comprising the amino acid sequence of a VH or VL framework derived from a human antibody or antibody fragment thereof or a human consensus sequence framework into which CDR's from a non-human species may be incorporated.
  • Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity with respect to a peptide or polypeptide sequence is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the specific peptide or polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared.
  • the invention includes an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identity to an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 31, 35-40, or 50 to 85.
  • multivalent antibody is used herein to denote an antibody comprising two or more antigen binding sites.
  • the multivalent antibody may be engineered to have the three or more antigen binding sites, and is generally not a naturally occurring antibody.
  • multispecific antibody refers to an antibody capable of binding two or more unrelated antigens.
  • the multispecific antibody is a bispecific antibody that is capable of binding to two unrelated antigens, e.g., a bispecific antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, that binds CD98 and CD3.
  • DVD dual variable domain
  • Such DVDs may be monospecific, i.e., capable of binding one antigen or multispecific, i.e. capable of binding two or more antigens.
  • DVD binding proteins comprising two heavy chain DVD polypeptides and two light chain DVD polypeptides are referred to a DVD Ig.
  • Each half of a DVD Ig comprises a heavy chain DVD polypeptide, and a light chain DVD polypeptide, and two antigen binding sites.
  • Each binding site comprises a heavy chain variable domain and a light chain variable domain with a total of 6 CDRs involved in antigen binding per antigen binding site.
  • the CDRs described herein are used in an anti-CD98 DVD.
  • chimeric antigen receptor refers to a recombinant protein comprising at least (1) an antigen-binding region, e.g., a variable heavy or light chain of an antibody, (2) a transmembrane domain to anchor the CAR into a T cell, and (3) one or more intracellular signaling domains.
  • activity includes activities such as the binding specificity/affinity of an antibody or ADC for an antigen, for example, an anti-hCD98 antibody that binds to an hCD98 antigen and/or the neutralizing potency of an antibody, for example, an anti-hCD98 antibody whose binding to hCD98 inhibits the biological activity of hCD98, e.g., modulation of cell proliferation, survival and/or growth; modulation of integrin signaling; and modulation of amino acid transport in an CD98 expressing cell line, e.g., human lung carcinoma cell line A549, human lung carcinoma cell line NCI- H460, non-small cell lung cancer line EBC-1, small cell lung cancer line NCI-H146, non-small cell lung cancer line H2170, breast cancer cell line HCC38, a Molt-4 human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, or a Jurkat acute T cell leukemia cell line.
  • an anti-hCD98 antibody that binds to an hCD98 antigen and/or the neutralizing
  • non small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) xenograft assay refers to an in vivo assay used to determine whether an anti-CD98 antibody or ADC, can inhibit tumor growth (e.g., further growth) and/or decrease tumor growth resulting from the transplantation of NSCLC cells into an immunodeficient mouse.
  • An NSCLC xenograft assay includes transplantation of NSCLC cells into an immunodeficient mouse such that a tumor grows to a desired size, e.g., 200-250 mm 3 , whereupon the antibody or ADC is administered to the mouse to determine whether the antibody or ADC can inhibit and/or decrease tumor growth.
  • the activity of the antibody or ADC is determined according to the percent tumor growth inhibition ( TGI) relative to a control antibody, e.g., a human IgG antibody (or collection thereof) which does not specifically bind tumor cells, e.g., is directed to an antigen not associated with cancer or is obtained from a source which is noncancerous (e.g., normal human serum).
  • TGI percent tumor growth inhibition
  • the antibody (or ADC) and the control antibody are administered to the mouse at the same dose, with the same frequency, and via the same route.
  • the mouse used in the NSCLC xenograft assay is a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse and/or an athymic CD-I nude mouse.
  • SCID severe combined immunodeficiency
  • NSCLC cells examples include, but are not limited to, H2170 cells (e.g., NCI-H2170 [H2170] (ATCC* CRL-5928 TM ).
  • epitope refers to a region of an antigen that is bound by an antibody or ADC.
  • epitope determinants include chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids, sugar side chains, phosphoryl, or sulfonyl, and, in certain embodiments, may have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, and/or specific charge characteristics.
  • an antibody is said to specifically bind an antigen when it preferentially recognizes its target antigen in a complex mixture of proteins and/or macromolecules.
  • surface plasmon resonance refers to an optical phenomenon that allows for the analysis of real-time biospecific interactions by detection of alterations in protein concentrations within a biosensor matrix, for example using the BIAcore system (Pharmacia Biosensor AB, Uppsala, Sweden and Piscataway, NJ).
  • BIAcore Phharmacia Biosensor AB, Uppsala, Sweden and Piscataway, NJ.
  • Johnsson, B., et al. (1995) /. Mol. Recognit. 8:125-131 and Johnnson, B., et al. (1991) Anal. Biochem. 198:268- 277.
  • surface plasmon resonance is determined according to the methods described in Example 4
  • k on or " k a ", as used herein, is intended to refer to the on rate constant for association of an antibody to the antigen to form the antibody/antigen complex.
  • !3 ⁇ 4" or " k d " is intended to refer to the off rate constant for dissociation of an antibody from the antibody/antigen complex.
  • K D is intended to refer to the equilibrium dissociation constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction (e.g., huAbl02, huAbl04, huAbl08, or huAbl 10 antibody and CD98). K D is calculated by k a / 13 ⁇ 4.
  • competitive binding refers to a situation in which a first antibody competes with a second antibody, for a binding site on a third molecule, e.g., an antigen.
  • competitive binding between two antibodies is determined using FACS analysis.
  • a competitive binding assay is an assay used to determine whether two or more antibodies bind to the same epitope.
  • a competitive binding assay is a competition fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) assay which is used to determine whether two or more antibodies bind to the same epitope by determining whether the fluorescent signal of a labeled antibody is reduced due to the introduction of a non-labeled antibody, where competition for the same epitope will lower the level of fluorescence.
  • labeled antibody refers to an antibody, or an antigen binding portion thereof, with a label incorporated that provides for the identification of the binding protein, e.g., an antibody.
  • the label is a detectable marker, e.g.
  • radiolabeled amino acid or attachment to a polypeptide of biotinyl moieties that can be detected by marked avidin (e.g. , streptavidin containing a fluorescent marker or enzymatic activity that can be detected by optical or colorimetric methods).
  • label for polypeptides include, but are not limited to, the following: radioisotopes or radionuclides (e.g., 3 H 14 C 35 S, 90 Y, 99 Tc, l u In, 125 1, 131 I, 177 Lu, 166 Ho, or 153 Sm); fluorescent labels (e.g. , FITC, rhodamine, lanthanide phosphors), enzymatic labels (e.g. , horseradish peroxidase, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase);
  • chemiluminescent markers include biotinyl groups; predetermined polypeptide epitopes recognized by a secondary reporter (e.g. , leucine zipper pair sequences, binding sites for secondary antibodies, metal binding domains, epitope tags); and magnetic agents, such as gadolinium chelates.
  • a secondary reporter e.g. , leucine zipper pair sequences, binding sites for secondary antibodies, metal binding domains, epitope tags
  • magnetic agents such as gadolinium chelates.
  • an antibody-drug-conjugate refers to a binding protein, such as an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, chemically linked to one or more chemical drug(s) (also referred to herein as agent(s)) that may optionally be therapeutic or cytotoxic agents.
  • an ADC includes an antibody, a cytotoxic or therapeutic drug, and a linker that enables attachment or conjugation of the drug to the antibody.
  • An ADC typically has anywhere from 1 to 8 drugs conjugated to the antibody, including drug loaded species of 2, 4, 6, or 8.
  • Non-limiting examples of drugs that may be included in the ADCs are mitotic inhibitors, antitumor antibiotics, immunomodulating agents, vectors for gene therapy, alkylating agents, antiangiogenic agents, antimetabolites, boron-containing agents, chemoprotective agents, hormones, antihormone agents, corticosteroids, photoactive therapeutic agents, oligonucleotides, radionuclide agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, and radiosensitizers.
  • the drug is a Bcl-xL inhibitor.
  • anti-CD98 antibody drug conjugate or "anti-CD98 ADC”, used interchangeably herein, refer to an ADC comprising an antibody that specifically binds to CD98, whereby the antibody is conjugated to one or more chemical agent(s).
  • the anti-CD98 ADC binds to human CD98 (hCD98).
  • Bcl-xL inhibitor refers to a compound which antagonizes Bcl-xL activity in a cell.
  • a Bcl-xL inhibitor promotes apoptosis of a cell by inhibiting Bcl-xL activity.
  • auristatin refers to a family of antimitotic agents. Auristatin derivatives are also included within the definition of the term “auristatin”. Examples of auristatins include, but are not limited to, auristatin E (AE), monomethylauristatin E (MMAE),
  • MMAF monomethylauristatin F
  • an anti- CD98 antibody described herein is conjugated to an auristatin to form an anti-CD98 ADC.
  • mcMMAF is used to refer to a linker/drug combination of maleimidocaproyl-monomethylauristatin F (MMAF).
  • DAR drug-to-antibody ratio
  • drugs e.g. , a Bcl-xL inhibitor
  • the DAR of an ADC can range from 1 to 8, although higher loads, e.g. , 20, are also possible depending on the number of linkage site on an antibody.
  • the term DAR may be used in reference to the number of drugs loaded onto an individual antibody, or, alternatively, may be used in reference to the average or mean DAR of a group of ADCs.
  • undesired ADC species refers to any drug loaded species which is to be separated from an ADC species having a different drug load.
  • the term undesired ADC species may refer to drug loaded species of 6 or more, i.e.., ADCs with a DAR of 6 or more, including DAR6, DAR7, DAR8, and DAR greater than 8 (i.e., drug loaded species of 6, 7, 8, or greater than 8).
  • the term undesired ADC species may refer to drug loaded species of 8 or more, i.e., ADCs with a DAR of 8 or more, including DAR8, and DAR greater than 8 (i.e., drug loaded species of 8, or greater than 8).
  • ADC mixture refers to a composition containing a heterogeneous
  • an ADC mixture contains ADCs having a distribution of DARs of 1 to 8, e.g., 2, 4, 6, and 8 (i.e., drug loaded species of 2, 4, 6, and 8). Notably, degradation products may result such that DARs of 1, 3, 5, and 7 may also be included in the mixture. Further, ADCs within the mixture may also have DARs greater than 8.
  • the ADC mixture results from interchain disulfide reduction followed by conjugation.
  • the ADC mixture comprises both ADCs with a DAR of 4 or less (i.e., a drug loaded species of 4 or less) and ADCs with a DAR of 6 or more (i.e., a drug loaded species of 6 or more).
  • cancer is meant to refer to or describe the physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth.
  • examples of cancer include, but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia or lymphoid malignancies.
  • cancers include glioblastoma, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, breast cancer (e.g., triple negative breast cancer), pancreatic cancer, squamous cell tumors, squamous cell carcinoma (e.g., squamous cell lung cancer or squamous cell head and neck cancer), anal cancer, skin cancer, vulvar cancer, multiple myeloma, acute myeloid leukemia.
  • the antibodies or ADCs of the invention are administered to a patient having a tumor(s) containing amplifications of the CD98 gene.
  • the antibodies or ADCs of the invention are administered to a patient having a solid tumor which is likely to over-express CD98. In one embodiment, the antibodies or ADCs of the invention are administered to a patient having squamous cell Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). In one embodiment, the antibodies or ADCs of the invention are administered to a patient having small cell lung cancer. In another embodiment, the antibodies or ADCs of the invention are administered to a patient having breast cancer. In another embodiment, the antibodies or ADCs of the invention are administered to a patient having ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, the antibodies or ADCs of the invention are administered to a patient having multiple myeloma.
  • NSCLC Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
  • the antibodies or ADCs of the invention are administered to a patient having acute myeloid leukemia.
  • the antibodies or ADCs of the invention are administered to a patient having solid tumors, including advanced solid tumors.
  • the antibodies or ADCs of the invention are administered to a patient having cancer that is characterized as having EGFR overexpression.
  • the antibodies or ADCs of the invention are administered to a patient having cancer that is characterized by an activating EGFR mutation, e.g. a mutation(s) that activates the EGFR signaling pathway and/or mutation(s) that lead to overexpression of the EGFR protein.
  • the activating EGFR mutation may be a mutation in the EGFR gene.
  • the activating EGFR mutation is an exon 19 deletion mutation, a single -point substitution mutation L858R in exon 21 , a T790M point mutation, and/or combinations thereof.
  • CD98 expressing tumor refers to a tumor which expresses CD98 protein.
  • CD98 expression in a tumor is determined using immunohistochemical staining of tumor cell membranes, where any immunohistochemical staining above background level in a tumor sample indicates that the tumor is a CD98 expressing tumor.
  • Methods for detecting expression of CD98 in a tumor are known in the art, e.g., the CD98 pharmDxTM Kit (Dako).
  • a "CD98 negative tumor” is defined as a tumor having an absence of CD98 membrane staining above background in a tumor sample as determined by immunohistochemical techniques.
  • overexpress refers to a gene that is transcribed or translated at a detectably greater level, usually in a cancer cell, in comparison to a normal cell. Overexpression therefore refers to both overexpression of protein and RNA (due to increased transcription, post transcriptional processing, translation, post translational processing, altered stability, and altered protein degradation), as well as local overexpression due to altered protein traffic patterns (increased nuclear localization), and augmented functional activity, e.g. , as in an increased enzyme hydrolysis of substrate. Thus, overexpression refers to either protein or RNA levels. Overexpression can also be by 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more in comparison to a normal cell or comparison cell. In certain embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or ADCs of the invention are used to treat solid tumors likely to overexpress CD98.
  • gene amplification refers to a cellular process characterized by the production of multiple copies of any particular piece of DNA.
  • a tumor cell may amplify, or copy, chromosomal segments as a result of cell signals and sometimes environmental events.
  • the process of gene amplification leads to the production of additional copies of the gene.
  • the gene is CD98, i.e., "CD98 amplification.”
  • the compositions and methods disclosed herein are used to treat a subject having CD98 amplified cancer.
  • administering is meant to refer to the delivery of a substance (e.g., an anti-CD98 antibody or ADC) to achieve a therapeutic objective (e.g., the treatment of a CD98- associated disorder).
  • Modes of administration may be parenteral, enteral and topical.
  • Parenteral administration is usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.
  • combination therapy refers to the administration of two or more therapeutic substances, e.g., an anti-CD98 antibody or ADC and an additional therapeutic agent.
  • the additional therapeutic agent may be administered concomitant with, prior to, or following the administration of the anti-CD98 antibody or ADC.
  • the term "effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of a drug, e.g., an antibody or ADC, which is sufficient to reduce or ameliorate the severity and/or duration of a disorder, e.g., cancer, or one or more symptoms thereof, prevent the advancement of a disorder, cause regression of a disorder, prevent the recurrence, development, onset or progression of one or more symptoms associated with a disorder, detect a disorder, or enhance or improve the prophylactic or therapeutic effect(s) of another therapy (e.g. , prophylactic or therapeutic agent).
  • a drug e.g., an antibody or ADC
  • the effective amount of an antibody or ADC may, for example, inhibit tumor growth (e.g., inhibit an increase in tumor volume), decrease tumor growth (e.g., decrease tumor volume), reduce the number of cancer cells, and/or relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms associated with the cancer.
  • the effective amount may, for example, improve disease free survival (DFS), improve overall survival (OS), or decrease likelihood of recurrence.
  • a "xenograft assay” refers to a human tumor xenograft assay, wherein human tumor cells are transplanted, either under the skin or into the organ type in which the tumor originated, into immunocompromised mice that do not reject human cells.
  • substituents are defined below.
  • the number of carbon atoms in a substituent is indicated by the prefix “C x -C y " or "C x - y ,” wherein x is the minimum and y is the maximum number of carbon atoms.
  • C x -C y or "C x - y ,” wherein x is the minimum and y is the maximum number of carbon atoms.
  • Q-Ce alkyl refers to an alkyl containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl means a saturated hydrocarbon ring containing from 3 to 8 carbon ring atoms. If a substituent is described as being “substituted,” a hydrogen atom on a carbon or nitrogen is replaced with a non-hydrogen group.
  • a substituted alkyl substituent is an alkyl substituent in which at least one hydrogen atom on the alkyl is replaced with a non-hydrogen group.
  • monofluoroalkyl is alkyl substituted with a fluoro radical
  • difluoroalkyl is alkyl substituted with two fluoro radicals.
  • substituents include, but are not limited to, Q-C6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, halogen, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, oxo, -CN, N0 2 , -ORTM, -OC(0)R z , -OC(0)N(R xa ) 2 , -SR xa , -S(0) 2 R xa , -S(0) 2 N(R xa ) 2 , -C(0)R xa , -C(0)OR xa , -C(0)N(R xa ) 2 , -C
  • R xa at each occurrence, is independently hydrogen, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, Ci-Ce alkyl, or Ci-Ce haloalkyl
  • R z at each occurrence, is independently aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, Ci-Ce alkyl or Ci-Ce haloalkyl.
  • ADCs, synthons and Bcl-xL inhibitors comprising the ADCs and/or synthons are described in some embodiments herein by reference to structural formulae including substituents, for example substituents Ar, Z Z 2 , R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 10a , R 10b , R 10c , R l la , R llb , L, R x , F x , LK, Ab, n, and/or m.
  • substituents for example substituents Ar, Z Z 2 , R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 10a , R 10b , R 10c , R l la , R llb , L, R x , F x , LK, Ab, n, and/or m.
  • substituents for example substituents Ar, Z Z 2 , R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 10a , R 10b , R 10c , R l la
  • alkoxy refers to a group of the formula -OR xa , where R xa is an alkyl group.
  • alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, tert-butoxy and the like.
  • alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with an alkoxy group and may be represented by the general formula -R b OR xa where R b is an alkylene group and R xa is an alkyl group.
  • alkyl by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a saturated or unsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon radical that is derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkane, alkene or alkyne.
  • Typical alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl; ethyls such as ethanyl, ethenyl, ethynyl; propyls such as propan-l-yl, propan-2-yl, cyclopropan-l-yl, prop-l-en-l-yl, prop-l-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-l-yl, cycloprop-l-en-l-yl; cycloprop-2-en-l-yl, prop-l-yn-l-yl , prop-2-yn-l-yl, etc.
  • butyls such as butan-l-yl, butan-2-yl, 2-methyl-propan-l-yl, 2-methyl-propan-2-yl, cyclobutan-l-yl, but-l-en-l-yl, but-l-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-l-en-l-yl, but-2-en-l-yl , but-2-en-2-yl, buta-l,3-dien-l-yl, buta-l,3-dien-2-yl, cyclobut-l-en-l-yl, cyclobut-l-en-3-yl, cyclobuta-l,3-dien-l-yl, but-l-yn-l-yl, but-l-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-l-yl, etc.
  • alkanyl alkenyl
  • alkynyl alkynyl
  • alkanyl by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a saturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkane.
  • Typical alkanyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl; ethanyl; propanyls such as propan-l-yl, propan-2-yl (isopropyl), cyclopropan-l-yl, etc. ; butanyls such as butan-l-yl, butan-2-yl (sec-butyl), 2-methyl-propan-l-yl (isobutyl), 2-methyl-propan-2-yl (f-butyl),
  • alkenyl by itself or as part of another substituent refers to an unsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl having at least one carbon-carbon double bond derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkene.
  • Typical alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl; propenyls such as prop-l-en-l-yl , prop-l-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-l-yl, prop-2-en-2-yl, cycloprop-l-en-l-yl; cycloprop-2-en-l-yl ; butenyls such as but-l-en-l -yl, but-l-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-l-en-l-yl, but-2-en-l-yl, but-2-en-2-yl,
  • alkynyl by itself or as part of another substituent refers to an unsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkyne.
  • Typical alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl; propynyls such as prop-l-yn-l-yl, prop-2-yn-l-yl, etc. ;
  • butynyls such as but-l-yn-l-yl, but-l-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-l -yl, etc. ; and the like.
  • alkylamine refers to a group of the formula -NHR xa and "dialkylamine” refers to a group of the formula -NR M R M , where each R M is, independently of the others, an alkyl group.
  • alkylene refers to an alkane, alkene or alkyne group having two terminal monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from each of the two terminal carbon atoms.
  • Typical alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, methylene; and saturated or unsaturated ethylene; propylene; butylene; and the like.
  • lower alkylene refers to alkylene groups with 1 to 6 carbons.
  • aryl means an aromatic carbocyclyl containing from 6 to 14 carbon ring atoms.
  • An aryl may be monocyclic or poly cyclic (i.e. , may contain more than one ring). In the case of poly cyclic aromatic rings, only one ring in the poly cyclic system is required to be aromatic while the remaining ring(s) may be saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated. Examples of aryls include phenyl, naphthalenyl, indenyl, indanyl, and tetrahydronaphthyl.
  • haloalkyl means an alkyl substituent in which at least one hydrogen radical is replaced with a halogen radical.
  • Typical halogen radicals include chloro, fluoro, bromo and iodo.
  • Examples of haloalkyls include chloromethyl, 1- bromoethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, and 1, 1 ,1-trifluoroethyl. It should be recognized that if a substituent is substituted by more than one halogen radical, those halogen radicals may be identical or different (unless otherwise stated).
  • haloalkoxy refers to a group of the formula -OR c , where R c is a haloalkyl.
  • heteroalkyl refers to any organic radical having the terms “heteroalkyl,” “heteroalkanyl,” “heteroalkenyl,” “heteroalkynyl,” and
  • heteroalkylene refer to alkyl, alkanyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and alkylene groups, respectively, in which one or more of the carbon atoms, e.g. , 1 , 2 or 3 carbon atoms, are each independently replaced with the same or different heteroatoms or heteroatomic groups.
  • Typical heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups which can replace the carbon atoms include, but are not limited to, O, S, SO, NR C , PH, S(O), - S(0) 2 , S(0)NR c , S(0) 2 NR c , and the like, including combinations thereof, where each R c is independently hydrogen or C C 6 alkyl.
  • cycloalkyl and “heterocyclyl” refer to cyclic versions of “alkyl” and
  • heteroalkyl groups, respectively.
  • a heteroatom can occupy the position that is attached to the remainder of the molecule.
  • a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring may be a single- ring (monocyclic) or have two or more rings (bicyclic or polycyclic).
  • Monocyclic cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl groups will typically contain from 3 to 7 ring atoms, more typically from 3 to 6 ring atoms, and even more typically 5 to 6 ring atoms.
  • Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl; cyclobutyls such as cyclobutanyl and cyclobutenyl; cyclopentyls such as cyclopentanyl and cyclopentenyl; cyclohexyls such as cyclohexanyl and cyclohexenyl; and the like.
  • monocyclic heterocyclyls include, but are not limited to, oxetane, furanyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiophenyl
  • Polycyclic cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl groups contain more than one ring, and bicyclic cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl groups contain two rings. The rings may be in a bridged, fused or spiro orientation. Polycyclic cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl groups may include combinations of bridged, fused and/or spiro rings. In a spirocyclic cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, one atom is common to two different rings.
  • An example of a spirocycloalkyl is spiro[4.5]decane and an example of a spiroheterocyclyls is a spiropyrazoline.
  • bridged cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl the rings share at least two common non-adjacent atoms.
  • bridged cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, adamantyl and norbornanyl rings.
  • bridged heterocyclyls include, but are not limited to, 2- oxatricyclo [3.3.1.1 3 ' 7 ] decanyl.
  • fused-ring cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl two or more rings are fused together, such that two rings share one common bond.
  • fused-ring cycloalkyls include decalin, naphthylene, tetralin, and anthracene.
  • fused-ring heterocyclyls containing two or three rings include imidazopyrazinyl (including imidazo[l,2-a]pyrazinyl), imidazopyridinyl (including imidazo[l,2- ajpyridinyl), imidazopyridazinyl (including imidazo[l,2-b]pyridazinyl), thiazolopyridinyl (including thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridinyl, thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridinyl, thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, and thiazolo[4,5- c]pyridinyl), indolizinyl, pyranopyrrolyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, pyridopyridinyl (including pyrido[3,4-b]-pyridinyl, pyrido[3,2-b
  • fused-ring heterocyclyls include benzo-fused heterocyclyls, such as dihydrochromenyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl (isobenzazolyl, pseudoisoindolyl), indoleninyl (pseudoindolyl), isoindazolyl (benzpyrazolyl), benzazinyl (including quinolinyl (1- benzazinyl) or isoquinolinyl (2-benzazinyl)), phthalazinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzodiazinyl (including cinnolinyl (1,2-benzodiazinyl) or quinazolinyl (1,3-benzodiazinyl)), benzopyranyl (including chromanyl or isochromanyl), benzoxazinyl (including 1,3,2-benzoxazinyl, 1,
  • cycloalkylene refers to a cycloalkyl group having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from each of two ring carbons.
  • exemplary cycloalkylene groups include:
  • heteroaryl refers to an aromatic heterocyclyl containing from 5 to 14 ring atoms.
  • a heteroaryl may be a single ring or 2 or 3 fused rings.
  • heteroaryls include 6-membered rings such as pyridyl, pyrazyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, and 1,3,5-, 1,2,4- or 1,2,3-triazinyl; 5- membered ring substituents such as triazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, 1,2,5-, or 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl and isothiazolyl; 6/5- membered fused ring substituents such as imidazopyrazinyl (including imidazo[l,2- a] pyrazinyl)imi
  • benzothiofuranyl benzisoxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, purinyl, and anthranilyl
  • 6/6-membered fused rings such as benzopyranyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, and benzoxazinyl.
  • Heteroaryls may also be heterocycles having aromatic (4N+2 pi electron) resonance contributors such as pyridonyl (including pyrid-2(lH)-onyl and pyrid-4(lH)-onyl), pyrimidonyl (including pyramid- 2(lH)-onyl and pyramid-4(3H)-onyl), pyridazin-3(2H)-onyl and pyrazin-2(lH)-onyl.
  • aromatic (4N+2 pi electron) resonance contributors such as pyridonyl (including pyrid-2(lH)-onyl and pyrid-4(lH)-onyl), pyrimidonyl (including pyramid- 2(lH)-onyl and pyramid-4(3H)-onyl), pyridazin-3(2H)-onyl and pyrazin-2(lH)-onyl.
  • sulfonate as used herein means a salt or ester of a sulfonic acid.
  • methyl sulfonate as used herein means a methyl ester of a sulfonic acid group.
  • carboxylate as used herein means a salt or ester of a carboxylic acid.
  • sugar as used herein in the context of linkers means an O-glycoside or N- glycoside carbohydrate derivatives of the monosaccharide class and may originate from naturally- occurring sources or may be synthetic in origin.
  • sugar includes derivatives such as but not limited to those derived from beta-glucuronic acid and beta-galactose. Suitable sugar substitutions include but are not limited to hydroxyl, amine, carboxylic acid, esters, and ethers.
  • N-hydroxysuccinimide ester means the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester derivative of a carboxylic acid.
  • salt when used in context of "or salt thereof includes salts commonly used to form alkali metal salts and to form addition salts of free acids or free bases.
  • these salts typically may be prepared by conventional means by reacting, for example, the appropriate acid or base with a compound of the invention.
  • the salt preferably is pharmaceutically acceptable and/or physiologically compatible.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable is used adjectivally in this patent application to mean that the modified noun is appropriate for use as a pharmaceutical product or as a part of a pharmaceutical product.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes salts commonly used to form alkali metal salts and to form addition salts of free acids or free bases. In general, these salts typically may be prepared by conventional means by reacting, for example, the appropriate acid or base with a compound of the invention.
  • the invention is based, at least in part, on the identification of humanized anti-CD98 antibodies.
  • the present invention provides murine anti-CD98 antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof.
  • the present invention provides chimeric anti-CD98 antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof.
  • ADCs antibody drug conjugates
  • the antibodies or ADCs of the invention have characteristics including, but not limited to, binding to wild-type CD98 in vitro, binding to wild-type CD98 on tumor cells expressing CD98, and decreasing or inhibiting tumor cellular proliferation or tumor growth.
  • One aspect of the invention features an anti-human CD98 (anti-hCD98) Antibody Drug Conjugate (ADC) comprising an anti-hCD98 antibody conjugated to a drug via a linker, wherein the drug is a Bcl-xL inhibitor.
  • ADC Antibody Drug Conjugate
  • the anti-CD98 antibodies described herein provide the ADCs of the invention with the ability to bind to CD98 such that the cytotoxic Bcl-xL drug attached to the antibody may be delivered to the CD98-expressing cell, particularly a CD98 expressing cancer cell.
  • antibody i.e., antigen-binding portions of an anti-CD98 antibody
  • an anti-CD98 antibody fragment may be conjugated to the Bcl-xL inhibitors described herein.
  • antibody fragments of the anti-CD98 antibodies described herein are conjugated to Bcl-xL inhibitors via linkers.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody binding portion is a Fab, a Fab', a F(ab')2, a Fv, a disulfide linked Fv, an scFv, a single domain antibody, or a diabody.
  • Fab fragment antigen binding portion
  • Fab' fragment antigen binding portion
  • F(ab')2 fragment antigen binding portion
  • Fv disulfide linked Fv
  • scFv a single domain antibody
  • diabody ⁇ . ⁇ . Anti-CD98 Chimeric Antibodies
  • a chimeric antibody is a molecule in which different portions of the antibody are derived from different animal species, such as antibodies having a variable region derived from a murine monoclonal antibody and a human immunoglobulin constant region.
  • Methods for producing chimeric antibodies are known in the art. See e.g. , Morrison, Science 229: 1202 (1985); Oi et al., BioTechniques 4:214 (1986); Gillies et al, (1989) . Immunol. Methods 125: 191-202; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,807,715;
  • Example 3 fifteen anti-hCD98 murine antibodies were identified, i.e., Abl- Abl5 (mouse antibodies Abl, Ab2, Ab3, Ab4, and Ab5 and rat antibodies Ab6, Ab7, Ab8, Ab9, AblO, Abl l, Abl2, Abl3, Abl4, and Abl5).
  • Abl- Abl5 mouse antibodies Abl, Ab2, Ab3, Ab4, and Ab5 and rat antibodies Ab6, Ab7, Ab8, Ab9, AblO, Abl l, Abl2, Abl3, Abl4, and Abl5
  • the variable regions from these antibodies were sequenced and combined with human IgGl sequences to form chimeric antibodies as described in Example 5.
  • Recombinant anti-CD98 chimeric antibodies corresponding to murine antibodies Abl, Ab2, Ab3, Ab4, and Ab5, Ab6, Ab7, Ab8, Ab9, AblO, Abll, Abl2, Abl3, Abl4, and Abl5 were produced and include human IgGl heavy chain and kappa light chain constant regions (described below in Example 5). These chimeric antibodies are identified in Table 5 as chAbl, chAb2, chAb3, chAb4, and chAb5, chAb6, chAb7, chAb8, chAb9, chAblO, chAbl 1, chAbl2, chAbl3, chAbl4, and chAbl5.
  • Tables 6 and 7 provide the amino acid sequences of CDR, VH, and VL regions of chimeric antibodies chAbl, chAb2, chAb3, chAb4, and chAb5, chAb6, chAb7, chAb8, chAb9, chAblO, chAbl l, chAbl2, chAbl3, chAbl4, and chAbl5.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9, 15, 20, 23, 28, 35, 39, 47, 52, 56, 60, 63, 70 or 78; and/or a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5, 12, 18, 22, 26, 32, 38, 43, 49, 55, 58, 62, 67, 74, or 82.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13 (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 23, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 26.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 24; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 43.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 40; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 41; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 42; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 46.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 49.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 50; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 51.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 52, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 40; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 53; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 46.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 56, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 40; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 42; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 59; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 46.
  • a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 40; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57; and (c) a CDR3
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 60, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 62.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 40; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 41; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 61; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 46.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 67.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 66; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 68; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 69.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 70, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 74.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 71 ; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 72; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 73; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 75 (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 76; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77.
  • a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 71 ; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 72; and (c) a
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78, and a light chain variable region including an amino acif sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84.
  • the heavy chain variable sequence of huAb3 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 85 with CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 16, 11, and 17 respectively.
  • the light chain variable sequence of huAb3 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 88 with CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 7 and 19, respectively.
  • the heavy chain variable sequence of huAbl5 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 122 with CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 79, 80, and 81, respectively.
  • the light chain variable sequence of huAbl5 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 123 with CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 83, 45, and 84, respectively.
  • huAb3 and huAbl5 were modified to remove specific amino acids contained in the variable regions, as described in Example 12 in order to remove post-translational modifications that had the potential to reduce affinity, potency, stability and/or homogeneity of the antibody.
  • Variants of huAb3 and huAbl5 were generated containing point mutations at each of the identified amino acids, including all possible amino acids except M, C, N, D, G, S, or P.
  • huAb3vl two different humanized antibodies were created based on chAb3, and are referred to herein as huAb3vl, huAb3v2, and seven different humanized antibodies were created based on chAbl5, and are referred to herein as huAbl5vl, huAbl5v2, huAbl5v3, huAbl5v4, huAbl5v5, huAbl5v6, and huAbl5v7 (see Examples 10 and 11).
  • Humanized antibodies huAb3vl, huAb3v2, huAbl5vl, huAbl5v2, huAbl5v3, huAbl5v4, huAbl5v5, huAbl5v6, and huAbl5v7, which maintained binding to human CD98, are listed in Table 14.
  • the CDR, VH, and VL amino acid sequences of huAb3vl, huAb3v2, huAbl5vl, huAbl5v2, huAbl5v3, huAbl5v4, huAbl5v5, huAbl5v6, and huAbl5v7 mAbs are listed in Table 15.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 83, 85, 89, 91, 96, 99, 103, or 122; and/or a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 88, 94, 98, 101, or 123.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 85, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 88.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 122, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 123.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83 (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 88.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13 (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 89, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 88.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13 (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 94.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83 (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 94.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83 (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83 (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 105.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 94.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83 (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83 (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102.
  • a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100; and (c) a CDR
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83 (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98.
  • the present invention is directed to an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83 (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 105.
  • a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDRl having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104; and (c) a
  • Humanized antibodies huAb3vl, huAb3v2, huAbl5vl, huAbl5v2, and huAbl5v6 were re- engineered using alternative framework regions in order to improve conjugation efficiency (as described in Example 14, below).
  • Ten humanized framework engineered antibodies that maintained binding to human CD98 are listed in Table 18 as huAblOl, huAbl02, huAblCB, huA 04, huA 05, huAbl06, huAbl07, huAbl08, huAbl09, and huAbl lO.
  • the CDR, VH, and VL amino acid sequences of huAblOl, huAbl02, huAbl03, huAbl04, huAbl05, huAbl06, huAbl07, huAbl08, huAbl09, and huAbl 10 mAbs are listed in Table 19.
  • the heavy chain variable sequence of huAblOl is provided in SEQ ID NO: 106 with CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 16, 87 and 17, respectively.
  • the light chain variable sequence of huAblOl is provided in SEQ ID NO: 107 with CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 7 and 19, respectively.
  • the heavy chain variable sequence of huAbl02 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 108 with CDR1,
  • the light chain variable sequence of huAbl02 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 107 with CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 7 and 19, respectively.
  • the heavy chain variable sequence of huAbl03 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 109 with CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 16, 90 and 17, respectively.
  • the light chain variable sequence of huAbl03 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 107 with CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 7 and 19, respectively.
  • the heavy chain variable sequence of huAbl04 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 110 with CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 16, 90 and 17, respectively.
  • the light chain variable sequence of huAbl04 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 107 with CDR1 , CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 7 and 19, respectively.
  • the heavy chain variable sequence of huAbl05 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 111 with CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 79, 92 and 93, respectively.
  • the light chain variable sequence of huAbl05 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 112 with CDR1 , CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 83, 45 and 95, respectively.
  • the heavy chain variable sequence of huAbl06 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 113 with CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 79, 92 and 93, respectively.
  • the light chain variable sequence of huAbl06 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 112 with CDR1 , CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 83, 45 and 95, respectively.
  • the heavy chain variable sequence of huAbl07 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 114 with CDR1,
  • the light chain variable sequence of huAbl07 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 112 with CDR1 , CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 83, 45 and 95, respectively.
  • the heavy chain variable sequence of huAbl08 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 115 with CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 79, 92 and 97, respectively.
  • the light chain variable sequence of huAbl08 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 112 with CDR1 , CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 83, 45 and 95, respectively.
  • the heavy chain variable sequence of huAbl09 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 116 with CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 79, 104 and 97, respectively.
  • the light chain variable sequence of huAbl09 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 117 with CDR1 , CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 83, 45 and 102, respectively.
  • the heavy chain variable sequence of huAbl lO is provided in SEQ ID NO: 118 with CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 79, 104 and 97, respectively.
  • the light chain variable sequence of huAbl 10 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 117 with CDR1 , CDR2, and CDR3 sequences described in SEQ ID NOs: 83, 45 and 102, respectively.
  • the present invention provides antibodies comprising variable and/or CDR sequences from a humanized antibody derived from chAb3 or chAbl5.
  • the invention features anti-CD98 antibodies which are derived from Ab3 have improved characteristics, e.g., improved binding affinity to isolated CD98 protein and improved binding to CD98 expressing cells, as described in the Examples below.
  • chAb3 variant antibodies or "chAbl5 variant antibodies.”
  • the chAb3 variant antibodies retain the same epitope specificity as chAb3
  • the chAbl5 variant antibodies retain the same epitope specificity as chAbl5.
  • anti-CD98 antibodies, or antigen binding fragments thereof, of the invention are capable of modulating a biological function of CD98.
  • the present invention is directed to a humanized anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, or 118; and/or a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 107, 112, or 117.
  • the present invention is directed to a humanized anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, of the invention comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR1 domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16 or 79; a CDR2 domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, 90, 92, or 104; and a CDR3 domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 93, or 97; and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR1 domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13 or 83; a CDR2 domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in
  • SEQ ID NO: 7 or 45 and a CDR3 domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, 95 or 102.
  • the present invention is directed to a humanized anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 106 or 108, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the present invention is directed to a humanized anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the present invention is directed to a humanized anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 109 or 110, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the present invention is directed to a humanized anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the present invention is directed to a humanized anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 111 or 113, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112.
  • the present invention is directed to a humanized anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95.
  • the present invention is directed to a humanized anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 114 or 115, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112.
  • the present invention is directed to a humanized anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95.
  • the present invention is directed to a humanized anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable region including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 116 or 118, and a light chain variable region including an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117.
  • the present invention is directed to a humanized anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, having a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97; and a light chain variable region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102.
  • a heavy chain variable domain region including (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104; and
  • the invention provides an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, that specifically competes with an anti-CD98 antibody, or fragment thereof, as described herein, wherein said competition can be detected in a competitive binding assay using said antibody, the human CD98 polypeptide, and the anti-CD98 antibody or fragment thereof.
  • the competing antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof is an antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, that competes with huAbl02, huAbl04, huAbl08, and hAbl 10.
  • the anti-CD98 antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof, of the invention bind to CD98 (SEQ ID NO: 124) with a dissociation constant (K D ) of about 1 x 10 6 M or less, as determined by surface plasmon resonance.
  • the antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof bind to CD98 (SEQ ID NO: 124) with a K D of between about 1 x 10 6 M and about 1 x 10 11 M, as determined by surface plasmon resonance.
  • antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof bind to CD98 (SEQ ID NO: 124) with a K D of between about 1 x 10 6 M and about 1 x 10 10 M, as determined by surface plasmon resonance.
  • antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof, of the invention bind to CD98 (SEQ ID NO: 124) with a K D of between about 1 x 10 6 M and about 5 x 10 10 M; a K D of between about 1 x 10 6 M and about 1 x 10 9 M; a K d of between about 1 x 10 6 M and about 5 x 10 9 M; a K D of between about 1 x 10 6 M and about 1 x 10 8 M; a K D of between about 1 x 10 6 M and about 5 x 10 8 M; a K D of between about 5.9 x 10 7 M and about 1.7 x 10 9 M; a K D of between about 5.9 x 10 7 M and about 2.2 x 10 7 M, as determined by surface plasmon resonance.
  • anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof, having combinations of the aforementioned characteristics are also considered to be embodiments of the invention.
  • antibodies of the invention may bind to CD98 (SEQ ID NO: 124) with a dissociation constant (K D ) of about 1 x 10 6 M or less, as determined by surface plasmon resonance.
  • the invention features an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, which is the antibody huAbl02.
  • the huAbl02 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the invention provides an antibody having a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108 and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the invention features an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, which is the antibody huAbl04.
  • the huAbl04 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the invention provides an antibody having a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 110 and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the invention features an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, which is the antibody huAbl08.
  • the huAbl08 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97, and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95.
  • the invention provides an antibody having a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115 and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112.
  • the invention features an anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, which is the antibody huAbl 10.
  • the huAbl 10 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104, and a CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97, and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45, and a CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102.
  • the invention provides an antibody having a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 118 and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 117.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of 106, 108, 109, 111, 110, 113, 114, 115, 116, and 118; and a light chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of 107, 112, and 117.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, of the invention comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, 93, or 97; a CDR2 domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, 90, 92, or 194; and a CDRl domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16 or 79; and a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, 95, or 102; a CDR2 domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 or 45; and a CDRl domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13 or 83.
  • anti-CD98 antibody CDR sequences establish a novel family of CD98 binding proteins, isolated in accordance with this invention, and comprising antigen binding polypeptides that include the CDR sequences listed in Tables 6, 7, 15, and 19, as well as the Sequence Summary.
  • Anti-CD98 antibodies provided herein may comprise a heavy chain variable region comprising CDRl, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences and a light chain variable region comprising CDRl, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences, wherein one or more of these CDR sequences comprise specified amino acid sequences based on the antibodies described herein (e.g., huAbl02, huAbl04, huAbl08, or huAbl 10), or conservative modifications thereof, and wherein the antibodies retain the desired functional properties of the anti-CD98 antibodies described herein.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof may comprise a heavy chain variable region comprising CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences and a light chain variable region comprising CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences, wherein: (a) the heavy chain variable region CDR3 sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 17 or 97, and conservative modifications thereof, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4 or 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions; (b) the hght chain variable region CDR3 sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 19, 95, or 102, and conservative modifications thereof, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4 or 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions; (c) the antibody specifically binds to CD98, and (d) the antibody exhibits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or all of the following functional properties described herein, e.g., binding to human CD98.
  • the heavy chain variable region CDR3 sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 17 or 97, and conservative
  • the heavy chain variable region CDR2 sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 87, 90, 92, or 104, and conservative modifications thereof, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4 or 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions; and the light chain variable region CDR2 sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 7 or 45, and conservative modifications thereof, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1- 2, 1-3, 1-4 or 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • the heavy chain variable region CDRl sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 16 or 79, and conservative modifications thereof, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4 or 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions; and the light chain variable region CDRl sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 13 or 83, and conservative modifications thereof, e.g.,
  • Conservative amino acid substitutions may also be made in portions of the antibodies other than, or in addition to, the CDRs.
  • conservative amino acid modifications may be made in a framework region or in the Fc region.
  • a variable region or a heavy or light chain may comprise 1 ,
  • the anti-CD98 antibody comprises a combination of conservative and non-conservative amino acid modification.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising SEQ ID NO: 108, 110, 115, or 118, and conservative modifications thereof, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4 or 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions; and a light chain variable region comprising SEQ ID NO: 107, 112, or 117, and conservative modifications thereof, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4 or 1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions
  • the antibody comprises a heavy chain constant region, such as an
  • the anti- CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain immunoglobulin constant domain selected from the group consisting of a human IgG constant domain, a human IgM constant domain, a human IgE constant domain, and a human IgA constant domain.
  • the antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof has an IgGl heavy chain constant region, an IgG2 heavy chain constant region, an IgG3 constant region, or an IgG4 heavy chain constant region.
  • the heavy chain constant region is an IgGl heavy chain constant region or an IgG4 heavy chain constant region.
  • the antibody can comprise a light chain constant region, either a kappa light chain constant region or a lambda light chain constant region.
  • the antibody comprises a kappa light chain constant region.
  • the antibody portion can be, for example, a Fab fragment or a single chain Fv fragment.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody binding portion is a Fab, a Fab' , a F(ab')2, a Fv, a disulfide linked Fv, an scFv, a single domain antibody, or a diabody.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof is a multispecific antibody, e.g. a bispecific antibody.
  • the anti-CD98 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108, 110, 115, or l l 8 and/or a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107, 112, or 117.
  • the Fc portion of an antibody mediates several important effector functions e.g. cytokine induction, ADCC, phagocytosis, complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and half-life/ clearance rate of antibody and antigen-antibody complexes. In some cases these effector functions are desirable for therapeutic antibody but in other cases might be unnecessary or even deleterious, depending on the therapeutic objectives.
  • Neonatal Fc receptors are the critical components determining the circulating half-life of antibodies.
  • at least one amino acid residue is replaced in the constant region of the antibody, for example the Fc region of the antibody, such that effector functions of the antibody are altered.
  • One embodiment of the invention includes a recombinant chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising the binding regions of the antibodies described herein, e.g., the heavy and/or light chain CDRs of huAbl02, huAbl04, huAbl08, or huAbl 10.
  • a recombinant CAR, as described herein, may be used to redirect T cell specificity to an antigen in a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-independent fashion.
  • HLA human leukocyte antigen
  • CARs of the invention may be used in immunotherapy to help engineer a human subject's own immune cells to recognize and attack the subject's tumor (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • This type of immunotherapy is called adoptive cell transfer (ACT), and may be used to treat cancer in a subject in need thereof.
  • ACT adoptive cell transfer
  • An anti-CD98 CAR of the invention preferably contains a extracellular antigen-binding domain specific for CD98, a transmembrane domain which is used to anchor the CAR into a T cell, and one or more intracellular signaling domains.
  • the CAR includes a transmembrane domain that comprises a transmembrane domain of a protein selected from the group consisting of the alpha, beta or zeta chain of the T-cell receptor, CD28, CD3 epsilon, CD45, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD9, CD16, CD22, CD33, CD37, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD134, CD137 and
  • the CAR comprises a costimulatory domain, e.g., a costimulatory domain comprising a functional signaling domain of a protein selected from the group consisting of OX40, CD2, CD27, CD28, CD5, ICAM-1 , LFA-1 (CDl la/CD18), ICOS (CD278), and 4-1BB (CD 137).
  • a costimulatory domain comprising a functional signaling domain of a protein selected from the group consisting of OX40, CD2, CD27, CD28, CD5, ICAM-1 , LFA-1 (CDl la/CD18), ICOS (CD278), and 4-1BB (CD 137).
  • the CAR comprises an scFv comprising the CDR or variable regions described herein e.g., CDRs or variable regions from the huAbl02, huAbl04, huAbl08, or huAbl lO antibody, a transmembrane domain, a co-stimulatory domain (e.g., a functional signaling domain from CD28 or 4-1BB), and a signaling domain comprising a functional signaling domain from CD3 (e.g., CD3-zeta).
  • a co-stimulatory domain e.g., a functional signaling domain from CD28 or 4-1BB
  • CD3 e.g., CD3-zeta
  • the invention incudes a T cell comprising a CAR (also referred to as a CAR T cell) comprising antigen binding regions, e.g. CDRs, of the antibodies described herein or an scFv described herein.
  • a CAR also referred to as a CAR T cell
  • antigen binding regions e.g. CDRs, of the antibodies described herein or an scFv described herein.
  • the CAR comprises a variable heavy light chain comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13; and a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, and a CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16.
  • the CAR comprises a variable heavy light chain comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13; and a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, and a CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16.
  • the CAR comprises a variable heavy light chain comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, a
  • CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83; and a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, and a CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79.
  • the CAR comprises a variable heavy light chain comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and a CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83; and a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104, and a CDRl domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79.
  • One embodiment of the invention includes a labeled anti-CD98 antibody, or antibody portion thereof, where the antibody is derivatized or linked to one or more functional molecule(s) (e.g. , another peptide or protein).
  • a labeled antibody can be derived by functionally linking an antibody or antibody portion of the invention (by chemical coupling, genetic fusion, noncovalent association or otherwise) to one or more other molecular entities, such as another antibody (e.g.
  • a bispecific antibody or a diabody a detectable agent, a pharmaceutical agent, a protein or peptide that can mediate the association of the antibody or antibody portion with another molecule (such as a streptavidin core region or a polyhistidine tag), and/or a cytotoxic or therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of a mitotic inhibitor, an antitumor antibiotic, an immunomodulating agent, a vector for gene therapy, an alkylating agent, an antiangiogenic agent, an antimetabolite, a boron- containing agent, a chemoprotective agent, a hormone, an antihormone agent, a corticosteroid, a photoactive therapeutic agent, an oligonucleotide, a radionuclide agent, a topoisomerase inhibitor, a kinase inhibitor, a radiosensitizer, and a combination thereof.
  • a mitotic inhibitor an antitumor antibiotic
  • an immunomodulating agent a vector for gene therapy, an
  • Useful detectable agents with which an antibody, or antibody portion thereof, or ADC may be derivatized include fluorescent compounds.
  • Exemplary fluorescent detectable agents include fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, 5-dimethylamine-l-napthalenesulfonyl chloride, phycoerythrin and the like.
  • An antibody may also be derivatized with detectable enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase, glucose oxidase and the like. When an antibody is derivatized with a detectable enzyme, it is detected by adding additional reagents that the enzyme uses to produce a detectable reaction product.
  • the detectable agent horseradish peroxidase when the detectable agent horseradish peroxidase is present the addition of hydrogen peroxide and diaminobenzidine leads to a colored reaction product, which is detectable.
  • An antibody may also be derivatized with biotin, and detected through indirect measurement of avidin or streptavidin binding.
  • the antibody or ADC of the invention is conjugated to an imaging agent.
  • imaging agents include, but are not limited to, a radiolabel (e.g., indium), an enzyme, a fluorescent label, a luminescent label, a bioluminescent label, a magnetic label, and biotin.
  • the antibodies or ADCs are linked to a radiolabel, such as, but not limited to, indium ( m In).
  • m Indium may be used to label the antibodies and ADCs described herein for use in identifying CD98 positive tumors.
  • anti-CD98 antibodies (or ADCs) described herein are labeled with m I via a bifunctional chelator which is a bifunctional cyclohexyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTP A) chelate (see US Patent Nos. 5,124,471 ; 5,434,287; and 5,286,850, each of which is incorporated herein by reference).
  • DTP A bifunctional cyclohexyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a glycosylated binding protein wherein the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises one or more carbohydrate residues.
  • Nascent in vivo protein production may undergo further processing, known as post-translational modification.
  • sugar (glycosyl) residues may be added enzymatically, a process known as glycosylation.
  • glycosylation The resulting proteins bearing covalently linked oligosaccharide side chains are known as glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins.
  • Antibodies are glycoproteins with one or more carbohydrate residues in the Fc domain, as well as the variable domain.
  • Carbohydrate residues in the Fc domain have important effect on the effector function of the Fc domain, with minimal effect on antigen binding or half-life of the antibody (R. Jefferis, Biotechnol. Prog. 21 (2005), pp. 11-16).
  • glycosylation of the variable domain may have an effect on the antigen binding activity of the antibody.
  • Glycosylation in the variable domain may have a negative effect on antibody binding affinity, likely due to steric hindrance (Co, M.S., et al, Mol. Immunol. (1993) 30:1361- 1367), or result in increased affinity for the antigen (Wallick, S.C., et al, Exp. Med. (1988) 168: 1099-1109; Wright, A., et al , EMBO J. (1991) 10:2717-2723).
  • One aspect of the invention is directed to generating glycosylation site mutants in which the O- or N-linked glycosylation site of the binding protein has been mutated.
  • One skilled in the art can generate such mutants using standard well-known technologies.
  • Glycosylation site mutants that retain the biological activity, but have increased or decreased binding activity, are another object of the invention.
  • the glycosylation of the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen binding portion of the invention is modified.
  • an aglycosylated antibody can be made (i.e., the antibody lacks glycosylation).
  • Glycosylation can be altered to, for example, increase the affinity of the antibody for antigen.
  • carbohydrate modifications can be accomplished by, for example, altering one or more sites of glycosylation within the antibody sequence.
  • one or more amino acid substitutions can be made that result in elimination of one or more variable region glycosylation sites to thereby eliminate glycosylation at that site.
  • Such aglycosylation may increase the affinity of the antibody for antigen.
  • Such an approach is described in further detail in PCT Publication WO2003016466A2, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,714,350 and 6,350,861, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • a modified anti-CD98 antibody of the invention can be made that has an altered type of glycosylation, such as a hypofucosylated antibody having reduced amounts of fucosyl residues or an antibody having increased bisecting GlcNAc structures.
  • altered glycosylation patterns have been demonstrated to increase the ADCC ability of antibodies.
  • carbohydrate modifications can be accomplished by, for example, expressing the antibody in a host cell with altered glycosylation machinery. Cells with altered glycosylation machinery have been described in the art and can be used as host cells in which to express recombinant antibodies of the invention to thereby produce an antibody with altered glycosylation. See, for example, Shields, R. L. et al. (2002) . Biol. Chem.
  • Protein glycosylation depends on the amino acid sequence of the protein of interest, as well as the host cell in which the protein is expressed. Different organisms may produce different glycosylation enzymes (e.g., glycosyl transferases and glycosidases), and have different substrates (nucleotide sugars) available.
  • glycosylation enzymes e.g., glycosyl transferases and glycosidases
  • glycosylation pattern may differ depending on the host system in which the particular protein is expressed.
  • Glycosyl residues useful in the invention may include, but are not limited to, glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid.
  • the glycosylated binding protein comprises glycosyl residues such that the glycosylation pattern is human.
  • Differing protein glycosylation may result in differing protein characteristics.
  • the efficacy of a therapeutic protein produced in a microorganism host, such as yeast, and glycosylated utilizing the yeast endogenous pathway may be reduced compared to that of the same protein expressed in a mammalian cell, such as a CHO cell line.
  • Such glycoproteins may also be immunogenic in humans and show reduced half-life in vivo after administration.
  • Specific receptors in humans and other animals may recognize specific glycosyl residues and promote the rapid clearance of the protein from the bloodstream.
  • Other adverse effects may include changes in protein folding, solubility, susceptibility to proteases, trafficking, transport, compartmentalization, secretion, recognition by other proteins or factors, antigenicity, or allergenicity.
  • a practitioner may prefer a therapeutic protein with a specific composition and pattern of glycosylation, for example glycosylation composition and pattern identical, or at least similar, to that produced in human cells or in the species-specific cells of the intended subject animal
  • glycosylated proteins different from that of a host cell may be achieved by genetically modifying the host cell to express heterologous glycosylation enzymes. Using recombinant techniques, a practitioner may generate antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof exhibiting human protein glycosylation. For example, yeast strains have been genetically modified to express non-naturally occurring glycosylation enzymes such that glycosylated proteins
  • yeast strains exhibit protein glycosylation identical to that of animal cells, especially human cells (U.S. patent Publication Nos. 20040018590 and 20020137134 and PCT publication WO2005100584 A2).
  • Antibodies may be produced by any of a number of techniques. For example, expression from host cells, wherein expression vector(s) encoding the heavy and light chains is (are) transfected into a host cell by standard techniques.
  • transfection are intended to encompass a wide variety of techniques commonly used for the introduction of exogenous DNA into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, e.g. , electroporation, calcium-phosphate precipitation, DEAE- dextran transfection and the like.
  • Preferred mammalian host cells for expressing the recombinant antibodies of the invention include Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO cells) (including dhfr- CHO cells, described in Urlaub and Chasin, (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216-4220, used with a DHFR selectable marker, e.g., as described in R.J. Kaufman and P.A. Sharp (1982) Mol. Biol. 159:601-621), NSO myeloma cells, COS cells and SP2 cells.
  • Chinese Hamster Ovary CHO cells
  • dhfr- CHO cells described in Urlaub and Chasin, (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216-4220, used with a DHFR selectable marker, e.g., as described in R.J. Kaufman and P.A. Sharp (1982) Mol. Biol. 159:601-621
  • NSO myeloma cells
  • the antibodies When recombinant expression vectors encoding antibody genes are introduced into mammalian host cells, the antibodies are produced by culturing the host cells for a period of time sufficient to allow for expression of the antibody in the host cells or, more preferably, secretion of the antibody into the culture medium in which the host cells are grown. Antibodies can be recovered from the culture medium using standard protein purification methods.
  • Host cells can also be used to produce functional antibody fragments, such as Fab fragments or scFv molecules. It will be understood that variations on the above procedure are within the scope of the invention. For example, it may be desirable to transfect a host cell with DNA encoding functional fragments of either the light chain and/or the heavy chain of an antibody of this invention. Recombinant DNA technology may also be used to remove some, or all, of the DNA encoding either or both of the light and heavy chains that is not necessary for binding to the antigens of interest. The molecules expressed from such truncated DNA molecules are also encompassed by the antibodies of the invention.
  • bifunctional antibodies may be produced in which one heavy and one light chain are an antibody of the invention and the other heavy and light chain are specific for an antigen other than the antigens of interest by crosslinking an antibody of the invention to a second antibody by standard chemical crosslinking methods.
  • a recombinant expression vector encoding both the antibody heavy chain and the antibody light chain is introduced into dhfr- CHO cells by calcium phosphate-mediated transfection.
  • the antibody heavy and light chain genes are each operatively linked to CMV enhancer/ AdMLP promoter regulatory elements to drive high levels of transcription of the genes.
  • the recombinant expression vector also carries a DHFR gene, which allows for selection of CHO cells that have been transfected with the vector using methotrexate selection/amplification. The selected transformant host cells are cultured to allow for expression of the antibody heavy and light chains and intact antibody is recovered from the culture medium.
  • the invention provides a method of synthesizing a recombinant antibody of the invention by culturing a host cell in a suitable culture medium until a recombinant antibody is synthesized.
  • Recombinant antibodies of the invention may be produced using nucleic acid molecules corresponding to the amino acid sequences disclosed herein.
  • the nucleic acid molecules set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 86 and/or 87 are used in the production of a recombinant antibody.
  • the method can further comprise isolating the recombinant antibody from the culture medium.
  • the N- and C-termini of antibody polypeptide chains of the present invention may differ from the expected sequence due to commonly observed post-translational modifications. For example, C- terminal lysine residues are often missing from antibody heavy chains. Dick et al. (2008) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100:1132. N-terminal glutamine residues, and to a lesser extent glutamate residues, are frequently converted to pyroglutamate residues on both light and heavy chains of therapeutic antibodies. Dick et al. (2007) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97:544; Liu et al. (2011) JBC 28611211; Liu et al. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286: 11211.
  • Anti-CD98 antibodies described herein may be conjugated to a drug moiety to form an anti- CD98 Antibody Drug Conjugate (ADC).
  • ADCs Antibody-drug conjugates
  • ADCs may increase the therapeutic efficacy of antibodies in treating disease, e.g. , cancer, due to the ability of the ADC to selectively deliver one or more drug moiety(s) to target tissues, such as a tumor-associated antigen, e.g. , CD98 expressing tumors.
  • the invention provides anti-CD98 ADCs for therapeutic use, e.g. , treatment of cancer.
  • Anti-CD98 ADCs of the invention comprise an anti-CD98 antibody, i.e. , an antibody that specifically binds to human CD98, linked to one or more drug moieties.
  • the specificity of the ADC is defined by the specificity of the antibody, i.e. , anti-CD98.
  • an anti-CD98 antibody is linked to one or more cytotoxic drug(s) which is delivered internally to a transformed cancer cell expressing CD98.
  • drugs that may be used in the anti-CD98 ADC of the invention are provided below, as are linkers that may be used to conjugate the antibody and the one or more drug(s).
  • linkers that may be used to conjugate the antibody and the one or more drug(s).
  • drug drug
  • agent agent
  • drug moiety are used interchangeably herein.
  • conjugated are also used interchangeably herein and indicate that the antibody and moiety are covalently linked.
  • the ADC has the following formula (formula I):
  • the Drug-Linker moiety is made of L- which is a Linker, and -D, which is a drug moiety having, for example, cytostatic, cytotoxic, or otherwise therapeutic activity against a target cell, e.g. , a cell expressing CD98; and m is an integer from 1 to 20.
  • m ranges from 1 to 8, 1 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 1 to 2, 1.5 to 8, 1.5 to 7, 1.5 to 6, 1.5 to 5, 1.5 to 4, 2 to 6, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 1 to 2,or 2 to 4.
  • the DAR of an ADC is equivalent to the "m" referred to in Formula I.
  • the ADC has a formula of Ab-(LK-L-D) m , wherein Ab is an anti-CD98 antibody, e.g.
  • L is a linker
  • LK is a covalent linkage
  • D is a drug, e.g., an a Bcl-xL inhibitor
  • LK is a covalent linker, e.g. -S-
  • m is 1 to 8 (or a DAR of 2-4). Additional details regarding drugs (D of Formula I) and linkers (L of Formula I) that may be used in the ADCs of the invention, as well as alternative ADC structures, are described below.
  • Anti-CD98 ADCs Bcl-xL Inhibitors, Linkers, Synthons, and Methods of Making Same
  • Dysregulated apoptotic pathways have also been implicated in the pathology of cancer.
  • the implication that down-regulated apoptosis (and more particularly the Bcl-2 family of proteins) is involved in the onset of cancerous malignancy has revealed a novel way of targeting this still elusive disease.
  • the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bel 2 and Bcl-xL are over- expressed in many cancer cell types. See, Zhang, 2002, Nature Reviews/Drug Discovery 1: 101; Kirkin et al., 2004, Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1644:229-249; and Amundson et al., 2000, Cancer Research 60:6101-6110.
  • the effect of this deregulation is the survival of altered cells which would otherwise have undergone apoptosis in normal conditions. The repetition of these defects associated with unregulated proliferation is thought to be the starting point of cancerous evolution.
  • aspects of the disclosure concern anti-hCD98 ADCs comprising an anti-hCD98 antibody conjugated to a drug via a linker, wherein the drug is a Bcl-xL inhibitor.
  • the ADCs are compounds according to structural formula (I) below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ab represents the anti-hCD98 antibody, D represents a Bcl-xL inhibitor drug (i.e., a compound of formula Ila or lib as shown below), L represents a linker, LK represents a covalent linkage linking the linker (L) to the anti-hCD98 antibody (Ab) and m represents the number of D-L- LK units linked to the antibody, which is an integer ranging from 1 to 20. In certain embodiments, m is 2, 3 or 4. In some embodiments, m ranges from 1 to 8, 1 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, or 2 to 4.
  • Bcl-xL inhibitors that may be used in the anti-CD98 ADC of the invention are provided below, as are linkers that may be used to conjugate the antibody and the one or more Bcl-xL inhibitor(s).
  • linkers that may be used to conjugate the antibody and the one or more Bcl-xL inhibitor(s).
  • the terms “linked” and “conjugated” are also used interchangeably herein and indicate that the antibody and moiety are covalently linked.
  • the ADCs comprise one or more Bcl-xL inhibitors, which may be the same or different, but are typically the same.
  • the Bcl-xL inhibitors comprising the ADCs, and in certain specific embodiments D of structural formula (I), above, are compounds according to structural formula (Ila).
  • # shown in structural formula (Ila) below represents a point of attachment to a linker, which indicates that they are represented in a monoradical form.
  • Z 1 is selected from N, CH and C-CN
  • Z 2 is selected from NH, CH 2 , O, S, S(O), and S(0) 2 ;
  • R 1 is selected from methyl, chloro, and cyano
  • R 2 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, chloro, and cyano
  • R 4 is hydrogen, Q_ 4 alkanyl, C 2 _ 4 alkenyl, C 2 _ 4 alkynyl, Q_ 4 haloalkyl or C 1 4 hydroxyalkyl, wherein the R 4 Q_ 4 alkanyl, C 2 _ 4 alkenyl, C 2 4 alkynyl, Q_ 4 haloalkyl and Q_ 4 hydroxyalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OCH 3 ,
  • R 10a , R 10b , and R 10c are each, independently of one another, selected from hydrogen, halo, d_ alkanyl, C 2 _ alkenyl, C 2 _ alkynyl, and Ci_6 haloalkyl;
  • R lla and R llb are each, independently of one another, selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, halomethyl, hydroxyl, methoxy, halo, CN and SCH 3 ;
  • n 0, 1, 2 or 3;
  • # represents the point of attachment to linker L.
  • Ar of formula (Ila) is unsubstituted.
  • Ar is .
  • Z 1 of formula (Ila) is N.
  • Z 1 of formula (Ila) is CH.
  • Z 2 of formula (Ila) is CH 2 or O.
  • Z 2 of formula (Ila) is O.
  • R 1 of formula (Ila) is selected from methyl and chloro.
  • R 2 of formula (Ila) is selected from hydrogen and methyl. In particular embodiments, R 2 is hydrogen.
  • R 1 in formula (Ila) is methyl, R 2 is hydrogen and Z 1 is N.
  • R 4 is hydrogen or Cj_ 4 alkanyl, wherein the ⁇ Z XA alkanyl is optionally substituted with OCH 3 .
  • R 10 in formula (Ila) is halo and R 10b and R 10c are each hydrogen.
  • R 10a is fluoro.
  • R 10b in formula (Ila) is halo and R 10 and R 10c are each hydrogen. In particular embodiments, R 10b is fluoro.
  • R 10c in formula (Ila) is halo and R 10a and R 10b are each hydrogen. In particular embodiments, R 10c is fluoro.
  • R 10a , R 10b and R 10c in formula (Ila) are each hydrogen.
  • R ll and R llb in formula (Ila) are the same.
  • R lla and R nb are each methyl.
  • Z 1 is N;
  • R 1 is methyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen;
  • R 4 is hydrogen or C 1 4 alkanyl, wherein the C 1 4 alkanyl is optionally substituted with OCH 3 ;
  • one of R 10a , R 10b and R 10c is hydrogen or
  • Z 2 oxygen, R 4 is hydrogen or C 4 alkanyl optionally substituted withOCH 3 , and n is 0, 1 or 2.
  • n of formula (Ila) is 0, 1 or 2. In particular embodiments, n of formula (Ila) is 0 or 1.
  • Exemplary Bcl-xL inhibitors and/or salts thereof that may be used in the methods described herein in unconjugated form and/or included in the ADCs described herein include compounds W1.01-W1.08, described in Examples 1.1-1.8, respectively.
  • compound W1.01 (Example 1.1) is 6-[8-(l,3-benzothiazol-2- ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(lH)-yl]-3-[l-( ⁇ 3,5-dimethyl-7-[2- (methylamino)ethoxy] tricyclo[3.3.1.1 ' 7 ]dec- 1 -yl ⁇ methyl)-5-methyl- lH-pyrazol-4-yl]pyridine-2- carboxylic acid.
  • the Bcl-xL inhibitor is according to structural formula (Ila), wherein the # is replaced with a hydrogen to form a compound as follows:
  • the Bcl-xL inhibitors comprising the ADCs when not included in an ADC, bind to and inhibit anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL proteins, inducing apoptosis.
  • the ability of a specific Bcl-xL inhibitor according to structural formula (Ila) to bind and inhibit Bcl-xL activity when not included in an ADC i.e., a compound or salt according to structural formula (Ila) in which # represents a hydrogen atom
  • may be confirmed in standard binding and activity assays including, for example, the TR-FRET Bcl-xL binding assays described in Tao et al., 2014, ACS Med. Chem. Lett., 5: 1088-1093.
  • Bcl-xL inhibitory activity may also be confirmed in standard cell-based cytotoxicity assays, such as the FL5.12 cellular and Molt-4 cytotoxicity assays described in Tao et al., 2014, ACS Med. Chem. Lett., 5: 1088-1093.
  • standard cell-based cytotoxicity assays such as the FL5.12 cellular and Molt-4 cytotoxicity assays described in Tao et al., 2014, ACS Med. Chem. Lett., 5: 1088-1093.
  • a specific Molt-4 cellular cytotoxicity assay that may be used to confirm Bcl-xL inhibitory activity of specific Bcl-xL inhibitors is provided in Example 5, below.
  • Bcl-xL inhibitors useful in the ADCs described herein will exhibit an EC 50 of less than about 500 nM in the Molt-4 cytotoxicity assay of Example 5, but may exhibit a significantly lower EC 50 , for example an EC 50 of less than about 250, 100, 50, 20, 10 or even 5 nM.
  • the Bcl-xL inhibitors defined by structural formula (Ila) are expected to be cell permeable and penetrate cells when not included in an ADC, the Bcl-xL inhibitory activity of compounds that do not freely traverse cell membranes may be confirmed in cellular assays with permeabilized cells.
  • MOMP mitochondrial outer- membrane permeabilization
  • Bax and Bak pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins
  • cytochrome c cytochrome c
  • the release of cyt c triggers formulation of the apoptosome which, in turn, results in caspase activation and other events that commit the cell to undergo programmed cell death (see, Goldstein et al, 2005, Cell Death and Differentiation 12:453-462).
  • the oligomerization action of Bax and Bak is antagonized by the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, including Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL.
  • Bcl-xL inhibitors in cells that depend upon Bcl-xL for survival, can cause activation of Bax and/or Bak, MOMP, release of cyt c and downstream events leading to apoptosis.
  • the process of cyt c release can be assessed via western blot of both mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions of cytochrome c in cells and used as a proxy measurement of apoptosis in cells.
  • the cells can be treated with an agent that causes selective pore formation in the plasma, but not mitochondrial, membrane.
  • the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio is much higher in the plasma membrane than the mitochondrial membrane.
  • This agent forms insoluble complexes with cholesterol leading to the segregation of cholesterol from its normal phospholipid binding sites. This action, in turn, leads to the formation of holes about 40-50 A wide in the lipid bilayer.
  • cytosolic components able to pass over digitonin-formed holes can be washed out, including the cytochrome C that was released from mitochondria to cytosol in the apoptotic cells (Campos, 2006, Cytometry A 69(6):515-523).
  • Bcl-xL inhibitors will yield an ECs 0 of less than about 10 nM in the Molt-4 cell permeabilized cyt c assay of Example 5, although the compounds may exhibit significantly lower ECsoS, for example, less than about 5, 1, or even 0.5 nM.
  • Bcl-xL inhibitors of structural formula (Ila) selectively or specifically inhibit Bcl-xL over other anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, selective and/or specific inhibition of Bcl-xL is not necessary.
  • the Bcl-xL inhibitors comprising the ADCs may also, in addition to inhibiting Bcl-xL, inhibit one or more other anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, such as, for example, Bcl-2.
  • the Bcl-xL inhibitors comprising the ADC are selective and/or specific for Bcl-xL.
  • Bcl-xL inhibitor binds or inhibits Bcl-xL to a greater extent than Bcl-2 under equivalent assay conditions.
  • the Bcl-xL inhibitors comprising the ADCs exhibit in the range of 10-fold, 100-fold, or even greater specificity for Bcl-xL than Bcl-2 in a Bcl-xL binding assay.
  • the Bcl-xL inhibitors are linked to the antibody by way of linkers.
  • the linker linking a Bcl-xL inhibitor to the antibody of an ADC may be short, long, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, flexible or rigid, or may be composed of segments that each independently has one or more of the above-mentioned properties such that the linker may include segments having different properties.
  • the linkers may be polyvalent such that they covalently link more than one
  • Bcl-xL inhibitor to a single site on the antibody, or monovalent such that covalently they link a single Bcl-xL inhibitor to a single site on the antibody.
  • the linkers link the Bcl-xL inhibitors to the antibody by forming a covalent linkage to the Bcl-xL inhibitor at one location and a covalent linkage to antibody at another.
  • the covalent linkages are formed by reaction between functional groups on the linker and functional groups on the inhibitors and antibody.
  • linker is intended to include (i) unconjugated forms of the linker that include a functional group capable of covalently linking the linker to a Bcl-xL inhibitor and a functional group capable of covalently linking the linker to an antibody; (ii) partially conjugated forms of the linker that include a functional group capable of covalently linking the linker to an antibody and that is covalently linked to a Bcl-xL inhibitor, or vice versa; and (iii) fully conjugated forms of the linker that are covalently linked to both a Bcl-xL inhibitor and an antibody.
  • moieties comprising the functional groups on the linker and covalent linkages formed between the linker and antibody are specifically illustrated as R x and LK, respectively.
  • One embodiment pertains to an ADC formed by contacting an antibody that binds a cell surface receptor or tumor associated antigen expressed on a tumor cell with a synthon described herein under conditions in which the synthon covalently links to the antibody.
  • One embodiment pertains to a method of making an ADC formed by contacting a synthon described herein under conditions in which the synthon covalently links to the antibody.
  • One embodiment pertains to a method of inhibiting Bcl-xL activity in a cell that expresses Bcl-xL, comprising contacting the cell with an ADC described herein that is capable of binding the cell, under conditions in which the ADC binds the cell.
  • the linkers are preferably, but need not be, chemically stable to conditions outside the cell, and may be designed to cleave, immolate and/or otherwise specifically degrade inside the cell.
  • linkers that are not designed to specifically cleave or degrade inside the cell may be used.
  • a wide variety of linkers useful for linking drugs to antibodies in the context of ADCs are known in the art. Any of these linkers, as well as other linkers, may be used to link the Bcl-xL inhibitors to the antibody of the ADCs described herein. Exemplary polyvalent linkers that may be used to link many Bcl-xL inhibitors to an antibody are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No 8,399,512; U.S. Published Application No. 2010/0152725; U.S. Patent No. 8,524,214; U.S. Patent No. 8,349,308; U.S. Published Application No. 2013/189218; U.S. Published Application No.
  • the Fleximer® linker technology developed by Mersana et al. has the potential to enable high-DAR ADCs with good physicochemical properties.
  • the Fleximer® linker technology is based on incorporating drug molecules into a solubilizing poly-acetal backbone via a sequence of ester bonds. The methodology renders highly-loaded ADCs (DAR up to 20) whilst maintaining good physicochemical properties. This methodology could be utilized with Bcl-xL inhibitors as shown in the Scheme below.
  • an aliphatic alcohol must be present or introduced into the Bcl-xL inhibitor.
  • the alcohol moiety is then conjugated to an alanine moiety, which is then synthetically incorporated into the Fleximer® linker. Liposomal processing of the ADC in vitro releases the parent alcohol-containing drug.
  • Exemplary monovalent linkers that may be used are described, for example, in Nolting, 2013, Antibody-Drug Conjugates, Methods in Molecular Biology 1045:71-100; Kitson et al., 2013, CROs/CMOs - Chemica Oggi - Chemistry Today 31(4): 30-36; Ducry et al., 2010, Bioconjugate Chem. 21:5-13; Zhao et al , 2011, /. Med. Chem. 54:3606-3623; U.S. Patent No. 7,223,837; U.S. Patent No. 8,568,728; U.S. Patent No. 8,535,678; and WO2004010957, the content of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
  • the linker selected is cleavable in vitro and in vivo.
  • Cleavable linkers may include chemically or enzymatically unstable or degradable linkages.
  • Cleavable linkers generally rely on processes inside the cell to liberate the drug, such as reduction in the cytoplasm, exposure to acidic conditions in the lysosome, or cleavage by specific proteases or other enzymes within the cell.
  • Cleavable linkers generally incorporate one or more chemical bonds that are either chemically or enzymatically cleavable while the remainder of the linker is noncleavable.
  • a linker comprises a chemically labile group such as hydrazone and/or disulfide groups.
  • Linkers comprising chemically labile groups exploit differential properties between the plasma and some cytoplasmic compartments.
  • the intracellular conditions to facilitate drug release for hydrazone containing linkers are the acidic environment of endosomes and lysosomes, while the disulfide containing linkers are reduced in the cytosol, which contains high thiol concentrations, e.g., glutathione.
  • the plasma stability of a linker comprising a chemically labile group may be increased by introducing steric hindrance using substituents near the chemically labile group.
  • Acid-labile groups such as hydrazone, remain intact during systemic circulation in the blood's neutral pH environment (pH 7.3-7.5) and undergo hydrolysis and release the drug once the ADC is internalized into mildly acidic endosomal (pH 5.0-6.5) and lysosomal (pH 4.5-5.0) compartments of the cell.
  • This pH dependent release mechanism has been associated with nonspecific release of the drug.
  • the linker may be varied by chemical modification, e.g. , substitution, allowing tuning to achieve more efficient release in the lysosome with a minimized loss in circulation.
  • Hydrazone -containing linkers may contain additional cleavage sites, such as additional acid- labile cleavage sites and/or enzymatically labile cleavage sites.
  • ADCs including exemplary hydrazone-containing linkers include the following structures:
  • linker (Id) the linker comprises two cleavable groups - a disulfide and a hydrazone moiety.
  • linkers such as (Ie) and (If) have been shown to be effective with a single hydrazone cleavage site.
  • linkers include ds-aconityl-containing linkers.
  • ds-aconityl-containing linkers ds-aconityl-containing linkers.
  • c «-Aconityl chemistry uses a carboxylic acid juxtaposed to an amide bond to accelerate amide hydrolysis under acidic conditions.
  • Cleavable linkers may also include a disulfide group.
  • Disulfides are thermodynamically stable at physiological pH and are designed to release the drug upon internalization inside cells, wherein the cytosol provides a significantly more reducing environment compared to the extracellular environment. Scission of disulfide bonds generally requires the presence of a cytoplasmic thiol cofactor, such as (reduced) glutathione (GSH), such that disulfide-containing linkers are reasonable stable in circulation, selectively releasing the drug in the cytosol.
  • GSH cytoplasmic thiol cofactor
  • the intracellular enzyme protein disulfide isomerase or similar enzymes capable of cleaving disulfide bonds, may also contribute to the preferential cleavage of disulfide bonds inside cells.
  • GSH is reported to be present in cells in the concentration range of 0.5-10 mM compared with a significantly lower concentration of GSH or cysteine, the most abundant low-molecular weight thiol, in circulation at approximately 5 ⁇ .
  • Tumor cells where irregular blood flow leads to a hypoxic state, result in enhanced activity of reductive enzymes and therefore even higher glutathione concentrations.
  • the in vivo stability of a disulfide-containing linker may be enhanced by chemical modification of the linker, e.g., use of steric hindrance adjacent to the disulfide bond.
  • ADCs including exemplary disulfide -containing linkers include the following structures:
  • n represents the number of drug- linkers linked to the antibody and R is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen or alkyl, for example.
  • R is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen or alkyl, for example.
  • increasing steric hindrance adjacent to the disulfide bond increases the stability of the linker.
  • Structures such as (Ig) and (Ii) show increased in vivo stability when one or more R groups are selected from a lower alkyl such as methyl.
  • linker that is specifically cleaved by an enzyme.
  • the linker is cleavable by a lysosomal enzyme.
  • Such linkers are typically peptide- based or include peptidic regions that act as substrates for enzymes.
  • Peptide based linkers tend to be more stable in plasma and extracellular mille than chemically labile linkers. Peptide bonds generally have good serum stability, as lysosomal proteolytic enzymes have very low activity in blood due to endogenous inhibitors and the unfavorably high pH value of blood compared to lysosomes.
  • lysosomal proteases e.g., cathepsin and plasmin. These proteases may be present at elevated levels in certain tumor tissues.
  • the linker is cleavable by the lysosomal enzyme is Cathepsin B.
  • the linker is cleavable by a lysosomal enzyme, and the lysosomal enzyme is ⁇ -glucuronidase or ⁇ -galactosidase. In certain embodiments, the linker is cleavable by a lysosomal enzyme, and the lysosomal enzyme is ⁇ -glucuronidase. In certain embodiments, the linker is cleavable by a lysosomal enzyme, and the lysosomal enzyme is ⁇ -galactosidase.
  • the cleavable peptide is selected from tetrapeptides such as Gly- Phe-Leu-Gly (SEQ ID NO: 166), Ala-Leu-Ala-Leu (SEQ ID NO: 167) or dipeptides such as Val-Cit, Val-Ala, and Phe-Lys. In certain embodiments, dipeptides are preferred over longer polypeptides due to hydrophobicity of the longer peptides.
  • dipeptide linkers may be used in the ADCs described herein.
  • Other dipeptide linkers include those found in ADCs such as Seattle Genetics' Brentuximab Vendotin SGN-35 (AdcetrisTM), Seattle Genetics SGN-75 (anti-CD-70, MC- monomethyl auristatin F(MMAF), Celldex Therapeutics glembatumumab (CDX-011) (anti-NMB, Val-Cit- monomethyl auristatin E(MMAE), and Cytogen PSMA-ADC (PSMA-ADC-1301) (anti- PSMA, Val-Cit-MMAE).
  • Enzymatically cleavable linkers may include a self-immolative spacer to spatially separate the drug from the site of enzymatic cleavage.
  • the direct attachment of a drug to a peptide linker can result in proteolytic release of an amino acid adduct of the drug, thereby impairing its activity.
  • the use of a self-immolative spacer allows for the elimination of the fully active, chemically unmodified drug upon amide bond hydrolysis.
  • One self-immolative spacer is the bifunctional /?ara-aminobenzyl alcohol group, which is linked to the peptide through the amino group, forming an amide bond, while amine containing drugs may be attached through carbamate functionalities to the benzylic hydroxyl group of the linker (to give a p-amidobenzylcarbamate, PABC).
  • the resulting prodrugs are activated upon protease- mediated cleavage, leading to a 1 ,6 -elimination reaction releasing the unmodified drug, carbon dioxide, and remnants of the linker group.
  • the following scheme depicts the fragmentation of p- amidobenzyl carbamate and release of the drug:
  • the enzymatically cleavable linker is a ⁇ -glucuronic acid-based linker. Facile release of the drug may be realized through cleavage of the ⁇ -glucuronide glycosidic bond by the lysosomal enzyme ⁇ -glucuronidase. This enzyme is present abundantly within lysosomes and is overexpressed in some tumor types, while the enzyme activity outside cells is low.
  • ⁇ - Glucuronic acid-based linkers may be used to circumvent the tendency of an ADC to undergo aggregation due to the hydrophilic nature of ⁇ -glucuronides.
  • ⁇ -glucuronic acid-based linkers are preferred as linkers for ADCs linked to hydrophobic drugs. The following scheme depicts the release of the drug from an ADC containing a ⁇ -glucuronic acid-based linker:
  • cleavable ⁇ -glucuronic acid-based linkers useful for linking drugs such as auristatins, camptothecin and doxorubicin analogues, CBI minor-groove binders, and psymberin to antibodies have been described (see, Jeffrey et al. , 2006, Bioconjug. Chem. 17:831-840; Jeffrey et al, 2007, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 17:2278-2280; and Jiang et al , 2005, /. Am. Chem. Soc. 127:11254- 11255, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference).
  • the enzymatically cleavable linker is a ⁇ -galactoside-based linker, ⁇ -galactoside is present abundantly within lysosomes, while the enzyme activity outside cells is low.
  • Bcl-xL inhibitors containing a phenol group can be covalently bonded to a linker through the phenolic oxygen.
  • linker described in U.S. Published App. No.
  • Cleavable linkers may include noncleavable portions or segments, and/or cleavable segments or portions may be included in an otherwise non-cleavable linker to render it cleavable.
  • polyethylene glycol (PEG) and related polymers may include cleavable groups in the polymer backbone.
  • a polyethylene glycol or polymer linker may include one or more cleavable groups such as a disulfide, a hydrazone or a dipeptide.
  • degradable linkages that may be included in linkers include ester linkages formed by the reaction of PEG carboxylic acids or activated PEG carboxylic acids with alcohol groups on a biologically active agent, wherein such ester groups generally hydrolyze under physiological conditions to release the biologically active agent.
  • Hydrolytically degradable linkages include, but are not limited to, carbonate linkages; imine linkages resulting from reaction of an amine and an aldehyde; phosphate ester linkages formed by reacting an alcohol with a phosphate group; acetal linkages that are the reaction product of an aldehyde and an alcohol; orthoester linkages that are the reaction product of a formate and an alcohol; and oligonucleotide linkages formed by a
  • the linker comprises an enzvmatically cleavable peptide moiety, for example, a linker comprising structural formula (IVa), (IVb), (IVc) or (IVd):
  • peptide represents a peptide (illustrated N ⁇ C, wherein peptide includes the amino and carboxy "termini”) cleavable by a lysosomal enzyme;
  • T represents a polymer comprising one or more ethylene glycol units or an alkylene chain, or combinations thereof;
  • R a is selected from hydrogen, C 6 alkyl, S0 3 H and CH 2 S0 3 H;
  • R y is hydrogen or Ci_ 4 alkyl-(0) r -(Ci_ 4 alkylene) s -G 1 or C,_ 4 alkyl-(N)-[(C ] 4 alkylene)-G 1 ] 2 ;
  • R z is Ci- 4 alkyl-(0) r -(C 1 _4 alkylene) s -G 2 ;
  • G 1 is S0 3 H, C0 2 H, PEG 4-32, or sugar moiety
  • G 2 is SO 3 H, C0 2 H, or PEG 4-32 moiety
  • r is 0 or 1 ;
  • s is 0 or 1 ;
  • p is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; q is 0 or 1
  • x is 0 or 1
  • y is 0 or 1
  • ⁇ represents the point of attachment of the linker to the Bcl-xL inhibitor
  • the linker comprises an enzymatically cleavable peptide moiety, for example, a linker comprising structural formula (IV a), (IVb), (IVc), or (IV d), or salts thereof.
  • linker L comprises a segment according to structural formula IVa or IVb or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the peptide is selected from a tripeptide or a dipeptide.
  • the dipeptide is selected from: Val-Cit; Cit-Val; Ala-Ala; Ala-Cit; Cit-Ala; Asn-Cit; Cit-Asn; Cit-Cit; Val-Glu; Glu-Val; Ser-Cit; Cit-Ser; Lys-Cit; Cit-Lys; Asp-Cit; Cit-Asp; Ala-Val; Val-Ala; Phe-Lys; Lys-Phe; Val-Lys; Lys-Val; Ala-Lys; Lys-Ala; Phe-Cit; Cit-Phe; Leu-Cit; Cit-Leu; Ile-Cit; Cit-Ile; Phe-Arg; Arg-Phe; Cit-Trp; and Trp-Cit; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • linkers according to structural formula (IVa) that may be included in the ADCs described herein include the linkers illustrated below (as illustrated, the linkers include a group suitable for covalently linking the linker to an antibody):
  • linkers according to structural formula (IVb), (IVc), or (IVd) that may be included in the ADCs described herein include the linkers illustrated below (as illustrated, the linkers include a group suitable for covalently linking the linker to an antibody):
  • the linker comprises an enzymatically cleavable sugar moiety, for example, a linker comprising structural formula (Va), (Vb), (Vc), (Vd), or (Ve):
  • q is 0 or 1 ;
  • r is 0 or 1 ;
  • X 1 is CH 2 , O or NH
  • ⁇ represents the point of attachment of the linker to the drug
  • linkers according to structural formula (Va) that may be included in the ADCs described herein include the linkers illustrated below (as illustrated, the linkers include a group suitable for covalently linking the linker to an antibody):
  • linkers according to structural formula (Vb) that may be included in the ADCs described herein include the linkers illustrated below (as illustrated, the linkers include a group suitable for covalently linking the linker to an antibody):
  • linkers according to structural formula (Vc) that may be included in the ADCs described herein include the linkers illustrated below (as illustrated, the linkers include a group suitable for covalently linking the linker to an antibody):
  • linkers according to structural formula (Vd) that may be included in the ADCs described herein include the linkers illustrated below (as illustrated, the linkers include a group suitable for covalently linking the linker to an antibody):
  • linkers according to structural formula (Ve) that may be included in the ADCs described herein include the linkers illustrated below (as illustrated, the linkers include a group suitable for covalently linking the linker to an antibody):
  • the linkers comprising the ADC described herein need not be cleavable.
  • the drug release does not depend on the differential properties between the plasma and some cytoplasmic compartments.
  • the release of the drug is postulated to occur after internalization of the ADC via antigen-mediated endocytosis and delivery to lysosomal compartment, where the antibody is degraded to the level of amino acids through intracellular proteolytic degradation. This process releases a drug derivative, which is formed by the drug, the linker, and the amino acid residue to which the linker was covalently attached.
  • Non-cleavable linkers may be alkylene chains, or maybe polymeric in natures, such as, for example, based upon polyalkylene glycol polymers, amide polymers, or may include segments of alkylene chains, poly alkylene glycols and/or amide polymers.
  • the linker comprises a polyethylene glycol segment having from 1 to 6 ethylene glycol units.
  • the linker is non-cleavable in vivo, for example a linker according to structural formula (Via), (VIb), (VIc) or (VId) (as illustrated, the linkers include a group suitable for covalently linking the linker to an antibody:
  • R is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, sulfonate and methyl sulfonate
  • R x is a moiety including a functional group capable of covalently linking the linker to an antibody
  • ⁇ represents the point of attachment of the linker to the Bcl-xL inhibitor.
  • linkers according to structural formula (Via) -(Vld) that may be included in the ADCs described herein include the linkers illustrated below (as illustrated, the linkers include a group suitable for covalently linking the linker to an antibody, and " represents the point of attachment to a Bcl-xL inhibitor):
  • Attachment groups can be electrophilic in nature and include: maleimide groups, activated disulfides, active esters such as NHS esters and HOBt esters, haloformates, acid halides, alkyl and benzyl halides such as haloacetamides.
  • maleimide groups activated disulfides
  • active esters such as NHS esters and HOBt esters
  • haloformates acid halides
  • alkyl and benzyl halides such as haloacetamides.
  • Loss of the drug-linker from the ADC has been observed as a result of a maleimide exchange process with albumin, cysteine or glutathione (Alley et al. , 2008, Bioconjugate Chem. 19: 759-769). This is particularly prevalent from highly solvent-accessible sites of conjugation while sites that are partially accessible and have a positively charged environment promote maleimide ring hydrolysis (Junutula et al, 2008, Nat. Biotechnol. 26: 925-932). A recognized solution is to hydrolyze the succinimide formed from conjugation as this is resistant to deconjugation from the antibody, thereby making the ADC stable in serum.
  • the maleimide ring of a linker may react with an antibody Ab, forming a covalent attachment as either a succinimide (closed form) or succinamide (open form).
  • Polytherics has disclosed a method for bridging a pair of sulfhydryl groups derived from reduction of a native hinge disulfide bond. See, Badescu et al., 2014, Bioconjugate Chem. 25:1124- 1136. The reaction is depicted in the schematic below.
  • An advantage of this methodology is the ability to synthesize homogenous DAR4 ADCs by full reduction of IgGs (to give 4 pairs of sulfhydryls) followed by reaction with 4 equivalents of the alkylating agent.
  • ADCs containing "bridged disulfides" are also claimed to have increased stability.
  • R q is H or -0-(CH 2 CH 2 0) folk-CH 3 ;
  • x is 0 or 1 ;
  • y is 0 or 1 ;
  • G 3 is -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 S0 3 H or -CH 2 CH 2 0-(CH 2 CH 2 0) 1 R w i s -0-CH 2 CH 2 S0 3 H or -NH(CO)-CH 2 CH 2 0-(CH 2 CH 2 0) 12 -CH 3 ; and * represents the point of attachment to the remainder of the linker.
  • the linker comprises a segment according to structural formulae (Villa), (VHIb), or (VIIIc):
  • R q is H or -0-(CH 2 CH 2 0) folk-CH 3 ;
  • x is 0 or 1 ;
  • y is 0 or 1 ;
  • G 3 is -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 S0 3 H or -CH 2 CH 2 0-(CH 2 CH 2 0) flesh-CH 3 ;
  • R w is -0-CH 2 CH 2 S0 3 H or -NH(CO)-CH 2 CH 2 0-(CH 2 CH 2 0) 12 -CH 3 ;
  • ⁇ represents the point of attachment of the linker to the antibody.
  • linkers according to structural formula (Vila) and (Vllb) that may be included in the ADCs described herein include the linkers illustrated below (as illustrated, the linkers include a group suitable for covalently linking the linker to an antibody):
  • linkers according to structural formula (VIIc) that may be included in the ADCs described herein include the linkers illustrated below (as illustrated, the linkers include a group suitable for covalently linking the linker to an antibody):
  • L is selected from the group consisting of IVa.l-IVa.8, IVb.1- IVb.19, IVc. l-IVc.7, IVd.l-IVd.4, Va.l-Va.12, Vb. l-Vb.lO, Vc.l-Vc.l l, Vd. l-Vd.6, Ve. l-Ve.2, Vla.l, VIc. l-Vlc.2, VId.l-VId.4, VIIa.l-VIIa.4, VIIb.l-VIIb.8, VIIc.l-VIIc.6 in the closed or open form, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • L is selected from the group consisting of IVb.2, IVc.5, IVc.6, IVc.7, IVd.4, Vb.9, Vlla. l, VIIa.3, VIIc l, VIIc.3, VIIc.4, and VIIc.5, wherein the maleimide of each linker has reacted with the antibody, Ab, forming a covalent attachment as either a succinimide (closed form) or succinamide (open form).
  • L is selected from the group consisting of IVc.5, IVc.6, IVd.4, Vlla.l, VIIa.3, VIIcl, VIIc.3, VIIc.4, and VIIc.5, wherein the maleimide of each linker has reacted with the antibody, Ab, forming a covalent attachment as either a succinimide (closed form) or succinamide (open form).
  • L is selected from the group consisting of VIIa.3, IVc.6, VIIc.1 , and
  • the linker selected for a particular ADC may be influenced by a variety of factors, including but not limited to, the site of attachment to the antibody (e.g., lys, cys or other amino acid residues), structural constraints of the drug pharmacophore and the lipophilicity of the drug.
  • the specific linker selected for an ADC should seek to balance these different factors for the specific antibody/drug combination.
  • ADCs have been observed to effect killing of bystander antigen-negative cells present in the vicinity of the antigen-positive tumor cells.
  • the mechanism of bystander cell killing by ADCs has indicated that metabolic products formed during intracellular processing of the ADCs may play a role.
  • Neutral cytotoxic metabolites generated by metabolism of the ADCs in antigen-positive cells appear to play a role in bystander cell killing while charged metabolites may be prevented from diffusing across the membrane into the medium and therefore cannot affect bystander killing.
  • the linker is selected to attenuate the bystander killing effect caused by cellular metabolites of the ADC.
  • the linker is selected to increase the bystander killing effect.
  • the properties of the linker may also impact aggregation of the ADC under conditions of use and/or storage.
  • ADCs reported in the literature contain no more than 3-4 drug molecules per antibody molecule (see, e.g. , Chari, 2008, Acc Chem Res 41 :98-107). Attempts to obtain higher drug-to-antibody ratios ("DAR") often failed, particularly if both the drug and the linker were hydrophobic, due to aggregation of the ADC (King et al, 2002, J Med Chem 45:4336-4343;
  • the linker incorporates chemical moieties that reduce aggregation of the ADCs during storage and/or use.
  • a linker may incorporate polar or hydrophilic groups such as charged groups or groups that become charged under physiological pH to reduce the aggregation of the ADCs.
  • a linker may incorporate charged groups such as salts or groups that deprotonate, e.g., carboxylates, or protonate, e.g. , amines, at physiological pH.
  • the aggregation of the ADCs during storage or use is less than about 40% as determined by size -exclusion chromatography (SEC). In particular embodiments, the aggregation of the ADCs during storage or use is less than 35%, such as less than about 30%, such as less than about 25%, such as less than about 20%, such as less than about 15%, such as less than about 10%, such as less than about 5%, such as less than about 4%, or even less, as determined by size- exclusion chromatography (SEC).
  • SEC size-exclusion chromatography
  • linker L is selected from the group consisting of linkers IVa. l-IVa.8, IVb. l-IVb.19, IVc. l-IVc.7, IVd. l-IVd.4, Va. l-Va.12, Vb.l-Vb. lO, Vc. l-Vc. l l , Vd. l-Vd.6, Vla. l, Ve. l-Ve.2, Vla.l, Vlc. l-Vlc.2, Vld. l-Vld.4, Vila.1 -Vila.4, VIIb.1- VIIb.8, VIIc. l-VIIc.6 and salts thereof.
  • Antibody-Drug Conjugate synthons are synthetic intermediates used to form ADCs.
  • the synthons are generally compounds according to structural formula (III):
  • the synthons are compounds according to structural formula (Ilia) or salts thereof, where Ar, R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 10a , R 10b , R 10c , R lla , R Ub , Z 2 , and n are as previously defined for structural formula (Ila), and L and R * are as defined for structural formula (III):
  • an intermediate synthon according to structural formula (III), or a salt thereof is contacted with an antibody of interest under conditions in which functional group R x reacts with a "complementary" functional group on the antibody, F x , to form a covalent linkage.
  • R x comprises a functional group capable of linking the synthon to an amino group on an antibody.
  • R comprises an NHS-ester or an
  • R x comprises a functional group capable of linking the synthon to a sulfhydryl group on an antibody.
  • R x comprises a haloacetyl or a maleimide.
  • the synthons are linked to the side chains of amino acid residues of the antibody, including, for example, the primary amino group of accessible lysine residues or the sulfhydryl group of accessible cysteine residues.
  • Free sulfhydryl groups may be obtained by reducing interchain disulfide bonds.
  • LK is a linkage formed with an amino group on the anti-hCD98 antibody
  • LK is an amide or a thiourea. In another embodiment, LK is a linkage formed with a sulfhydryl group on the anti-hCD98 antibody Ab. In another embodiment, LK is a thioether.
  • D is the Bcl-xL inhibitor is according to structural formula (Ila), wherein the # is replaced with a hydrogen to form a compound selected from the group consisting of
  • L is selected from the group consisting of linkers IVa. l-IVa.8, IVb. l-IVb.19, IVc. l-IVc.7,
  • D is the Bcl-xL inhibitor is according to structural formula (Ila), wherein the # is replaced with a hydrogen to form a compound selected from the group consisting of
  • L is selected from the group consisting of linkers Vc.5, IVc.6, IVd.4, VIIa.1 , VIIc. l , VIIc.3, VIIc.4, and VIIc.5 in either closed or open forms and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
  • LK is thioether
  • m is an integer ranging from 2 to 4.
  • the maleimide ring of a synthon may react with an antibody Ab, forming a covalent attachment as either a succinimide (closed form) or succinamide (open form).
  • other functional groups e.g. acetyl halide or vinyl sulfone may react with an antibody, Ab, forming a covalent attachment
  • the ADC is selected from the group consisting of huAbl02-WD, huAbl02-LB, huAbl02-VD, huAbl04-WD, huAbl04- LB, huAbl04-VD, huAbl08-WD, huAbl08-LB, huAbl08-VD, huAbl lO-WD, huAbl 10-LB, and huAbl 10-VD, wherein WD, LB, and VD are synthons disclosed in Table A, and where in the synthons are either in open or closed form.
  • the ADC or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is selected from the group consisting of formulas i-vi:
  • n is an integer from 1 to 6. In a specific embodiment, m is an integer from 1 to 4.
  • R x and chemistries useful for linking synthons to accessible lysine residues are known, and include by way of example and not limitation NHS-esters and isothiocyanates.
  • a number of functional groups R x and chemistries useful for linking synthons to accessible free sulfhydryl groups of cysteine residues are known, and include by way of example and not limitation haloacetyls and maleimides.
  • D is selected from the group consisting of W1.01, W1.02, W1.03, W1.04, W1.05, W1.06, W1.07, and W1.08 and salts thereof;
  • L is selected from the group consisting of linkers IVa. l-IVa.8, IVb. l-IVb.19, IVc. l-IVc.7, IVd. l-IVd.4, Va.l-Va.12, Vb.l-Vb.lO, Vc.l- Vc.
  • R comprises a functional group selected from the group consisting of NHS-ester, isothiocyanate, haloacetyl and maleimide.
  • conjugation chemistries are not limited to available side chain groups.
  • Side chains such as amines may be converted to other useful groups, such as hydroxyls, by linking an appropriate small molecule to the amine. This strategy can be used to increase the number of available linking sites in the antibody by conjugating multifunctional small molecules to side chains of accessible amino acid residues of the antibody.
  • the antibody may also be engineered to include amino acid residues for conjugation.
  • An approach for engineering antibodies to include non-genetically encoded amino acid residues useful for conjugating drugs in the context of ADCs is described in Axup et al, 2003, Proc Natl Acad Sci
  • synthons useful for making ADCs described herein include, but are not limited to, the following synthons:

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des anticorps anti-CD98 et des conjugués anticorps-médicament (ADC), ainsi que des compositions et des procédés d'utilisation desdits anticorps et ADC.
PCT/US2017/036639 2016-06-08 2017-06-08 Anticorps anti-cd98 et conjugués anticorps-médicament WO2017214456A1 (fr)

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CN201780047783.0A CN109562169A (zh) 2016-06-08 2017-06-08 抗cd98抗体及抗体药物偶联物
US16/308,755 US20200002432A1 (en) 2016-06-08 2017-06-08 Anti-cd98 antibodies and antibody drug conjugates
BR112018075630-0A BR112018075630A2 (pt) 2016-06-08 2017-06-08 anticorpos anti-cd98 e conjugados de fármaco de anticorpo
AU2017277914A AU2017277914A1 (en) 2016-06-08 2017-06-08 Anti-CD98 antibodies and antibody drug conjugates
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WO2019157224A1 (fr) 2018-02-07 2019-08-15 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Procédés et compositions pour l'administration de protéines thérapeutiques
US10640563B2 (en) 2016-06-08 2020-05-05 Abbvie Inc. Anti-B7-H3 antibodies and antibody drug conjugates
WO2020236817A2 (fr) 2019-05-20 2020-11-26 Novartis Ag Conjugués anticorps-médicament inhibiteurs de mcl-1 et méthodes d'utilisation
CN114555114A (zh) * 2019-05-31 2022-05-27 免疫医疗有限责任公司 组合疗法
WO2023061405A1 (fr) * 2021-10-12 2023-04-20 成都科岭源医药技术有限公司 Conjugué lieur-médicament ciblé hautement stable
US11759527B2 (en) 2021-01-20 2023-09-19 Abbvie Inc. Anti-EGFR antibody-drug conjugates
WO2024129628A1 (fr) * 2022-12-14 2024-06-20 Merck Sharp & Dohme Llc Charges utiles-lieur d'auristatine, compositions pharmaceutiques et leurs utilisations

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EP3468599A2 (fr) * 2016-06-08 2019-04-17 AbbVie Inc. Anticorps anti-cd98 et conjugués anticorps-médicament
CN110893236A (zh) * 2019-10-09 2020-03-20 中山大学 溶酶体靶向的抗体药物偶联物及其应用
CN117561276A (zh) * 2021-06-02 2024-02-13 华辉安健（北京）生物科技有限公司 抗cd98抗体及其应用

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