WO2017178113A1 - Agencement de ferme de panneaux solaires et procédé d'assemblage d'agencement de ferme de panneaux solaires - Google Patents

Agencement de ferme de panneaux solaires et procédé d'assemblage d'agencement de ferme de panneaux solaires Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017178113A1
WO2017178113A1 PCT/EP2017/000473 EP2017000473W WO2017178113A1 WO 2017178113 A1 WO2017178113 A1 WO 2017178113A1 EP 2017000473 W EP2017000473 W EP 2017000473W WO 2017178113 A1 WO2017178113 A1 WO 2017178113A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
solar module
module elements
elements
mounting structure
field arrangement
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2017/000473
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Mirko Dudas
Original Assignee
Mirko Dudas
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mirko Dudas filed Critical Mirko Dudas
Priority to EP17727101.2A priority Critical patent/EP3443274A1/fr
Publication of WO2017178113A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017178113A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S40/00—Safety or protection arrangements of solar heat collectors; Preventing malfunction of solar heat collectors
    • F24S40/80—Accommodating differential expansion of solar collector elements
    • F24S40/85—Arrangements for protecting solar collectors against adverse weather conditions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S2020/10—Solar modules layout; Modular arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S2020/10—Solar modules layout; Modular arrangements
    • F24S2020/16—Preventing shading effects
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a solar module field arrangement, in particular to a fixed or tracked solar module field arrangement.
  • the invention relates to a method of assembling a solar module field arrangement.
  • modules are mounted elevated on roofs, flat roofs, free surfaces, or also facades in such a way that they have this optimum
  • solar modules may be arranged in (fixed or tracked) field solar module field arrangements.
  • the solar modules are arranged to groups of (preferably framed) solar modules which are then fixed to a support or mounting structure, formed by an open frame structure.
  • solar energy generation plants are also known, which are actively tracked to the course of the sun, in order to ensure an optimum or at least an improved orientation toward the sun at nearly every time of day.
  • such a tracking mechanism used for increasing efficiency is quite complex.
  • the mounting structures are adapted or configured to house or accomodate a plurality of (framed) solar modules in a parallel or coplanar (array) arrangement so that the solar modules form a great continuos surface causing a great wind load into the mounting structure.
  • the mounting structure may particularly be formed of a continuos and connected stable frame structure to be stable enough to withstand the high wind and/or snow loads.
  • a solar module field arrangement which comprises a mounting structure and at least two solar module elements each comprising a main surface and each mounted onto the mounting structure, wherein the at least two solar module elements are mounted onto the mounting structure in such a way that the main surfaces of the solar module elements are arranged in different planes, and wherein the different planes are parallelly shifted with respect to each other.
  • the solar module elements may be framed solar module elements.
  • the solar module elements may be unframed solar module elements.
  • the mounting structure may be a single or integrally formed mounting structure.
  • mounting structure may be limited to an open structure, i.e. a structure or system which has to be distinguished from a building (e.g. a residential building) comprising walls on a plurality or all sides of the building. Thus, the mounting structure may be freely accessible from all sides.
  • integralally formed or “single” may particularly denote that the mounting structure is a continuos frame or a bars and and rows structure fixed to each other and forming a firmly or stable common system.
  • the mounting structure according to an exemplary aspect of the invention is a single connected supporting structure or device and has to be distinguished from a system comprising a plurality of mounting elements or mounting sub-structures.
  • all elements of the mounting structure may be configured to lead or guide a gravity force into the ground and no elements may just be used to keep two mounting structures together, e.g . in form of a clamp, bar or rod anchoring or connecting the two mounting structures together.
  • a mounting structure may be or may form some kind of (module) table structure which leads the gravity force (generated by the solar module elements arranged on the module table) into the ground in particular indipendently or without the help or cooperation of another element not being part of the mounting struture. Adjacent mounting structures, e.g .
  • each single mounting structure or mounting table is not connected to another single mounting structure in thus a way that load is distributed to the another single mounting structure (i.e. each single mounting structure may be free of any load distribution structure connecting the single mounting structure to another single mounting structure).
  • one or more single mounting structure may comprise "wiring" or "restrains" connected to adjacent single mounting structure, which "wiring” may increase stabilty with respect to tilting .
  • the solar module elements may be planar or substantially planar solar module elements wherein the main surface is formed by the planar surface of the solar module elements. It should be noted that in case of flexible solar module elements, e.g. solar modules made of organic foils, these elements may have a planar, curved, undulated ot the like surface.
  • the solar module field arrangement may of course comprise more than two or a plurality of solar module elements.
  • the number of solar module elements may depend on the area available and the size of the single solar module element.
  • a plurality of solar module field arrangements may be provided to form an array, matrix or area of solar module arragements.
  • the solar module field arrangement may be a fixed or fixedly mounted assembly. That is, no tracking or moving mechanisms are provided.
  • the solar module field arrangement may be mounted or fixed to a fixed mounting structure set up on ground .
  • the two or more solar module elements may be arranged in a herringbone pattern, parallel to each other in form of a brick or tile pattern or any other suitable regular or even irregular pattern.
  • the same principle may be used in a moveable or tracked solar module field arrangement.
  • a single solar module element may be limited or surrounded by a frame structure or framing element, i.e. a frame structure may form the circumferential or peripheral boundary or a rim of a single solar module element.
  • a frame structure may form the circumferential or peripheral boundary or a rim of a single solar module element.
  • parallel may particularly denote that main surfaces of the respective solar module elements are parallel or at least substantially parallel to each other in space.
  • small deviations e.g. due to small irregularities of the ground, roof or surface of the solar module elements, may also be covered by the term “parallel” .
  • solar module element may primarily describe a photovoltaic element it may as well describe a solar-thermal-energy element.
  • a solar module arrangement comprising a single mounting structure, and a plurality of solar module elements each comprising a main surface and each mounted onto the single mounting structure, wherein between adjacent solar module elements a gap is provided in such a way that the gap enables an air exchange between an upper side and a lower side of the plurality of solar module elements mounted on the single mounting structure.
  • the gap may have a width which is greater than 20 millimeter, preferably greater than 30 millimeter, more preferably greater than 40 millimeter, e.g . in the range between 20 millimeter and 25 centimeter.
  • Such an (air) gap may enable an efficient air flow between adjacent or neighboring solar module elements mounted to a single mounting structure leading to a pressure and/or wind speed difference compensation between the upper and the lower side of the solar module elements.
  • adjacent may particularly denote that between two solar module elements being adjacent to each other no other solar module element is arranged . However, there may be gaps or voids arranged between the two solar module elements as long as no other solar module element is arranged between.
  • a method of assembling a solar module field arrangement comprises providing a single mounting structure, and mounting at least two solar module elements onto the single mounting structure in an adjacent relationship in such a way that a gap is provided between the at least two solar module elements.
  • each of the at least two solar module elements may comprise a main surface, wherein the at least two solar module elements are mounted onto the mounting structure in such a way that the main surfaces of the at least two solar module elements are arranged in another plane.
  • a solar module arrangement which comprises a mounting structure; and at least two solar module elements each comprising an upper main surface, a lower main surface and having a thickness defined by the distance between the upper main surface and the lower main surface , wherein each of the two solar module elements is mounted onto the mounting structure, and wherein the at least two solar module elements are mounted onto the mounting structure in such a way that a gap is formed between the upper main surface of a first one of the at least two solar module elements and lower main surface of a second one of the at least two solar module elements, wherein the gap is larger than the thickness (of the solar module elements).
  • main surfaces of adjoining or neighboring solar module elements may be parallelly or at least substantially parallelly shifted from each other, e.g. the gap may form a step.
  • the upper main surface and/or the lower main surface may be defined by the respective surfaces of the frames, i.e. the thickness may be defined by the frame heigth.
  • the solar module elements By mounting the solar module elements in such a way that the main surfaces are arranged in different planes but parallel to each other, it may be possible to provide gaps or voids between the solar module elements all mounted to the same mounting structure so that a (wind) load imposed to the solar module elements (and thus to the mounting structure) may be reduced.
  • gaps may enable a compensating or at least partially cancellation of the (wind) load by providing "compensation paths" for air pressure differences compared to a substantially continuos, compact or closed surface of the solar module elements as given by known solar module field arrangements, only comprising a small fissure or slit where two solar module elements abut or faching each other, which fissure is not sufficient to enable a suitable air exchange and which is in general provided for enabling clamping of the solar module elements.
  • the strength of the material e.g. bars or rods
  • the provision of solar module elements having main surfaces parallelly shifted to each other may enable to provide gaps in an easy way.
  • the shifting may provide a step or leap in the total surface of the solar module elements, e.g . between neighboring or adjacent solar module elements.
  • Such a step may be in particular useful to reduce a total height of the solar module field arrangement or system (or more specfic the height of the mounting strutcure or mounting table and thus possible the height of the whole field arrangment comprising a plurality of mounting structures), by providing a gap or shift between the surface(s) of the solar module elements.
  • a gist of an exemplary embodiment may be seen in providing a solar module field arrangement (which may be a fixed or tracked arrangement) comprising a mounting structure or mountig table onto which a plurality of solar module elements are mounted or fixed .
  • a solar module field arrangement (which may be a fixed or tracked arrangement) comprising a mounting structure or mountig table onto which a plurality of solar module elements are mounted or fixed .
  • gaps may be provided between adjacent solar module elements mounted to the same single mounting structure. Due to the gaps, through which ambient air may flow the pressure or wind load onto the mounting structure may be reduced and/or the total height of the solar module field arrangement may be reduced even in case of the surfaces of the solar module elements may be inclined.
  • the solar module elements may be arranged in a way so that no flat or planar common surface is formed but rather a "ragged" common surface comprising steps and/or kink and/or gaps is formed.
  • the main surfaces of the solar module elements may be arranged in different, optionally parallel, planes.
  • a gap is formed between the at least two solar module elements.
  • Such a gap may enable a simple and/or efficient (wind) load reduction compared to a closed or compact (or only comprising small slits between adjacted solar module elements not sufficient for a sufficient air flow) complete or total surface as commonly used for solar module elements mounted to a single mounting structure.
  • the main portion of the total load is the wind load (induced by air pressure or pressure differences) it may be possible to simplify and/or to reduce the strength of the mounting strutcure possibly leading to a saving of material and/or costs and/or easing of installation due to lighter parts.
  • the solar module elements may only slightly change their position with respect to common mounting structures so that common mounting structures may be used .
  • the solar module field arrangement comprises at least three solar module elements which are mounted onto the mounting structure.
  • the solar module field arrangement may comprise a plurality of solar module elements, e.g . four, six, eight, nine, twelve or the like depending on the area available for the solar module field arrangement.
  • the solar field arrangment may comprise of course a plurality of mounting structures each comprising a plurality of solar module elements.
  • the at least three solar module elements form an array comprising two rows and two columns.
  • the plurality of solar module elements may be arranged in an array pattern, i.e. may be arranged in columns and rows.
  • the "columns” may not be arranged perpendicular to the "rows” may not be arranged perpendicular to each other but may form anoter angle than 90°.
  • the "columns” may not be arranged perpendicular to the "rows” may not be arranged perpendicular to each other but may form anoter angle than 90°.
  • every number of solar module elements may be suitable which can be arranged in an array pattern.
  • the terms “columns” and “rows” may be arbitrarily chosen in such a way that in case of rectangular solar module elements the solar module elements forming a row may be the solar module elements which have adjacent long or longitudinal sides, while the columns may be formed by the one which have adjacent traverse or shorter sides. However, it should be noted that of course the terms may be chosen the other way around . Furthermore, it should be noted that the solar module elements may not be arranged in an array like pattern but may be arranged in a regular brick pattern or even in an irregular tile pattern, for example. In addition it should be noted that in case of a plurality of mounting structures the mounting structures may as well be arranged in an matrix pattern comprising rows and columns of mounting structures and respective solar module elements.
  • the solar module field arrangement in the direction of at least one row and/or at least one column at least one of a step and a kink is formed with respect to the main surfaces of the solar module elements.
  • the common or total surface formed by the main surfaces of the solar module elements of one mounting structure may comprise one or several discontinuities, e.g . steps (or jumps), kinks (or sharp bends). These steps or kinky may be formed by using spacers arranged between the (flat, planar, ragged or inclined) mounting structure and the solar module elements. These discontinuities are preferably formed or present at the borders or outer perimeter of the single solar module elements mounted to a single mounting structure. However, it may not be necessary that such discontinuities are formed between each pair of adjacently mounted solar module elements.
  • a single step and/or kink may be formed, even in case the column or row comprises more than two adjacent solar module elements. This may in particular be true, in case the array of solar module elements only comprises a relatively small number of individual solar module elements.
  • the number of discontinuities may increase.
  • such a discontinuity (and possible gap) may be formed between each adjacent solar module element so that pressure induced by flowing air (and thus wind load) may be greatly reduced so that even in case of a great number of solar module elements mounted to the one mounting structure the (wind) load may not increase over a given limit.
  • a horizontal gap between the at least two solar module elements is formed.
  • horizontal may particulalry denote a direction which is perpendicular or at least substantially perpendicular to a gravity field the solar module field arrangement is arranged in.
  • horizontal may be defined as an X- or Y- direction forming the main surface of the solar module elements, i.e. a direction perpendicular to the surface normal of one, several or all main surfaces of the solar module elements.
  • a step may form a shift in Z-direction .
  • the solar module field arrangement further comprises deflection elements wherein the deflection elements configured to deflect flowing air through the gap.
  • the deflection elements may be thin plate or sheet like elements, which may be curved or bent.
  • the deflection elements may be fixed or mounted at the solar module element close to or in the proximity of the gap.
  • the deflection or air flow shaping elements may cause a venturi effect shaping and influencing the air flow through the gap.
  • Figs. 1A to ID schematically illustrate a solar module field
  • Figs. 2A to 2D schematically illustrate a solar module field
  • Figs. 3A to 3D schematically illustrate a solar module field
  • Figs. 4A to 4D schematically illustrate a solar module field
  • Figs. 5A to 5D schematically illustrate a solar module field
  • Figs. 6A to 6D schematically illustrate a solar module field
  • Figs. 7A to 7D schematically illustrate a solar module field
  • Figs. 8A to 8D schematically illustrate a solar module field
  • Fig. 9 depicts a flowchart of a method of assembling a solar module field arrangement according to an exemplary embodiment.
  • Figs. 1A to ID schematically illustrate a solar module field
  • Fig . 1A shows the solar module field arrangement 100 in a top view and comprising eight solar module elements 101 to 108 arranged in a 4x2 array formed by two rows of four columns.
  • Fig . IB shows the same arrangement 100 in a persective view showing that along the rows a step is formed leading to a gap between adjacent solar module elements of one row. These steps and the resulting gap 109 can be seen more easily in Fig. 1C showing the arrangement 100 in a side view in the columnwise direction.
  • Fig. ID shows the arrangement in a rowwise direction, so that it can be seen that while the two solar module elements of one column are forming a straight line (i.e.
  • each solar module element is inclined with respect to a horizontal line or plane in both directions (x- and y-direction).
  • steps (and gaps) are only formed along one direction (row direction in Fig . 1).
  • Figs. 2A to 2D schematically illustrate a solar module field
  • arrangement 200 according to a second exemplary embodiment.
  • the embodiment is similar to the one shown in Fig . 1 and as well comprises eight solar modules elements 201 to 208 arranged in a 4x2 array formed by two rows of four columns.
  • Fig . 2B shows the same arrangement 200 in a persective view showing that along the rows a step is formed leading to a gap between adjacent solar module elements of one row.
  • steps are also formed along the rows between adjacent solar module elements.
  • FIG. 2D shows the arrangement in a rowwise direction, so that it can be seen that steps are also provided along the columns.
  • the solar module elements are as well inclined with respect to a horizontal line. Therefore, each solar module element is inclined with respect to a horizontal line or plane in both directions (x- and y-direction) and steps (and gaps) are formed along two directions (row direction and column direction in Fig. 2).
  • Figs. 3A to 3D schematically illustrate a solar module field
  • Fig. 3B shows the same arrangement 300 in a persective view showing that along the rows kinks instead of steps are formed . These kinks can be more easily seen in Fig . 3C. These kinks do not result in a gap so that the total surface area of the rows is continous or connected .
  • steps are also provided along the columns as can be clearly seen in Fig. 3D so that gaps 309 are formed in this embodiment as well.
  • the solar module elements are as well inclined with respect to a horizontal line. Therefore, each solar module element is inclined with respect to a horizontal line or plane in both directions (x- and y-direction) and steps (and gaps) are formed along one direction (column direction in Fig . 3) .
  • Figs. 4A to 4D schematically illustrate a solar module field
  • FIG. 4B shows the same arrangement 400 in a persective view showing that along the rows no steps or kinks are formed so that a continous straight surface of the four solar module elements is formed, as can be clearly seen in Fig . 4C.
  • steps are also provided along the columns as can be clearly seen in Fig . 4D so that gaps 409 are formed in this embodiment as well .
  • the solar module elements are as well inclined with respect to a horizontal line.
  • each solar module element is inclined with respect to a horizontal line or plane in only one direction and steps (and gaps) are formed along one direction (column direction in Fig . 4) .
  • Figs. 5A to 5D schematically illustrate a solar module field arrangement according to a fifth exemplary embodiment.
  • the embodiment is similar to the one shown in Fig. 3 and as well comprises eight solar modules elements 501 to 508 arranged in a 4x2 array formed by two rows of four columns.
  • Fig. 4B shows the same arrangement 400 in a persective view showing that along each row a single kink is formed instead of two kinks as in Fig . 3.
  • This kink can be more easily seen in Fig . 5C.
  • This kink does not result in a gap so that the total surface area of the rows is continous or connected .
  • steps are also provided along the columns as can be clearly seen in Fig.
  • each solar module element is inclined with respect to a horizontal line or plane in both directions (x- and y-direction) and steps (and gaps) are formed along one direction (column direction in Fig . 5) .
  • Figs. 6A to 6D schematically illustrate a solar module field
  • FIG. 6B shows the same arrangement 600 in a persective view showing that along the rows no steps or kinks are formed so that a continous straight surface of the four solar module elements is formed, as can be clearly seen in Fig. 6C.
  • the two rows are shifted completely with respect to each other so that the rows are arranged in different planes.
  • the shifting may be along a z- direction, e.g. perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
  • each solar module element is inclined with respect to a horizontal line or plane in only direction but shifted in the hight direction so that steps and gaps are formed in one direction.
  • Figs. 7 A to 7D schematically illustrate a solar module field
  • the solar module field arrangement comprises (for illustration purposes) twelve solar modules elements 701 to 712 arranged in a 4x3 array formed by three rows of four columns.
  • an additional shift between each solar module element is added in a horizontal plane (x-y-direction) leading to additional and/or increasd gaps, as can be seen in Fig . 7A.
  • Fig . 7B shows the same
  • Fig . 7C shows the arrangement 700 in a side view in the columnwise direction.
  • Fig . 7D shows the arrangement in a rowwise direction, so that it can be seen that steps are also provided along the columns.
  • the solar module elements are as well inclined with respect to a horizontal line.
  • Figs. 8A to 8D schematically illustrate a solar module field
  • Fig. 8B shows the same arrangement 800 in a persective view showing that along the rows kinks instead of steps are formed in the same way as in the embodiments shown in Fig. 3B. These kinks can be more easily seen in Fig . 3C.
  • kinks do not result in a gap in the row so that the total surface area of the rows is continous or connected .
  • steps are also provided along the columns as can be clearly seen in Fig. 8D so that gaps 809 are formed in this embodiment as well.
  • the solar module elements are as well inclined with respect to a horizontal line.
  • each solar module element is inclined with respect to a horizontal line or plane in both directions (x- and y-direction) and steps (and gaps) are formed along one direction (between adjacent rows Fig . 8).
  • Fig . 9 depicts a flowchart of a method 900 of assembling a solar module field arrangement.
  • the method comprises providing a single mounting structure (901), and mounting at least two solar module elements onto the single mounting structure (902) in a adjacent relationship in such a way that a gap is provided between the at least two solar module elements.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un agencement de ferme de panneaux solaires (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800) comprenant : une structure de montage ; et au moins deux éléments panneaux solaires (101-108, 201-208, 301-308, 401-408, 501-508, 601-608, 701-708, 801-808) comprenant une face principale et montés chacun sur la structure de montage, lesdits éléments panneaux solaires (101-108, 201-208, 301-308, 401-408, 501-508, 601-608, 701-708, 801-808) étant montés sur la structure de montage de manière que les faces principales des éléments panneaux solaires (101-108, 201-208, 301-308, 401-408, 501-508, 601-608, 701-708, 801-808) soient disposées dans des plans différents, les plans différents étant décalés parallèlement les uns par rapport aux autres.
PCT/EP2017/000473 2016-04-11 2017-04-10 Agencement de ferme de panneaux solaires et procédé d'assemblage d'agencement de ferme de panneaux solaires WO2017178113A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17727101.2A EP3443274A1 (fr) 2016-04-11 2017-04-10 Agencement de ferme de panneaux solaires et procédé d'assemblage d'agencement de ferme de panneaux solaires

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102016004347 2016-04-11
DE102016004347 2016-04-11

Publications (1)

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WO2017178113A1 true WO2017178113A1 (fr) 2017-10-19

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007076519A2 (fr) * 2005-12-29 2007-07-05 Sunpower Corporation, Systems Ensemble photovoltaique pliant monobloc
US20110146661A1 (en) * 2008-08-14 2011-06-23 Mirko Dudas Solar module arrangement and roof arrangement
WO2016029181A1 (fr) * 2014-08-22 2016-02-25 Solarcity Corporation Réseau photovoltaïque est-ouest doté de modules photovoltaïques espacés en vue d'une efficacité aérodynamique améliorée

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007076519A2 (fr) * 2005-12-29 2007-07-05 Sunpower Corporation, Systems Ensemble photovoltaique pliant monobloc
US20110146661A1 (en) * 2008-08-14 2011-06-23 Mirko Dudas Solar module arrangement and roof arrangement
WO2016029181A1 (fr) * 2014-08-22 2016-02-25 Solarcity Corporation Réseau photovoltaïque est-ouest doté de modules photovoltaïques espacés en vue d'une efficacité aérodynamique améliorée

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