WO2017171562A1 - Amélioration de la résistance d'une plante à des pathogènes et à des parasites en utilisant du nickel - Google Patents

Amélioration de la résistance d'une plante à des pathogènes et à des parasites en utilisant du nickel Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017171562A1
WO2017171562A1 PCT/NZ2017/050034 NZ2017050034W WO2017171562A1 WO 2017171562 A1 WO2017171562 A1 WO 2017171562A1 NZ 2017050034 W NZ2017050034 W NZ 2017050034W WO 2017171562 A1 WO2017171562 A1 WO 2017171562A1
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nickel
plant
composition
plants
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PCT/NZ2017/050034
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Keith Raymond Morgan
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Elasticgreen Limited
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
    • A01N59/16—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
    • C05D9/02—Other inorganic fertilisers containing trace elements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/60—Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
    • C05G5/23—Solutions

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the use of nickel, in the form of nickel ions, for the improvement of plant growth and health by conferring resistance to plant pathogens and pests.
  • the invention relates to the use of nickel for preventing or controlling an infestation of a plant pathogen or pest.
  • the plant pathogen may be a microorganism such as a fungus, bacteria or virus.
  • the plant pest may be nematodes, insects, arachnids or molluscs.
  • the invention also relates to the use of nickel to increase fruit yield and to increase secondary metabolites in plants.
  • Nickel is known to be an essential element for all plant species because nickel is a constituent of urease which is an enzyme engaged in urea hydrolysis. When urea is hydrolysed by urease ammonia is liberated which participates in various anabolic processes, particularly glutamine synthesis. 1 Nickel deficiency has a severe impact on plants which suggests that there may be other essential roles for nickel. 2
  • Nickel salts have been used to treat a number of fungal diseases including cereal rusts, pecan scab, rice blast and sheath spot 5 , and nickel has been shown to increase the resistance of plants to phytophthora, a type of oomycetes. 8 Nickel has also been shown to be effective in treating mouse-ear which is a physiological disorder in pecans. 3
  • nickel can be used for improving plant resistance to many plant diseases and pathogens and also enhances fruit yield and growth and the production of secondary metabolites.
  • a method of improving plant resistance to a plant pathogen or pest comprising applying to a plant a composition containing a nickel salt.
  • the pathogen is a microorganism which may be a bacterium, a virus or certain types of fungi.
  • the pest may be any insect, arachnid or mollusc.
  • the nickel composition is preferably in the form of an aqueous solution formulated for application as a foliar spray, or as a nutrient growth medium for hydroponically grown plants.
  • the nickel salt is nickel sulfate.
  • the concentration of nickel in the composition may vary depending on rate of application. For instance, it may be preferable to apply a concentrated composition to a leaf where the leaf is not fully covered in the composition. If the leave is fully covered by the composition then the preferred range would be 10 to 500 ppm.
  • the bacteria to which resistance in the plant may be improved include Xanthomonas spp., Acidovorax spp., Erwinia spp., Burkholderia spp., Pectobacterium spp., Candidatus Phytoplasma spp., Clavibacter spp., Spiroplasma spp., Dickeya spp., Candidatus Liberibacter spp,., Ralstonia spp., Rhodococcus spp,., Pantoea spp., Agrobactehum spp., Xy!e!a spp., and Pseudomonas spp..
  • the viruses to which resistance in the plant may be improved include positive-strand viruses including Bromoviridae, Closteroviridae, Luteoviridae, and Potyviridae; negative-sense RNA including Bunyaviridae and Rhabdoviridae; double-stranded RNA viruses including Reovirus and Caulimovirus; and single-stranded DNA viruses including Geminivirus.
  • the fungi to which resistance in the plant may be improved include Ascomycetes including Fusarium spp., Thielaviopsis spp., Veriticullium spp., Magnaporthe grisea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; and Basidiomycetes including Ustilago spp., Rhizoctonia spp., Puccini a spp., and Armillaria spp..
  • the nematodes to which resistance in the plant may be improved include Globodera spp., Belonolaimus spp., Xiphenema spp., Trichodorus spp., Rotylenchulus spp., Tylenchulus spp., Pratylenchus spp., Radopholus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp., Naccobus spp., Bursaphelenchus spp., Ditylenchus spp., Anguina spp., and Aphelenchoides spp..
  • insects to which resistance in the plant may be improved include aphids (superfamily Aphidoidea), scale insects (order Hem iptera), psyllid (family Psyllidae), whitefly (family Alyrodidae), mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae) , thrips (order Thysanoptera), grasshoppers (order Orthoptera), weevils (superfamily Curculionoidea), and beetles (order Coleoptera).
  • the arachnids to which resistance in the plant may be improved include mites (subclass Aphidoidea), scale insects (order Hem iptera), psyllid (family Psyllidae), whitefly (family Alyrodidae), mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae) , thrips (order Thysanoptera), grasshoppers (order Orthoptera), weevils (superfamily Curculion
  • the molluscs to which resistance in the plant may be improved include snails and slugs (class Gastropoda) and woodlice (order Isopoda).
  • the plant may be any plant in the division Pinophyta (conifers) and Magnoliophyta
  • a method of increasing fruit set and the quantity of flowers produced by plants comprising applying to a plant a composition containing a nickel salt.
  • the nickel composition is preferably applied before leaf fall in autumn for deciduous plants that flower in early spring or before flower development for evergreen plants and deciduous plants that flower in late spring or summer.
  • the nickel composition is preferably in the form of an aqueous solution formulated for application as a foliar spray, or as a nutrient growth medium for hydroponically grown plants.
  • a method of increasing the production of secondary metabolites of plants by applying to a plant a composition containing a nickel salt.
  • a method of correcting a nickel deficiency in a plant comprising determining the nickel content of one or more leaves of the plant, determining the amount of nickel sufficient to correct the nickel deficiency by application of a composition containing a nickel salt, and applying the composition to the plant
  • the invention relates to the use of a nickel salt for improving plant resistance to an infestation of a plant pathogen or pest.
  • the applicant has found that the application of nickel prevents or reduces (in some cases dramatically reduces) the impact of certain plant pathogens or pests.
  • the applicant has also found that the application of nickel enhances flowering and fruit yield and the production of secondary metabolites. These effects appear to be observable, and therefore relevant, for numerous plant species including, without limitation to, conifers and flowering plants.
  • nickel While it has been observed that nickel is beneficial against some fungal diseases, the mechanism of action is poorly understood and it was thought that the foliar application of nickel was effective due to the toxicity of nickel. However, the applicant considers that the nickel is effective because it is important for the SARS (systemic acquired resistance) and ISR (induced systemic resistance) pathways in plants. The applicant has found that nickel application is not effective at controlling some fungi. Thus, it is uncertain whether nickel would be effective against all fungi. However, it is likely that nickel application would be effective against more types of fungi than the rusts and other fungi which to date are the only types of fungi that have been successfully treated by nickel application.
  • SARS systemic acquired resistance
  • ISR induced systemic resistance
  • the invention is therefore applicable to the treatment or control of those fungi that are not already known to be susceptible to nickel treatment or would not be expected to be susceptible to nickel treatment.
  • fungi include, but are not limited to, Fusarium spp., Thielaviopsis spp., Veriticullium spp., Magnaporthe grisea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Ustilago spp., Rhizoctonia spp., Puccinia spp., and Armillaria spp..
  • the plant pathogen to which this invention relates may alternatively be a bacterium or a virus.
  • the bacteria include, but are not limited to, Xanthomonas spp., Acidovorax spp., Erwinia spp., Burkholderia spp., Pectobacterium spp., Candidatus Phytoplasma spp., Clavibacter spp., Spiroplasma spp., Dickeya spp., Candidatus Libehbacter spp,,. Ralstonia spp,., Rhodococcus spp,,. Pantoea spp., Agrobactehum spp., Xylella spp,,.
  • the viruses include, but are not limited to, positive-strand viruses including Bromoviridae, Closteroviridae, Luteoviridae, and Potyviridae, negative-sense RNA viruses including Bunyaviridae and Rhabdoviridae, double-stranded RNA viruses including Reovirus and Caulimovirus, and single-stranded DNA viruses including Geminivirus.
  • the plant pest may be any type of nematode, insect, arachnid or mollusc.
  • nematodes include, but are not limited to Globodera spp., Belonolaimus spp., Xiphenema spp., Trichodorus spp., Rotylenchulus spp., Tylenchulus spp., Pratylenchus spp., Radopholus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp., Naccobus spp., Bursaphelenchus spp., Ditylenchus spp., Anguina spp., and Aphelenchoides spp.
  • Insects include, but are not limited to, aphids (superfamily Aphidoidea), scale insects (order Hemiptera), psyllid (family Psyllidae), whitefly (family Alyrodidae), mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae) , thrips (order Thysanoptera), grasshoppers (order Orthoptera), weevils (superfamily Curculionoidea), and beetles (order Coleoptera).
  • Arachnids include, but are not limited to, spider mites (subclass Acari).
  • Molluscs include, but are not limited to, snails and slugs (class Gastropoda) and woodlice (order Isopoda).
  • the nickel containing composition may be applied to the plant in any suitable manner.
  • the nickel is applied to the plant in the form of an aqueous solution of one or more nickel salts.
  • the nickel salt is typically nickel sulfate, but may also be nickel nitrate, nickel chloride or nickel complexes such as nickel citrate, or mixtures thereof. It will be appreciated that various factors may influence the choice of nickel salt including solubility in water and ease of absorption by the plant.
  • the concentration of the nickel in the composition will be within any suitable range to enable the plant to absorb or otherwise access sufficient nickel to be effective against the pathogen or pest, but not too much such that the plant's health is compromised.
  • the concentration of nickel in the composition is in the range 10 to 500 ppm, but may be in any other suitable range, such as range 50 to 250 ppm, depending on the application method, the type of plant, and the pathogen or pest to be controlled.
  • the composition may additionally comprise one or more other plant nutrients.
  • Such nutrients may be selected from the group comprising salts or complexes of calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc and nickel, anions of molybdenum, boron, chlorine, sulphur and phosphorus, and nitrogen sources such as ammonium nitrate and urea. Any other desirable chemical may be included in the composition.
  • the nickel containing composition may additionally include a potassium, nitrogen or zinc source.
  • the addition of potassium and nitrogen to a nickel containing foliar spray is useful for flowering and fruit set.
  • the addition of zinc is useful in foliar sprays since it avoids the problem of over application of zinc to soils.
  • the foliar application of nickel within a month before or following fertilisation with a nitrogen source may be beneficial for controlling pest species as some pest infestations are associated with the application of nitrogen fertilisers.
  • the application of nickel to the plant in the form of an aqueous composition is preferably by way of a foliar spray, i.e. the foliage of the plant is sprayed with the composition.
  • the nickel may alternatively be applied by incorporation into the nutrient feed solution of hydroponically grown plants.
  • a combination of application methods may be used, e.g. a nickel containing hydroponic feed solution and a foliar spray.
  • nickel may be applied at different times of the year.
  • plants may preferably be sprayed during summer to encourage plant growth. They may also be sprayed before blossom formation to encourage flowering.
  • best results may be achieved by applying nickel multiple times before, during or after the growing season.
  • the fig and pear trees produced approximately 100% more fruit and the plum tress about 600% more fruit than in previous seasons.
  • the raspberry canes grew about 150% to 300% taller with a very good supply of berries produced throughout summer. Multiple new blackberry canes appeared whereas in previous seasons there had been only one or two new canes.
  • pear slugs were absent on pear trees which had three biweekly applications of summer oil to treat codling moth once fruit formation commenced. Plum trees which had not been treated were attacked by pear slugs, but only two pear slugs were observed on the pear trees. The plum trees were then treated with nickel foliar spray, whereas the pear trees remained untreated. Usually, the pear slug will have two cycles of infestation with the second infestation typically being the worst. With the second infestation no pear slugs were found on the plum trees, but after the application of summer oil was discontinued the pear trees were severely infested with some leaves showing 80% damage.
  • a kowhai plant a deciduous shrub, was subject to severe infestation of the kowhai moth caterpillar each spring on the appearance of the new growth, so much so that most of the leaves were stripped from the plant.
  • kowhai moth infestations were drastically decreased with very little foliar stripping occurring.
  • citrus plants are subject to the following pests and diseases in the USA: rust mites, spider mites, broad mites, scale insects, whiteflies, aphids, mealybugs, citrus root weevils, orangedog, grasshoppers, katydids, termites, Asian cockroach, Caribbean fruit fly, flower thrips, citrus root weevil, nematodes, citrus greening, citrus canker, phytophthora, brown rot of fruit, greasy spot, melaose, citrus black spot, citrus scab, alternaria brown spot, postbloom fruit drop, various viroids, blight, and tristeza. 7 Organic farmers have noted that applying nitrogen containing fertilisers increases the incidence of disease and pests species.
  • PSA Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae
  • Fire blight Erwinia amylovora
  • Rosaceae Rosaceae
  • Citrus greening disease Candidatus Liberibacter spp.
  • nickel is an essential part of urease the application of high nitrogen fertilisers without the concomitant application of nickel is disadvantageous. Some modern agriculture practices may be harmful as well. For example, the application of zinc in particular appears to inhibit the uptake of nickel. 8 It may be that plants can readily absorb nitrogen compounds through the roots but that the uptake of nickel is much slower, leading to nickel deficiency in modern high yielding crops. The mechanism of how this affects pests and pathogens remains speculative, but since it is known that nickel is critical for the function of urease in plants, excess nitrogen (possibly as urea) could outgrow the supply of nickel important for controlling pests and diseases in plants. Lack of nickel could also disrupt plant defence mechanisms.
  • Plants have two main signalling molecules that are activated when plants are attacked by pests or diseases.
  • Salicylic acid signals the attack of biotropic pathogens and jasmonate signals the attack of necrotrophs including wounding and herbivory from plant pests, unless ethylene is also present in which case it can also activate defences against necrotrophs. 9 It is recognised that activation of one of the pathways can be antagonistic against activation of the other pathway and some pathogens can use this to their advantage. Activation of these pathways gives enhanced resistance against pests and diseases.
  • SAR Systemic Acquired Resistance
  • ISR Induced Systemic Resistance
  • ureases have important toxic properties independent of their enzyme capabilities.
  • the ureases "moonlight” as potent toxins for pathogens and pests. 10
  • the applicant speculates that lack of nickel in plants does not allow the plant to produce enough ureases to adequately fight diseases and pests. But this may not be the only mode for which nickel is helpful in controlling plant pests and diseases.
  • Example 1 describes an experiment designed to observe the infestation of green peach aphids on hydroponically grown dill.
  • Example 2 describes an experiment relating to the treatment of aphids on hydroponically grown jalapeno peppers.
  • Example 3 is an experiment showing the control of spider mite infestation on hydroponically grown cucumber, melon and strawberry plants.
  • the addition of nickel to the hydroponic nutrient media proved effective in controlling both aphids and spider mites.
  • the water melon and cucumber became infected with spider mites and the jalapeno pepper became infected with green peach aphids five months after planting.
  • the green peach aphid infestation of the jalapeno pepper plant was controlled with three foliar sprays of 200 ppm aqueous nickel sulfate (NiSC .ehhO). The effect was dramatic.
  • the jalapeno pepper went from a severe infestation with aphids being plentiful on both the underside of the leaves and on new shoots to almost complete elimination of aphids, with only one or two aphids left on the whole plant, approximately two weeks after the last foliar application of nickel.
  • the nickel concentrations used in the hydroponic solution was formulated based on the nickel content of leaves for a number of species in northern Europe. 13 The content used was at the low end. Higher nickel concentrations in the hydroponic solutions may be more suitable for certain plant species.
  • Example 4 it was found that strawberry plants that are very susceptible to infestation by spider mites and to a lesser extent by aphids showed no sign of either pest.
  • the roots of tomato plants showed no signs of aphid infestation even though in previous years the roots had been infested by aphids.
  • Pear slugs appeared to be controlled by the application of a nickel foliar spray as shown in Example 5.
  • Pear slug injury to plants occurs in two peaks with the second peak much more destructive than the first.
  • Treatment of the plum tree during the first peak with a foliar spray containing 200 ppm aqueous nickel sulfate was effective in completely eliminating pear slugs on the plum tree during the second more destructive peak.
  • the untreated pear tree was severely infested with pear slugs during the second peak, especially on the new season growth, with some leaves showing up to 80% damage.
  • the pear tree was also infected with fire blight in the summer of 2015. Canker blight, an infection phase of fire blight, is always present when fire blight was a problem in the previous season. 14 However, as described in Example 6, after spraying the pear tree with 200 ppm nickel sulfate in the late summer of 2015, the pear tree showed no symptoms of fire blight, including canker blight, throughout the summer of 2016. Similar results were obtain in 2017 (see Example 13) although only on one of the grafts which was not treated with nickel.
  • Example 7 describes the treatment of a kowhai plant with 50 ppm aqueous nickel sulfate which resulted in a dramatic reduction in damage from kowhai moth caterpillars.
  • a number of fruit trees were sprayed with aqueous nickel sulfate in the autumn of 2015 as described in Example 8.
  • a dramatic increase in fruit yield was observed for the plum, pear and fig trees.
  • a very dramatic increase in the length of blackberry and raspberry canes was observed and, with the raspberries especially, a sustained cropping of berries occurred throughout the summer, especially the late summer.
  • the citrus fruit plants which included two varieties of grapefruit and one variety of lime, did not flower throughout the whole of the summer of 2016. This was unexpected because in the two previous seasons flowering had occurred with better yields after foliar application of nickel in the spring. In 2016 there was no foliar application of nickel before flowering and this may have resulted in plant resources going towards growth rather than flowering and fruiting. From these results it appears likely that fruiting and/or growth can be controlled by the application of foliar sprays at certain times of the year especially for citrus plants. In plants deficient in nickel dramatic increases in yields of fruit occurred with the application of nickel containing foliar sprays. In Example 15 the grapefruit were treated with a composition containing various plant nutrients as well as nickel. This resulted in many bud clusters on the trees in the spring of 2016.
  • Example 9 jalapeno peppers were tasted before and after treatment with nickel.
  • Capsaicin the cause of pungency in chili peppers, is a secondary metabolite that is an organic compound not directly involved in growth, development or reproduction of the plant. Many secondary metabolites are present in plants and many act as a deterrent to pathogens and pests. In the case of chili peppers capsaicin acts as a deterrent to predation by small mammals. 15 It is only after the aphid infestation and subsequent spraying with nickel that the capsaicin content of the peppers increased . Many secondary metabolites of plants are important natural products.
  • Nickel application and possibly stressing the plant should increase the concentration of some of these metabolites.
  • the taste of many plant foods is dependent on secondary metabolites, for instance tannins in grapes or indeed capsaicin in peppers. If viticulture is used as an example, the taste and flavour of wines could be controlled through the application of nickel and the stressing of the plant by for instance withholding water.
  • Example 10 leaf analysis of kiwifruit vines showed that plants deficient in nickel showed signs of PSA infection whereas plants that were not deficient did not show signs of PSA infestation. This is consistent with the prior evidence of the importance of nickel content in plant defense mechanism
  • Examples 11 and 12 show that infestations with spider mite on cucumbers were controlled by addition of nickel to hydroponic solutions used to grow the cucumbers. This again is a significant result as spider mites are important horticultural pests in hothouses.
  • Leaf curl plum aphids were controlled in spring by the application of nickel to plum trees in autumn. For a decade prior to this leaf curl plum aphids had been increasingly problematic to control eventually causing the death of two grafts on the plum. This shows not only the effectiveness of nickel to control these aphids but also the translocation of nickel from the leaves in autumn to be used in the new leaf growth in spring.
  • Example 15 shows that treatment with nickel and other plant nutrients can cause a surprising extensive autumn flowering in a young orange plant where typically orange trees flower in spring.
  • Example 1 Treatment of green peach aphids (Myzus persicae) on hydroponically grown dill
  • the hydroponic nutrient solution was based on that of Hoaglund, 16 but with added nickel according to the following table: Salt Amount g/L
  • NiSC .ehhO nickel sulfate
  • Example 2 Treatment of green peach aphids (Myzus persicae) on hydroponically grown jalapenos peppers
  • Example 3 Treatment of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) on hydroponically grown cucumber and melon
  • Cucumber, rock melon, honeydew melon and water melon were grown hydroponically in the presence of nickel as described above.
  • the hydroponic nutrient solution used is described in Example 1.
  • the plants were sprayed once with summer oil to prevent spider mites. Instead of continuing the weekly treatment of summer oil, as in previous seasons, the treatment was stopped to see if the plants now grown in the presence of nickel would be less susceptible to infestation by spider mites.
  • Spider mites were noted to be present in the greenhouse as fine webs across the openings in the gullies. Throughout the season no spider mites were found on the rock melon. For the honeydew melon 2-3 leaves showed signs of damage consistent with spider mites and examination under a microscope showed the presence of the two-spotted spider mites. However, throughout the rest of the growing season no spread of the spider mites to adjacent leaves or new growth was observed.
  • Spider mites found on the water melon after five months of growth were kept under control with 2 sprayings of aqueous nickel sulfate (N 1SO4.6H2O) (200 ppm), although towards the end of the season half of the rock melon leaves showed chlorosis due to spider mite infestation.
  • the cucumber showed some signs of spider mite infestation, but even by the end of the season most of the leaves showed only mild damage.
  • Example 4 Treatment of other hydroponic growing plants.
  • Hydroponically grown strawberry plants which are susceptible to spider mite and aphid infestations, showed no signs of infestation throughout the growing season.
  • Hydroponically grown tomato plants which in previous seasons had aphid infesting the roots showed no signs of aphid infestation.
  • Example 7 Treatment of kowhai to treat infestation of kowhai moth (Ureiphita polygonalis)
  • a small kowhai plant was treated with aqueous nickel sulfate (NiSC .ehhO) (50 ppm) in the spring of 2015.
  • NiSC .ehhO nickel sulfate
  • the plant responded favourably with good growth throughout the summer of 2016.
  • No kowhai moth caterpillars were observed on the plant even though for the previous decade the kowhai plant had been denuded of all leaves in the spring from kowhai moth caterpillars.
  • the plant almost tripled in size during this one season whereas for the previous seasons very little growth was observed.
  • Example 8 Treatment of fruit trees for increased yield of fruits
  • Example 9 Treatment of jalapeno pepper with nickel to increase capsaicin content
  • jalapeno peppers Prior to treatment with nickel, jalapeno peppers were taste-tested for pungency (spicy hot). No pungency could be detected. After treatment for aphids as described in Example 2 the peppers were again taste-tested. Small slices of the pepper were found to be very pungent.
  • Example 10 Analysis of leaf samples of kiwi fruit showing signs of PSA and those showing no signs of PSA
  • Leaf samples of two commercial kiwifruit vines one showing spotting due to PSA (Pseudomonas syringae actinidiae) and the other without any spotting were obtained from different areas in a single orchard in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Both samples were dried at 100 °C for 45 min, dissolved in aqua regia and analysed by ICP-MS for nickel content.
  • the leaf sample from the vine showing infection with PSA had a nickel content below detectable limits of 0.5 mg/Kg.
  • the leaf sample from the vine that had no spotting had a nickel content of 0.9 mg/Kg.
  • Example 11 Treatment of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) on hydroponically grown cucumber previously infected with spider mite
  • Example 12 Treatment of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) on hydroponically grown cucumber infected with spider mite using a control
  • Example 13 Treatment of leaf curl plum aphids (Brachycaudus helichrysi)
  • Plum trees were sprayed with iS04.6H?.0 (200 ppm) in the third week of April one month before leaf fall. The leaves of the new spring leaf growth on the trees were examined for leaf curl aphids. No aphids were found. For the past 5 years serious infestation of leaf curl plum aphid had occurred leading to the eventual death of two grafted trees.
  • Example 14 Treatment of fireblight in pear tree (Erwinia amylowora)
  • Example 15 Treatment of an orange tree to induce off-season blossoming
  • Aglime (CaCGs, 1200g) and dolomite (1000 g) were stirred with pure playground sterilised sand (quartz based).
  • a young grafted orange tree which was 60 cm tall was purchased and the roots were washed clean of the soil and compost, and the tree was planted in the sand mixture.
  • a foliar spray was made by dissolving the following components in water:
  • the potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate and potassium hydrogen phosphate were dissolved in 400 ml of water and the remaining components dissolved in 200 ml of water. The two solutions were mixed and then diluted to a quarter of their previous concentration and this was used as a foliar spray. The foliar spray was then applied to the orange tree every two weeks. The results were:
  • Example 16 Treatment of a grapefruit tree with a nickei containing soiution
  • the New Zealand gra pefruit tree of Example 8 was sprayed with a foliar spray having a composition as described in Example 14 every two weeks for 2 months in April and May of 2016. This produced spectacular flowering in the spring of 2016, with many bud clusters on the tree in the spring of 2016.
  • Example 17 Treatment of a white sapote (Casimiroa Eduiis) grapefruit tree with a nickei containing solution

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  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
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Abstract

La présente invention concerne l'utilisation d'un sel de nickel pour améliorer la résistance d'une plante à une infestation par un pathogène ou un parasite de plantes, pour augmenter la production de fleurs et le rendement en fruits, pour augmenter les métabolites secondaires de la plante, et pour corriger une carence en nickel dans une plante.
PCT/NZ2017/050034 2016-03-31 2017-03-28 Amélioration de la résistance d'une plante à des pathogènes et à des parasites en utilisant du nickel WO2017171562A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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WO2018213289A1 (fr) * 2017-05-15 2018-11-22 Ralco Nutrition, Inc. Compositions de traitement de semences, de sols et de plantes
AU2018269972B2 (en) * 2017-05-15 2021-01-28 Ralco Nutrition, Inc. Seed, soil, and plant treatment compositions
CN107988100A (zh) * 2017-12-05 2018-05-04 湖南豫园生物科技股份有限公司 无机解磷菌、微生物肥料及应用

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