Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R21/00—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor
  • G01R21/133—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor by using digital technique
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R35/00—Testing or calibrating of apparatus covered by the other groups of this subclass
  • G01R35/005—Calibrating; Standards or reference devices, e.g. voltage or resistance standards, "golden" references

Definitions

• ADCs analog-to-digital converters
• Crosstalk between the voltage and current signal paths greatly affects the accuracy of the power computation.
• the problem is even more apparent in systems which use single-ended ADCs because such systems include a return ground path that is shared by the multiple channels (e.g., voltage and current). A common return makes the system more susceptible to crosstalk.
• a system such as an electric meter includes a single-ended analog-to-digital converter, which is susceptible to crosstalk.
• the system determines whether voltage-induced cross-talk is in-phase or out-of-phase with respect to voltage. The system determines a first calibration factor based on minimum and maximum measured current values and voltage. If the cross-talk is in-phase, the system sets a second calibration factor to 0. If the cross-talk is out-of-phase, the system computes the second calibration factor based on a measured current when a power factor angle is set to 90 degrees. Calibration factors may be stored in the multi-channel system. In use, the system measures current and voltage and computes the actual current, voltage and power based on the measured current and voltage by employing a crosstalk cancellation technique using the calibration factors.
• FIG. 1 shows an electric meter circuit in accordance with various examples.
• FIG. 2 illustrates an equivalent circuit diagram of the electric meter of FIG. l in accordance with various examples.
• FIG. 3 is a phasor diagram illustrating in-phase crosstalk in accordance with various examples.
• FIG. 4 is a phasor diagram illustrating out-of-phase crosstalk in accordance with various examples.
• FIG. 5 shows the electric meter coupled to a test system to perform a calibration process in accordance with various examples.
• FIG. 6 is a method for calibrating the electric meter in accordance with various examples.
• FIG. 7 is a method performed by the electric meter in the field to compensate measured current based on calibration factors determined during the calibration process in accordance with various examples.
• FIG. 8 is an example of a voltage sensing circuit usable in the electric meter of FIG. 1.
• FIG. 9 is an example of a current sensing circuit usable in the electric meter of FIG. 1.
• Couple means either an indirect or direct wired or wireless connection. For example, if a first device couples to a second device, that connection may be through a direct connection or through an indirect connection via other devices and connections.
• crosstalk between channels in a multichannel system may detrimentally impact signal measurement accuracy, especially in systems that use single-ended ADCs.
• the embodiments described herein provide a calibration technique that addresses this issue thereby permitting single-ended ADCs to be used in a low cost solution for data acquisition.
• An example of such an embodiment is provided hereinbelow in the context of an electric meter, but the principles may apply to other types of multichannel systems.
• FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an electric meter 100 in accordance with various embodiments.
• the illustrative meter 100 receives with two input signals, voltage and current.
• the circuit 100 comprises a voltage sensor 102, a current sensor 104, a voltage amplifier 106, a current amplifier 108, and an ADC 110.
• the electric meter 100 employs a multi-channel, single-ended ADC 110, which means that a return ground path 111 is shared between the voltage and current channels.
• the ADC 110 has an input impedance designated as Zv.
• the ADC 110 has an input impedance designated as Zi.
• the gain of each of the voltage and current paths may differ from its nominal value due to factors such as component variations. Such variations will cause gain error.
• One fixed gain calibration generally may be sufficient to compensate for the gain error.
• Each path may also introduce certain amount of phase delay from the sensors 102, 104 to the respective ADC input and cause phase error.
• the phase error can be calibrated using reference signals.
• the calibrated gain and phase delay are static (constants) and are used in digital processing during normal operation to compensate for gain and phase errors.
• the crosstalk between signals can generally be controlled to a minimum through careful board layout, and the static gain and phase calibrations are generally sufficient to ensure power measurement accuracy.
• crosstalk varies with the load.
• the effect of crosstalk also depends on the phase angle between voltage and current (i.e., the power factor angle). Because crosstalk varies depending on load and power factor, the error crosstalk introduces cannot be corrected by traditional static gain and phase calibration.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a circuit schematic model of the electric meter 100 of FIG. 1.
• the electric meter employs a common ground architecture.
• the common ground path has an impedance designated as ZGND in FIG. 2.
• the voltage V and current I represent the voltage and current signal outputs, respectively, from the voltage and current amplifiers 106, 108.
• the schematic of FIG. 2 illustrates that the voltage signal will be coupled onto the current signal through ZGND, and vice versa. Even with a carefully designed board layout, impedance will always be in the common return path. At low frequencies, the ground impedance, ZGND, tends to behave like a pure resistive load.
• FIG. 3 is a phasor diagram illustrating the effect of crosstalk of voltage on current.
• FIG. 3 shows the voltage and current vectors V and I (illustrated in solid line).
• the angle ( ⁇ 1) between the vectors represents the phase difference between voltage and current and also may be referred to as the power factor angle.
• the vector designated as aV represents the crosstalk from voltage on current.
• the crosstalk may be in-phase or out-of-phase with respect to voltage V.
• FIG. 3 illustrates in-phase cross-talk and FIG. 4 (described hereinbelow) illustrates out-of-phase crosstalk.
• the crosstalk factor a may be positive or negative, and thus the in-phase crosstalk aV may have a phase angle with respect to voltage V of 0 degrees or 180 degrees.
• FIG. 3 shows an example in which a is negative.
• Out-of-phase crosstalk (FIG. 4) means that aV is at an angle other than 0 or 180 degrees with respect to voltage V.
• the amount of crosstalk will likely be much smaller than the amount of current I, that is aV «I, because ZGND is generally small.
• ZGND is also fixed when the board containing the components of the electric meter 100 is made, which means that a is a constant. In electric meter applications, the voltage V tends to stay the same because the power line voltage usually does not change.
• the current detected at the ADC 110 is different than I.
• the ADC measured current is designated as Im. Accordingly, the current sensor 104 generates a current I, but the ADC 110 digitizes a current Im which results from the crosstalk aV generated by the voltage signal path.
• the embodiments described herein provide a technique to calibrate the electric meter so as to permit a calculation by the meter of I from a measurement of Im.
• the crosstalk can be easily cancelled or compensated by subtracting aV from Im to recover I if aV is known.
• the purpose of the technique described hereinbelow is to compute the crosstalk factor a.
• the power factor angle ⁇ 1 between V and I can be varied as desired.
• the electric meter 100 can be connected to a test system that can control: the amount of voltage and current provided to the electric meter; and the power factor angle. As the power factor angle varies, so does the angle of aV with respect to current I.
• the Im is a minimum at point P2 (at which the power factor angle would be 0 degrees) and a maximum at point PI (at which the power factor angle would be 180 degrees).
• maximum and minimum RMS current Im is found by sweeping (using the test system) the power factor angle. If the minimum and maximum values of Im coincide with 0 and 180 degree power factor angles, then in-phase crosstalk is present. If the minimum and maximum values of Im do not coincide with 0 and 180 degree power factor angles, then out-of-phase crosstalk is present.
• the value of a can be computed as:
• Im(Pl) is the minimum RMS current measurement recorded by the ADC 110 and Im(P2) is the maximum RMS current measurement recorded by the ADC as the power factor angle is swept
• V is the magnitude of the voltage set by the test system. Accordingly, the test system sets V and I and then sweeps the power factor (e.g., from 0 to 360 degrees) while receiving the measured values of current (Im) from the electric meter's ADC. The test system detects the minimum and maximum Im values, computes the difference and divides the difference by twice the voltage V. For both in-phase and out-of-phase crosstalks, the same approach is used to obtain crosstalk factor a.
• FIG. 4 illustrates a scenario in which the coupled impedance ZG D is not purely resistive.
• the aV vector (solid line) is not aligned with V (solid line) and has a phase difference of ⁇ 2 with respect to V.
• the phase difference ⁇ 2 is a second calibration factor (in addition to calibration factor a) that can be used to calibrate the electric meter in the face of out-of-phase crosstalk of voltage on current.
• the calibration factor ⁇ 2 can be computed by setting the power factor angle (between V and I) to 90 degrees and measuring the resulting current magnitude.
• the current magnitude is shown in FIG. 4 as IM2 and coincides with point P4 as shown.
• the value of ⁇ 2 is computed as:
• the electric meter can compensate the measured current Im as follows:
• equation (4) is used to compensate the measured current regardless of whether the crosstalk is in-phase or out-of-phase with respect to voltage V. If the crosstalk is in-phase, 02 will be 0. As a result, current compensation equation (4) reduces to equation (2). If the crosstalk is out-of-phase, the test system computes 02 as described hereinabove and still uses equation (4).
• FIG. 5 illustrates the electric meter 100 coupled to a test system 200 during a calibration factor determination process.
• the process may be performed upon manufacturing of the electric meter or subsequently, but preferably before the meter is used to take voltage and current measurements.
• the process described hereinbelow may be performed only once or multiple times during the life of the meter.
• the test system 200 includes a voltage and current control 208 which comprises voltage and current generators capable of generating a voltage and a current at magnitudes dictated by the processor 202 and at a power factor angle also dictated by the processor 202.
• the power factor can be set to a specific value (e.g., 90 degrees) by the test system 200 or swept through a range of values (e.g., 0 to 360 degrees).
• the test system 200 may be implemented as a computer, custom standalone test device, or as any other type of electronic system. Generally, the test system 200 generates high precision voltage and current source signals which are used to calibrate the electric meter 100.
• the electric meter includes the voltage and current sensors 102 and 104, amplifiers 106 and 108, ADC 110, a processor 120, calibration factor storage 122, and a transmitter 124.
• the ADC 110 may be a component of the processor 120, or may be separate from the processor 120.
• the processor 120 includes CAL code 125 and meter code 127.
• the CAL code 125 comprises machine instructions that are executable by the processor 120 to perform the calibration described herein
• the meter code comprises machine instructions that are executable by the processor 120 to operate the meter during run-time to measure power consumption by the user of the meter.
• the power computation results of the electric meter 200 can be transmitted to the test system 200 via the transmitter 124.
• the test system 200 can verify and report the accuracy of the electric meter's power computations.
• the computed calibration factors e.g., ⁇ 2 and a
• the computed calibration factors are computed by the processor 120 during execution of CAL code 125 and stored in CAL factor storage 122 for subsequent use during runtime by execution of the meter code 127.
• the digital output of the ADC 110 can be provide to the processor 120, and the processor 120 can access the calibration factor storage 122 to store the computed a and ⁇ 2 calibration factors.
• the processor 120 performs multiple operations. For example, the processor 120 during calibration time, executes calibration code (125) to obtain calibration factors (122); (2) during normal meter operation, compute V, I, power.
• the calibration code 125 executes in the electric meter to calibration the meter.
• the calibration code executes in the test system 200 on a processor contained therein.
• the test system receives digitized current and voltage measurements from the electric meter, computes the calibration factors, and programs the calibration back into the CAL factor storage 122 in the meter.
• FIG. 6 illustrates a flow chart of the calibration process performed by test system 200 and processor 120 in accordance with various embodiments. The operations may be performed in the order shown, or in a different order. Further, two or more of the operations may be performed concurrently, instead of sequentially.
• the test system 200 sets a current (I) and a voltage (V), such as through the voltage and current control 208.
• I current
• V voltage
• the magnitude of I and V may be indicative of typical values seen by electric meters in the field, but generally can be any desired values.
• the method includes sweeping the factor angle and recording the minimum and maximum current measurements.
• the test system 200 can assert a signal to the voltage and current control 208 to sweep the power factor angle from a first angle (e.g., 0 degrees) to a second angle (e.g., 360 degrees), while the processor 120 computes current based on the digitized current readings from the meter's ADC 110.
• the processor 120 determines the minimum and maximum current measurements received from the ADC 110 during the power factor angle sweep.
• the calibration process further includes determining whether the minimum and maximum current measurements coincided with power factor angles of 0 and 180 degrees. If minimum and maximum current measurements coincide with power factor angles of 0 and 180 degrees, then the crosstalk is determined to be in-phase.
• the processor 202 may set a flag or a variable to indicate whether the crosstalk is in-phase or out-of-phase.
• the value of the a calibration factor is computed at 306.
• the value of a may be computed as per equation (1) hereinabove as the difference between the maximum and minimum current measurements divided by 2*V. If at 308 the crosstalk is determined to be in-phase, then at 310, the value of the ⁇ 2 calibration factor is set to 0. Otherwise, if the crosstalk is determined to be out-of-phase, then at 312, the test system 200 sets the power factor angle between voltage and current to 90 degrees.
• the method then includes measuring the current, which may be performed by retrieving an output digital current value from ADC 110.
• the method then computes the ⁇ 2 calibration factor per equation (3) hereinabove.
• the processor 120 writes the calibration factors a and ⁇ 2 to the electric meter 100, such as to the meter's calibration factor storage 122.
• the electric meter then can be installed in the field (e.g., at a residence or business).
• FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a method of operation of the electric meter 100 following being programmed with the calibration factors.
• the operations may be performed by the processor 120 in the meter and may be performed in the order shown, or in a different order. Two or more of the operations may be performed concurrently instead of sequentially.
• the meter takes respective voltage (V) and current (Im) measurements.
• the meter may be preprogrammed to do so or may receive a command to take the measurements.
• the meter compensates the measured value of current (Im) based on the calibration factors a and ⁇ 2 per equation (4) hereinabove.
• the meter also may compute power based on the compensated value of current (I) and the measured value of voltage (V) at 356 and transmit data of energy usage (e.g., the calculated power) through the transmitter 124.
• FIG. 8 illustrates one embodiment of a voltage sensor 102.
• the sensor includes resistors Rl, R2, R3, R4, and R5, capacitors CI, C2, and C3, and an operational amplifier OPl .
• the voltage sensor in the example of FIG. 8 is configured as a differential amplifier circuit with negative feedback via resistor R4.
• FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a current sensor 104.
• the current sensor in the example of FIG. 9 has two gain stages 370, 375 connected in series.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Measurement Of Current Or Voltage (AREA)
• Measurement Of Resistance Or Impedance (AREA)

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• 2016
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