WO2017151539A1 - Génération d'électricité à l'aide d'un moteur thermique et de lits de sorption - Google Patents

Génération d'électricité à l'aide d'un moteur thermique et de lits de sorption Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017151539A1
WO2017151539A1 PCT/US2017/019818 US2017019818W WO2017151539A1 WO 2017151539 A1 WO2017151539 A1 WO 2017151539A1 US 2017019818 W US2017019818 W US 2017019818W WO 2017151539 A1 WO2017151539 A1 WO 2017151539A1
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Prior art keywords
expander
sorbent
sorbent bed
duct
bed
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PCT/US2017/019818
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English (en)
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Paul ROEGE
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Ethosgen, Llc
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Publication of WO2017151539A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017151539A1/fr

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
    • F01K13/02—Controlling, e.g. stopping or starting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids
    • F01K25/065—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids with an absorption fluid remaining at least partly in the liquid state, e.g. water for ammonia

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to production of useful work and/or electrical power using a heat engine, a working fluid, and sorption beds.
  • thermodynamic cycles convert thermal energy to useful work or electricity, each constrained by efficiency limitations associated with their working principles, materials and theoretical limits.
  • the Rankine cycle for example, is widely employed to derive work from heat transferred between a high temperature reservoir and one of lower temperature.
  • fundamental laws of thermodynamics lead to diminishing returns from processes harvesting thermal energy across small temperature differentials.
  • Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC) have been deployed to produce electricity from moderate-temperature waste heat, but their application has been limited due to the increased cost per unit of useful energy delivered. Ultimately, over half of the energy utilized in the US and globally is rejected as thermal energy due to conversion and other process losses.
  • a sorption system is disclosed in U.S. 9,097,445 that has a first adsorption vessel and a second adsorption vessel for generating refrigeration, electricity, or work.
  • column 5 starting at line 22 the inventors purport that the system can be operated continuously: "The first and second adsorption vessels operated in tandem such that one is operating in an adsorption mode when the other is operating in a desorption mode and vice versa. With such an arrangement, the first and second vessels operate to provide a continuous supply of working fluid." However, contrary to the inventors' assertions, this is not possible.
  • the temperature in the vessel during desorption is higher than the temperature at which adsorption can take place.
  • the vessel when a vessel is being switched between desorption and adsorption, the vessel must first be cooled for adsorption to occur. Similarly, when a vessel is being switched from adsorption to desorption, the vessel must first be heated for desorption to occur. As the vessels typically have a large thermal mass, partially due to being designed to withstand high pressure, a not inconsiderable time is needed to prepare the vessel for the next process. During the heating (or cooling) of the vessel, output from the system is temporarily put on hold. A system capable of providing continuous output is desired.
  • a process combining a heat engine with thermochemical sorption beds to produce mechanical energy and/or electrical power from heat is disclosed.
  • a working fluid is expanded isentropically from a warm, high- pressure vapor to a lower-pressure condition to produce work.
  • the warm working fluid is delivered from a heated sorbent (absorption or desorption) bed and captured in a cooled sorbent bed.
  • Working fluid and sorbent material combinations are selected to achieve a significant variation of sorption affinity with temperature.
  • the working pressure differential is established by isolating and heating a saturated sorption bed while isolating and cooling the depleted bed.
  • each sorption bed transitions through one of the following four phases: (1) cooled and sorbing low- pressure vapor; (2) mechanically isolated and heated to increase vapor pressure; (3) heated and releasing high-pressure vapor; and (4) mechanically isolated and cooled to reduce vapor pressure.
  • This process provides greater potential thermodynamic efficiency and narrower required operating temperature difference compared to existing Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems, which require a complete phase change of the working fluid. Instead, sorption processes are not constrained by the phase change characteristics of available working fluids and, especially in light of emergent metal-organic framework (MOF) materials, may leverage thermochemical reactions that achieve strong
  • Water and silica gel are a classic combination of sorbent media and fluid, which is well-established in the literature; ethanol and activated carbon is also a well- known combination. Sorption literature identifies additional options such as water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and organics chemicals, and such sorbents as zeolites, silica gel, adsorbing polymers, carbon, activated carbon, metal oxide framework (MOFs) and zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs). The present disclosure applies to any combination of absorption or adsorption media and fluid.
  • a sorption-expansion system has: an expander provided a working fluid at high pressure and exhausting the working fluid at low pressure and first, second, third, and fourth sorbent beds selectively fluidly coupled to an inlet to the expander and selectively fluidly coupled to an outlet of the expander.
  • One of the first, second, third, and fourth sorbent beds is fluidly coupled to the inlet of the expander to provide the working fluid at high pressure.
  • One of the first, second, third, and fourth sorbent beds is fluidly coupled to the outlet of the expander to accept the exhausted working fluid from the expander.
  • One of the first, second, third, and fourth sorbent beds is fluidly isolated from the expander and is in a cooling mode.
  • One of the first, second, third, and fourth sorbent beds is fluidly isolated from the expander and is in a heating mode.
  • the working fluid is of water, ammonia, or organic composition.
  • the first, second, third, and fourth sorbent beds have heat exchanger tubes therein.
  • the sorption-expansion system includes a hot fluid supply tube selectively fluidly coupled to the heat exchanger tubes associated with the first, second, third, and fourth sorbent beds; a hot fluid return tube selectively fluidly coupled to the heat exchanger tubes associated with the first, second, third, and fourth sorbent beds; a cold liquid supply tube selectively fluidly coupled to the heat exchanger tubes associated with the first, second, third, and fourth sorbent beds; and a cold liquid return selectively fluidly tube coupled to the heat exchanger tubes associated with the first, second third, and fourth sorbent beds.
  • a plurality of valves is disposed in the hot fluid supply, hot fluid return, cold fluid supply, and cold fluid return tubes which when closed, decouple the associated tubes in the first, second, third, and fourth sorbers, from the supply or return, respectively.
  • the system may further include a hot fluid supply header, a hot fluid return header, a cold fluid supply header, a cold fluid return header, a first tube fluidly coupling the hot fluid supply header with tubes within the first sorbent bed, a second tube fluidly coupling the cold fluid supply header with tubes within the first sorbent bed, a third tube fluidly coupling the hot fluid supply header with tubes within the second sorbent bed, a fourth tube fluidly coupling the cold fluid supply header with tubes within the second sorbent bed, a fifth tube fluidly coupling the hot supply header with tubes within the third sorbent bed, a sixth tube fluidly coupling the cold fluid supply header with tubes within the third sorbent bed, a seventh tube fluidly coupling the hot fluid supply header with tubes within the fourth sorbent bed, an eighth tube fluidly coupling the cold fluid supply header with tubes within the fourth sorbent bed, a ninth tube fluidly coupling the hot fluid return header with tubes within the first sorbent bed, a tenth tube fluidly coupling the cold fluid
  • the system may include a first valve in the first tube, a second valve in the second tube, a third valve in the third tube, a fourth valve in the fourth tube, a fifth valve in the fifth tube, a sixth valve in the sixth tube, a seventh valve in the seventh tube, an eighth valve in the eighth tube, a ninth valve in the ninth tube, a tenth valve in the tenth tube, an eleventh valve in the eleventh tube, a twelfth valve in the twelfth tube, a thirteenth valve in the thirteenth tube, a fourteenth valve in the fourteenth tube, a fifteenth valve in the fifteenth tube, and a sixteenth valve in the sixteenth tube.
  • three-way valves are provided in lieu of two valves.
  • the first and second valves are integrated in a first three-way valve.
  • the third and fourth valves are integrated in a second three-way valve.
  • the fifth and sixth valves are integrated in a third three-way valve.
  • the seventh and eight valves are integrated in a fourth three- way valve.
  • the ninth and tenth valves are integrated in a fifth three-way valve.
  • the eleventh and twelfth valves are integrated in a sixth three-way valve.
  • the thirteenth and fourteenth valves are integrated in a seventh three-way valve.
  • the fifteenth and sixteenth valves are integrated in an eighth three-way valve.
  • the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth three-way valves are electronically controlled and electronically coupled to an electronic control unit.
  • the system further includes: a first duct coupling the first sorbent bed with an inlet of the expander, a first working-fluid valve disposed in the first duct, a second duct coupling the first sorbent bed with an outlet of the expander, a second working-fluid valve disposed in the second duct, a third duct coupling the second sorbent bed with an inlet of the expander, a third working-fluid valve disposed in the third duct, a fourth duct coupling the second sorbent bed with an outlet of the expander, a fourth working-fluid valve disposed in the fourth duct, a fifth duct coupling the third sorbent bed with an inlet of the expander, a fifth working-fluid valve disposed in the fifth duct, a sixth duct coupling the third sorbent bed with an
  • the first and fifth three-way valves are in a position to couple tubes in the first sorbent bed with the hot fluid supply and the hot fluid return, respectively.
  • the second and sixth three-way valves are in a position to couple tubes in the second sorbent bed with the cold fluid supply and the cold fluid return respectively.
  • the third and seventh three-way valves are in a position to couple tubes in the third sorbent bed with the hot fluid supply and the hot fluid return, respectively.
  • the fourth and eighth three-way valves are in a position to couple tubes in the fourth sorbent bed with the cold fluid supply and the cold fluid return respectively.
  • the first and fourth working-fluid valves are in an open position.
  • the second, third, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth working-fluid valves are in a closed position.
  • the expander may be a turbine scroll or a piston in a cylinder.
  • An electrical generator is coupled to an output shaft of the expander.
  • the system further includes fifth and sixth sorbent beds selectively fluidly coupled to an inlet to the expander and selectively fluidly coupled to an outlet of the expander.
  • Two of the first, second third, fourth, fifth, and sixth sorbent beds are fluidly isolated from the expander and are in a cooling mode and two of the first, second third, fourth, fifth, and sixth sorbent beds are fluidly isolated from the expander and are in a heating mode.
  • Some embodiments include a first tube coupling the heat exchanger tubes of the first sorbent bed with the heat exchanger tubes of the second sorbent bed, a first valve disposed in the first tube, a second tube coupling the heat exchanger tubes of the second sorbent bed with the heat exchanger tubes of the third sorbent bed, a second valve disposed in the second tube, a third tube coupling the heat exchanger tubes of the third sorbent bed with the heat exchanger tubes of the fourth sorbent bed, a third valve disposed in the third tube, a fourth tube coupling the heat exchanger tubes of the fourth sorbent bed with the heat exchanger tubes of the first sorbent bed, and a fourth valve disposed in the fourth tube.
  • a sorption-expansion system that has an expander having a shaft output, a first sorbent bed selectively fluidly coupled to an inlet of the expander and selectively fluidly coupled to an outlet of the expander, a second sorbent bed selectively fluidly coupled to the inlet of the expander and selectively fluidly coupled to the outlet of the expander, a third sorbent bed selectively fluidly coupled to an inlet of the expander and selectively fluidly coupled to an outlet of the expander, and a fourth sorbent bed selectively fluidly coupled to the inlet of the expander and selectively fluidly coupled to the outlet of the expander.
  • the system further includes a hot fluid supply, a hot fluid return, a cold fluid supply, and a cold fluid return.
  • the first, second, third, and fourth, sorbent beds have heat exchange tubes disposed therein that are each selectively fluidly coupled to the hot fluid supply, the hot fluid return; the cold fluid supply, and the cold fluid return.
  • the heat exchange tubes of the first and second sorbent beds are selectively fluidly coupled, the heat exchange tubes of the second and third sorbent beds are selectively fluidly coupled, the heat exchange tubes of the third and fourth sorbent beds are selectively fluidly coupled, and the heat exchange tubes of the fourth and first sorbent beds are selectively fluidly coupled.
  • a fluid within the expander, the first sorbent bed, the second sorbent bed, the third sorbent bed, and the fourth sorbent bed is an organic material and a fluid within the heat exchange tubes may be a water-based coolant or oil.
  • the expander is a turbine in some embodiments, a scroll in other embodiments, and a piston in a cylinder in even other embodiments.
  • the system includes an electronic control unit (ECU).
  • the first sorbent bed has a first duct coupled to the inlet of the expander with a first valve disposed in the first duct to provide the selective coupling.
  • the first sorbent bed has a second duct coupled to the outlet of the expander with a second valve disposed in the second duct to provide the selective coupling.
  • the second sorbent bed has a third duct coupled to the inlet of the expander with a third valve disposed in the third duct to provide the selective coupling.
  • the second sorbent bed has a fourth duct coupled to the outlet of the expander with a fourth valve disposed in the fourth duct to provide the selective coupling.
  • the third sorbent bed has a fifth duct coupled to the inlet of the expander with a fifth valve disposed in the fifth duct to provide the selective coupling.
  • the third sorbent bed has a sixth duct coupled to the outlet of the expander with a sixth valve disposed in the sixth duct to provide the selective coupling.
  • the fourth sorbent bed has a seventh duct coupled to the inlet of the expander with a seventh valve disposed in the seventh duct to provide the selective coupling.
  • the fourth sorbent bed has an eighth duct coupled to the outlet of the expander with an eighth valve disposed in the eighth duct to provide the selective coupling.
  • the ECU is electronically coupled to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth valves.
  • a superheater is disposed between the first sorbent bed and the inlet of the expander.
  • the superheater is a heat exchanger with a working fluid of the sorption-expansion system gaining energy from a warmer fluid circulating through the superheater.
  • phase one is a desorbing mode
  • phase two is a heating mode
  • phase three is a sorbing mode
  • phase four is a cooling mode
  • operating a second sorbent bed in a heating mode during phase one, in a sorbing mode during phase two, in a cooling mode during phase three, and in a desorbing mode during phase four
  • operating a third sorbent bed in a sorbing mode during phase one, in a cooling mode during phase two and in a desorbing mode during phase three, and in a heating mode during phase four
  • operating a fourth sorbent bed in a cooling mode during phase one in a desorbing mode during phase two and in a heating mode during phase three, and in a sorbing mode during phase four
  • the first, second, third, and fourth sorbent beds are filled with sorbent and have heat exchange tubes therein.
  • a cold fluid supply and a cold fluid return are fluidly coupled to the heat exchange tube within any sorbent bed in the cooling mode.
  • a hot fluid supply and a hot fluid return are fluidly coupled to the heat exchange tubes with any sorbent bed in the heating mode.
  • the cold fluid supply and the cold fluid return are fluidly coupled to the heat exchange tube within any sorbent bed in the sorbing mode.
  • the hot fluid supply and the hot fluid return are fluidly coupled to the heat exchange tubes with any sorbent bed in the desorbing mode.
  • the first, second, third, and fourth sorbent beds have sorbent material disposed therein.
  • the expander is selectively fluidly coupled with the sorbent beds.
  • the hot fluid supply, the hot fluid return, the cold fluid supply, and cold fluid return are selectively fluidly coupled with the heat exchange tubes within the first and second sorbent beds.
  • Figures 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 are illustrations of systems using sorption- desorption to drive an expander with Figures 2 and 3 showing alternative valving, Figure 5 showing a system with multiple beds for cooling and heating, and Figures 6 and 7 showing cascading heating and cooling.
  • Figure 4 is an illustration of a piston-crank arrangement as an expander.
  • FIG. 1 a sorption-expansion system 10 using a working fluid is shown.
  • An expander 12 generates shaft work that may be utilized directly or delivered to a generator 13 by the expansion of high pressure vapor to low pressure vapor.
  • High pressure vapor is provided to expander 12 via inlet duct 76, an optional superheater 140 where additional heat 142 may be added, a high pressure working fluid header 28, interruptibly connected to a first sorbent bed 14 with duct 22, valve 60, and duct 26.
  • Superheater 140 is provided in only some embodiments.
  • High pressure vapor is desorbed from sorbent bed 14 as it is heated by hot fluid supplied from heat source 80 and provided to first sorbent bed 14 by fluid supply header 82, tube 90, and three-way supply valve 130.
  • the hot fluid returns to heat source 80 via three-way return valve 131, tube 100, and header 84.
  • three-way valves 130 and 131 serve to isolate sorbent bed 14 from the cold fluid supply while valve 62 isolates the high-pressure vapor from the low-pressure vapor.
  • a complete system might include four sorbent beds with associated components similar to the first sorbent bed. Since each of the four sorbent beds have substantially similar componentry, rather than provide a narrative description for each sorbent bed, the table below indicates the components associated with beds two, three, and four that are analogous to the components of bed 1 described above.
  • Hot fluid supply tube 90 92 94 96
  • Hot fluid return tube 100 102 104 106
  • Third sorbent bed 18 is cooled by cold fluid from heat sink 86 and provided to third sorbent bed 18 by cold fluid supply header 88, tube 114, and three-way supply valve 134. Cold fluid returns to heat sink 86 via three-way valve 135, tube 124, and cold fluid return header 89. While low pressure vapor is being absorbed/adsorbed by sorbent bed 18, three-way valves 134 and 135 serve to isolate sorbent bed 18 from the hot fluid supply while valve 68 isolates the low-pressure vapor from the high-pressure vapor.
  • a second sorbent bed 16 containing substantial sorbed working fluid may be isolated from both the high-pressure header 28 and the low-pressure vapor header 30 by closing both valves 64 and 66.
  • Second sorbent bed 16 may be heated by hot fluid from heat source 80 and provided to second sorbent bed 16 by fluid supply header 82, tube 92, and three-way supply valve 132.
  • the heated coolant is returned to the heat source 80 via three-way return valve 133, tube 102, and header 84. Temperature and pressure of the working fluid in sorbent bed 16 are thereby increased.
  • a fourth sorbent bed 20 containing relatively little absorbed/adsorbed working fluid may be isolated from both the high-pressure header 28 and the low-pressure vapor header 30 by closing both valves 72 and 74.
  • Fourth sorbent bed 20 may be cooled by cold fluid from heat sink 86 and provided to fourth sorbent bed 20 by fluid supply header 88, tube 116, and three-way supply valve 136.
  • the cold fluid returns to the heat sink 86 via three-way return valve 137, tube 126, and header 89.
  • the temperature and pressure of the working fluid in sorbent bed 20 and the temperature of sorbent bed 20 are decreased.
  • valve 60 is closed, thereby isolating first sorbent bed 14 from both high- pressure vapor 28 and low pressure vapor header 30.
  • Valve 64 is opened, connecting second sorbent bed 16, which has been preheated, to high pressure vapor header 28 to allow second sorbent bed 16 to supply the high-pressure vapor.
  • Three-way valves 130 and 131 associated with first sorbent bed 14 can be switched from hot fluid supply and return to the cold fluid supply and return, preparing first sorbent bed 14 for sorption of low pressure vapor at a later time.
  • third sorbent bed 18 is unable to sorb low pressure vapor at the rate required to support that coming from expander 12.
  • Valve 70 is then closed, thereby isolating third sorbent bed 18 from both high-pressure vapor header 28 and low pressure vapor header 30.
  • Valve 74 can be opened, connecting the precooled fourth sorbent bed 20 with low pressure vapor header 30 and allowing fourth sorbent bed 20 to absorb/adsorb the low-pressure vapor.
  • Three-way valves 134 and 135 associated with third sorbent bed 18 can be switched from the cold fluid supply and return to the hot fluid supply and return, thereby preparing third sorbent bed 18 for desorption of high pressure vapor at a later time.
  • Each of sorbent beds 14, 16, 18, and 20, cyclically and repetitively enters each of the four states: desorbing, cooling, sorbing, and heating, as required to support substantially continuous output work to generator 13.
  • Valve positions for the first sorbent bed 14 in each of the four states is shown in the table below. The valve positions for the other sorbent beds in each state may be determined by referencing the table above.
  • Automated operation may be enabled by utilizing an electronic control unit
  • ECU 150 to control valves and generator 13.
  • ECU 150 may be provided control inputs 152 from an operator or a device to indicate the desired output from generator 13.
  • ECU 150 also is supplied inputs from various sensors 154, which might be temperature in heat source 80 and heat sink 86, ambient conditions, system pressures, temperatures within sorbent beds, as some non-limiting examples. Based on inputs, ECU 150 sends control outputs 156 to valves, and possibly to expander 12 and/or generator 13, or to a
  • variable geometry turbine can be used to control output when the expander is a turbine.
  • valve timing, speed, and the number of cylinders activated can be adjusted (sometime referred to as variable displacement). This is a non-exhaustive list of options.
  • a range of expander types are suitable for use in the disclosed system. For power levels below approximately 1MW (electric), a reciprocating (piston) expander offers advantages of simplicity, cost, and flexibility (control method and efficiency relatively constant over a range of operating conditions). However, larger capacity installations could utilize scroll or turbine expanders, with modifications to the process control method. In the interest of maintaining clarity in Figure 1, the individual control signal lines from ECU 150 to each of the valves is not included.
  • Embodiments according to the disclosure enable the operation of a sorption- expansion system between the high temperature of heat source 80 and the low
  • FIG. 80 A portion of a sorption-expansion system is illustrated in Figure 2 showing two two-way valves used in place of a single three-way valve.
  • Sorbent bed 14 is supplied cold fluid via duct 110 in which a two-way valve 168 is placed.
  • cold fluid returns through duct 120 in which two-way valve 178 is placed.
  • Hot fluid supply and return to and from sorbent bed 14 is provided through ducts 110 and 120, respectively, which have associated valves 166 and 176 disposed therein, respectively.
  • Figure 2 also shows the signal lines from ECU 150 to the valves explicitly.
  • Signal lines 182, 184 186 and 188 are provided to valves 166, 168, 176, and 178, respectively.
  • Sorbent material is provided on the outside of heat exchange lines 180 or generally within sorbent bed 14. Vapor that flows from sorbent bed 14 through valve 60 or into sorbent bed through valve 62 access the sorbent material within bed 14, i.e., the volume within sorbent bed 14 that is outside heat exchange lines 180.
  • sorbent bed 14 fluidly couples with expander 12 via valves 60 and 62.
  • a three-way valve could be used, as shown in Figure 3. Only a portion of a complete sorption-expansion cycle is shown in Figure 3, i.e. a portion relating to one sorbent bed.
  • Sorbent bed 14 is provided a three-way valve 196 that, when closed, isolates sorbent bed 14 from the expander (not shown in Figure 3).
  • three-way valve 196 allows fluidic communication between sorbent bed 14 and high- pressure vapor header 28 via duct 192.
  • three-way valve 196 allows fluidic communication between sorbent bed 14 and low-pressure vapor header 30 via duct 194.
  • ECU 150 is electronically coupled to valve 196 via a signal line 200.
  • Expander 12 in Figure 1 can be any engine or device that converts energy in a pressurized fluid into work.
  • Expander 12 in some embodiments, is a turbine or scroll.
  • a reciprocating (piston-crank) arrangement 500 is shown. Fluid in chamber 502 acts upon piston 504 that reciprocates within cylinder 506.
  • a connecting rod 510 couples between piston 504 and a crankshaft 512. As connecting rod 510 couples to crankshaft 512 offset from a center of rotation of crankshaft 512, linear motion of piston 504 is converted into rotary motion of crankshaft 512.
  • Pressurized fluid is provided to cylinder 506 through poppet valve 514 (which is shown in a closed position in Figure 4) and is exhausted through poppet valve 516 (which is shown in an open position in Figure 4).
  • Shaft work from expander 12, in Figure 1 can be used to drive a generator 13 that develops electricity.
  • shaft work from expander 12 can be used directly to power any suitable device.
  • An organic such as hydrocarbons: isobutane, pentane, propane, methane, can be used as the working fluid.
  • hydrochlorofluorocarbons are the working fluid.
  • water using silica gel as an adsorption medium is another alternative.
  • the cycle described above is suitable for a situation in which the sorption, desorption, heating, and cooling phases are substantially the same length of time.
  • One particular variable of interest is the ratio of the latent enthalpy of sorption of the working fluid in the bed compared to the sensible enthalpy to heat/ cool a bed. If the ratio is small, it warrants additional beds with multiple beds cooling and multiple beds heating, as will be described below in regards to Figure 5. On the other hand, if the ratio is relatively large, it may be suitable to cascade the heating/ cooling so that the coldest/hottest fluids drive sorption/desorption and the tempered fluid cools/heats the sealed beds as will be described below in regards to Figures 6 and 7.
  • an expander 250 is provided working fluid from sorbent bed 264 and exhausts working fluid to sorbent bed 280.
  • Heat transfer tubes in beds 260, 262, and 264 are fluidly coupled to hot fluid supply header 270 and fluidly coupled to hot fluid return header 272.
  • Heat transfer tubes in beds 280, 282, and 284 are fluidly coupled to cold fluid supply header 290 and fluidly coupled to cold fluid return header 292.
  • Beds 260, 262, 282, and 284 are isolated from expander 250.
  • Figure 5 only shows the ducts for the one process discussed above. To provide a cycle, beds, 260, 262, 264, 280, 282, and 284 go through cooling, sorbing (while cooling), heating, and desorbing (while heating).
  • Ducts are provided between each of the beds with the inlet and with the outlet of the expander for the working fluid with valves in each of such ducts so that each of beds 260, 262, 264, 280, 282, and 284 can take turn sorbing and desorbing.
  • Each of beds 260, 262, 264, 280, 282, and 284 have heat transfer tubes disposed therein.
  • the heat transfer tubes in each of the beds are provided connections to each of hot fluid supply header 270, hot fluid supply return 272, cold fluid supply header 290, and cold fluid supply header 292 with valves in each of the connections.
  • the embodiment in Figure 5 three beds are being heated with one of those in a desorbing mode and three beds are being cooled with one of those in a sorbing mode. If the sensible enthalpy to latent enthalpy ratio is even higher, eight beds can be provided with four beds being heated, one of which is desorbing, and with four beds being cooled, one of which is sorbing.
  • Hot fluid supply 312 is provided to desorbing bed 310.
  • the tempered hot fluid 314 is supplied to heating bed 320 before being returned through hot fluid return 316.
  • Sorbing bed 330 is provided cold fluid supply 332.
  • Tempered cold fluid 334 from sorbing bed 330 is provided to cooling bed 340 and then returned via cold fluid return 336.
  • the various valves, additional ducting, a control unit, etc. that allows the beds to cycle through heating, heating while desorbing, cooling, and cooling while sorbing are not shown in Figures 5 and 6 in the interest of clarity.
  • Beds 414, 416, 418, and 420 are each coupled to an expander (not shown in Figure 7) via ducts 424, 426, 428, and 430, respectively.
  • Each of beds 414, 416, 418, and 420 are selectively coupled to heat sink 86 via cold fluid supply header 434 and cold fluid return header 436 and to heat source 80 via hot fluid supply header 438 and hot fluid return header 440.
  • a key difference between the arrangement in Figure 7 compared to that shown in Figure 1 is that sorbent bed 414 is fluidly coupled to sorbent bed 416 via a tube 402 with a valve 218 disposed therein.
  • Sorbent beds 416 and 418 fluidly couple via a tube 404 with a valve 228 disposed therein.
  • Sorbent beds 418 and 420 fluidly couple via a tube 406 with a valve 238 disposed therein. And, sorbent beds 420 and 414 fluidly couple via a tube 400 with a valve 248 disposed therein.
  • valve 210 when sorbent bed 414 is in a desorbing mode, valve 210 is open to bring hot fluid into sorbent bed 414.
  • Valve 218 is open so that the tempered hot fluid leaving sorbent bed 414 is supplied to sorbent bed 416 before returning to hot fluid return header 440.
  • tubes herein, is not intended to imply that there is a single tube through which fluid flows with sorbent beds nor any limitation to a cross-sectional shape of the tube or the heat exchanger.
  • One tube may bring fluid to the bed and another tube moving fluid out of the bed, but a manifolding of the tubes within the bed.
  • Any suitable heat exchanger configuration may be used and is meant herein to be tube or tubes.
  • Certain elements, such as a superheater, a transmission, a generator, an electronic control unit, are shown in some Figures and not in others. Any of these elements may be applied to any of the disclosed systems, as deemed suitable to meet the design goals.
  • the fluid used to heat or cool beds is sometimes referred to simply as fluid or occasionally referred to as water. It is common to use a water-based fluid for such a purpose.
  • water or fluid in the context of heating and cooling the sorbent beds refers to any suitable liquid or gas, including air, oil, or exhaust products from a combustion event, as examples.
  • drawings showing a heat sink or heat source are not intended to imply a closed system. For example, if exhaust products from a combustor is used for heating, the material is not "reheated,” but simply exhausted to the environment.

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de sorption-expansion qui récupère l'énergie résiduelle contenue dans un courant de fluide, tel que de l'eau chaude provenant d'une centrale électrique. Le système de sorption-expansion comprend des lits de sorbant qui sont sélectivement couplés à un détendeur. Le détendeur peut être un moteur alternatif, une spirale, une turbine ou d'un autre type. Un lit de sorbant ayant absorbé/adsorbé un fluide de travail à haute pression fonctionne en mode désorption et fournit le fluide de travail au détendeur, tandis qu'un autre lit de sorbant reçoit absorbe/adsorbe le fluide de travail basse pression détendu provenant du détendeur. Avec quatre lits de sorbant, lorsque les premier et deuxième lits sont actifs en sorption et désorption, un troisième lit est chauffé (par une source telle qu'une énergie résiduelle) et un quatrième lit supplémentaire est refroidi par un flux réfrigérant. Les lits sont commutés entre les modes par des clapets qui couplent de manière fluidique les lits de sorbant avec le détendeur, le fluide chaud et le fluide froid.
PCT/US2017/019818 2016-02-29 2017-02-28 Génération d'électricité à l'aide d'un moteur thermique et de lits de sorption WO2017151539A1 (fr)

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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3943719A (en) * 1975-02-26 1976-03-16 Terry Lynn E Hydride-dehydride power system and methods
WO2008125827A2 (fr) * 2007-04-13 2008-10-23 City University Appareil et procédé à cycle de rankine organique
US20090019853A1 (en) * 2006-01-24 2009-01-22 Bengt Nilsson Method and Arrangement for Energy Conversion in Stages
US20120102996A1 (en) * 2010-10-29 2012-05-03 General Electric Company Rankine cycle integrated with absorption chiller
US20140174084A1 (en) * 2011-08-19 2014-06-26 Ei Du Pont De Nemours And Company Processes and compositions for organic rankine cycles for generating mechanical energy from heat

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3943719A (en) * 1975-02-26 1976-03-16 Terry Lynn E Hydride-dehydride power system and methods
US20090019853A1 (en) * 2006-01-24 2009-01-22 Bengt Nilsson Method and Arrangement for Energy Conversion in Stages
WO2008125827A2 (fr) * 2007-04-13 2008-10-23 City University Appareil et procédé à cycle de rankine organique
US20120102996A1 (en) * 2010-10-29 2012-05-03 General Electric Company Rankine cycle integrated with absorption chiller
US20140174084A1 (en) * 2011-08-19 2014-06-26 Ei Du Pont De Nemours And Company Processes and compositions for organic rankine cycles for generating mechanical energy from heat

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