WO2017137911A1 - Lentille intraoculaire comprenant un tonomètre - Google Patents

Lentille intraoculaire comprenant un tonomètre Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017137911A1
WO2017137911A1 PCT/IB2017/050697 IB2017050697W WO2017137911A1 WO 2017137911 A1 WO2017137911 A1 WO 2017137911A1 IB 2017050697 W IB2017050697 W IB 2017050697W WO 2017137911 A1 WO2017137911 A1 WO 2017137911A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
tonometer
iol
eye
stem
iop
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PCT/IB2017/050697
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English (en)
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WO2017137911A8 (fr
Inventor
Federico Gelli
Original Assignee
VALTRIANI, Massimiliano
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Publication of WO2017137911A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017137911A1/fr
Publication of WO2017137911A8 publication Critical patent/WO2017137911A8/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/14—Eye parts, e.g. lenses, corneal implants; Implanting instruments specially adapted therefor; Artificial eyes
    • A61F2/16—Intraocular lenses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B3/00—Apparatus for testing the eyes; Instruments for examining the eyes
    • A61B3/10—Objective types, i.e. instruments for examining the eyes independent of the patients' perceptions or reactions
    • A61B3/16—Objective types, i.e. instruments for examining the eyes independent of the patients' perceptions or reactions for measuring intraocular pressure, e.g. tonometers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2250/0001—Means for transferring electromagnetic energy to implants
    • A61F2250/0002—Means for transferring electromagnetic energy to implants for data transfer

Definitions

  • the present invention relates in general to the field of medical devices implantable in an eye, and more particularly it relates to a new and innovative device comprising an intraocular lens, surgically implantable in the eye of a patient undergoing a cataract operation, which integrates in its structure a tonometer having the function of detecting and transmitting over the air, that is in wireless mode, outside of the eye, the detected data of the intraocular pressure of the eye, as well as a corresponding new tonometer integrable in an intraocular lens implantable in the eye for cataract therapy.
  • IOL intraocular lens
  • the crystalline lens of an eye works as a biconvex lens, and in particular has at the front a convex surface, resting on the iris and turned towards the pupil, and another surface at the rear, which is also convex, turned towards the vitreous body, in which the curvatures of these two surfaces of the crystalline lens are different and also vary according to the movements that the ciliary muscle imposes on the crystalline lens.
  • the lens which replaces the crystalline lens must not have any body which can vary locally the index of refraction of light, as this body would cause anomalies in the vision of objects.
  • the modern IOLs currently available on the market are soft and bendable lenses with an optical diameter of about 5 mm, and may be introduced in the eye by means of an injector having a diameter which does not exceed 2-2.5 mm.
  • IOL intraocular lens or IOL, provided with haptics, denoted by AP, is shown schematically in Fig. 6.
  • the eye obviously possesses its own and natural accommodative ability and in particular its ciliary muscle can vary the shape of the lens that has been implanted, so as to vary its power and optical configuration and therefore improve vision both in the middle field and near and far.
  • the contraction of the ciliary muscle allows the forward displacement of the lens or IOL, so as to allow the focusing of vision on the near, far and middle field.
  • accommodation of the lens, once implanted, is not only due to the ciliary muscle, but other passive components of the eye can also intervene in this accommodation, such as the capsule, the zonula, the uvea and vitreous.
  • the lenses currently on the market can be of different types and be made of different materials, such as for example acrylic lenses, hydrophilic lenses and silicone lenses.
  • the lenses may differ in their shape, and for example there are spherical and aspheric lenses, or also in other aspects, for example in the diameter of the optics or in the design of the haptics.
  • a cataract is a clouding of the crystalline lens of the eye which, obstructing the passage of light, causes a progressive loss of vision, which therefore appears blurred, and often disturbed by halos around light sources.
  • this pathology is related to ageing, but there are also cases of congenital conditions, or cases in which the cataract arises due to an ocular inflammation or an injury or other factors, as in the case of iatrogenic cataract.
  • cataract therapy through the implantation of a lens or IOL, it can be useful and necessary to measure the intraocular pressure of the aqueous humor, also known by the acronym IOP (intraocular pressure), with a device or tonometer associated and integrated in the same lens that is implanted in the patient's eye.
  • IOP intraocular pressure
  • the device or tonometer that is inserted in the eye together with the lens, in order to measure the intraocular pressure of the eye cannot be transparent but is necessarily opaque, so that "the problem arises that the tonometer both could hinder the visual function of the lens, or the passage of light which is focused on the retina, and generate halos in the visual field.
  • the system has to be considered as a whole in which the lens and the tonometer are inserted.
  • the lens once implanted, is subject to the movements of the ciliary muscles aimed at adjusting the patient's vision in the near, middle and far field.
  • the lens integrating the tonometer, once implanted in place of the crystalline lens, borders laterally with the posterior chamber of the eye, in the area where the ciliary muscles are also placed.
  • the tonometer integrated in the lens, once implanted together with the latter in the eye, is positioned in the area of the posterior chamber and not in that of the eye's anterior chamber.
  • the lens since the passage of the aqueous humor between posterior chamber and anterior chamber occurs between the iris and the crystalline lens, the lens, once implanted in place of the crystalline lens, also laterally borders the area where the aqueous humor forms which then passes into the anterior chamber.
  • FIGs. 7 A, 7B and 7C show in cross section the areas of the eye O that contain the aqueous humor of which the pressure is to be measured by means of the tonometer integrated in the lens or IOL that is implanted in the eye in place of the crystalline lens, in which in these Figs. 7A, 7B and 7C the relevant parts and areas of the eye are denoted in the following way:
  • WO 2014/058965 Al in the name of Alcon Research Ltd (USA), describes a sensor assembly, implantable, dimensioned for insertion inside a human eye, comprising a pressure sensor, manufactured with MEMS (Micro Electro-mechanical Systems) technologies and an antenna coupled with the sensor, in which the antenna is flexible between an expanded configuration and a non-expanded one, and, in the expanded configuration, has a specific shape such as to interface with the tissue inside the eye so as to stabilise the sensor assembly.
  • MEMS Micro Electro-mechanical Systems
  • the object of the international patent application WO 2012/037455 Al, in the name of Orthomems Inc. (USA), is sensors, manufactured with MEMS technology, which include an antenna that extends around the pupil of the eye and which have the function of directly monitoring the intraocular pressure, for example after cataract surgery in the eye, in which these sensors are provided to be implanted in the capsular sac together with the intraocular lens IOL but separately from it, so that the pressure sensors can be used and combined with a wide range of types of IOL available commercially.
  • the international patent application WO 201 1/035228 Al describes a device, implantable in an eye, for the measurement of intraocular pressure, comprising: a distal portion, a proximal portion, and a support of elongated shape, shapable, wherein the distal portion comprises a pressure sensor, for example consisting of a condenser, apt to measure directly the pressure of the anterior chamber of the eye, the proximal portion comprises a coil apt to transmit in wireless mode to the outside of the eye the intraocular pressure value detected by the sensor, and the support, of elongated shape, shapable, extends between the distal portion and the proximal portion so as to couple the distal portion to the coil and is dimensioned to allow the positioning, during surgery to implant the device into the eye, of the pressure sensor in the anterior chamber, while the proximal portion is positioned under the conjunctiva of the eye.
  • a pressure sensor for example consisting of a condenser, apt to measure directly
  • 056 708 Bl in the name of the California Institute of Technology (USA), in turn describes a micro pressure sensor, manufactured with MEMS technologies, implantable in an eye, comprising a condenser and a variable inductor, in which the variable condenser in turn comprises a flexible member, which is placed on a substrate and defines a chamber, and a plurality of capacitive elements that extend indirectly from the flexible member.
  • this micro pressure sensor In the functioning of this micro pressure sensor, once implanted in the eye, sufficient variations of the pressure of the aqueous humor on the outer surface of the flexible member cause a movement and a deformation of the same flexible member, with consequent movements of the capacitive elements, so as to determine corresponding variations in the capacity of the condenser, and therefore also corresponding changes in the resonant frequency or impedance of the system, which are detected in order to determine the pressure, that is the intraocular pressure, acting on the flexible member.
  • the US patent US 6,443,893 Bl in the name of Acritec GmbH (Germany), relates to a device for measuring intraocular pressure comprising a remote measuring device that can be implanted in the eye and which in turn comprises a pressure sensor, a device apt to convert the sensor signals into information, and a transmitter for the wireless transmission of this information.
  • This device also comprises a receiving device, located outside of the eye, which receives the information transmitted by the transmitter and which is connected to a control and evaluation device, in which the received information is converted into data on the intraocular pressure that are then recorded.
  • the patent US 6,796,942 Bl again in the name of Acritec GmbH (Germany), relates to a device, implantable, for the measurement of physical quantities in an eye, in particular for the measurement of intraocular pressure, comprising a foldable telemetry system containing a flat coil which is placed on a folding support and is completely embedded in a material biocompatible with the implant in the eye, together with an electronic part that contains the electronics of the telemetry system.
  • the international patent application WO 02/056758 Al in the name of Humanoptics AG (Germany), discloses a device, implantable in a human eye, for the determination of the pressure of the aqueous humor in the eye, comprising a support body with a pressure sensor apt to detect the pressure of the aqueous humor, and a data processing unit, placed on the support body, apt to process the data of the aqueous humor pressure detected by the pressure sensor.
  • this device comprises a first transmission/reception unit that is placed on the support body and is associated with the processing unit to exchange data and information with a second transmission/reception unit placed outside the eye.
  • US patent 5,005,577 describes a device, implantable in the eyeball, for the monitoring of the intraocular pressure, comprising an intraocular lens and an intraocular pressure sensor that is coupled to the intraocular lens and implantable with the same in the eyeball, in which the sensor is apt to transmit in wireless mode the data of the ocular pressure outside of the eye and comprises a radio probe associated with a resonant circuit whose resonance frequency is sensitive to intraocular pressure.
  • the object of the present invention is to propose and develop a medical device of the type comprising a tonometer apt to measure the pressure of the aqueous humor in the eye, in which the tonometer is associated and constitutes an integral part of an intraocular lens implantable in the eye of a patient in place of the crystalline lens, in particular in cataract therapy. It is also configured and integrated in the lens so as not to interfere with the normal functions of the eye, once the lens integrating the tonometer is implanted in the eye. Finally it is able to provide a precise and reliable measurement in time of the intraocular pressure in the eye.
  • a further object of the present invention is also that of proposing and developing a medical device of the type comprising an intraocular lens, implantable in an eye in place of the crystalline lens in cataract therapy, which integrates a tonometer for measuring the pressure of the aqueous humor inside the eye, in which the device, taking account of requirements apparently in contrast one with the other, constitutes an optimal solution to the problem of integrating the tonometer in the intraocular lens, implantable in the eye in place of the crystalline lens in cataract treatment, so as not to hinder the visual function of the eye that receives the lens, or does not interfere with the normal functions of the eye, and, at the same time, ensure a precise and reliable measurement in time of the intraocular pressure in the eye.
  • Another object of the present invention is also that of proposing and developing a new and innovative tonometer of the capacitive type, integrable in an intraocular lens implantable in an eye in place of the crystalline lens, typically in cataract therapy, in which the capacitive tonometer exhibits significantly better performances than those of known tonometers, including those integrated in intraocular lenses implantable in an eye.
  • the medical device comprising an intraocular lens, implantable in the eye of a patient and integrating a tonometer for measuring the intraocular pressure, and by the capacitive tonometer for measuring intraocular pressure respectively having the features defined by the independent claims 1 and 8.
  • Fig. 1 is a diagram that illustrates the essential parts of a medical device, in accordance with the invention, comprising an intraocular lens or IOL implantable in the eye of a patient, more particularly suffering from cataract, which integrates a new capacitive tonometer, for the detection and measurement of the intraocular pressure of the eye;
  • Figs. 2A and 2B are three-dimensional graphical views of the intraocular lens or IOL, part of the medical device of Fig. 1 , implantable in the eye of the patient and integrating the new capacitive tonometer;
  • Fig. 3 shows eyewear that incorporates a transceiver device to exchange control signals and data in wireless mode with the tonometer integrated in the IOL implanted in the patient's eye;
  • Fig. 4A is a first schematic sectional view of the new capacitive tonometer, in accordance with the present invention, and integrated in the IOL implantable in the eye of a patient, in a first rest configuration assumed by the tonometer when it has not yet been inserted, together with the IOL, in the eye of the patient;
  • Fig. 4B is a second schematic sectional view of the new capacitive tonometer, in accordance with the present invention and integrated in the IOL, in a second working configuration, in which the capacitive tonometer, once inserted together with the IOL in the eye, works to detect the intraocular pressure;
  • Fig. 4C is a further schematic sectional view of the new capacitive tonometer aimed at illustrating its operation to detect the intraocular pressure
  • Figs. 5A and 5B are two diagrams aimed at illustrating the principle of operation of the new capacitive tonometer, integrated in the IOL and part of the device of the invention
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic view of an intraocular lens or IOL , provided with haptics, in accordance with the prior art
  • Figs. 7A, 7B and 7C are views showing in section the eye area destined to receive the implant comprising the IOL integrating the new capacitive tonometer of the invention, and in particular the one containing in its interior the aqueous humor whose pressure has to be measured using the new capacitive tonometer integrated in the IOL;
  • Figs. 8A-8C are diagrams and charts used in the design and in the dimensioning of the electromechanical system comprising the capacitive tonometer that is integrated in the IOL of the device of the invention;
  • Figs. 9A-9J are diagrams and charts concerning the electronic part of the device of the invention, and in particular a respective circuit of the RLC type, which is associated with the new capacitive tonometer of the invention, integrated in the IOL, and controls the relative signals thereof, indicative of the intraocular pressure; and
  • Figs. 10A-10F are photographs that illustrate the tests and the experimentation work carried out on the device of the invention, and in particular on the respective new tonometer, of the capacitive type, integrable in the IOL included in the device of the invention.
  • a medical device in accordance with the present invention, is denoted as a whole by 10 and comprises, as essential component and part, an intraocular lens also commonly called IOL, denoted by 1 1 , implantable in the eye O of a patient, in particular suffering from cataract, in which the intraocular lens or IOL 1 1 in turn integrates in its structure at least one tonometer, denoted by 20, having the function of measuring in time the intraocular pressure of the eye O, also known by the acronym IOP, once the IOL 11 is implanted in the patient's eye.
  • IOL intraocular lens
  • 1 1 implantable in the eye O of a patient, in particular suffering from cataract
  • the intraocular lens or IOL 1 1 in turn integrates in its structure at least one tonometer, denoted by 20, having the function of measuring in time the intraocular pressure of the eye O, also known by the acronym IOP, once the IOL 11 is implanted in the patient's eye.
  • the medical device 10 of the invention implements a system of acquisition and transmission of data, which means that the signals and the data, indicative of the value of the intraocular pressure or IOP, which are detected by the tonometer or by the tonometers 20 integrated in the IOL 11 when it is implanted in the eye O, are transmitted outside of the eye O over the air, or in wireless mode, as indicated by the corresponding symbol WL.
  • this system of acquisition and transmission of data indicative of the intraocular pressure IOP comprises an antenna, denoted by 16 and associated with the intraocular lens 1 1 implanted in the patient's eye, which is apt to receive the data, indicative of the IOP, from the tonometer or from the tonometers 20 integrated in the same lens 1 1 , and which performs the function of transmitting the received data to an external transceiver apparatus, denoted by 12, also usually called "micro station", and for example placed on the eyewear frame OC worn by the patient in which the IOL has been implanted, as shown in Figs. 1 and 3.
  • the antenna 16 associated with the lens 1 1 implanted in the eye O of the patient, also performs the function of receiving, from the transceiver 12 placed outside of the eye, the energy needed to feed all the data reading and detection system, i.e. the tonometer or the tonometers 20 integrated in the lens 1 1 and used to detect the value of the IOP, and the respective electronic circuitry, described in detail here below, which controls and manages the signals generated by the tonometers 20.
  • the data reading and detection system i.e. the tonometer or the tonometers 20 integrated in the lens 1 1 and used to detect the value of the IOP, and the respective electronic circuitry, described in detail here below, which controls and manages the signals generated by the tonometers 20.
  • the antenna 16 is integrated in the structure of the lens 1 1 , along the edge of the latter, and typically has a circular configuration corresponding to that of the same lens 1 1.
  • the reading and transmission outside of the eye of the data indicative of the IOP can be carried out not only in a continuous manner, but also according to a certain time interval, or according to a sequence of sampling.
  • the data of the intraocular pressure can be detected by the tonometer or the tonometers 20 integrated in the lens 1 1 , implanted in the eye, according to a sequence of sampling which can be of a reading every minute, and then be transmitted via the antenna 16 and be received by the transceiver 12, external, mounted on the eyewear OC worn by the patient, and be finally processed by the same transceiver 12.
  • the transceiver 12, mounted on the eyewear OC in turn is apt to communicate and exchange data, always in wireless mode as indicated by the respective symbol WL, with further communication devices, denoted in general by D, such as cell phones, smartphones, computers and others again.
  • the lens or IOL 11 implantable in the eye O, integrates in its structure two tonometers 20, respectively denoted by 20-1 and 20-2, which are placed at the opposite sides of the lens 1 1.
  • the two tonometers 20-1 and 20-2 are integrated in two bodies, respectively 13a and 13b, which are formed, in opposite areas, along the edge of the lens 1 1, and are associated with two supports or flexible rods, or haptics, 14a and 14b, having the function of ensuring a correct and stable positioning of the lens 11 in the eye in which it is implanted.
  • the two tonometers 20-1 and 20-2 being integrated and placed in opposite side areas of the IOL 1 1, are such as not to interfere and/or limit the passage of light through the IOL 1 1 , once implanted in the eye.
  • FIGs. 7A-7C show in section the eye area intended to receive the intraocular lens 1 1 of the device 10 of the invention.
  • FIGs. 7A and 7B indicate that, when the lens 1 1 is implanted in the eye O of the patient in place of the crystalline lens, the measurement of intraocular pressure is performed by the two tonometers 20, integrated in the same lens 1 1 , not in the anterior chamber but in the posterior chamber, and in particular in the zone Z of the posterior chamber, behind the iris, which is in communication with the anterior chamber, and which therefore allows the passage of the aqueous humor from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber.
  • this zone Z of the posterior chamber, behind the iris, in communication with the anterior chamber, causes the pressures of the aqueous humor contained in the two chambers, anterior and posterior, to be considered similar and equivalent one to the other.
  • the device of the invention 10 while being configured to detect and measure, using the two tonometers 20-1 and 20-2 integrated at the opposite sides of the lens 1 1, which replaces the crystalline lens, the aqueous humor pressure not directly in the anterior chamber of the eye, but in a zone of the posterior chamber before the humor reaches the anterior chamber, is in any case apt to provide an accurate and reliable measurement of the intraocular pressure.
  • the two anterior and posterior chambers of the eye being in communication one with the other, are to be considered as a single one and equivalent for the purpose of detecting the pressure of the aqueous humor contained and present in them.
  • the arrangement of the two tonometers 20-1 and 20-2 at the sides of the lens 11 does not involve contraindications, neither for the insertion of the lens 1 1 in the eye, nor with respect to changes and alterations in the normal functions of the eye and sight.
  • the device 10 of the invention is configured to measure the intraocular pressure or IOP in the area of the posterior chamber of the eye, behind the iris, by means of the two tonometers 20-1 and 20- 2, integrated and placed to the sides of the intraocular lens 1 1 implanted in the eye of the patient suffering from cataract, and by means of the single and common circular antenna 16, integrated in the same lens 1 1 , which receives the data from the two tonometers 20-1 and 20-2 and in turn transmits them over the air to the external transceiver 12, mounted on the patient's eyewear, where the signals are processed to then be transmitted and received again over the air by other external communications equipment such as for example a smartphone or similar equipment.
  • other external communications equipment such as for example a smartphone or similar equipment.
  • the lens implantable in the patient's eye can have a configuration in which it integrates in its structure only one tonometer, instead of two, always in a side area of the lens, so that the tonometer does not obstruct the visual function of the lens, i.e. the passage of light through the same lens, and of course an aerial having the function of receiving the data, indicative of the intraocular pressure, detected by this single tonometer integrated in the lens, and to transmit them over the air outside of the eye.
  • the tonometer 20, or each of the two tonometers 20-1 and 20-2 that are integrated and placed at opposite sides of the lens 1 1 , implantable in the eye of a patient suffering from cataract has a configuration and corresponding functioning that appear to be very innovative.
  • the tonometer 20 of the invention exhibits substantially a cylindrical shape, extending along a respective longitudinal axis X, and is constituted by:
  • a fastening element 25 for stably fastening the membrane 22 to the outer casing 21 ;
  • a stem or peg 23 housed inside the fixed element 24 and axially movable along the X axis of the tonometer 20;
  • a small helical compression spring 27, calibrated and preloaded which is housed in an inner chamber 28, defined by the outer casing 21 of the tonometer 20 and filled with a liquid L having a special composition and a low salt content.
  • the elastic membrane 22 has a special headset shape that is configured so as to be subject, due to the action of the pressure IOP, only to normal and non-tangential stresses, and therefore to deform consequently only due to the normal and non-tangential stresses.
  • the same membrane 22 operates as sealing element and prevents the aqueous humor UA, that is saline, whose pressure has to be detected, from entering the inside of the tonometer 20, compromising in this way the basic functions thereof.
  • the stem 23 in turn is constituted by a first portion 23-1, cylindrical, in conductive material, and a second portion 23-2, of insulating material, which extend in continuation one of the other along the X axis of the tonometer 20, in which the first portion 23-1 is placed at one end of the stem 23 connected to the elastic membrane 22, so as to receive through the latter the intraocular pressure IOP, and the second portion 23-2, placed at the opposite end of the stem 23, is apt to receive the elastic force applied by the preloaded small spring 27, so that the stem 23 is subject on one side to the pressure IOP and on the opposite side to the elastic force of the small compression spring 27.
  • the tonometer 20 defines an electrical condenser CON constituted by an inner armature, axially movable along the X axis of the tonometer 20, in turn constituted by the first part 23-1, in conductive material, of the stem 23; and an outer armature, fixed, in turn constituted by the outer body 24, in conductive material, wherein these two armatures of which an outer one, fixed, and the other inner one, axially movable, are separated by the dielectric element 26.
  • CON electrical condenser CON constituted by an inner armature, axially movable along the X axis of the tonometer 20, in turn constituted by the first part 23-1, in conductive material, of the stem 23; and an outer armature, fixed, in turn constituted by the outer body 24, in conductive material, wherein these two armatures of which an outer one, fixed, and the other inner one, axially movable, are separated by the dielectric element 26.
  • the tonometer 20 that is to say each of the tonometers 20-1 and 20-2 integrated in the lens 1 1 that is implanted in the eye O, can be considered, from the operational aspect, as a pressure transducer, that is as a device having the ability to transduce a pressure, in the present case constituted by an intraocular pressure, into an electrical quantity, in particular constituted by the capacity of a condenser CON.
  • the tonometer or tonometers 20-1 and 20-2 integrated in the lens 1 1 are configured as transducers apt to transduce the intraocular pressure and its variations into corresponding variations in the capacity of an electrical condenser, or as transducers operating according to a capacitive principle, and to detect the variations in the capacity of this electrical condenser in order to detect and measure the value of the intraocular pressure acting in the eye O and its variations.
  • the dielectric element 26 has the function, as illustrated in detail here below also with the aid of theoretical considerations, to increase the gain of the transducer, or to amplify the effect of variation of the capacity of the condenser CON, which constitutes the transducer.
  • this variation in capacity, indicative of the intraocular pressure is read and detected, unambiguously, by a specific and dedicated electronic circuit, associated with the lens 1 1 , as a variation of the resonance frequency of the same circuit, and then transmitted over the air, or in wireless mode as already explained, outside of the eye O.
  • tonometer 20 can be schematised, at least in general terms, as a flat condenser CON, such as that shown in Fig. 5 A, defined by two armatures Al and A2, between which a dielectric or dielectric material DIE is interposed having a specific dielectric constant "e" that depends only on the physical characteristics of the material, in which, as is known, the capacity C of this flat condenser CON is defined by the following formula:
  • the tonometer 20, i.e. the corresponding capacitive transducer can be schematised, taking account of its cylindrical configuration, as shown in Fig. 5B, i.e. as a cylindrical condenser, again denoted by CON, extended in longitudinal direction along an axis, which defines an outer armature ⁇ , fixed, in the shape of a hollow cylinder, and an inner armature A2', in the shape of a stem or peg, housed inside the fixed outer armature Al'and axially movable along the axis of the condenser CON with a dielectric DIE interposed between these two external and inner armatures, Al'and A2', in which the inner armature A2', in the shape of a stem, axially movable, is subject to a force or pressure, denoted by P in Fig. 4B, in turn corresponding to the intraocular pressure IOP to which the tonometer 20 is subject and which is detected and measured by the same tonometer
  • FIG. 5B shows how the inner armature A2', subject to the pressure P, has the possibility of moving and shifting with respect to the outer armature ⁇ along the axis of the condenser CON, along a distance X starting from an initial reference position.
  • the value of the capacity of the condenser CON tends to decrease with respect to the maximum value when the inner armature A2', moving along the axis of the condenser CON, moves away from the configuration of total or maximum facing with the outer armature ⁇ .
  • the variation of the capacity C(x) of the condenser CON which schematises the tonometer 20, as a function of the insertion of the inner armature A2' in the outer one ⁇ , namely the axial displacement X of the inner armature A2', movable, with respect to the outer armature ⁇ , fixed, can be expressed by the following known formula:
  • the measurement of the actual value of the capacity of the condenser CON provides an accurate measurement of the value of X, namely of the axial displacement and of the position of the inner armature A2', movable, relative to the outer armature ⁇ , fixed.
  • this position or axial displacement X of the movable inner armature A2' from the reference initial position depends in turn and in particular is directly proportional to the pressure P, that is to say to the intraocular pressure IOP, acting in the area of the posterior chamber of the eye, which acts on the tonometer 20 that is schematised by the cylindrical condenser CON shown in Fig. 5B.
  • this axial displacement X of the inner armature A2' of the condenser CON determineds and also corresponds to an elastic deformation of the small spring 27 that is included in the tonometer 20 schematised by the condenser CON.
  • the variation of the pressure P in turn corresponding to the intraocular pressure IOP acting in the posterior chamber of the eye, causes an axial displacement of the inner armature A2'and therefore a corresponding variation of the capacity of the condenser CON, which schematises from the operational and functional aspect the tonometer 20 integrated in the lens or IOL 1 1.
  • this condenser CON as described here below in detail, part of an electronic circuit, realised on board the lens 1 1, which is associated with and controls the tonometer 20, the variation of the intraocular pressure IOP also causes a corresponding variation of the physical parameters of this electronic circuit.
  • the variation in capacity of the condenser CON which schematises operatively the tonometer 20 determines a corresponding variation in the oscillation frequency of this electronic circuit, integrated in the lens 11 and described here below in detail, which can be considered as a perfect oscillator, or at least almost perfect, due to the unavoidable losses due to electrical resistances.
  • this circuit integrated in the IOL when it is energised due to a signal transmitted by the transceiver 12 placed on the frame of the eyewear OC, is energised at a frequency that depends precisely on the actual value of capacity of the condenser CON, which is defined by each of the tonometers 20 integrated in the IOL 1 1.
  • the electronic part or the specific electronic circuit having the function of analysing the signal, generated by the tonometer 20, indicative of the IOP, is provided and realised outside of the lens 1 1 that is implanted in the eye, thus obtaining both a significant saving in the costs of manufacture of the device 10 of the invention and a significant reduction in the times for implanting it in the eye.
  • this electronic part is advantageously included and integrated in the transceiver 12 which is placed, as already stated, on the frame of the eyewear worn by the patient in which the device 10 of the invention has been implanted, and which therefore indirectly measures the intraocular pressure IOP on the basis of the signals received over the air from the lens 1 1 inserted the patient's eye and is set up to transmit the data and measurements of the IOP to a communication apparatus, such as a smartphone or another similar electronic device on the market.
  • a communication apparatus such as a smartphone or another similar electronic device on the market.
  • the capacitive tonometer 20 included in the device 10 of the invention can be considered and compared, from a functional and operational point of view, to an advantageous electromechanical system, accurate, reliable, involving a relatively simple functioning, and having the ability to perform, in a limited space, the reading of pressures in liquids having a high saline and fixed residue content.
  • an external pressure corresponding to the intraocular pressure IOP, acts on the elastic membrane 22, of the tonometer 20, which internally houses and is connected with the cylindrical portion 23-1, of conductive material, part of the stem 23 and defining the inner armature of the condenser CON.
  • the elastic membrane 22 is subject to deform axially and consequently also the stem 23, or the inner armature of the condenser CON, is subject to move axially along the X axis of the tonometer 20, according to a linear law, in contrast to the force applied, on the same stem 23, by the small spring 27, which therefore offers a reaction force to the external action due to the pressure of the aqueous humor. Therefore, in this system, the portion 23-2, of insulating material, of the stem 23 operates solely to receive and transmit the elastic reaction force, applied by the small spring 27, to the inner armature, of the condenser CON, defined by the portion 23- 1 , of conductive material, of the stem 23.
  • the attachment ring 25 of the tonometer 20 has the task of restraining the outer membrane 22, while it is subject to deformation due to the pressure IOP of the aqueous humor.
  • the small spring 27a has, as already explained, the function of applying on the stem 23 an elastic reaction force which opposes the external pressure IOP, the casing 21 serves as a support to the small spring 27, and the dielectric 26 has the function of increasing the gain of the system.
  • the tonometer 20 has a preliminary rest configuration, as shown in Fig. 4A, which corresponds to the condition in which the tonometer 20 has not yet been inserted in the patient's eye and therefore precedes the actual use of the tonometer 20 to detect the pressure IOP, whereby in this preliminary rest configuration the tonometer 20 is not subject to the IOP.
  • the lens 1 1 integrating laterally the tonometer 20 is implanted by the surgeon in the eye O of the patient suffering from cataract.
  • the tonometer 20 integrated in the lens 1 1 is positioned, as illustrated previously, in the area of the posterior chamber of the eye, in which there is the passage of aqueous humor from the posterior chamber to the anterior one.
  • the elastic membrane 22 of the tonometer 20 integrated in the lens 1 1 is subject to the pressure IOP of the aqueous humor UA, denoted by P in Fig. 4B, and to its variations, and therefore to deform accordingly.
  • the elastic membrane 22 exhibits a special headset shape that is configured so as to be subject, due to the action of pressure IOP, substantially only in non-tangential and normal stresses and therefore to deform only through the effect of normal and non-tangential stresses.
  • the elastic membrane 22 is subject to shrinking axially, i.e. to deforming so as to reduce its length along the axis of the tonometer 20, due to the pressure P, corresponding to the intraocular pressure IOP, acting on it, as can be seen by comparing Fig. 4A which, as said, shows the configuration of the tonometer 20 when it has not yet been implanted in the eye and therefore is not subject to the intraocular pressure IOP, with Fig. 4B, which shows the configuration of the tonometer 20 once it is implanted in the eye, along with the lens 1 1 , and is therefore subject in the region of the membrane 22 to the intraocular pressure IOP.
  • Fig. 4A shows the membrane 22, in the form of a headset, in an elongated configuration, defined by an axial length SI of a respective protruding cylindrical portion, when the membrane 22 is not subject to the IOP, i.e. the tonometer 20 has not yet been implanted together with the lens 1 1 in the eye of the patient.
  • FIG. 4B shows the same membrane 22 in a shortened configuration, defined by an axial length S2 of the respective protruding portion, with S2 ⁇ SI , when the membrane 22 is subject to the IOP and therefore is deformed axially, i.e. the tonometer 20 is implanted together with the lens 1 1 in the eye of the patient.
  • Fig. 4C shows this axial displacement, denoted by X, of the stem 23, which corresponds, as mentioned, to an axial movement of the inner armature, defined by portion 23-1 of the same stem 23, with respect to the outer armature, defined by the fixed element 24 of the tonometer 20, of the condenser CON.
  • the formula (a) by relating the capacity C(x) of the condenser CON with the axial displacement X of the movable armature of the same condenser CON, in turn dependent on the intraocular pressure value IOP, allows the value of this capacity C(x) to be traced, as detected by the tonometer 20, to the actual value of the IOP in the eye in which the lens 1 1 integrating the tonometer 20 has been implanted.
  • the variation of capacity C(x) of the condenser CON as a function of the displacement X of the respective inner armature, i.e. of the stem 23 of the tonometer 20, is read and detected, in turn, as a variation of the resonance frequency of the electronic circuit, of the RLC type, and described in detail here below, integrated in the lens 1 1 and associated with the tonometer 20.
  • the transceiver 12 or micro station mounted on board the eyewear OC worn by the patient who has been implanted with the lens 1 1 integrating the tonometer 20, receives in wireless mode via the antenna 16 associated with the lens 1 1 , the signal generated by the RLC circuit and detects the resonance frequency thereof.
  • the transceiver 12 in this communication and transmission of data over the air between the transceiver 12 and the lens 1 1 implanted in the eye, the transceiver 12 emits a radio wave of variable frequency that energises the tonometer 20 which in turn responds with a wave of the same frequency but of reduced amplitude with AM protocol, that is with amplitude modulation.
  • the same transceiver 12 processes, by means of a specific algorithm, the value of the resonance frequency transmitted by the lens 1 1 , so as to trace and determine from it the value of the capacity of the condenser C, and therefore of the intraocular pressure IOP.
  • each tonometer 20 integrated in the lens 1 1 intended to be implanted in the patient's eye must be appropriately calibrated in order to correctly detect the value of the IOP.
  • the value of the intraocular pressure IOP can be transmitted, as explained above, by the transceiver 12 mounted on the eyewear to other communication equipment such as a cell phone of the same patient in Bluetooth mode.
  • Bluetooth Low Energy Bluetooth Smart
  • Bluetooth Smart Bluetooth Smart
  • the smartphone which communicates with the transceiver 12 in turn implements a program, commonly called app, which can be configured in various ways to manage and display the various data, indicative of the intraocular pressure IOP, received from the transceiver or micro station 12 mounted on the patient's eyewear.
  • a program commonly called app, which can be configured in various ways to manage and display the various data, indicative of the intraocular pressure IOP, received from the transceiver or micro station 12 mounted on the patient's eyewear.
  • this app installed on the smartphone, can be set up to store the pressure values detected in a specified period of time, for example during the last week, to then transmit them, via the data connection of the same smartphone, to a data collection centre or data centre, or a database accessible on the Web, in which data are appropriately processed.
  • the app can be configured to automatically send an alarm signal or warning, in order to report these anomalies, to the same patient or to a list of preset contacts for example corresponding to a series of email addresses including a patient's acquaintance or the doctor providing treatment.
  • the lens or IOL 1 1 , the two tonometers 20-1 and 20-2 and the respective electronic control circuit which are integrated in the IOL 1 1 and are therefore inserted, together with the latter, permanently in the eye of the patient with cataract, define as mentioned an electromechanical system which consists essentially of the following parts or components: a lens or IOL that is associated with and integrates a plurality of spirals defining an inductance or inductor L;
  • an electrical circuit defining an electrical resistance R, which comprises the connections between the two sensors, namely the two variable capacity condensers C, and the spirals, integrated in the IOL, defining the inductance L.
  • these three parts or components constitute, as already mentioned, a circuit of the RLC type, resonant, that is, having a characteristic resonance frequency which is a function of the three passive components R, L and C present in the same RLC circuit, in which the components L and R are fixed, while the component C is variable and is a function of the intraocular pressure IOP to be measured.
  • the construction features and the design methods are to be illustrated here below, including the respective formulas, of the inductance L, integrated in the IOL 1 1, which is an essential part of this electromechanical system, constituted by the IOL integrating the two tonometers 20-1 and 20-2 and the relative electronic circuit and schematisable, as mentioned, with an RLC resonant circuit.
  • this inductance L of the RLC circuit associated with the tonometer 20 integrated in the implantable lens 1 1 of the device 10 of the invention, is obtained by moulding on the lens 1 1 of a plurality of spirals of appropriate sizes, number and material.
  • N is the number of spirals and the coefficient K is obtained from the graph of Fig. 8A knowing the ratio between diameter d and length 1.
  • Multi-layer air coils are or in the case of short coils, the following formula can be used: Multi-layer air coils:
  • Multilayer cylindrical air conductor (without magnetic core)
  • the inductance is proportional to the square of the number of spirals.
  • the electronic part which is associated with and governs the functioning of the tonometer or of the tonometers integrated in the IOL implantable in the eye is an important and fundamental aspect of the present invention.
  • an electrical circuit can be generally schematised as a passive electrical network, including resistive elements, constituted by usual electrical resistances, and reactive elements, constituted by capacitive and inductive elements, supplied by a generator of sinusoidal voltage at variable frequency, or by an external voltage induced as in the case of the circuit that controls the tonometer, in which the supply voltage and the electrical current that circulates in the electrical network are isofrequency quantities and phase shifted one in relation to the other.
  • the electrical current is in advance over the voltage if the inductive reactive element prevails, or delayed if the capacitive reactive element prevails.
  • this electrical network defines, in relation to the respective reactive elements, namely capacitive and inductive, a certain frequency value, at which the electrical current is in phase with the voltage, so as to determine that particular operating condition of the electrical circuit that is called resonance.
  • the resonance is that particular state of functioning of an electrical network in sinusoidal regime in which the equivalent impedance of the network behaves like a pure resistance.
  • the electrical resonance is a stationary phenomenon that occurs at a particular frequency in which the capacitive reactance XC and the inductive reactance XL are of equal modulus, whereby the energy oscillates between the magnetic field of an inductance and the electric field of a condenser.
  • FIG. 9A A linear power network, supplied with an ideal generator of sinusoidal voltage and corresponding to a resonant RLC circuit in series., is shown and schematised in Fig. 9A, in which the electrical current I, which circulates in this resonant RLC circuit in series, is defined, using the symbols typical of electrotechnology, by the following formula:
  • the imaginary part of the impedance indicates that voltage and current are out of phase one in relation to the other along a certain angle.
  • this formula shows that the resonance condition is achieved for a given and specific frequency value fr, called resonance frequency, in turn corresponding to a certain pulsation cor, which voids the imaginary part of the impedance, the denominator of the formula, so that the impedance is purely resistive.
  • the pulsation cor at which the circuit enters resonance is also called the resonance pulsation and its expression, like that of the resonance frequency, is determined by the preceding formulas definin the condition of resonance, namely:
  • Fig. 9B shows the trend of the impedance modulus as a function of the pulsation ⁇ , on the basis of the following formula:
  • the graph of Fig. 9C shows how, before cor, the modulus of the capacitive reactance is greater than the modulus of the inductive one, and consequently the impedance modulus for low pulsations is very high and then decreases with the increase in pulsation values, because the effect of the modulus of the inductive reactance starts to be felt.
  • the current In resonance, the current is in phase with the voltage and reaches its maximum value.
  • FIG. 9D shows the trend of the current modulus as a function of the pulsation co.
  • the voltage drop at the terminals of the resistance R is equal to the voltage of the generator.
  • the voltage VL at the terminals of the coil and the VC at the terminals of the condenser are much higher than the voltage of the generator, causing the phenomenon of overvoltage, but are out of phase one with the other by 180° and therefore are cancelled out.
  • the resonance coefficient Q is determined by the relationship between the inductive or capacitive reactance and the resistance of the electrical circuit when it is in resonance.
  • the values of Q, in the effective circuits, are usually greater than 1 and can even reach the value of 100.
  • Q is also an indicator of the capacity of a circuit for storing energy with respect to the possibility of dissipating in the resistance.
  • these voltages at the terminals of C and L have value 220V multiplied by the value of Q.
  • the resonance pulsation cor of the circuit can be varied so that it is as close as possible to the co of the generator.
  • Bandwidth defines the range of frequencies, around the resonance frequency fr, in which the current is comprised in a range below a higher value Ir, which corresponds to the maximum value of the current that occurs only in condition of resonance.
  • the bandwidth is defined by the following difference:
  • the resonance curve shown in Fig. 9E which also shows the cutoff frequencies f 1 and f2, allows graphic definition of the passband.
  • the two cutoff frequencies fl and f2 are not symmetrical with respect to the resonance frequency fr, the resonance frequency being the geometric mean of these two frequencies, as defined by the following formula:
  • the resonance frequency fr is equal to the square root of the product of the two cutoff frequencies fl and £2, consistent with the preceding formula defining the resonance frequency fr.
  • the inductive reactance predominates.
  • Y is the admittance of this resonant RLC circuit in parallel seen at the terminals of the current generator and is defined by the following formula:
  • the resonance condition of the circuit is obtained when the voltage V and the current I are in phase one with the other, and this occurs when the imaginary part of the admittance is null, namely:
  • the modulus of Y for values of ⁇ ⁇ cor is dominated by the value of the inductance of the coil.
  • cor the modulus of the admittance is equal to the inverse of the resistance of the circuit (conductance) and reaches its minimum.
  • co> cor the capacitive reactance prevails.
  • the coefficient of resonance is determined, or factor of merit or of quality, defined as the relationship between the reactive power and the active power that are exchanged and are involved in the network.
  • the voltage V at the terminals of the current generator, the reactive power and the active power have value:
  • the resonant circuit in parallel appears preferable since it involves a lower current.
  • the resonance frequency fr is a function of the three passive elements of the circuit, in accordance with the following formula:
  • C capacity, included in the RLC circuit, corresponding to the capacity of the sensor defined by each tonometer, integrated in the lens 1 1 , multiplied by two, the two tonometers 20-1 and 20-2 being integrated at the sides of the lens 11 , equal.
  • capacity included in the RLC circuit, corresponding to the capacity of the sensor defined by each tonometer, integrated in the lens 1 1 , multiplied by two, the two tonometers 20-1 and 20-2 being integrated at the sides of the lens 11 , equal.
  • variable capacity pressure sensors such as the one that is implemented and to which the tonometer 20 of the capacitive type can be functionally compared and which is an essential part of the device of the invention.
  • this pressure sensor with variable capacity can be schematised as a cylindrical condenser comprising two cylindrical armatures, concentric, of which one outer and the other inner placed in the outer one, separated by an isotropic homogeneous linear medium with dielectric constant ⁇ , in which Rl is the radius of the inner armature, R2 that of the outer armature, and 1 the axial length of the condenser.
  • the electrical field in the region between the two armatures can be expressed as the gradient of an appropriate scalar potential equal to-Vv.
  • the dielectric of ceramic condensers is generally constituted by a ceramic material whose relative dielectric permittivity can vary between 10 and 10000 by means of suitable compositions.
  • the ceramic condensers with low dielectric permittivity are distinguished by the stability of the capacitive value and the very low losses, and are therefore found to be preferred for use in oscillating circuits and for precision applications.
  • the condensers with high dielectric constant allow high capacities to be obtained with small footprint.
  • Ceramic condensers are generally small in size, and are mainly used in the art of high frequencies.
  • circuit pattern or the equivalent circuit that simulates their operation in frequency is of the R-L-C type in series like the one represented in Fig. 9J.
  • the device of the invention has been the subject of careful experimentation and of numerous tests carried out on some prototypes of the device and of its parts, therefore both of the lens or IOL 11 , implantable in the eye in place of the crystalline lens, integrating the two tonometers 20, and of the same tonometer 20 that is integrated in the lens 1 1, in which these tests have allowed verification and confirmation of the performances and the innovative features of the device of the invention.
  • the photographic images of Figs. 10A - 10F refer to some moments of this experimentation, and in particular show how a pressure exerted, by means of a gripper, on a prototype of the tonometer corresponds to a variation of the capacity of the condenser of the same tonometer, as detected by the instrumentation used in the experimentation.
  • the present invention fully achieves the intended objects, and in particular proposes a new and innovative medical device comprising an IOL, implantable in the eye of a patient suffering from cataract, in turn integrating at least one tonometer having the function of detecting over time the value of the intraocular pressure and its variations in the patient's eye in which the IOL is implanted, in which the intraocular pressure values detected by the tonometer integrated in the IOL are transmitted and received outside of the eye in wireless mode using communication devices of common use, such as smartphones and the like.
  • the device comprising an IOL in turn integrating in its structure a tonometer to detect the intraocular pressure of a patient, suffering from cataract, in which the IOL is implanted, can be the object of variants and that changes and further improvements may be made thereto, without thereby departing from the scope of the same invention.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif médical (1) comprenant une lentille intraoculaire (LIO) (11), qui comprend au moins un tonomètre (20, 20-1, 20-2) pour mesurer la pression intraoculaire (PIO) et est capable d'émettre en mode sans fil des indications de la valeur de pression intraoculaire, détectées par le même tonomètre, lequel le tonomètre, intégré dans une zone latérale de la LIO, est conçu sous la forme d'un transducteur capable de convertir la pression intraoculaire en changements de la capacité d'un condensateur, et comprend : une membrane élastique (22) soumise à la pression intraoculaire et se déformant sous son action; une tige (23), axialement mobile, associée à une extrémité à la membrane élastique; et un petit ressort précontraint (27) agissant sur la tige. Lors du fonctionnement du tonomètre intégré, la membrane se déforme élastiquement en raison des variations de la pression intraoculaire, de façon à déplacer axialement la tige en réponse à la force appliquée sur celle-ci par le petit ressort précontraint et, par conséquent, à faire varier la capacité du condensateur, les variations de la capacité du condensateur définies par le tonomètre étant détectées en tant que variations de la fréquence de résonance (ωr) au niveau d'un circuit électronique RLC, de façon à générer un signal correspondant indiquant la pression intraoculaire qui est transmise en mode sans fil. De manière avantageuse, le dispositif de l'invention fournit en temps réel une mesure précise et fiable de la pression intraoculaire, qui peut être transmise en mode sans fil à un équipement de communication couramment utilisé (D), tel qu'un téléphone intelligent.
PCT/IB2017/050697 2016-02-12 2017-02-09 Lentille intraoculaire comprenant un tonomètre WO2017137911A1 (fr)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114569063A (zh) * 2022-04-24 2022-06-03 明澈生物科技(苏州)有限公司 一种眼压传感器

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4127110A (en) * 1976-05-24 1978-11-28 Huntington Institute Of Applied Medical Research Implantable pressure transducer
DE3000907A1 (de) * 1979-01-16 1980-07-17 Naganokeiki Seisakujo Co Intrakranial-druckmesser
US5005577A (en) * 1988-08-23 1991-04-09 Frenkel Ronald E P Intraocular lens pressure monitoring device
US8549925B2 (en) * 2006-08-29 2013-10-08 California Institute Of Technology Microfabricated implantable wireless pressure sensor for use in biomedical applications and pressure measurement and sensor implantation methods

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4127110A (en) * 1976-05-24 1978-11-28 Huntington Institute Of Applied Medical Research Implantable pressure transducer
DE3000907A1 (de) * 1979-01-16 1980-07-17 Naganokeiki Seisakujo Co Intrakranial-druckmesser
US5005577A (en) * 1988-08-23 1991-04-09 Frenkel Ronald E P Intraocular lens pressure monitoring device
US8549925B2 (en) * 2006-08-29 2013-10-08 California Institute Of Technology Microfabricated implantable wireless pressure sensor for use in biomedical applications and pressure measurement and sensor implantation methods

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114569063A (zh) * 2022-04-24 2022-06-03 明澈生物科技(苏州)有限公司 一种眼压传感器

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