WO2017135196A1 - ミュオン照射による放射性物質の製造方法およびその製造物質 - Google Patents
ミュオン照射による放射性物質の製造方法およびその製造物質 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017135196A1 WO2017135196A1 PCT/JP2017/003226 JP2017003226W WO2017135196A1 WO 2017135196 A1 WO2017135196 A1 WO 2017135196A1 JP 2017003226 W JP2017003226 W JP 2017003226W WO 2017135196 A1 WO2017135196 A1 WO 2017135196A1
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- radionuclide
- target
- radioactive
- muon
- nuclide
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Images
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
- G21G1/00—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes
- G21G1/04—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes outside nuclear reactors or particle accelerators
- G21G1/10—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes outside nuclear reactors or particle accelerators by bombardment with electrically charged particles
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
- G21G4/00—Radioactive sources
- G21G4/04—Radioactive sources other than neutron sources
- G21G4/06—Radioactive sources other than neutron sources characterised by constructional features
- G21G4/08—Radioactive sources other than neutron sources characterised by constructional features specially adapted for medical application
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J41/00—Anion exchange; Use of material as anion exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the anion exchange properties
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
- G21G1/00—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes
- G21G1/001—Recovery of specific isotopes from irradiated targets
- G21G2001/0031—Rubidium
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
- G21G1/00—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes
- G21G1/001—Recovery of specific isotopes from irradiated targets
- G21G2001/0036—Molybdenum
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
- G21G1/00—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes
- G21G1/001—Recovery of specific isotopes from irradiated targets
- G21G2001/0042—Technetium
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
- G21G1/00—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes
- G21G1/001—Recovery of specific isotopes from irradiated targets
- G21G2001/0068—Cesium
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
- G21G1/00—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes
- G21G1/001—Recovery of specific isotopes from irradiated targets
- G21G2001/0094—Other isotopes not provided for in the groups listed above
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a radioactive substance obtained by muon irradiation and the substance to be produced. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for producing a radioactive substance produced by causing a radionuclide to undergo a muon nuclear capture reaction (nuclear muon capture reaction) and the substance to be produced.
- Radioisotopes that is, radionuclides whose lifetime is determined according to quantum mechanical probabilities
- RI radioisotopes
- One typical example is nuclear medicine.
- nuclear medicine a substance containing a radionuclide as a part of its chemical structure, that is, a radioactive substance, is used.
- SPECT Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
- PET PET
- ositron in the living body (in vivo) Imaging using radiation, such as Emission Tomography, positron emission tomography, and planar images.
- nuclear medicine for example, treatment using radiation from an internal medicine of RI, for example for pain relief, or in vitro nuclear medicine examination without using imaging while using a tracer is performed.
- These radioactive substances are used in nuclear medicine and related tests, such as testing the ability to be administered to living organisms (including humans) and to show the amount of metabolism as tracers because they accumulate in specific lesions.
- examinations include treatment with internal irradiation, imaging, 3D image acquisition, and the like.
- radionuclide production methods are performed by irradiating charged particles or neutrons using a cyclotron or nuclear reactor, or by extracting from fission products (fission method).
- a manufacturing method using a cyclotron uses charged particles such as protons, deuterium nuclei, or ⁇ particles ( 4 He nuclei) accelerated to very high energy by the cyclotron.
- target materials are exposed to neutrons in the reactor, and then only useful nuclides are chemically separated from irradiated target materials and fission products. It is.
- Radionuclide produced by a nuclear reactor does not necessarily have a complete supply system.
- the nuclear reactor in order to stably produce radionuclides by the fission method, the nuclear reactor must be operated for a long period of time, and the number of institutions that produce radionuclides is limited to six research reactors (Canada). -NRU furnace, Netherlands-HFR furnace, Belgium-BR2 furnace, France-OSIRIS furnace, South Africa-SAFARI-1 furnace, and Australia-OPAL furnace).
- 99m Tc to be consumed in their own country (99 Mo) hereinafter, simply in the background section referred to as "99 Mo supply of" the dependence on nuclear reactors in Europe and Canada is doing.
- HEU Highly enriched uranium
- NRU reactor Canadian Nuclear Corporation's nuclear reactor
- the transport itself no longer takes place. This is for the purpose of preventing diffusion of nuclear-related substances (hereinafter abbreviated as “nuclear non-proliferation”).
- the NRU reactor is scheduled to be shut down in March 2018, and the Canadian government has abandoned the successor reactor plan.
- the supply of 99 Mo from Europe to Japan was greatly affected by the stagnation of air transportation due to the volcanic eruption of Iceland in 2010. The situation is similar in the United States.
- NMCR nuclear muon capture, reaction
- nuclear fuel cycle spent nuclear waste is divided into three types in a reprocessing plant. The first is uranium and plutonium in which used radioactive waste is reused as nuclear fuel. The second is high-level radioactive waste containing minor actinides (MA) and fission products (FP), which are radioactive wastes that are not reused as nuclear fuel. The third is other low-level radioactive waste.
- MA minor actinides
- FP fission products
- Non-patent Documents 1 and 2 A method of combining “transmutation technology” is also conceived (Non-patent Documents 1 and 2).
- the group separation method the high-level radioactive waste is separated into groups of four nuclides, and processing according to each group is performed.
- the radioactive waste group containing MA and FP is reduced in amount although it has a higher concentration than before separation, and therefore the amount of substances to be stored by vitrification or the like can be reduced only by group separation.
- MA and FP still require long-term storage. Therefore, group separation and transmutation technology is aimed at reducing the long half-life MA and FP by applying transmutation with an accelerator etc. for a group of radioactive waste containing MA and FP. (Non-patent Documents 1 and 2).
- the fission method among the conventional methods for producing radionuclides has some problems.
- the premise of the operation of the nuclear reactor itself is a drag on supply continuity. Furthermore, it is necessary to handle HEU, and separation / extraction work under high dose is forced. In addition, concerns regarding the supply of raw materials such as HEU and nuclear non-proliferation cannot be wiped out. Furthermore, facilities that can perform these treatments are limited throughout the world.
- the case of transporting nuclides whose transportation time is limited from the viewpoint of half-life it is difficult to avoid the influence of physical distribution circumstances. For these reasons, depending on the fission law alone, it is not always easy to maintain a radionuclide supply system for medical use.
- the present invention provides a novel radionuclide production method that is different from any of the above radionuclide production methods. As a result, the present invention contributes to a stable supply of a radioactive material partially containing a radionuclide.
- the method includes a muon irradiation step of obtaining a first radionuclide by injecting a negative muon into a target nuclide that is a radionuclide to cause a muon nuclear capture reaction,
- a radioactive substance comprising at least one of the first radionuclide and a second radionuclide that is at least one of progeny nuclides obtained from the first radionuclide via radiolysis
- a first radionuclide obtained by injecting a negative muon into a target nuclide to cause a muon nuclear capture reaction, and a progeny nuclide obtained from the first radionuclide through radioactive decay A radioactive material containing at least one of the second radionuclides, which is at least one of the above, wherein the target nuclide is a radionuclide is provided.
- the inventors paid attention to spent nuclear fuel accompanying nuclear power generation in a light water reactor.
- the inventors have found that radioactive nuclides that can be used as raw materials for producing useful nuclides at NMCR are contained in high concentrations in high-level radioactive waste that remains after processing spent nuclear fuel through the nuclear fuel cycle. .
- a sufficient amount of the radionuclide that satisfies the demand in nuclear medicine is secured, and there is no problem in stable supply.
- radioactive waste when LLFP (long-lived fission nuclide) contained in FP is used for the target nuclide, radioactive waste can be said to be a storable raw material with a sufficiently long half-life. For this reason, it is not always necessary to supply the radioactive waste continuously, and even if the power generation reactor stops operating for some reason, it is unlikely that the raw material will be deficient.
- Negative muons are elementary particles that are a type of leptons.
- a negative muon is incident on a target nuclide to cause a muon nuclear capture reaction.
- a progeny nuclide is a nuclide that exhibits radioactivity after one or more steps of radioactive decay. Typically, it includes daughter nuclei generated from the parent nucleus by some radioactive decay, and further grandchild nuclei generated from the daughter nucleus. In any aspect of the present invention, the number of generations is not limited.
- the radioactive decay in which the progeny nuclide is generated includes a series of radioactive decays (decay series) that sequentially generate a plurality of radionuclides such as a neptunium series, a thorium series, and an actinium series.
- Radionuclide is a term used to distinguish and specify radioactive nuclei, including the state due to nuclear spins as necessary.
- the first radionuclide refers to a radionuclide directly generated by a muon nuclear capture reaction.
- the second radionuclide is a nuclide that is different from the first radionuclide when distinguished from the state due to nuclear spin as necessary.
- the second radionuclide itself is radioactive, and when viewed from the first radionuclide, it is at least one of the progeny nuclides.
- daughter nuclei obtained by further radioactive decay from nuclides that should be classified as second radionuclides for a certain first radionuclide are also classified as second radionuclides for the first radionuclide. It should be.
- Radioactive material is any form of material that contains a radionuclide. If the typical chemical form of the form is shown, the radionuclide simple substance, the compound which includes the radionuclide as a part of the chemical structure (a radioactive compound), and the aggregate associated with the radionuclide or the radioactive compound, and These ionized cations or anions. Further, the physical form of the radioactive substance is not particularly limited, and may be any physical form including not only solid, liquid, and gas but also supercritical fluid, plasma, and dilution.
- the physical form of the radioactive substance in this application is a crystal, an amorphous solid, an ionic crystal, a molecular crystal, a powder, an aqueous solution, a non-aqueous solution, an ion in a solution, a complex, an aggregate, a small molecule, a polymer, It can take all physical forms that a substance can take, such as an organic compound and an inorganic compound.
- the radionuclide can be made radioactive, or artificial or natural radionuclides can be artificially generated or the ratio of target nuclides can be increased by some method. It is possible to distinguish between two processes: a process of reducing the ratio of external nuclides, and a process of manufacturing radioactive materials containing radionuclides (hereinafter, including radionuclide simple substances) in accordance with the target chemical structure. it can.
- the process including the former and including the nuclear reaction is referred to as production of a radionuclide.
- the production of the radionuclide described in the present application can include a chemical treatment in addition to a physical treatment, as in the conventional radionuclide production process.
- a useful radionuclide can be produced by a muon nuclear capture reaction using radioactive waste originating from spent nuclear fuel from, for example, a nuclear power plant. This makes it possible to produce a radioactive material containing the target radionuclide by a process that does not worry about the supply of raw materials. It is also possible to produce a 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator by using 99 Tc produced as a by-product from the production of 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator, an unused drug after formulation, and 99 Tc generated in the used generator as a recycled material. It becomes possible.
- it is process drawing which shows the outline
- It is explanatory drawing which shows the nuclear reaction in which Xe of mass number 133 is produced
- It is a schematic block diagram which shows the irradiation processing apparatus for employ
- FIG. 1 It is a schematic block diagram which shows the irradiation processing apparatus for employ
- Negative muon nuclear capture reaction The negative muon nuclear capture reaction (NMCR), which is a nuclear reaction by negative muons, used in the present embodiment has already been disclosed by one of the inventors of the present application (Patent Document 1).
- NMCR nuclear muon capture reaction
- the muon nuclear capture reaction is a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of the target raw material nuclide captures the muon, and as a result, the nucleus of another element having an atomic number smaller by 1 than the nucleus is generated.
- NMCR is expressed in the form of nuclear reaction, ⁇ - + N (Z 0, A 0) ⁇ N'(Z 0 -1, A 0) + ⁇ ( Equation 1) It is written.
- the atomic number is Z 0 (that is, the proton number is Z 0 )
- the mass number is A 0 (that is, the sum of the proton number and the neutron number is A 0 )
- the atomic number Z 0 and the mass number A 0 are designated.
- a general nucleus to be determined is N, and a new nucleus to be generated is N ′.
- Equation 1 expresses that when muon ⁇ ⁇ is captured by the target nuclide nucleus N (atomic number Z 0 , mass number A 0 ), the atomic number becomes Z 0 ⁇ 1 which is smaller by 1. It is a reaction mode in which a heavy nucleus N ′ is formed and neutrino ⁇ is generated.
- the actual NMCR includes several variations depending on the combination of the number of neutrons emitted during the reaction and the number of nucleons generated.
- the first is a reaction represented by Formula 1 and also expressed as “( ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ ) reaction”.
- N ′ ′′ is an atomic nucleus that is not N, N ′, or N ′′, ⁇ - + N (Z 0, A 0) ⁇ N''' (Z 0 -1, A 0 -2) + 2n + ⁇ ( Equation 3)
- a reaction in which two neutrons n expressed as follows are emitted and the mass number A 0 is reduced by two may occur.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing the NMCR in the embodiment of the present invention in a nuclear chart, and shows the vicinity of the nucleus N in the nuclear chart with the atomic number Z on the vertical axis and the number of neutrons on the horizontal axis.
- the ( ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ ) reaction according to Equation 1 generates a nucleus N ′ located one column right and one row down on the nuclear chart from the nucleus N of the target nuclide that collides with the muon ⁇ ⁇ .
- NMCR One of the useful properties of NMCR is that there are few restrictions on the types of radionuclides that can be produced, and most radionuclides can be produced. If a target nuclide to be irradiated with muons can be prepared, any radionuclide can be generated. Another useful property of NMCR is that NMCR can be generated with a very high probability as long as muon atoms are formed. In other words, nuclear reactions occur with an extremely high probability compared to the concept of reaction cross section (unit: burn) that determines the efficiency of nuclear reactions with normal neutrons. From these properties, the production of radionuclides by NMCR can be said to be a technique that has a high degree of freedom in selecting radionuclides and can be carried out with high efficiency. NMCR is also an advantageous technique in terms of nuclide production capacity.
- muons are easily trapped by atoms with a large atomic number, that is, atoms with a large number of protons when multiple types of atoms are irradiated with muons. .
- an element with a small atomic number and a target nuclide with a large atomic number coexist, such as hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen
- NMCR is generated with a high probability at a target nuclide with a large atomic number. It will be.
- the target nuclide forms a compound with an element having an atomic number smaller than that of the target nuclide (“light element”) in the material to be irradiated (hereinafter referred to as “target raw material”) containing the target nuclide.
- target raw material an element having an atomic number smaller than that of the target nuclide (“light element”) in the material to be irradiated (hereinafter referred to as “target raw material”) containing the target nuclide.
- Target raw material can also be mixed with other nuclides, other materials consisting only of light elements, dispersed in light elements, or even light element-only media (eg helium gas or water). It may be diluted.
- the target raw material can be easily changed in manufacturing conditions in accordance with various manufacturing conditions.
- NMCR can be generated with a high probability in the target nuclide.
- the target raw material can be easily brought into contact with or mixed with a fluid medium to form NMCR in a form that is easy to transport.
- the radioactivity of the produced radionuclide is determined by the half-life of the produced radionuclide. This property is that a radionuclide with a short half-life can be produced in a short time to obtain the same amount of radioactivity, and a radionuclide with a long half-life takes a long time.
- the atomic numbers of the target nuclide and the radionuclide after generation are different. This is because, if the atomic number is different and the physical or chemical properties change, it becomes easy to separate the target nuclide in the target raw material from the generated radionuclide by a physical or chemical method.
- Radionuclide as a target nuclide is used as a target nuclide for NMCR.
- the radionuclide can typically be extracted from high level radioactive waste discharged from a reprocessing process that reprocesses spent nuclear fuel from nuclear power plants.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing a spent nuclear fuel reprocessing system (nuclear fuel cycle) used in a nuclear power plant.
- Table 1 shows the half-life and the abundance of fission product (FP) nuclides, which are part of spent nuclear fuel, in terms of mass contained per tonne.
- Radionuclides having a half-life of 200,000 years or more among FPs are also called long-lived fission nuclides (LLFP).
- the fuel 22 used in the nuclear power plant 30 is obtained by processing the uranium 12 mined in the uranium mine 10 in the fuel processing factory 20. From the nuclear power plant 30, spent nuclear fuel 32 and low-level radioactive waste 34 are discharged. The low-level radioactive waste 34 is disposed of at the low-level radioactive waste disposal facility 40, but the spent nuclear fuel 32 is further sent to the reprocessing plant 50, where recovered uranium / plutonium 52 and high-level radioactive waste 54 are collected. And are separated.
- the recovered uranium / plutonium 52 is sent again to the fuel processing factory 20 and used for power generation of the nuclear power plant 30 as so-called MOX fuel.
- the other high-level radioactive waste 54 is processed into a vitrified body, for example, and then sent to the high-level radioactive waste storage facility 60 and finally managed for a long time at the high-level radioactive waste disposal facility 70. Placed below.
- nuclides that can be a source are 99 Tc, 134 Cs, 135 Cs, 137 Cs, and 90 Sr. is there.
- high-level radioactive waste contains high concentrations of 90 Sr, 90 Tc, 135 Cs, and 137 Cs.
- 99 from Tc is produced 99 Mo for obtaining 99m Tc, it is produced 133 Xe from 134 Cs, 135 Cs and 137 Cs, and from 90 Sr 89 Sr is manufactured. Details of the combination of these raw material nuclides and the produced radionuclides will be described in order.
- 99 Mo manufacturing this embodiment from 99 Tc it is possible to produce a 99 Mo from 99 Tc is a radionuclide.
- 99 Mo is used to produce the 99 Mo- 99m Tc generators, 99 Mo (half-life: 66.0 hours) is beta - its 82.4% by the collapse is 99m Tc.
- 99m Tc gamma decays to 99 Tc with a half-life of 6.02 hours and emits 140.5 keV gamma rays. It is mainly used in SPECT, and is used as a brain imaging agent, thyroid function test agent, and parathyroid disease diagnosis. Used for imaging agents of various organs including drugs.
- 99m Tc is an important nuclide for scintigram organs, accounts for approximately 80% of the species to be consumed as a nuclear medicine RI. In addition, there is also a country that is dependent on all of the consumed is 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator on imports from outside the country.
- the nuclear reaction in which Mo isotopes are generated by NMCR targeting 99 Tc is shown in FIG. 3 on the nuclear chart.
- the decay scheme associated with the 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator is shown in FIG.
- NMCR is used for the process of manufacturing 99 Mo from the target material of Tc containing 99 Tc.
- 99 Tc ( ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ ) 99 Mo 99 Tc ( ⁇ ⁇ , n ⁇ ) 98 Mo 99 Tc ( ⁇ ⁇ , 2n ⁇ ) 97 Mo 99 Tc ( ⁇ ⁇ , 3n ⁇ ) 96 Mo 99 Tc ( ⁇ ⁇ , 4n ⁇ ) 95 Mo
- 99 Mo is used for the 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator that utilizes the decay shown in FIG.
- NTM I ⁇ - ⁇ R c ⁇ P NC ⁇ P RBR here, I ⁇ - : Muon count / second, R c : abundance ratio of the target nucleus, P NC : Muon nuclear capture rate, and P RBR : Branch ratio of muon nuclear capture reaction.
- the abundance ratio R c of the target nucleus is a ratio of the target nucleus existing in the irradiation target raw material.
- Muon nuclear capture rate P NC generates muon atom, a probability that the muon is nuclei captured.
- the branching ratio PRBR of the muon nuclear capture reaction is a factor indicating how many neutrons are emitted.
- R c ⁇ P NC ⁇ P RBR is referred to as “reaction coefficient” in the present application. This reaction coefficient represents the transmutation efficiency per muon. It should be noted that the reaction coefficient and muon conversion efficiency do not include the reaction cross section. That is, since the muon can be stopped at the target nuclide, one muon can always transmutate one nucleus.
- NMCR is a method with high manufacturing efficiency and a short irradiation time required for RI manufacturing.
- T1 / 2 is the half-life of the target nucleus
- tirradiation is the muon irradiation time.
- the total amount of 99m Tc used for nuclear medicine diagnosis in Japan is 900,000 cases per year (Non-Patent Document 4). For this reason, if it is the demand of the scale, it can be covered by 1 muon beam channel. Also, 99 the necessary ingredients of Tc becomes five. 5 days 2.4mg When calculating the amount of 99 Tc commensurate with irradiation. Actually, the amount of 99 Tc solid target having a size (area and thickness) required for producing 99 Mo by efficiently holding the negative muon stationary on the 99 Tc solid target is about 25 g. This amount of 99 Tc can be easily obtained from the raw materials described below.
- irradiation time in the present embodiment will be described specific activity of 99 Mo obtained when longer than the half-life of 99 Mo.
- Specific radioactivity is an indicator of radioactivity due to 99 Mo with a certain amount (eg, 1 g) of Mo.
- the content of 99 Mo in the generated Mo is 5.95%. Therefore, 0.0595 g of 99 Mo is present in 1 g of Mo, and the number N of 99 Mo in 1 g of Mo is the following using the Mo mass number (mass number calculated from the isotope distribution of the generated Mo: 97.50). It is calculated as follows.
- the production amount in the case of irradiation for 1.0 day is multiplied by 5.5.
- the amount of production increases by about 1.64 times in the generated radioactivity after irradiation for 1.0 day.
- 1.04 ⁇ 10 15 Bq. 99m Tc of (30.8 kCi) can be produced.
- This amount is about 1.54 million doses.
- the necessary raw materials 99 Tc is 1. A 0.44mg When calculating the amount of 99 Tc to meet the illumination 0 days. This amount can be easily obtained from the raw materials described later, as in the case of irradiation for 5.5 days.
- the method of this embodiment in which 99 Mo is generated from 99 Tc, which is a radionuclide, by NMCR nuclear conversion is sufficient in both cases where the irradiation time of NMCR is made longer or shorter than the 99 Mo half-life. It is preferable that the irradiation time of NMCR is shorter than the half-life of 99 Mo.
- 99 Mo describes a target material for obtaining the 99 Tc for the manufacture of, also described a method for recovering 99 Mo.
- 99 Tc useful as a target nuclide is an artificial radionuclide and needs to be artificially produced.
- the process of producing 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator from high-level radioactive waste in spent nuclear fuel is firstly extracted 99 Tc from high-level radioactive waste, and secondly 99 Mo is produced by NMCR. And thirdly, a 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator.
- the process of extracting 99 Tc from the high-level radioactive waste for carrying out this embodiment can employ any chemical treatment / physical treatment.
- An example of a method for separating nuclides currently considered for high-level radioactive waste is a technique called group separation.
- group separation a wet method (a method using nitric acid) or some dry methods can be employed.
- a specific description will be given based on a four-group group separation process as an example employing a wet method (Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- Nitric acid is already contained in the high level radioactive waste liquid which is a high level radioactive waste.
- a pretreatment for allowing formic acid to act thereon is performed (denitration).
- DIDPA diisodecylphosphoric acid
- solvent extraction when a solvent and an aqueous solution are placed in the same container, elements that do not move and elements that move from the aqueous solution layer to the solvent layer can be separated and extracted.
- raffinate which is a component that remains in the aqueous solution layer and does not move to the solvent layer, contains Tc.
- the raffinate is further reacted with formic acid and heated to precipitate (denitration precipitation).
- This precipitate becomes one group of 4 group group separation, and contains Tc and platinum group.
- the other groups are included in each separated component or separated by additional operations. These are not particularly hindered by those skilled in the art.
- Tc can be dissolved in an aqueous solution with a high yield by further dissolving hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). It can be easily separated from the white metal elements (Ru, Pd, Rh) (Non-patent Document 3).
- 99 Mo is produced from 99 Tc by NMCR.
- a mixture of 99 Mo and stable nucleus Mo can be produced by NMCR by the above-described reaction mode.
- the high-level radioactive waste as a raw material for example, by a method or the above-mentioned group separation techniques such eluting with nitric acid, 99 Tc aqueous solution extracted therefrom - adopted (99 TcO 4 solution containing ions) as a target material can do.
- 99 TcO 4 solution containing ions 99 TcO 4 solution containing ions
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing a schematic configuration of a manufacturing apparatus 1200 for manufacturing 99 Mo by using a liquid raw material by NMCR.
- Mo containing 99 Mo produced by NMCR is collected in the form of MoO 4 2- ion by the column 1212A in the line 1210A or the column 1212B in the line 1210B.
- the column at this time is an adsorption column or an ion exchange column.
- MoO 4 2 ⁇ is collected, but 99 TcO 4 ⁇ is not collected due to the difference in charge.
- the alumina column adsorbs ions by electrostatic action, and strongly adsorbs Mo ions (MoO 4 2 ⁇ ) compared to 99m Tc nuclides and 99 Tc nuclides in the form of 99m TcO 4 ⁇ and 99 TcO 4 ⁇ . To do.
- the produced Mo can be efficiently collected while preventing the mixing of 99 Tc. That is, if the muon beam MB is irradiated while the liquid target raw material 1202, which is an aqueous solution containing Mo ions at the muon irradiation position, is circulated in the circulation path as the liquid flow LS by an appropriate pump 1220, the muon of the liquid flow LS is irradiated. Mo ions generated when passing through the columns 1212A and 1212B are collected from the one that has flowed out from the irradiation position (irradiated fluid).
- 99 Mo ions ( 99 MoO 4 2 ⁇ ) containing them are adsorbed to columns 1212A and 1212B such as alumina columns.
- 99 Mo can be easily separated from the target raw material and collected.
- These columns themselves can be fabricated by the same material as the column to be employed in the generator of 99m Tc. This collection process is the opposite operation of the 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator in which 99 Mo ions are adsorbed on the ion exchange column (alumina column) and the 99m Tc ions produced by decay are eluted by milking.
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram showing an outline of a process for producing 99 Mo by the batch production process 1400 by NMCR.
- Target raw materials that can be employed in this case are Tc 2 O 7 solids or pertechnetate aqueous solutions accommodated in unit quantities in appropriate containers 1404A to 1404D.
- the process of irradiating the target material 1402 of these unit quantities as a processing batch with a predetermined irradiation amount of the muon beam MB is suitable for sequential processing while replacing the target raw material 1402 for each container as in the containers 1404A to D, and appropriate. Automation using a transport device is also an easy process. Necessary steps for separation treatment, formulation, etc. can be subsequently performed on the irradiated solid or liquid unit amount. In the actual process, muon atomic X-rays and ⁇ -e decay electrons can be measured from the outside, and the muon incident energy can be optimized.
- the target raw material 1402 in the containers 1404A to 1404D in FIG. 6 can be either solid or liquid.
- container 1404B only one container (here, container 1404B) is the target of NMCR at a time, but depending on practical conditions such as allocating muon beams and simultaneously irradiating a plurality of containers 1404.
- container 1404B only one container is the target of NMCR at a time, but depending on practical conditions such as allocating muon beams and simultaneously irradiating a plurality of containers 1404.
- Various changes can be made.
- FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing an overview of 1600 for further processing the product after it has been obtained by batch processing, based on an example of a product containing Mo ions and employing a solid 99 Tc target and liquid 99 The case where a Tc target is employed is shown.
- processes 1600 when using a solid 99 Tc target 1612 to illuminate the muon beam MB, in order to generate a 99 Mo- 99 Tc ions, suitably a solid 99 Tc target after irradiation 99 Mo is generated
- An aqueous solution 1620 is prepared by dissolving with an acid.
- the solid 99 Tc target 1612 is preferably finely divided in advance.
- an ion separation column 1630 such as an alumina column similar to FIG. Thereby, 99 Mo ions are collected by the ion separation column 1630, and 99 Tc ions pass through while remaining in the aqueous solution.
- the aqueous solution 1640 containing 99 Tc can be reused as a liquid 99 Tc target, or a solid 99 Tc target can be produced and reused by appropriate chemical treatment or physical treatment. Since 99 Mo is adsorbed on the ion separation column 1630 at this time, it is also useful to use it as a 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator.
- the eluent 1650 for example, aqueous sodium hydroxide
- the eluent 1650 is passed through the ion separation column to leave MoO 4 2- ion, or in another form containing 99 Mo.
- 99 Mo can be eluted from the ion separation column to obtain an aqueous solution 1660. It is possible to adopt any known chemical operation or physical operation technique to make the obtained 99 Mo into a chemical form suitable for subsequent processing.
- the product containing Mo ions after being obtained by the batch treatment can be separated by a precipitation method or a coprecipitation method in addition to the ion exchange method.
- the precipitation method (coprecipitation method) that can be adopted is the same as that used for ordinary chemical separation. It is possible to adopt any known chemical operation or physical operation technique to make the obtained 99 Mo into a chemical form suitable for subsequent processing.
- the reactor will be operated using HEU for 99 Mo for 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator. There is no need to operate.
- the present method of using high-level radioactive waste as a raw material greatly contributes to the construction and maintenance of the supply system of 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator.
- the recycled raw material containing 99 Tc in the present embodiment refers to 99 Tc produced as a by-product in an arbitrary process until 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator is manufactured among substances containing 99 Tc, it is a material containing any of the 99 Tc generated after radioactive decay in unused leave a drug and 99 obtained by Tc, 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator itself.
- 99 Tc nuclide to be a raw material which must be obtained artificially by some means, except for the radioactive waste described above, material containing 99 Tc is substantially in connection with the 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator production It can be said that.
- Is a nuclide of recycled materials 99 Tc are 99 Tc except those became Among 99 Mo- 99m in accordance with the purpose to produce the Tc generator via a 99m Tc administered from the human body 99 Tc.
- the manufacturing process for manufacturing 99m Tc that gives the nuclide 99 Tc to be used as a recycle raw material may be a process for manufacturing 99 Mo by a conventional technique, or a process for manufacturing 99 Mo by any technique of this embodiment.
- the aqueous solution 1640 containing 99 Tc after passing through the ion separation column shown in FIG. 7 is an example of the recycled material.
- 99 Tc from these nuclides are normal indicates a lower activity is a radioactive substance managed. For this reason, 99 Tc manufactured for medical purposes is continuously managed and most of it is recovered.
- 99 Tc showing radioactivity is used as a target nuclide as a target of NMCR, and thus any material containing such 99 Tc can be adopted as a target raw material.
- FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram showing a nuclear reaction in which Xe having a mass number of 133 is generated by NMCR on a nuclear chart. In the production of 133 Xe, Xe gas containing 133 Xe is separated and recovered and used as nuclear medicine RI. 133 Xe is used for pulmonary function tests and cerebral blood flow tests.
- 131 keV gamma rays are measured by SPECT.
- the dose is about 370 MBq (10 mCi) at a time.
- 135 Cs has a half-life of 2.3 ⁇ 10 6 years
- 137 Cs has a half-life of 30.08 years.
- 134 Cs which is not LLFP but has a half-life of 2.06 years was considered, and examination was advanced.
- 135 Cs and 137 Cs are contained in 1 ton of high-level radioactive waste in the order of 0.5 kg and 1.5 kg, respectively.
- the reaction mode of NMCR is as follows, with 137 Cs as the target nuclide.
- 137 Cs ( ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ ) 137 Xe 137 Cs ( ⁇ ⁇ , n ⁇ ) 136 Xe 137 Cs ( ⁇ ⁇ , 2n ⁇ ) 135 Xe 137 Cs ( ⁇ -, 3n ⁇ ) 134 Xe 137 Cs ( ⁇ ⁇ , 4n ⁇ ) 133 Xe
- those using 135 Cs as a target nuclide are as follows.
- 133 Xe is ⁇ to the half-life of 5 25 days 133 Cs (stable) - collapses.
- 137 Xe has a neutron emission levels
- 135 Xe is a phenomenon which neutron absorption cross section is huge (a phenomenon known as xenon override the output control of the reactor) occurs, be 136 Xe generation probability increases There is sex.
- the reaction coefficient of the Cs isotope produced by NMCR was calculated.
- the beam conditions and reaction branching ratio at that time were assumed to be the same value as 99 Tc.
- the generated Xe isotopes are generated from Cs having mass numbers ranging from 129 to 137 and having Xe of different mass numbers. Radioactive Xe nuclides with a relatively long half-life that is included in the Xe gas remaining in the Xe gas containing 133 Xe to be only 133 Xe was separated and recovered, and utilized as nuclear medicine RI.
- Reaction coefficients were calculated using all combinations of Cs and Xe isotopes.
- the reaction mode leading to the target 133 Xe is 133 Cs ( ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ ) 133 Xe 134 Cs ( ⁇ ⁇ , n ⁇ ) 133 Xe 135 Cs ( ⁇ ⁇ , 2n ⁇ ) 133 Xe 137 Cs ( ⁇ ⁇ , 4n ⁇ ) 133 Xe
- This state is shown in FIG. In addition, it omits except mass number 133.
- the distribution between the isotopes of the reaction coefficient of Xe of each mass number predicted from the reaction branching ratio and the abundance ratio is: 129 Xe: 0.0211 130 Xe: 0.0637 131 Xe: 0.0931 132 Xe: 0.2347 133 Xe: 0.0978 134 Xe: 0.1382 135 Xe: 0.0990 136 Xe: 0.2105 137 Xe: 0.0421 It became.
- Step 1 Muon irradiation
- Step 2 Cooling (first time)
- Step 3 Cooling (second time).
- muon irradiation is carried out for 5.5 days (during about 1 half-life of 133 Xe) to Cs target materials including 134 Cs, 135 Cs, and 137 Cs.
- the radioactivity at that time is 133 Xe (5.25 days): 1.57 ⁇ 10 12 Bq 135 Xe (9.10 hours): 3.07 ⁇ 10 12 Bq 137 Xe (3.83 min): 1.31 ⁇ 10 12 Bq Is calculated.
- Other mass numbers of Xe are stable nuclei, which are produced according to their reaction coefficients but have no radioactivity.
- step 2 after muon irradiation, it cools for 1 hour as the first cooling. At this time, since the half life of 137 Xe is 3.83 minutes, the cooling period of 1 hour corresponds to the 15.7 half life. With this much time, most of 137 Xe is ⁇ - decayed to 137 Cs (LLFP).
- the 137 Cs can be separated and recovered in an aqueous solution.
- the Cs isotope number ratio at the time of completing Step 2 is 133 Cs: 33.7% 134 Cs: 0.0% 135 Cs: 63.5% 136 Cs: 0.0% 137 Cs: 2.6% It becomes. In terms of the radioactivity ratio, 137 Cs is 100%.
- step 3 as the second cooling, cooling is performed for a longer period (for example, 4 days).
- Four days corresponds to 10.5 half-life of 135 Xe.
- 135 half-life of Xe is 9.10 hours, most of beta - a collapse to 135 Cs (LLFP).
- the 135 Cs can be separated and recovered in an aqueous solution.
- the Cs isotope number ratio at the time of completing Step 3 is 133 Cs: 74.3% 134 Cs: 0.0% 135 Cs: 25.7% 136 Cs: 0.0% 137 Cs: 0.0% It becomes.
- the radioactivity ratio 135 Cs is 100%.
- the ratio of the number of Xe isotopes at the time when Step 3 is finished is 129 Xe: 2.63% 130 Xe: 7.94% 131 Xe: 11.60% 132 Xe: 29.25% 133 Xe: 5.11% 134 Xe: 17.23% 135 Xe: 0.00% 136 Xe: 26.24%
- the content of 133 Xe in the Xe gas is 5.11%.
- the radioactivity ratio of 133 Xe is 99.8%, and the radioactivity is 9.23 ⁇ 10 11 Bq (24.9 Ci).
- the production amount of 133 Xe per muon channel is 9.23 ⁇ 10 11 Bq (24.9 Ci). Since the single dose to the patient is 370 MBq (10 mCi), the production amount corresponds to about 2,500 doses.
- Solids containing 134 Cs, 135 Cs, and 137 Cs in the form of these simple substances and mixtures can be extracted from high-level radioactive waste.
- the liquid target is shown with solubility, Cesium hydroxide (CsOH, solubility 395g / 100cm3, 15 ° C) Cesium carbonate (Cs 2 CO 3 , solubility 260.5 g / 100 cm 3 , 15 ° C.), and cesium chloride (CsCl, solubility 162 g / 100 ml), Is typical.
- Liquid targets can also be extracted from high-level radioactive waste in the form of aqueous solutions containing 134 Cs, 135 Cs, and 137 Cs ions, alone or as a mixture.
- muons are irradiated using a typical solid target or liquid target as a target raw material.
- the apparatus configuration is almost the same as that of FIG.
- the target raw material of cesium nitrate solid or cesium hydroxide aqueous solution is stored in a container (inner sealed container, not shown in FIG. 6). At this time, the remaining internal space of the internal sealed container is replaced with high-purity helium gas.
- the inner sealed container is stored in a container 1404 (FIG. 6) serving as an outer container, and muon irradiation is performed from the outside.
- the desired 133 Xe gas can be obtained by separating the Cs ions and the rare gas Xe in the next step.
- Muon incident energy can be optimized by measuring muon atomic X-rays and ⁇ -e decay electrons.
- the external container can be used as it is as a protective container for transportation and can be transferred to the next process, and external contamination hardly occurs.
- the method using the target material container since irradiation can be performed sequentially using a large number of target material containers, there is an advantage that automation is easy.
- FIG. 10 and 11 are schematic diagram showing a process apparatus for manufacturing a NMCR the 133 Xe to be employed in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 10 shows an irradiation processing apparatus 2200 for a liquid target raw material
- FIG. 11 shows an irradiation processing apparatus 2400 for a solid target raw material.
- the liquid target 2210 in FIG. 10 is irradiated with muons by the same process as that shown for 99 Tc in FIG.
- the sealed target container 2212 corresponds to the liquid target raw material 1202.
- a liquid target 2210 is sealed together with helium gas in the sealed target container 2212 to become a target.
- the valve V2V3 When the muon beam MB is irradiated, the valve V2V3 is closed and the valve V1 is opened.
- a gas line 2214 is connected to the sealed target container 2212 in an upper space with one end opened, and Xe gas released from the liquid target 2210 is collected above the liquid level.
- the other end of the gas line 2214 is connected to the buffer tank 2220.
- the gas in the buffer tank 2220 passes through the gas line 2222 and is bubbled into the liquid in the aqueous solution trap 2240 sealed by the gas line 2232 with the aid of the gas circulation pump 2230. From above the liquid level of the aqueous solution trap 2240, a path for bubbling into the liquid of the sealed target container 2210 through the gas line 2242 is secured.
- aqueous solution trap 2240 an aqueous solution for collecting Cs generated from the Xe gas is stored. As a result, Cs generated during circulation due to radioactive decay and Cs generated in the buffer tank 2220 are collected in the aqueous solution trap 2240. If muon irradiation is continued while the gas circulation pump is operated, the concentration of Xe gas generated as a result of NMCR at the liquid target 2210 increases in helium gas, and Cs is recovered in the aqueous solution trap 2240.
- an appropriate trap such as a liquid nitrogen trap 2280 is connected to an appropriate position in the gas path, the valves V2 to V5 are opened, and the valve V1 is closed. Thereafter, by operating the gas circulation pump 2230, the Xe gas contained in the helium gas is collected by the liquid nitrogen trap 2280.
- an internal container 2414 that is filled with helium gas and accommodates the solid Cs target 2410 is disposed inside the sealed target container 2412.
- the inner container accommodates a solid Cs target 2410 containing, for example, finely powdered 134 Cs, 135 Cs, and 137 Cs.
- the inner container 2414 is open to the inner space of the sealed target container 2412, and Xe gas released by muon irradiation is released into the sealed target container 2412.
- a temperature controller eg, heater 2416
- Cs produced by decay in the liberated Xe gas is collected in the aqueous solution trap 2240 by the same method as that for the liquid Cs target.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic configuration diagram showing the configuration of the Xe—Cs separation device 2800.
- the liquid nitrogen trap 2280 used in the irradiation processing apparatuses 2200 and 2400 (FIGS. 10 and 11) is connected to the Xe—Cs separation apparatus 2800.
- the Xe gas trapped in the liquid nitrogen trap 2280 is evaporated.
- the Xe gas is circulated in a path including a suitable buffer tank 2820 and a gas circulation pump 2830 using helium as a circulation gas.
- a Cs ion trap 2810 is inserted in the path. Since the gas blown into the Cs ion trap 2810 through the gas line 2832, the gas circulation pump 2830, and the gas line 2834 contains Cs generated by decay of radioactive Xe, this is contained in the aqueous solution of the Cs ion trap 2810. It is a mechanism to dissolve and separate and collect. By continuing circulation in a path from the Cs ion trap 2810 to the liquid nitrogen trap 2280 again through the gas line 2822, the buffer tank 2820, and the gas line 2824, the collapsed Cs is removed throughout the cooling period. After recovering Cs ions, Xe gas containing 133 Xe can be recovered by injecting liquid nitrogen into the liquid nitrogen trap 2280 again.
- 90 producing 89 Sr of 89 Rb- 89 Sr from Sr can be prepared from the Sr raw material containing 90 Sr is LLFP contained in the high-level radioactive waste.
- 89 Sr is used as an internal therapy for pain relief in the case of painful bone metastasis, and emits ⁇ - rays having a maximum energy of about 1.49 MeV. It is a nuclide with a physical half-life of 50.5 days.
- FIG. 13 is an explanatory diagram showing a nuclear reaction in which an Rb isotope is generated by NMCR targeting 90 Sr on a nuclear chart.
- 89 Sr is administered in a form such as strontium chloride 89 SrCl 2, and the dosage is 2.0 MBq / kg intravenously once for an adult (for a 70 kg patient: 1.4 ⁇ 10 8 Bq (3. 8 mCi)). However, the maximum is 141 MBq.
- About 90 kg of 90 Sr as a target nuclide in this embodiment is contained in 1 ton of high-level radioactive waste.
- the ratio of Sr isotopes in the spent nuclear fuel is 84 Sr: 0.00% 85 Sr: 0.00% 86 Sr: 0.08% 87 Sr: 0.00% 88 Sr: 41.95% 89 Sr: 0.00% 90 Sr: 57.97% (Non-Patent Document 5).
- the natural abundance ratio of Sr is 84 Sr: 0.56% 85 Sr: 0.00% 86 Sr: 9.86% 87 Sr: 7.00% 88 Sr: 82.58% 89 Sr: 0.00% 90 Sr: 0.00% It is.
- Step 1 irradiating muon to a target material of Sr containing 90 Sr
- Step 2 Rb ions separated and recovered are cooled for 25 minutes
- Step 3 Rb ions are further cooled for 150 minutes.
- step 1 for example, a muon is irradiated to a target material of Sr containing 90 Sr for 90 minutes. Then, after muon irradiation, Rb ions are separated and recovered from Sr ions.
- the reaction mode of NMCR using 90 Sr as the target nuclide is as follows.
- 90 Sr ( ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ ) 90 Rb ( ⁇ - decay to 90 Sr with a half-life of 2.6 minutes)
- 90 Sr ( ⁇ ⁇ , n ⁇ ) 89 Rb ( ⁇ - decay to 89 Sr with a half-life of 15.2 minutes, 89 Sr has ⁇ - decay to 89 Y with a half-life of 50.5 days)
- 90 Sr ( ⁇ ⁇ , 4n ⁇ ) 86 Rb ( ⁇ - decay to 86 Sr with a half-life of 18.7 days)
- This nuclear reaction can be understood from the nuclear chart shown in
- step 1 muon irradiation is performed for 90 minutes on a target material of a solid or aqueous solution of Sr containing 90 Sr. This irradiation time of 90 minutes is 6 times the 89 Rb half-life (15.2 minutes). After muon irradiation, Rb ions are separated and recovered from Sr ions. The subsequent radioactivity of 89 Rb is about 8.84 ⁇ 10 12 Bq.
- Step 2 Rb ions are cooled for 25 minutes. This period is 10 half-lives of 90 Rb half-life (2.6 minutes). Result, 90 Rb is beta - a collapse to 90 Sr. 90 Sr is LLFP. At this point, also it is mixed daughter nucleus 88 Sr of 89 Sr and 88 Rb is the daughter nucleus of 89 Rb. At this stage, the Sr isotope ratio (atomic number ratio) is 84 Sr: 0.0% 85 Sr: 0.0% 86 Sr: 0.09% 87 Sr: 0.0% 88 Sr: 35.3% 89 Sr: 61.4% 90 Sr: 3.1% It becomes. Radioactivity ratio is 89 Sr: 100.0% 90 Sr: 0.02% It becomes.
- Step 3 the Rb ions separated from Sr are cooled for 150 minutes. This period is 10 half-lives of 89 Rb half-life (15.2 minutes).
- 88 Rb, 86 Rb, and 84 Rb are included.
- 88 Rb is beta - a 88 Sr is collapsed stable nuclei.
- 86 Rb, 84 Rb has a half-life of 18.7 days and 32.8 days, and has a negligible number of decays during 150 minutes of cooling.
- Sr ions are separated and recovered from the cooled Rb ions. Thereby, 89 Sr can be utilized as RI for nuclear medicine.
- the Sr isotope ratio (atomic ratio) at this point is 86 Sr: 1.1% 88 Sr: 42.2% 89 Sr: 56.7% 90 Sr: 0.008% It becomes. Radioactivity ratio is 89 Sr: 100.0% 90 Sr: 0.00007% It becomes.
- the radioactivity of 89 Sr generated in response to the 90-minute irradiation is 5.90 ⁇ 10 8 Bq (15.9 mCi). In one day (24 hours), it is 9.43 ⁇ 10 9 Bq (255 mCi).
- the production of 89 Sr per day per muon channel is 9.43 ⁇ 10 9 Bq (255 mCi). Since a single dose for a patient weighing 70 kg is 1.4 ⁇ 10 8 Bq (3.8 mCi), the production amount per day corresponds to about 67 doses.
- a method for separating Sr ions from Rb ions described above in relation to each step will be described.
- This separation method can be performed by an ion exchange method and a precipitation method (coprecipitation method).
- the ion exchange method is the same as the method for separating 99 Tc and 99 Mo described with reference to FIG. Since Rb ions are monovalent ions of alkali metals and Sr ions are divalent ions of alkaline earth metals, the same treatment is performed using an ion separation column using differences in ionic valence and chemical properties. It can be carried out. The same applies to the precipitation method.
- the method for producing a radioactive substance of the present invention and the substance to be produced can be used for any inspection, apparatus, diagnosis and analysis technique that uses the radioactive substance, and for nuclear medicine.
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Abstract
Description
本実施形態において利用される負ミュオンによる核反応である負ミュオン原子核捕獲反応(NMCR)は、本願の発明者のうちの一人により既に開示されている(特許文献1)。そこで説明されるミュオンの性質と用途、核反応機構、負ミュオンの生成方法および負ミュオンによるNMCRは、本実施形態においても同様に採用される。すなわち、負ミュオンによるNMCRにおいて、負ミュオンが、標的となる原子(以下、「標的核種」という)に入射されると、最終的に1s軌道に達した負ミュオンは、1s軌道においてミュオンの自然崩壊により消滅するか、さもなければ、その消滅の前に原子核へ捕獲される。この原子核へ捕獲される現象が「ミュオン原子核捕獲」である。本実施形態において利用するのは、このミュオン原子核捕獲によって標的核種の原子核変換を伴う核反応(ミュオン原子核捕獲反応(nuclear muon capture reaction、NMCR))である。以下、特に明示しない限り、単にミュオンやμと記す場合には、負ミュオンを表すものとする。
μ-+N(Z0,A0)→N´(Z0-1,A0)+ν (式1)
と記される。なお、原子番号をZ0(すなわち陽子数をZ0)、質量数をA0(すなわち陽子数と中性子数の和をA0)とし、原子番号Z0と質量数A0とを指定して決定される一般的な原子核をN、生成される新たな原子核をN´としている。式1が表現しているのは、ミュオンμ-が標的核種の原子核N(原子番号Z0、質量数A0)に捕獲されると、原子番号が1だけ小さいZ0-1となった同重体の原子核N´が形成され、ニュートリノνが生成される、という反応様式である。
μ-+N(Z0,A0)→N´´(Z0-1,A0-1)+n+ν (式2)
と表現される、中性子nを1つ放出し質量数A0が1だけ減少する反応である。さらに、N´´´をN、N´、N´´のいずれでもない原子核として、
μ-+N(Z0,A0)→N´´´(Z0-1,A0-2)+2n+ν (式3)
と表現される中性子nを2つ放出し質量数A0が2減少する反応も生じうる。式1~3の反応を端的に表すと、
中性子0個放出:
(μ-,ν)反応:N´((Z0-1)、A0)の生成
中性子1個放出:
(μ-,n ν)反応:N´´((Z0-1)、(A0-1))の生成
中性子2個放出:
(μ-,2n ν)反応:N´´´((Z0-1)、(A0-2))の生成
となる。以下同様である。なお、実際にどの同位体がどのような比率で生成されるかは、標的核種の原子核と生成された原子核の構造に依存する。
本実施形態においては、放射性核種をNMCRの標的核種として使用する。その放射性核種は、典型的には、原子力発電所からの使用済み核燃料を再処理する再処理工程から排出される高レベル放射性廃棄物から抽出することができる。図2は、原子力発電所にて使用した使用済み核燃料の再処理系統(核燃料サイクル)を示す説明図である。また表1に使用済み核燃料の一部である核分裂生成物(FP)の核種について半減期とその存在量を1トン当たりに含まれる質量で示す。FPのうち特に20万年以上の半減期を持つ放射性核種は長寿命核分裂核種(LLFP)とも呼ばれる。FPまたはLLFPにおいて、NMCRにより有用な放射性核種を製造する原料となりうる核種について次に説明する。図2の核燃料サイクル100に示すように、原子力発電所30にて使用される燃料22は、ウラン鉱山10にて採掘したウラン12を、燃料加工工場20にて加工したものである。その原子力発電所30からは、使用済み核燃料32および低レベル放射性廃棄物34が排出される。低レベル放射性廃棄物34は、低レベル放射性廃棄物処分施設40で処分されるが、使用済み核燃料32は、さらに再処理工場50に送られ、回収ウラン・プルトニウム52と、高レベル放射性廃棄物54とに分別される。一方の回収ウラン・プルトニウム52は、ふたたび燃料加工工場20に送られ、いわゆるMOX燃料として原子力発電所30の発電に使用される。他方の高レベル放射性廃棄物54は、例えばガラス固化体などに加工された後、高レベル放射性廃棄物貯蔵施設60に送られ、最終的には高レベル放射性廃棄物処分施設70にて長期間管理下に置かれる。
FPまたはLLFPを原料核種としてNMCRにより有用な放射性核種を製造する本実施形態において、原料となりうる核種の典型例が、99Tc、134Cs、135Cs、137Cs、そして90Srである。表1に示すように、高レベル放射性廃棄物には、90Sr、90Tc、135Cs、137Csが高濃度に含まれている。99Tcからは99mTcを得るための99Moが製造され、134Cs、135Csおよび137Csからは133Xeが製造され、そして90Srからは89Srが製造される。これらの原料核種と製造される放射性核種の組合せについて、その製造に関する詳細を順に説明する。
本実施形態では、放射性核種である99Tcから99Moを製造することができる。99Moは、99Mo-99mTcジェネレータを製造するために使用され、99Mo(半減期:66.0時間)はβ-崩壊によってその82.4%が99mTcとなる。99mTcは、半減期6.02時間で99Tcへガンマ崩壊し140.5keVのガンマ線を放出する性質を持ち、主にSPECTにて使用され、脳イメージング剤、甲状腺機能検査剤・副甲状腺疾患診断薬をはじめとする各種臓器のイメージング剤などに使用される。99mTcは臓器のシンチグラムにとって重要な核種であり、核医学RIとして消費される核種のうちの約80%を占める。なお、消費される99Mo-99mTcジェネレータのすべてを国外からの輸入に依存している国も存在する。99Tcを標的とするNMCRによりMo同位体が生成される核反応を核図表上で図3に示す。また99Mo-99mTcジェネレータに関連する崩壊図式について図4に示している。
99Tc(μ-,ν)99Mo
99Tc(μ-, n ν)98Mo
99Tc(μ-,2n ν)97Mo
99Tc(μ-,3n ν)96Mo
99Tc(μ-,4n ν)95Mo
この様子は、図3の核図表上の核変換としても理解される。Mo同位体のうち、99Moは、図4に示した崩壊を利用する99Mo-99mTcジェネレータのために使用される。99Tcを標的核種とするNMCRでは、製造されうるMoの同位体のうち、95Mo~98Moのすべてが安定核であり、99Mo以外には放射性同位体は含まれない。つまり、NMCRによって99Tcから99Moを製造しても、目的の核種のみが製造され放射性廃棄物は生成しない。
次にミュオンを照射したNMCRにより生じる99Moの生成量についての見積を2通りの照射条件の場合について説明する。生成される核種の量(個数)はミュオン変換率NTMと呼ばれ、次式にて算出される。
NTM=Iμ-×Rc×PNC×PRBR
ここで、
Iμ-:ミュオン個数/秒、
Rc:目的原子核の存在率、
PNC:ミュオン原子核捕獲率、そして
PRBR:ミュオン原子核捕獲反応の分岐比
である。目的原子核の存在率Rcは、照射標的原料中の目的原子核の存在割合である。ミュオン原子核捕獲率PNCは、ミュオン原子を生成し、ミュオンが原子核捕獲される確率である。そして、ミュオン原子核捕獲反応の分岐比PRBRは、中性子が何個放出されるかを示す因子である。特にRc×PNC×PRBRを本出願において「反応係数」と呼ぶ。この反応係数はミュオン1個あたりの核変換効率を表している。留意すべきは、反応係数やミュオン変換効率には、反応断面積を含まない点である。すなわち、標的核種にミュオンを静止させることができるため、1個のミュオンは必ず1個の原子核を核変換することができる。つまりミュオンを標的原料の原子核に捕獲さえすれば、1種以上のNMCRがある割合で必ず生起する。この割合とは、xを0、1、2、3、4、5・・・という整数として(μ-,xn ν)反応として表現される複数のNMCRのそれぞれが生起する生起確率の相対比であり、そのうちの目的の核種の比率が上記分岐比PRBRである。そして「必ず」とは、ミュオンを標的原料の原子核に捕獲させると上記表現のNMCRの少なくともいずれかが生じ、その際のNMCRの生起確率の合計が100%である、との意味である。このため、NMCRは製造効率が高く、RI製造に要する照射時間が短くてすむ手法である。
陽子加速器:500MeV,5mA,陽子ビーム
陽子個数:6.2×1018×(5/1000)=3.1×1016個/秒
とした。さらに、生成された陽子から照射されるミュオンの強度を見積もるために、次の仮定をおいた。
陽子/負ミュオン変換係数:0.1(10%)
ミュオン輸送効率:0.01(1%)
その結果、照射できる負ミュオン個数が、3.1×1016×0.1×0.01=3.1×1013個/秒であると見積もられる。上述したように、ミュオンは全て標的原料に静止させることができる。そして、負ミュオンが1s状態から全て原子核吸収され(PNC=1.0)、反応分岐を経て目的核を生成する確率(反応係数)にしたがって核変換が進行すると仮定する。
(μ-,ν)反応:10%
(μ-, n ν)反応:50%
(μ-,2n ν)反応:20%
(μ-,3n ν)反応:15%
(μ-,4n ν)反応: 5%
つまり生起したNMCRのうち10%が99Mo生成に関与する、と仮定した。なお、現実の分岐比は実験に基づき決定される。さらに、ミュオン照射後の生成核種放射能(単位:Bq)は、
ARI(tirradiation)=
(ミュオン個数)×(反応係数)×
(1-exp(-0.693/T1/2×tirradiation))
で与えられる。ただし、T1/2は目的核の半減期、tirradiationはミュオン照射時間である。また、冷却後の放射能は、
ARI(t) (tcooling)=
ARI(0)exp(-0.693/T1/2×tcooling)
となる。ただし、tcoolingは冷却時間、ARI(0)はミュオン照射終了後の放射能である。
上述した仮定の下、99Moの半減期(66.0時間)の2倍である5.5日の照射によるNMCRによる99Moの生成量を見積もった。その結果、99Moは2.33×1012Bq(2.33TBq)だけ生成される。これは、かつて使用された単位では63.0Ciである。また、5.5日の照射後のMoの同位体比率は
95Mo: 0.55%
96Mo:16.50%
97Mo:22.00%
98Mo:55.01%
99Mo: 5.95%
となる。
N=0.0595/97.50×6.02×1023=3.67×1020個/g-Mo
この値と99Moの半減期、T1/2=66.0h、99Moの崩壊定数λ=0.693/(66.0×3600)=2.92×10-6(sec-1)から、99Moの比放射能Rは、
R=λN=1.07×1015Bq/g-Mo
=1,070TBq/g-Mo
と算出される。対比させられるべき比放射能は、核分裂法で得られる99Moの比放射能についての370TBq/g-Mo、他の手法の一つである天然Moを標的原料とする中性子放射化法で得られる99Moの比放射能についての0.074TBq/g-Mo、という値である(非特許文献4)。つまり、標的核種のために放射性核種を選んでNMCRにより生成した99Moには、核分裂法から得られるMoの比放射能の値の約2.9倍もの比放射能が期待でき、例えば小型のアルミナカラムで十分な量の99Moを供給できるなど、高い有用性があるといえる。
上述した見積りよりも一層効率良く99Moの比放射能や生成量を高めて製造する条件が、99Moの半減期(66.0時間)の約1/3倍の1.0日だけNMCR照射を実行する条件である。その結果製造される99Moは6.91×1011Bq(0.691TBq、18.7Ci)である。また、1.0日の照射後のMoの同位体比率は
95Mo: 0.53%
96Mo:15.90%
97Mo:21.20%
98Mo:53.00%
99Mo: 9.37%
となる。照射時間を1.0日とした条件でも5.5日の照射の場合と同様の計算を行い、比放射能や生成量を見積もった。その結果を5.5日の照射の値と対比して表2に示す。
R=λN=1.69×1015Bq/g-Mo
=1,690TBq/g-Mo
と算出される。標的核種のために放射性核種を選んで1.0日間のNMCRにより生成した99Moには、核分裂法から得られるMoの比放射能の値の約4.6倍もの比放射能が期待できる。この照射条件でも十分な量の99Moが供給されることから、高い有用性があるといえる。
高レベル放射性廃棄物には、1トン当たり1kgもの比率で99Tcが含有されており、上記群分離および追加の処理により、Tcを他の金属系元素から単離させることも容易である。また、加圧水型原子炉(PWR)にてUO2燃料を燃焼度45GWd/tHM程度使用し、5年冷却後の状況では、使用済み核燃料に含まれるTcの同位体は99Tcが100%であり他の質量数のものを含まない(非特許文献5)。この99Tcは、約21万年の半減期をもつLLFPである。そして使用済み核燃料のTcつまり放射性核種である99Tcからは、上述した原理によりNMCRによって99Mo-99mTcジェネレータを製造することができる。
核医学用途で利用される核種の大半を占める99mTcやそのための99Moを実際に製造する処理において、ミルキングのためのジェネレータの製造工程における副産物や、99mTcを製剤化した後の未使用薬剤、また使用済みのジェネレータそれ自体から、99Tcが容易に得られる。この99Tcを本実施形態において標的核種とすることに特段の困難はない。本実施形態における99Tcを含むリサイクル原料とは、99Tcを含む物質のうち、99Mo-99mTcジェネレータを製造するまでの任意の工程にて副産物として生じた99Tcや、製剤化した後の未使用薬剤を放置して得られる99Tc、99Mo-99mTcジェネレータそれ自体にて放射性崩壊後に生じた99Tcのいずれかを含む物質である。原料とする核種の99Tcは何らかの手法によって人工的に得る必要があるため、上述した放射性廃棄物を除くと、99Tcを含む物質は実質的には99Mo-99mTcジェネレータと関係して製造されたものといえる。リサイクル原料の核種である99Tcは、このうち99Mo-99mTcジェネレータを製造して目的に合せて人体などに投与された99mTcを経て99Tcとなったものを除く99Tcである。なお、このリサイクル原料として利用する核種99Tcをもたらす99mTcを製造する製造工程は、99Moを従来の手法によって製造する工程のほか、本実施形態のいずれかの手法により製造する工程としてもよく、特に限定されない。例えば図7に示したイオン分離カラム通過後の99Tcを含む水溶液1640は、そのリサイクル原料の一例である。
133Xeは、高レベル放射性廃棄物に含まれるLLFPである135Cs,137Csを含むCs原料から製造することができる。図8はNMCRにより質量数133のXeが生成される核反応を核図表上で示す説明図である。133Xeの製造では133Xeを含むXeガスを分離回収し、核医学RIとして利用する。なお、133Xeは肺機能検査や脳血流検査のために使用される。図9は質量数A=133のXeとCsの間の崩壊図式である。133Xeの典型的な核医学用途においては、81keVのγ線がSPECTで測定される。投与量は、1回370MBq(10mCi)程度である。また、例えば日本国は133Xeの需要の100%を輸入している。135Csは2.3×106年の半減期をもち、137Csは30.08年の半減期をもつ。なお、LLFPではないが2.06年の半減期をもつ134Csも考慮して検討を進めた。特に135Cs,137Csは1トンの高レベル放射性廃棄物に、それぞれ、0.5kgおよび1.5kg程度含まれている。
133Cs:42.1%
134Cs: 1.02%
135Cs:14.8%
136Cs: 0.0%
137Cs:42.1%
である(非特許文献5)。なお、Csの天然存在比は133Csが100%である。
137Cs(μ-,ν)137Xe
137Cs(μ-, n ν)136Xe
137Cs(μ-,2n ν)135Xe
137Cs(μ-,3n ν)134Xe
137Cs(μ-,4n ν)133Xe
また、135Csを標的核種とするものが次の通りである。
135Cs(μ-,ν)135Xe
135Cs(μ-, n ν)134Xe
135Cs(μ-,2n ν)133Xe
135Cs(μ-,3n ν)132Xe
135Cs(μ-,4n ν)131Xe
生成されるXeの同位体のうち136Xe,134Xe,132Xe,131Xeは安定核であるが、137Xeは半減期3.83分で137Csへβ-崩壊し、135Xeは半減期9.10時間で135Csへβ-崩壊し、133Xeは半減期5.25日で133Cs(安定)へβ-崩壊する。なお、137Xeは中性子放出準位を持ち、135Xeは中性子吸収断面積が巨大となる現象(原子炉の出力制御においてキセノンオーバライドとして知られる現象)が生じるため、136Xe生成確率が大きくなる可能性がある。
133Cs(μ-,ν)133Xe
134Cs(μ-, n ν)133Xe
135Cs(μ-,2n ν)133Xe
137Cs(μ-,4n ν)133Xe
であり、この様子を図8に示している。なお、質量数133以外については省略する。反応分岐比と存在比から予想される各質量数のXeの反応係数の同位体間の分布は、
129Xe:0.0211
130Xe:0.0637
131Xe:0.0931
132Xe:0.2347
133Xe:0.0978
134Xe:0.1382
135Xe:0.0990
136Xe:0.2105
137Xe:0.0421
となった。
高レベル放射性廃棄物における134Cs、135Cs、137CsからNMCRにより133Xeを製造する工程は、次の3工程により実施される。
ステップ1:ミュオン照射、
ステップ2:冷却(一回目)、そして
ステップ3:冷却(二回目)。
ステップ1では、134Cs,135Cs,137Csを含むCsの標的原料に5.5日間(133Xeの約1半減期の間)だけミュオン照射する。その時点での放射能は、
133Xe(5.25日):1.57×1012Bq
135Xe(9.10時間):3.07×1012Bq
137Xe(3.83分):1.31×1012Bq
と計算される。他の質量数のXeは安定核であり、それぞれの反応係数に従い生成されるが放射能を持たない。
133Cs:33.7%
134Cs: 0.0%
135Cs:63.5%
136Cs: 0.0%
137Cs: 2.6%
となる。放射能比率でみると137Csが100%となる。
133Cs:74.3%
134Cs: 0.0%
135Cs:25.7%
136Cs: 0.0%
137Cs: 0.0%
となる。放射能比率としては、135Csが100%である。同様に、ステップ3を終えた時点でのXeの同位体原子数比率は、
129Xe: 2.63%
130Xe: 7.94%
131Xe:11.60%
132Xe:29.25%
133Xe: 5.11%
134Xe:17.23%
135Xe: 0.00%
136Xe:26.24%
となり、Xeガス中の133Xeの含有率は5.11%となる。さらに133Xeの放射能比率は99.8%で、放射能は9.23×1011Bq(24.9Ci)となる。
134Cs、135Cs、137CsからNMCRにより133Xeを製造する工程の具体的工程は、99Moについてバッチ製造工程1400として図6に示したバッチ処理法と、オンライン製造法が有力である。どちらでもCsを含む液体標的や固体標的が採用される。固体標的として採用しうるのは、次の固体である。簡単な性状、性質も付記している。
水酸化セシウム(CsOH、無色、吸湿性あり)、
炭酸セシウム(Cs2CO3、白色粉末)、
硝酸セシウム(CsNO3、白色固体、水溶性なし)、そして
塩化セシウム(CsCl、固体)。
これらの単体や混合物の形で、134Cs、135Cs、137Csを含む固体は高レベル放射性廃棄物から抽出することができる。他方、液体標的は、溶解度とともに示せば、
水酸化セシウム(CsOH、溶解度395g/100cm3、15℃)
炭酸セシウム(Cs2CO3、溶解度260.5g/100cm3、15℃)、そして
塩化セシウム(CsCl、溶解度162g/100ml)、
が典型である。液体標的も、高レベル放射性廃棄物から単体や混合物で、134Cs、135Cs、137Csイオンを含む水溶液の形態で抽出することができる。
89Srは、高レベル放射性廃棄物に含まれるLLFPである90Srを含むSr原料から製造することができる。なお、89Srは、核医学用途においては、有痛性の骨転移のケースにおいて疼痛緩和のための内用療法剤に使用され、最大エネルギーが1.49MeV程度のβ-線を放出する。物理的半減期が50.5日の核種である。図13は90Srを標的とするNMCRによりRb同位体が生成される核反応を核図表上で示す説明図である。また、図14は、質量数A=89のSrとYとの間の崩壊図式である。89Srは塩化ストロンチウム89SrCl2などの形態で投与され、投与量は、成人には1回2.0MBq/kgを静注する(70Kgの患者の場合:1.4×108Bq(3.8mCi))。ただし、最大141MBqまでである。例えば日本国は89Srの需要の100%を輸入している。本実施形態にて標的核種とする90Srは1トンの高レベル放射性廃棄物に0.6kg程度含まれている。
84Sr: 0.00%
85Sr: 0.00%
86Sr: 0.08%
87Sr: 0.00%
88Sr:41.95%
89Sr: 0.00%
90Sr:57.97%
である(非特許文献5)。なお、Srの天然存在比は
84Sr: 0.56%
85Sr: 0.00%
86Sr: 9.86%
87Sr: 7.00%
88Sr:82.58%
89Sr: 0.00%
90Sr: 0.00%
である。
90Srを含むSr標的原料から89Srを生成する工程は、次の3つのステップを含む。
ステップ1:90Srを含むSrの標的原料にミュオンを照射する、
ステップ2:分離回収したRbイオンを25分間冷却する、そして
ステップ3:Rbイオンをさらに150分間冷却する。
まず、ステップ1では、例えば90分間90Srを含むSrの標的原料にミュオンを照射する。その後、ミュオン照射後、RbイオンをSrイオンから分離回収する。
90Sr(μ-,ν)90Rb(半減期2.6分で90Srへβ-崩壊)
90Sr(μ-, n ν)89Rb(半減期15.2分で89Srへβ-崩壊、
89Srは半減期50.5日で89Yへβ-崩壊)
90Sr(μ-,2n ν)88Rb(半減期17.8分で88Srへβ-崩壊)
90Sr(μ-,3n ν)87Rb(安定核、4.8×1010年)
90Sr(μ-,4n ν)86Rb(半減期18.7日で86Srへβ-崩壊)
この核反応の様子は図13に核図表により理解される。留意すべきは、Srの各同位体から一旦Rbの同位体が生成すること、および、90Srを標的核種としてNMCRが生じ89Rbが生成した場合には、図13にて鎖線により示すように、89Rbは89Srへ短時間(半減期15.2分)でβ-崩壊し、その89Srの半減期が50.5日程度となることである。
84Rb:0.0210
85Rb:0.0629
86Rb:0.1129
87Rb:0.2967
88Rb:0.1579
89Rb:0.2899
90Rb:0.05797
となる。
84Sr: 0.0%
85Sr: 0.0%
86Sr: 0.09%
87Sr: 0.0%
88Sr:35.3%
89Sr:61.4%
90Sr: 3.1%
となる。放射能比は、
89Sr:100.0%
90Sr: 0.02%
となる。
86Sr:1.1%
88Sr:42.2%
89Sr:56.7%
90Sr:0.008%
となる。放射能比は、
89Sr:100.0%
90Sr:0.00007%
となる。90分照射に対応して生成される89Srの放射能は、5.90×108Bq(15.9mCi)となる。1日(24時間)では、9.43×109Bq(255mCi)である。
N=0.567/88.46×6.02×1023=3.86×1021個/g-Sr
と与えられる。ここに89Srの半減期:T1/2=50.5日、89Srの崩壊定数:λ=0.693/(50.5×24×3600)=1.58×10-7(sec-1)を用いれば、89Srの比放射能Rは、
R=λN=6.10×1014Bq/g-Sr
=610TBq/g-Sr
と算出される。この89Srの比放射能は、核分裂法で得られる99Moの比放射能370TBq/g-Mo(非特許文献4)の約1.6倍である。
10 ウラン鉱山
12 ウラン
20 燃料加工工場
22 燃料
30 原子力発電所
32 使用済み核燃料
34 低レベル放射性廃棄物
40 低レベル放射性廃棄物処分施設
50 再処理工場
52 回収ウラン・プルトニウム
54 高レベル放射性廃棄物
60 高レベル放射性廃棄物貯蔵施設
70 高レベル放射性廃棄物処分施設
1200 製造装置
1202 液体標的原料
1210A、B 系統
1212A、B カラム
1220 ポンプ
1400 バッチ製造工程
1402 標的原料
1404 容器
1600 イオン交換法の処理プロセス
1612 固体99Tc標的
1620、1640、1650、1660 水溶液
1614 液体99Tc標的
1630 イオン分離カラム
2200、2400 照射処理装置
2210 液体標的
2212 密閉標的容器
2214、2222、2232、2242 ガスライン
2220、2820 バッファータンク
2230、2830 ガス循環ポンプ
2280 液体窒素トラップ
2410 固体Cs標的
2412 密閉標的容器
2414 内部容器
2416 ヒーター(温度制御器)
2800 Xe-Cs分離装置
2240、2810 Csイオントラップ
2822、2824、2832、2834 ガスライン
MB ミュオンビーム
LS 液流
Claims (16)
- 放射性核種である標的核種に負ミュオンを入射させてミュオン原子核捕獲反応を引き起こすことにより第1放射性核種を得るミュオン照射工程
を含んでおり、
製造される放射性物質が、前記第1放射性核種、および該第1放射性核種から放射性崩壊を経て得られる子孫核種の少なくとも1種である第2放射性核種、のうちの少なくともいずれかを含んでいるものである、
放射性物質の製造方法。 - 前記ミュオン照射工程より前に、負ミュオンを照射するべき前記標的核種を含む標的原料を準備する工程
をさらに含み、
前記標的原料中の前記標的核種が、使用済核燃料または使用済核燃料から分離された物質に含まれている長寿命核分裂核種(LLFP)のうちのいずれかの放射性核種である
請求項1に記載の放射性物質の製造方法。 - 前記標的核種が99Tcであり、
前記第1放射性核種が99Moであり、
前記第2放射性核種が99mTcである
請求項2に記載の放射性物質の製造方法。 - 前記標的核種が99Tcであり、
前記第1放射性核種が99Moであり、
前記第2放射性核種が99mTcであり、
前記ミュオン照射工程より前に、負ミュオンを照射するべき標的原料を準備する工程
をさらに含み、
該標的原料が、99Mo-99mTcジェネレータを製造するまでの任意の工程にて副産物として生じた99Tc、製剤化した後の未使用薬剤を放置して得られる99Tc、および99Mo-99mTcジェネレータそれ自体にて放射性崩壊後に生じた99Tcのうちの少なくともいずれかを含むリサイクル原料である
請求項1に記載の放射性物質の製造方法。 - 前記ミュオン照射工程が、99Moの半減期である66時間より短い照射時間で実行される
請求項3または請求項4に記載の放射性物質の製造方法。 - 前記第1放射性核種のイオンである99Moイオンをイオン交換カラムに吸着させることにより、前記標的核種のイオンである99Tcイオンを含む物質から99Moイオンを捕集する捕集工程
をさらに含む
請求項3または請求項4に記載の放射性物質の製造方法。 - 前記標的核種が134Cs、135Cs、および137Csを含む核種群から選択される少なくとも1種の核種を含み、
前記第1放射性核種が133Xeである
請求項2に記載の放射性物質の製造方法。 - 前記標的核種が90Srであり、
前記第1放射性核種が89Rbであり、
前記第2放射性核種が89Srである
請求項2に記載の放射性物質の製造方法。 - 前記ミュオン照射工程において前記標的核種から得た前記第1放射性核種または前記第2放射性核種と流体媒体とを含む照射済み流体を、該流体媒体を移動させることにより負ミュオンの照射位置から搬出する搬出工程と、
前記照射済み流体から前記第1放射性核種または前記第2放射性核種を選択的に捕集する捕集工程と、
該捕集工程を経た前記照射済み流体を、前記流体媒体を移動させることにより前記照射位置に再配置する再配置工程と
をさらに含む請求項1に記載の放射性物質の製造方法。 - 前記ミュオン照射工程を継続的に実行しながら、前記搬出工程、前記捕集工程、および前記再配置工程を並行して実行する請求項9に記載の放射性物質の製造方法。
- 負ミュオンを標的核種に入射させてミュオン原子核捕獲反応を引き起こすことにより得られた第1放射性核種、および該第1放射性核種から放射性崩壊を経て得られる子孫核種の少なくとも1種である第2放射性核種、のうちの少なくともいずれかを含んでおり、
標的核種が放射性核種である
放射性物質。 - 前記標的核種が、使用済核燃料または使用済核燃料から分離された物質に含まれている長寿命核分裂核種(LLFP)のうちのいずれかの放射性核種である
請求項11に記載の放射性物質。 - 前記標的核種が99Tcであり、
前記第1放射性核種が99Moであり、
前記第2放射性核種が99mTcである
請求項12に記載の放射性物質。 - 前記標的核種が99Tcであり、
前記第1放射性核種が99Moであり、
前記第2放射性核種が99mTcであり、
負ミュオンが照射される標的原料が、99Mo-99mTcジェネレータを製造するまでの任意の工程にて副産物として生じた99Tc、製剤化した後の未使用薬剤を放置して得られる99Tc、および99Mo-99mTcジェネレータそれ自体にて放射性崩壊後に生じた99Tcのうちの少なくともいずれかを含むリサイクル原料である
請求項11に記載の放射性物質。 - 前記標的核種が134Cs、135Cs、および137Csを含む核種群から選択される少なくとも1種の核種を含み、
前記第1放射性核種が133Xeである
請求項12に記載の放射性物質。 - 前記標的核種が90Srであり、
前記第1放射性核種が89Rbであり
前記第2放射性核種が89Srである
請求項12に記載の放射性物質。
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CN111164709A (zh) * | 2017-10-31 | 2020-05-15 | 国立研究开发法人量子科学技术研究开发机构 | 放射性同位素的制造方法、放射性同位素制造装置 |
JP2020183926A (ja) * | 2019-05-09 | 2020-11-12 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 放射性核種製造装置、および、放射性核種製造方法 |
WO2023095410A1 (ja) * | 2021-11-25 | 2023-06-01 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 放射性核種製造システムおよび放射性核種製造方法 |
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CA3089085A1 (en) * | 2018-01-22 | 2019-07-25 | Riken | Accelerator and accelerator system |
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JP3145555B2 (ja) * | 1994-02-28 | 2001-03-12 | 核燃料サイクル開発機構 | 核融合を利用した放射性廃棄物の消滅処理方法 |
US8450629B2 (en) * | 2010-05-10 | 2013-05-28 | Los Alamos National Security, Llc | Method of producing molybdenum-99 |
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REIKO FUJITA: "ImPACT ni Okeru Cho Hangenki FP Kaku Henkan Gijustu Kaihatsu", KAGAKU GIJUTSU . GAKUJUTSU SHINGIKAI KENKYU KEIKAKU . HYOKA BUNKAKAI, GENSHIRYOKU KAGAKU GIJUTSU IINKAI GUN BUNRI . KAKU HENKAN GIJUTSU HYOKA SAGYOBUKAI (DAI 7 KAI) SHIRYO 7-1, 20 August 2014 (2014-08-20), XP009506606 * |
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Cited By (7)
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CN111164709A (zh) * | 2017-10-31 | 2020-05-15 | 国立研究开发法人量子科学技术研究开发机构 | 放射性同位素的制造方法、放射性同位素制造装置 |
EP3706141A4 (en) * | 2017-10-31 | 2021-08-11 | National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING RADIO ISOTOPES AND DEVICE FOR MANUFACTURING RADIO ISOTOPES |
US11276506B2 (en) | 2017-10-31 | 2022-03-15 | National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology | Producing method of radioisotope and radioisotope producing apparatus |
CN111164709B (zh) * | 2017-10-31 | 2023-10-31 | 国立研究开发法人量子科学技术研究开发机构 | 放射性同位素的制造方法、放射性同位素制造装置 |
JP2020183926A (ja) * | 2019-05-09 | 2020-11-12 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 放射性核種製造装置、および、放射性核種製造方法 |
JP7194637B2 (ja) | 2019-05-09 | 2022-12-22 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 放射性核種製造装置、および、放射性核種製造方法 |
WO2023095410A1 (ja) * | 2021-11-25 | 2023-06-01 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 放射性核種製造システムおよび放射性核種製造方法 |
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JP6873484B2 (ja) | 2021-05-19 |
CA3013320A1 (en) | 2017-08-10 |
EP3413318A4 (en) | 2019-12-11 |
JPWO2017135196A1 (ja) | 2018-11-29 |
US20190043631A1 (en) | 2019-02-07 |
EP3413318B1 (en) | 2021-04-07 |
EP3413318A1 (en) | 2018-12-12 |
CA3013320C (en) | 2022-05-03 |
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