WO2017131517A1 - Procédé de production de combustible gazeux, matériau de départ et serre - Google Patents

Procédé de production de combustible gazeux, matériau de départ et serre Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017131517A1
WO2017131517A1 PCT/NL2017/050049 NL2017050049W WO2017131517A1 WO 2017131517 A1 WO2017131517 A1 WO 2017131517A1 NL 2017050049 W NL2017050049 W NL 2017050049W WO 2017131517 A1 WO2017131517 A1 WO 2017131517A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
starting material
reactor
composition
greenhouse
gaseous fuel
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NL2017/050049
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jan Antoon Cornelis MORANG
Leo Visser
Original Assignee
Next Renewable Group B.V.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from NL2017212A external-priority patent/NL2017212B1/en
Application filed by Next Renewable Group B.V. filed Critical Next Renewable Group B.V.
Priority to EP17704318.9A priority Critical patent/EP3408359B1/fr
Priority to ES17704318T priority patent/ES2781598T3/es
Priority to DK17704318.9T priority patent/DK3408359T3/da
Publication of WO2017131517A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017131517A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
    • C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
    • C10L3/08—Production of synthetic natural gas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C10B53/07—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of solid raw materials consisting of synthetic polymeric materials, e.g. tyres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B7/00—Coke ovens with mechanical conveying means for the raw material inside the oven
    • C10B7/10—Coke ovens with mechanical conveying means for the raw material inside the oven with conveyor-screws
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/406—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on plastic
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
    • A01G9/18—Greenhouses for treating plants with carbon dioxide or the like
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/141—Feedstock
    • Y02P20/143—Feedstock the feedstock being recycled material, e.g. plastics

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a production method of a gaseous fuel, a starting material for use in said production method comprising a free flowing particulate composition of secondary fuel, and a greenhouse.
  • an installation for pyrolyzing divided solids such as waste plastics, rubbers or elastomers is known, which installation comprises a pre-treatment device for preparing the divided solids in order to enable pyrolysis in a subsequent pyrolysis reactor.
  • This pyrolysis reactor is connected to the pre-treatment device in a leak-tight manner.
  • the reactor is provided with a transfer member, that is made of a material associated with means for heating by the Joule effect.
  • the divided solids are subjected to liquefaction thereby bringing the solids into a liquid state, which are pyrolized to obtain pyrolytic oils and pyrolysis gas.
  • the divided solids upon liquefaction are capable of producing in particular pyrolytic oils by recondensation of gas when the solids are pyrolyzed at 400-600 °C. Such oils can be recycled.
  • a pyrolysis gas containing industrially useful components like methane, hydrogen, acetylene is obtained when pyrolyzing the solids at temperatures in the range of 600-900 °C.
  • a gas ratio of more than 75% with a methane content of more than 40% is achieved.
  • Pyrolysis is understood to be a heat treatment that takes place in the absence of oxygen, i.e. with an oxygen content remaining below about 5% according to US2012/0043194 A1 , to which US 2014/0284198 A1 refers regarding pyrolysis and the pyrolysis reactor. It is also stated that the higher the (pyrolysis) temperature, the greater the proportion of gas.
  • the invention generally aims at improving the yield of methane from thermal decomposition of plastic material, thereby improving the quality and/or value of the raw gaseous fuel produced.
  • An object of the invention is to provide a method of producing a gaseous fuel similar to Dutch natural gas regarding its composition and calorific value from secondary fuels in a high yield.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a composition of secondary fuels that allows to produce a gaseous energy carrier similar to Dutch natural gas regarding its composition and calorific value in a high yield.
  • Another object is to provide a greenhouse for growing plants, flowers, crops and the like wherein the greenhouse is provided with an installation for treating secondary fuels thereby producing heat, electricity and carbon dioxide, that are used in the energy (heat and electricity) supply and conditioning of the internal cultivation environment of the greenhouse.
  • the invention provides a method of producing a gaseous fuel from secondary fuel, comprising the steps of
  • a starting material comprising a composition of free flowing particles of secondary fuel, wherein the particles have a particle size up to 20 mm, preferably ⁇ 15 mm, such as about 10 mm or less, the composition has a density of more than 500 kg/m 3 and a moisture content of less than 2% by weight and a nett calorific value of more than 35 MJ/kg,
  • thermal decomposing the starting material by direct contact heating at a temperature in the range of 550-800 °C under atmospheric pressure conditions in an anaerobe atmosphere,
  • the invention also relates to a starting material for use in the method according to the invention, comprising a composition of free flowing particles from secondary fuel, comprising secondary fuel particles having a particle size of up to 20 mm, preferably ⁇ 15 mm, such as about 10 mm or less, and a density of more than 500 kg/m 3 , wherein the moisture content is less than 2%.
  • the invention also relates to a greenhouse for growing plants, flowers, crops and the like comprising a reactor for thermal decomposition of free flowing particulate of secondary fuel material having a reactor inlet and a reactor outlet, which is provided between the reactor and the reactor outlet with at least one combined transfer and heating member having a longitudinal axis and a helical portion mounted to rotate about its own longitudinal axis inside a tubular reactor housing, which transfer member is connected to the outlet shaft of a rotary drive motor, wherein at least the helical portion of the transfer member is constituted by electrically conductive material, wherein the transfer member has connection means for connecting it to an electricity power supply, wherein a reactor outlet is connected to a combined heat and power engine, of which the heat output is connected to the heating system of the greenhouse, the electricity output is connected to the electricity system of the greenhouse, and the C0 2 discharge is connected to the air conditioning system of the greenhouse.
  • second fuel defines a product that classifies under EN 15359, advantageously in classes 1 regarding the properties of net calorific value (> 25 MJ/kg (as received)), chlorine ( ⁇ 0.2 %) and mercury (median: ⁇ 0.02 mg/MJ (as received); 80 th percentile: ⁇ 0.04 mg/MJ (as received)) content and has not achieved the so called “end- of-waste” status according to Directive 2008/98/EC, Art. 6.
  • composition comprising secondary fuel particles additionally having the specific size and density and dryness as defined above allows to produce a gaseous fuel in an economical way by thermal decomposition through direct contact heating, in particular gasification in the presence of an anaerobe atmosphere under prevailing atmospheric conditions regarding pressure at elevated temperature according to the method of the invention.
  • gas yield of over 80 vol.% with a methane content of more than 70 vol.% even more than 80 vol.%.
  • the composition comprises a granular material which is composed of particles, preferably those which are considered as non-recyclable thermoplastics that are otherwise incinerated in a suitable incinerator in e.g. the cement industry, or discarded via landfills.
  • the composition according to the invention comprises any non-recyclable components comprising
  • polyalkenes polycarbonate, polyamide and polyester, of which the polyalkenes based on lower (CrC 4 ) alkenes, in particular polyethylenes and polypropylenes, are preferred.
  • the particle size may range up to 20 mm, preferably ⁇ 15 mm.
  • the particles have a maximum size of about 10 mm in view of transport limitations in the process.
  • the density thereof is at least 500 kg/m 3 for reason of capacity restrictions in the reactor.
  • Moisture content should be below 2%, because otherwise the reactor is used as vaporizer instead of supporting the reaction kinetics.
  • Preferably heavy metals are absent as well.
  • Hg and Cd if any, are present in an amount of less than 1 mg Hg/kg respectively, less than 2 mg Cd/kg. The absence of these
  • a preferred plastic starting material has a chemical composition
  • the remainder being plastic, and has a maximum particle size of 20 mm, a density of 500- 600 kg/m 3 , a lower heating value (LHV) of 35.41 MJ/kg, mean LHV of > 38.35 MJ/kg.
  • LHV lower heating value
  • the starting material can be prepared from a primary feedstock of non-recyclable plastics, advantageously non-recyclable thermoplastics, using an agglomerator.
  • plastic film, fibre, filament and foam can be easily converted into a free flowing granular composition according to the invention.
  • Composites are another suitable source of raw material for the composition according to the invention.
  • the granular composition as discussed above is subjected to thermal decomposition (direct gasification) at a temperature in the range of 550-800 °C and at atmospheric pressure in the presence of an anaerobe atmosphere.
  • thermal decomposition direct gasification
  • the direct gasification method according to the invention is carried out under prevailing atmospheric conditions at temperatures below this temperature range conversion efficiency is small and the yield in terms of methane leaves something to be desired.
  • temperatures above the upper temperature limit significant improvements regarding composition and yield are not achieved.
  • the method does not require the use of specially designed pressure vessels and the like as reactor(s).
  • Anaerobe atmosphere in the context of this application means 3 vol.% 02 or less.
  • the 02 content is at most 2.5 vol.%.
  • the process according to the invention produces a gaseous fuel having a composition (vol.%)
  • the process according to the invention is carried out by direct contact heating, preferably in a reactor as disclosed in WO 9939549 A1.
  • a reactor as disclosed in WO 9939549 A1.
  • a reactor comprises at least one transfer member having a longitudinal axis and a helical portion mounted to rotate about its own longitudinal axis inside a reactor housing, which extends from the inlet of the reactor to the outlet thereof.
  • the transfer member is driven by a suitable motor.
  • At least the helical portion of the transfer member is constituted in its bulk by an electrically conductive material and the transfer member has connection means for connecting it to an electricity power supply so that it itself constitutes the heater means.
  • the gaseous fuel produced is suitable for further combustion in a combustor and the like.
  • the thus produced gaseous fuel is fed to a combined heat and power plant (CHP), wherein the gaseous fuel is converted into heat, electricity and carbon dioxide.
  • CHP combined heat and power plant
  • electricity and carbon dioxide are advantageously consumed in a greenhouse.
  • the invention is further illustrated by means of the single figure that shows an embodiment of the process and greenhouse according to the invention.
  • an agglomeration unit for producing a composition according to the invention is generally indicated by reference numeral 10.
  • waste secondary fuel material is sintered or plasticized by friction and pressed through a cylindrical die.
  • the material exiting the die at the outer periphery thereof is cut by knives rotating around the die.
  • the thus cut material is fed to a hot melt granulator, wherein co-operating knives further reduce the material size.
  • the material is passed through a screen of which the size of the screen openings determine the granulate dimensions. Dust and the like can be easily separated off by means of further screening, e.g. using a cyclone, and recycled back. If necessary, the produced granular material can be cooled.
  • the free flowing particulate composition of secondary fuel is fed via hopper 12 as starting material to a reactor 20 at the inlet 22 thereof.
  • the reactor 20 comprises a cylindrical housing 24.
  • a screw conveyor 26 is arranged, of which the helical portion 28 is made from an electrically conductive material.
  • a motor 30 is arranged for driving the screw conveyor 26.
  • the housing 24 has a gas top outlet 34 at the end opposite to the end where the inlet 22 is arranged and a bottom outlet 36 for the residue of the treated particles.
  • the residue is cooled in cooler 35.
  • the gas top outlet 34 is connected to a condenser 38 for condensing the liquid (oil) fraction from the produced gas.
  • This fraction can be collected at 40 and for example used after treatment in an oil/water separator 42 as diesel fuel in a diesel motor generator 44 that produces electricity that .e.g. can be used for the reactor 20 and/or any other equipment, e.g. at the plant.
  • this diesel thus produced comprises hydrocarbons (98-99.5 wt.%), the remainder being mainly water, and has a nett calorific value of about 39 MJ/kg (38.5- 42.0 MJ/kg).
  • the non-condensed gas fraction after solid separation in cyclone 45 is further purified, e.g. in active carbon filter 46 and/or CaC0 3 filter 48.
  • the solids from cyclone 45 may be combined with the solids resulting from cooler 35.
  • the gas thus produced can be used as a fuel in a combined heat and power engine 50 as shown.
  • the combined heat and power engine 50 produces a C02 gas containing exhaust gas, which can be used for conditioning the climate in greenhouse 54. Electricity generated by engine 50 can also be used in the greenhouse 54, e.g. for lighting 55 as illustrated.
  • the heat produced in engine 50 can also be used, e.g. by heat exchange in heat exchanger 56 with a heat exchanging fluid that flows in a heating system 58 comprising a closed loop for this fluid, which loop passes at least partially through the greenhouse 54.
  • C0 2 is also fed to the greenhouse 54 for conditioning the internal atmosphere thereof.
  • Surplus exhaust gas can be discharged into the atmosphere via exhaust 59, preferably after cooling in heat exchanger 68 with the heat exchanging fluid flowing in heating system 58. If diesel motor generator 44 allows, and if necessary, the gas produced can also be fed to this device.
  • secondary fuel starting material made of plastic was prepared in an agglomerator.
  • the characteristic data thereof comprised particle size about 10 mm, an LHV (BG SBS 10/2013; L) of 36360 kJ/kg, a chlorine content (DIN 51727;L) ⁇ 0.1 wt.% and Hg content (DIN EN 1483;L) ⁇ 0.1 wt.%.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de production d'un carburant gazeux ayant une composition similaire à celle du gaz naturel néerlandais à partir de carburant secondaire, le procédé comprenant les étapes consistant à : fournir un matériau de départ comprenant une composition de particules fluides de combustible secondaire, les particules ayant une taille de particule allant jusqu'à 20 mm, la composition présentant une masse volumique supérieure à 500 kg/m3, une teneur en humidité inférieure à 2 % en poids et une valeur calorifique nette de plus de 35 MJ/kg ; décomposer thermiquement le matériau de départ par chauffage par contact direct à une température dans la plage de 550 à 800 °C à la pression atmosphérique, dans une atmosphère anaérobie ; et collecter le combustible gazeux produit. L'invention concerne également un matériau de départ destiné à être utilisé dans ce procédé, ainsi qu'une serre.
PCT/NL2017/050049 2016-01-28 2017-01-26 Procédé de production de combustible gazeux, matériau de départ et serre WO2017131517A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17704318.9A EP3408359B1 (fr) 2016-01-28 2017-01-26 Procédé de production de combustible gazeux
ES17704318T ES2781598T3 (es) 2016-01-28 2017-01-26 Método de producción de combustible gaseoso
DK17704318.9T DK3408359T3 (da) 2016-01-28 2017-01-26 Fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af gasformigt brændstof

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL2016172 2016-01-28
NL2016172 2016-01-28
NL2017212 2016-07-22
NL2017212A NL2017212B1 (en) 2016-01-28 2016-07-22 Production method of gaseous fuel, starting material and greenhouse

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2017131517A1 true WO2017131517A1 (fr) 2017-08-03

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Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3819699C1 (en) * 1988-06-09 1989-08-24 Artur Richard 6000 Frankfurt De Greul Process for pyrolysing plastics, components of organic hazardous waste and the like in modified sand coker, and equipment for carrying out the process
WO1999039549A1 (fr) 1998-01-30 1999-08-05 E.T.I.A. Evaluation Technologique, Ingenierie Et Applications Vis transporteuse chauffante
US20060280669A1 (en) * 2005-06-10 2006-12-14 Jones Fred L Waste conversion process
US7188571B2 (en) * 2001-11-12 2007-03-13 Tox Free Solutions Limited Method and apparatus for the processing of carbon-containing polymeric materials
US20110041395A1 (en) * 2009-08-20 2011-02-24 BioSynEnergy LLC Integrated Agriculture and Aquaculture Production System
US20120043194A1 (en) 2009-05-07 2012-02-23 Lepez Conseils Finance Innovations-Lcfi Method and apparatus for the energy densification of a material in the form of divided solids, with a view to obtaining pyrolysis oils for energy purposes
US20140284198A1 (en) 2011-10-10 2014-09-25 Lepez Conseils Finance Innovations-Lcfi Process and installation for pyrolysis of a product in the form of divided solids, in particular polymer waste
US20150218457A1 (en) * 2012-06-29 2015-08-06 Jørn Jacobsen Method and plant for production of a fuel gas from waste
US20150275114A1 (en) * 2012-10-12 2015-10-01 Sea Marconi Technologies Di Vander Tumiatti S.A.S. Process for co-production of bio-energy and products from integrated conversion of biomasses and municipal wastes

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3819699C1 (en) * 1988-06-09 1989-08-24 Artur Richard 6000 Frankfurt De Greul Process for pyrolysing plastics, components of organic hazardous waste and the like in modified sand coker, and equipment for carrying out the process
WO1999039549A1 (fr) 1998-01-30 1999-08-05 E.T.I.A. Evaluation Technologique, Ingenierie Et Applications Vis transporteuse chauffante
US7188571B2 (en) * 2001-11-12 2007-03-13 Tox Free Solutions Limited Method and apparatus for the processing of carbon-containing polymeric materials
US20060280669A1 (en) * 2005-06-10 2006-12-14 Jones Fred L Waste conversion process
US20120043194A1 (en) 2009-05-07 2012-02-23 Lepez Conseils Finance Innovations-Lcfi Method and apparatus for the energy densification of a material in the form of divided solids, with a view to obtaining pyrolysis oils for energy purposes
US20110041395A1 (en) * 2009-08-20 2011-02-24 BioSynEnergy LLC Integrated Agriculture and Aquaculture Production System
US20140284198A1 (en) 2011-10-10 2014-09-25 Lepez Conseils Finance Innovations-Lcfi Process and installation for pyrolysis of a product in the form of divided solids, in particular polymer waste
US20150218457A1 (en) * 2012-06-29 2015-08-06 Jørn Jacobsen Method and plant for production of a fuel gas from waste
US20150275114A1 (en) * 2012-10-12 2015-10-01 Sea Marconi Technologies Di Vander Tumiatti S.A.S. Process for co-production of bio-energy and products from integrated conversion of biomasses and municipal wastes

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
EUROPEAN UNION: "DIRECTIVE 2008/98/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives", OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, 22 November 2008 (2008-11-22), XP055355101, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098&from=EN> [retrieved on 20170315] *

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