WO2017128629A1

WO2017128629A1 - Manufacturing superconductor by method of forbidding electron transition across energy gap

Info

Publication number: WO2017128629A1
Application number: PCT/CN2016/089508
Authority: WO
Inventors: 吴翔
Original assignee: 吴翔
Priority date: 2016-01-25
Filing date: 2016-07-10
Publication date: 2017-08-03
Also published as: CN105552207A

Abstract

Provided are a method for manufacturing a conductor or a superconductor, and a superconductor. The method comprises both or at least one of two characteristics, wherein one characteristic is reducing or forbidding a transition of an electron at a valence band and at a conduction band, and the other characteristic is reducing or forbidding a mutual transformation between a filled band electron and a half-filled band electron.

Description

Specification Name of Invention: Manufacturing of superconducting technology by means of prohibiting electrons from crossing energy gap transitions

[0001] The invention belongs to the field of superconducting technology. Used to make superconducting materials. Also used for common conductor materials to reduce resistivity.

Background technique

[0002] The background of the invention is directly derived from the discovery of ΗKamarin in the University of Leiden, the Netherlands, in 1911: The mercury resistance was suddenly abruptly cooled by cooling the mercury to -268.98 °C.

[0003] Since the discovery of superconductivity, people have begun to find and invent new superconducting materials to maximize the transition temperature. I hope to reach the temperature of the ordinary environment, even higher. In 1957, Badin, Cooper, and Schiffer proposed the BCS theory to explain the superconducting microscopic mechanism. Since then, practice based on BCS theory has become a method of manufacturing superconducting materials. The most representative high-temperature superconductors are bismuth-copper oxide high-temperature superconductors and iron-based high-temperature superconductors. The BCS theory emphasizes that electrons are paired, the spins are reversed, and the lattice is deformed to make electrons in pairs. The paired electrons are called Cooper pairs. Because quantum mechanics indicates that the Cooper pair does not exchange energy with the crystal, the BCS theory directly compares the superconducting phenomenon with the liquid helium superfluid phenomenon.

[0004] The concept closely related to superconductivity is a conductor. The theory used to explain the conduction of a conductor is the band theory. In the band theory, the energy band of a substance is divided into a valence band, a forbidden band, and a conduction band. The substance is electrically conductive because of the presence of electrons in the conduction band. There is an additional negligible condition for the conduction of matter: even electrons in the conduction band cannot fill two electrons at the same level, otherwise the pair does not participate in conduction. The two electrons that can be filled into the same energy level must be the opposite pairs of electrons. Interestingly, the Cooper pair is also like this.

[0005] Band theory explains the resistance 吋, often in the case of metal as a case: free electrons collide with the lattice, transferring energy to the lattice, that is, into heat.

technical problem

[0006] Existing high temperature superconductors still require liquid nitrogen cooling. The combination and modification techniques of superconducting materials are not flexible. Including theoretical technical issues: The technology to create new superconducting materials is inflexible and is subject to crystal growth and displacement atomic methods.

Problem solution Technical solution

The invention is used in accordance with the BCS theory. In order to describe the technical solution, it is necessary to state the theory first.

[0008] Band theory explains the resistance 吋, often with metal as an example: free electrons collide with the lattice, and transfer energy to the lattice, that is, into heat. However, in the case of a copper conductor, even if it is an independent copper ion, the ratio of copper ion mass to electron mass is still 1.17x10 5 . Even with a complete centroid collision, the energy exchange between electrons and atoms is negligible. This does not take into account that electrons move very slowly in the conductor, only 10 -5

-10 -4 m / s on the order of magnitude. And without considering that the copper ions are actually bound to the surrounding copper atoms in the crystal lattice, all the copper atoms are composed of a considerable mass.

[0009] According to the example of a copper conductor, we directly believe that the band theory has already answered the cause of superconductivity. Conversely, the answer to why the conductor produces resistance is still insufficient.

[0010] First of all, it is necessary to clarify that the different documents are inconsistent with the agreement on the theory of energy bands. These include valence bands, forbidden bands, conduction bands, full bands, half full bands, empty bands, delocalized levels, non-delocalized levels, holes, and more. They are used in insulators, semiconductors, conductors, and superconductors, respectively, and become ambiguous due to changing conditions. Typical ambiguities include: The meaning of the conduction band includes both full and empty bands, and does not include the meaning of full and empty bands. In metal conductors, the valence band electrons are also conduction band electrons; metals, conductors, semiconductors, In addition to the band gap between the general valence band and the conduction band, there is also a band gap between the full-band and half-full band transitions. In the Mott insulator, the delocalized energy level has electrons, but it is not conductive because it is full. In the topological insulator, the general delocalization level is full, but the surface part is conductive because it is half full. Typical ambiguities include: Holes contain both vacancies made by non-delocalized levels of missing electrons and vacancies made by delocalized levels of missing electrons.

[0011] The present invention captures the key concept of collectively referring to the band gap between the valence band and the conduction band, and the transition band of the full band and the half full band as the energy gap. With the Cooper pair of BCS theory, lattice deformation can attract electrons and create energy gaps. Even if the lattice is not deformed, the band theory also indicates that the lattice attracts electrons to create an energy gap. The Cooper pair is in the form of full electronics. Cooper is not conductive. The substance that will be electrically conductive in the superconductor will be stated as a single electron.

[0012] We have noticed that valence band electron conduction band transitions can occur in conductors, semiconductors, or insulators, and conduction band electrons can also transition back to the valence band, as well as the mutual transition of full-band electrons and half-full-band electrons.

[0013] In a conductor (including a general conductor and a semiconductor, and an insulator is converted into a conductor), electrons of the conduction band and the valence band are mutually transitioned, and electrons of the full band and the half full band are mutually transformed. The electrons that transition from the conduction band to the valence band, from the half-full band to the full-band electrons, can already carry current and can not carry current. That As long as the electrons that have carried the current return to the valence band, or the electrons that have carried the current merge with the other electrons into a full band, the part of the energy that does not need to maintain the energy level position is transferred to the crystal lattice, or Said to pass to the atom. This process can also be seen as the spontaneous emission of electrons inside the conductor. Radiation-blocking atoms are scattered around the location where the radiation occurs. The radiation of electrons is absorbed by the conductor almost in situ. The carrier contains the energy of the power source. The energy released from the conduction band to the valence band transition is more than the absorption energy from the valence band guide band, and the extra share comes from the power source. The combination of electrons and full band also releases energy, and the extra share comes from the power supply. Since the energy from the power source is converted into the heat of the conductor, the conductor exhibits electrical resistance. Without the electronic transition between the conduction band and the valence band, there is no resistance, which is superconductivity. Without mutual conversion of full-band electrons and half-full-band electrons, there is no resistance, which is superconductivity. The key points are: There is no resistance to the electronic transition of the conduction band to the valence band, which is superconductivity. There is no resistance when there is no half-full transition to full-band, which is superconductivity.

[0014] In other words, even a conductor can produce "copying holes", the presence of holes giving carriers the opportunity to transfer energy to the crystal lattice, or to the atomic reality. Therefore the conductor exhibits electrical resistance. There is no resistance, no superconductivity. "Linyi hole" is a cavity, and it will be neutralized by electrons at a certain moment, so it is modified to Linyi. "Linyi cavity" includes both vacancies made by non-delocalized-level missing electrons and vacancies made by de-existing electrons.

[0015] This method of interpreting conductor resistance is consistent with previous experience. Usually, the conductor resistance is proportional to temperature, which means that the thermal energy excites the valence band electrons to the conduction band, and the frequency at which the valence band electrons and the conduction band electrons are exchanged is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the electron thermal motion. The frequency at which the thermal energy excites the full and half full bands is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the electronic thermal motion.

[0016] In order to reduce the resistance, it is necessary to reduce the occurrence of "clinding holes", that is, to reduce the electronic transition of the valence band to the conduction band, or to reduce the electronic transition of the conduction band to the valence band, or to reduce the full-band electrons and half full. With electronic transformation.

[0017] In order to manufacture superconducting, it is necessary to prohibit the occurrence of "copying holes", that is, the electronic transition of the valence band is not allowed to the conduction band, or the electronic transition of the non-guide band is not to the valence band, or the full band of electrons is prohibited. Half full with electronic transformation.

[0018] A prior art approach is to reduce the temperature of the material. During the temperature drop, the resistivity decreases until the Cooper pair becomes superconducting. The invention is different from the prior art, does not recognize dual electron conduction, inherits energy band theory Single electron conduction.

[0019] Regardless of the application temperature, technical methods for manufacturing conductors or superconductors include:

[0020] 1. Relative to the comparative material, reducing the electronic transition of the valence band to the conduction band, or reducing the electronic transition of the conduction band to the valence band, or reducing the mutual conversion of the full-band electrons and the half-full-band electrons to reduce the material resistance;

[0021] 2. The electronic transition of the valence band is prohibited to the conduction band, or the electronic transition of the conduction band is prohibited to the valence band, or the full-band electron and the half-full-band electron are prohibited from being mutually converted to form a superconducting material.

[0022] In order to reduce or prohibit electron transitions of electrons and conduction bands of the valence band, or to reduce or prohibit mutual transition of full-band electrons and half-full-band electrons, the method includes:

[0023] 1. Selecting materials for the fabrication of conductors or semiconductors, the properties of the material itself reducing the valence band electron transition to the conduction band relative to other materials, or reducing the conduction band electron transition to the valence band, or reducing the full band electrons and half Fully electronically transformed;

[0024] 2. The material is selected for the manufacture of superconducting, the nature of the material itself has no valence band electron transition to the conduction band, or no conduction band electron transition to the valence band, or no full band electrons and half full band electrons transition each other;

[0025] 3, the insulator is miserable to make electrons appear in the empty band or holes in the full band, the insulator is converted into a conductor or superconducting; including a general insulator, a topological insulator, a Mott insulator, a conductive polymer insulating state; The positive charge causes the full band to lack electrons, and the negative charge introduces the empty band to fill the electrons, so that the insulator exhibits electrical conductivity or superconductivity; the insulator described in this article includes not only insulators at normal temperature, but also insulators at any temperature;

[0026] 4, using an electric field to send carriers into the insulator, the carrier refers to electrons or holes, the insulator can be used as an electrode, can also be used as an electrode; the insulator described in this article includes not only insulators at normal temperature, Also includes insulators at any temperature;

[0027] 5. On the basis of the existing materials, the existing materials are modified to increase the forbidden band width. A material having a large resistivity is changed to a material having a small resistivity, or a material having a resistivity not equal to 0 is changed to a superconductivity having a resistivity equal to zero.

[0028] 6. On the basis of the existing materials, the existing material is modified to increase the transition energy gap of the full and half full bands. A material having a large resistivity is changed to a material having a small resistivity, or a material having a resistivity not equal to 0 is changed to a superconductivity having a resistivity equal to zero.

[0029] In order to modify existing materials to increase the forbidden band width, or to modify existing materials to increase the transition of full and half full bands Energy gap, applying external electric field, magnetic field, and pressure to material molecules and atoms. Methods of applying an external electric field, magnetic field, and pressure include:

[0030] 1. The existing material is placed in a capacitor and is powered by an external power source, and the material itself can serve as an electrode of the capacitor or as an electrode of the capacitor;

[0031] 2. placing the existing material in a magnetic field, whether it is a magnetic field generated by a coil or a magnetic field of a permanent magnet; [0032] 3. Introducing a charge into an existing material or introducing a magnetic particle, modifying the material with any ion or atom. molecule

Atom (including charge or magnetic particles accumulating on the surface of the material, including charges or magnetic particles embedded in the material);

[0033] 4, let the charged groups, magnetic groups become part of the existing material molecules;

[0034] 5. Applying external pressure to the existing material, compressing the atomic spacing of the material.

[0035] In order to reduce or inhibit electronic transitions of electrons and conduction bands of the valence band, or to reduce or inhibit the mutual conversion of full-band electrons and semi-full-band electrons, it is also possible to reform a conductor, a semiconductor or an insulator into a conductor or a superconductor. In order to state this transformation method, the laser principle needs to be briefly described.

[0036] The laser principle is divided into two phases. The first stage is excitation, which is to excite the outer electrons of the material atoms to higher energy levels. The second stage is spontaneous emission and stimulated radiation, and electrons return from high energy level to low energy level.

[0037] The modification method is to excite the electrons of the material atoms into the conduction band and maintain the excitation environment to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of spontaneous or stimulated radiation. Less carriers return to the valence band as conductors. The absence of carriers at all returns to the valence band is a superconductor. Excitation methods include pumping source illumination or thermal excitation, electrical excitation, and microwave excitation. The present invention does not limit the operating temperature of the material, including below room temperature, equal to room temperature, and above room temperature. Alternatively, in order to facilitate the excitation, a material with a small band gap is used, or the existing material is modified to reduce the forbidden band width, or the transition band gap of the full band and the half full band is reduced. In order to modify the existing material, the band gap is reduced, or the transition energy gap of the full band and the half full band is reduced, and an external electric field, a magnetic field, and a pressure are applied to the material molecules and atoms. The method includes the method of modifying the existing material to increase the forbidden band width or the energy gap, wherein the increase of the pressure is changed to reduce the pressure to increase the negative pressure and to enlarge the atomic spacing of the material.

Advantageous effects of the invention

Beneficial effect

[0038] The invention does not limit the type of material, including any application temperature. Give flexible combinations and modifications. Propose techniques for creating new superconducting materials. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0039] 1. Reverse application of the laser material to obtain a superconductor or a good conductor, including being made into a line for use as a transmission line. [0040] Energy is supplied to the laser material by irradiation of a pumping source or thermal excitation. The material exhibits superconducting properties or good conductor properties in an excited state. Not all excited states have superconducting properties or good conductor properties. The premise of conduction is that the excited electrons enter the conduction band. A sign of electrical conductivity is the metallic light of the material. The material can be made into a wire to be used as a power transmission line. Pump light can be input from either or both ends of the wire, and can be heated or not heated to generate thermal excitation. The material is energized to make the wire a superconducting or a good conductor.

[0041] Since the metallic luster blocks the pump light, the material can be made into a pipeline to transmit light in the pipeline. Light illuminates the wall of the tube, making the material of the tube wall superconducting or a good conductor.

[0042] 2. Applying an electric or magnetic field directly to a single-layer copper oxide film or a single-layer iron-based superconducting film

In the conventional copper oxide superconducting, a part of atoms of the beryllium copper oxide are replaced with other atoms by a common atomic displacement method. The effect is concentrated on the use of adjacent atoms to affect the copper oxide surface. The present invention concludes from the new theory that the fundamental purpose of affecting the copper oxide surface is to increase the forbidden band width and increase the transition energy gap of the full and half full bands. The result of directly providing an electric or magnetic field directly affecting the copper oxide surface is the same.

[0044] An electric field or a magnetic field is directly applied to the single-layer copper oxide film to convert the copper oxide film into superconducting. The single-layer copper oxide film can be used as an electrode for generating an electric field or as an electrode for generating an electric field.

[0045] It is also allowed to grow other atoms such as germanium atoms and germanium atoms on the upper and lower surfaces of the single-layer copper oxide film.

[0046] Similarly, an electric field or a magnetic field is directly applied to a single-layer iron-based superconducting film to convert an iron-based superconducting film into superconducting. The single-layer iron-based superconducting film can be used as an electrode for generating an electric field or as an electrode for generating an electric field.

Embodiments of the invention

[0047] 1. Graphite fine powder produces diamagnetic resistance in an electric field

[0048] The fine powder of pure graphite is placed in an electric field and a magnetic field. After the electric field is retained and the magnetic field is removed, the graphite fine powder is magnetic, or contains a magnetic portion. The magnet disappears after the electric field is removed. The graphite fine powder can be used as an electrode for generating an electric field or as an electrode for generating an electric field. In order to check the magnetic properties, the magnetic field has to be introduced again. The magnetic field introduced later is different from the magnetic line distribution of the previously removed magnetic field to achieve the purpose of discriminating magnetism. . The Meissner effect of graphite fine powder under the action of electric and magnetic fields indicates superconductivity.

[0049] 2, polyaniline miscellaneous introduction of carriers and change the electrical resistivity in the electric field, including superconductivity of zero resistivity [0050] polyaniline miscellaneous iodine or polyaniline miscellaneous potassium, or Polyaniline miscellaneous impurity acid. Apply an electric field to the polystyrene that is miscellaneous or uncomplicated. Polyaniline can be used as an electrode for generating an electric field or as an electrode for generating an electric field. Changing the electric field changes the resistivity, and when the resistivity is zero, superconductivity is produced.

[0051] 3. Reverse application of the semiconductor laser material to obtain a superconductor or a good conductor

[0052] A total reflection film is plated on the surface of the semiconductor laser material. The light from the light source is reflected to the light source itself. For the sake of distinction, the pump current and the test current are indistinguishable. The pump current is the current that the laser operates as usual, and it passes through the PN junction. The test current is the current that reflects the superconducting action, and it passes through the area where free electrons are enriched. The electrodes that introduce the test current are either in the P zone or in the N zone. Similarly, the Mesna effect can also be used to test the superconducting transition. A decrease in resistance does not reach superconducting 吋 is a good conductor. Not all excited states have superconducting properties or good conductor properties. The premise of conduction is that the excited electrons enter the conduction band. A sign of electrical conductivity is the metallic luster of the material.

Claims

Claim

A method of fabricating a conductor or superconductor characterized by: having all or at least one of two features, one characterized by reducing or inhibiting electrons from transitioning in valence and conduction bands, and another feature of reducing or disabling full-band electrons And half full with electrons to transform each other.

For reducing or prohibiting electrons from valence band and conduction band transition transitions as claimed in claim 1, or reducing or prohibiting full-band electron and half-full-band electron transitions, a material having a sufficiently large forbidden band width or a material having a sufficiently large gap is used. "Sufficiently large" is clear, meaning that thermal movements lead to reduced or even impossible opportunities for electronic transformation.

In the material of claim 2, the forbidden band width is sufficiently large or the energy gap is sufficiently large, and an external electric field, a magnetic field or a pressure is applied to the existing material molecules and atoms, and the existing material is converted into a material having a sufficiently large forbidden band width, or a gap. Large enough material.

An electric field, a magnetic field or a pressure is applied to an existing material molecule or atom according to claim 3, and an electric field, a magnetic field or a pressure is applied outside the material.

According to claim 3, an electric field, a magnetic field or a pressure is applied to an existing material molecule or atom, a charge is introduced into the material or a magnetic particle is introduced, or a material molecule or an atom is modified by any ion or atom.

An electric field, a magnetic field or a pressure is applied to an existing material molecule or atom according to claim 3, so that a charged group, a magnetic group, any atom and an atom group become a part of the material molecule. Reducing or inhibiting the transition of electrons in the valence band and the conduction band transition according to claim 1, or reducing or prohibiting the mutual conversion of the full-band electrons and the half-full-band electrons, exciting the outer layers of the conductor, the semiconductor or the insulator to the conduction band and maintaining The electrons are always in the conduction band, or the electrons are energized from full to half full and remain half full.

Transforming the outer layer of a conductor, semiconductor or insulator to the conduction band and holding the electrons all the way around the conduction band, or exciting the electrons from full-band to half-full band and keeping the half-full band, according to claim 7 Pieces or other laser materials that cause the laser to reflect back and forth inside.

A superconductor characterized by: having all or at least one of two features, one characterized by no electrons in the valence band and conduction band transition transitions, and another characterized by no full band electrons and Half full with electronic transformation.

[Claim 10] The superconductor according to claim 9, wherein the superconductor contains one or more of the following elements, a copper element, an oxygen element, an iron element, a carbon element, and a nitrogen element.