WO2017115375A1

WO2017115375A1 - Devices and methods for detecting defects in conductive textile regions in a garment

Info

Publication number: WO2017115375A1
Application number: PCT/IL2016/051401
Authority: WO
Inventors: Itzhak Katz; Yoram Romem
Original assignee: Healthwatch Ltd.
Priority date: 2015-12-31
Filing date: 2016-12-29
Publication date: 2017-07-06

Abstract

Devices and methods for detecting defects in conductive textile regions fabricated into a garment, such as electrodes, wherein the defects include short circuits and circuit breaks. A garment-electrical-testing device for detecting defects in conductive textile regions in a garment is provided. The conductive textile regions are laid out in the garment at preconfigured locations. Optionally, the garment is adapted to measure clinical level ECG. The garment testing device includes a testing unit having at least one indicator and at least one probe for selecting a conductive textile region to be electrically checked and closing an electrical circuit with the testing unit. Each of the conductive textile regions is individually and conductively wired, wherein each of the conductive wires is in electrical communication flow with the testing unit. The testing unit is configured to activate selective electrical tests to thereby detect defects in the conductive textile regions.

Description

DEVICES AND METHODS FOR DETECTING DEFECTS IN

CONDUCTIVE TEXTILE REGIONS IN A GARMENT

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to electrical test devices and more particularly, the present invention relates to devices and methods for detecting defects in conductive textile regions fabricated into a garment, such as electrodes, wherein the defects include short circuits and circuit breaks. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION AND PRIOR ART

Special garments (also refer to herein as smart garments) that have conductive yarn knitted or woven therein, exist. For example, garments preconfigured to monitor health parameters of a person. A variety of sensors, typically but with no limitation, knitted/woven sensors, are embedded into a smart garment at selected regions, thus facilitating the monitoring and/or detection of a variety of health related abnormalities, including the main aspects of cardiac hazards such as ischemia, arrhythmia, heart failure, breath, blood oxygen level and more. The sensors are embedded into the special garment and include electrodes, such as for measuring clinical level ECG. An example garment is provided in the international patent application that was published as WO/2014/125476.

Such garments are typically configured for monitoring parameters representing vital signs of a person and are fabricated by special machines, for example, a Santoni knitting machine using conductive textile yarns and/or a combination of conductive and non-conductive textile yarns.

However, during the fabrication of the garment defects such as short-circuits and circuit breaks may occur.

There is therefore a need, and it would be advantageous, to have systems and/or devices and methods to detect such defects in smart garments after fabrication.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The process of detecting defects in conductive textile regions fabricated into a garment, such as electrodes, is typically performed after the fabrication of the garment. A principle intention of the present invention is to conduct an electrical check in order to make sure that there are no short circuits between any of the shirt's electrodes and that each one of the electrodes detects a proper ECG signal.

According to the teachings of the present invention there is provided a garment- electrical-testing device for detecting defects in conductive textile regions in a garment, wherein the conductive textile regions are laid out in the garment at preconfigured locations. Optionally, the garment is adapted to measure clinical level ECG. The garment- electrical-testing device includes a testing unit having at least one indicator and at least one probe for selecting a conductive textile region to be electrically checked and closing an electric circuit with the testing unit.

It should be noted that each of the conductive textile regions is insulated with respect to any other conductive textile region of the smart garment.

Each of the conductive textile regions is individually wired by a conductive wire, wherein each of the conductive wires is in electrical communication flow with the testing unit. The testing unit is configured to activate selective electrical tests to thereby detect defects in the conductive textile regions.

In some embodiments (herein a first embodiment), the probes are conductive pads that are positioned at preconfigured positions on a non-conductive body (210) that imitates a human torso. To electrically check the garment, the garment is dressed onto the non- conductive body such that each conductive textile region is placed adjacently to the respective conductive pad forming an electric contact with the respective conductive pad.

A computerized controller of the testing unit (250) is activated to alternately check each of the conductive wires (150) and respective conductive textile regions (140), to thereby detect electrical related defects, including short circuits and circuit breaks.

In some other embodiments (herein a second embodiment), the garment-electric- testing device (300) further includes at least one electrical -parameter-measuring device (350), for example, a multimeter that is operationally connected to the testing unit (320). The electrical-parameter-measuring device is adapted to measure electrical parameters related to the conductive textile regions, wherein the electric parameters are selected from the group of electric parameters including electric current, electric voltage and electric resistance.

In the second embodiment, the garment-electrical-testing device further includes a display having individual indicators, wherein the individual indicators correspond to the respective conductive textile region. The at least one probe includes a first portable probe and a second portable probe. The first portable probe is used to measure the electric resistance of a selected conductive textile region and the second portable probe is used to detect electrical related defects including short circuits and circuit breaks, related to the selected conductive textile region.

Optionally, the individual indicators are light indicators. According to further teachings of the present invention, there is provided a method for detecting defects in conductive textile regions in a smart garment. The method includes the step of providing garment-electrical-testing having a testing unit having at least one indicator and at least one probe for selecting a conductive textile region to be electrically checked and closing an electric circuit with the testing unit.

Each of the conductive textile regions is individually and electrically wired, wherein each of the electric wires is in electric communication flow with the testing unit.

The method includes the steps of keeping each conductive textile region insulated with respect to any other conductive textile region of the smart garment; coming in contact with a selected conductive textile region by the at least one probe in order to close a preconfigured electrical circuit; and determining if a defect exist with respect to the selected conductive textile region as indicated by one or more indicators that react to the state of the preconfigured electric circuit.

In some embodiments, the garment-electrical -testing device is a garment-electrical- testing device as in the first embodiment, wherein the method further includes the steps of dressing the garment onto the non-conductive body such that each conductive textile region is placed adjacently to the respective conductive pad, forming electric contact with the respective conductive pad; and activating the computerized controller of the testing unit to alternately check each of the conductive wires and respective conductive textile regions, to thereby detect electrical related defects, including short circuits and circuit breaks. In some embodiments, the garment-electrical -testing device is a garment-electrical- testing device as in the second embodiment, wherein when coming in contact with the selected conductive textile region is done by the first portable probe, the electrical resistance of the selected conductive textile region is measured. By coming in contact with the selected conductive textile region by the second portable probe, electrical related defects, including short circuits and circuit breaks related to the selected conductive textile region, may be detected. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some embodiments of the present invention are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the invention. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced.

Attention is now directed to the drawings where, like reference numerals or characters, indicate corresponding or like components. In the drawings :

Fig. 1 (prior art) depicts a prior art example garment, wherein the open ends of conductive wires of the garment are bundled into an HDMI connector.

Fig. 2 schematically depicts an example of a smart garment being electrically tested, showing both the front side of the garment and the back side of the garment.

Fig. 3 illustrates the front side of an exemplary figure-model serving as a test-bench, in accordance with embodiments of the disclosed subject matter.

Figs. 4a and 4b depict an exemplary test point item, in accordance with embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, wherein Fig. 4a is a side view of test point item, and Fig. 4b is a top view of the test point.

Fig. 5 illustrates the rear side of the figure-model shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 6 depicts an example connecting interface of a testing controller, in accordance with embodiments of the disclosed subject matter.

Fig. 7 depicts an example test-bench figure-model, wherein a garment is placed thereon for electrical functionality testing, in accordance with embodiments of the disclosed subject matter.

Fig. 8 depicts an example HDMI inlet interface for connecting the garment conductive wires to the testing controller, in accordance with embodiments of the disclosed subject matter.

Fig. 9 schematically illustrates an example garment electrically testing device, in accordance with embodiments of the disclosed subject matter.

Fig. 10 schematically illustrates an example instance of check an RA electrode of a smart garment using the testing device, as shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 11 depicts an example garment being electrically tested by the testing device, as shown in Fig. 9. Fig. 12 depicts an example garment being electrically tested the testing device, as shown in Fig. 9, wherein the resistance of an electrode is checked.

Fig. 13 depicts an example garment being electrically tested by the device, as shown in Fig. 9, wherein the electrical functionality of an electrode is checked.

Fig. 14 depicts an example garment being electrically tested by the testing device, as shown in Fig. 13, wherein detection of a short circuit between textile electrode V7 and textile electrode RL is illustrated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components and/or methods set forth in the following description and/or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all be generally referred to herein as a "circuit," "module" or "system." Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more non- transitory computer readable (storage) medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

Throughout this document, numerous textual and graphical references are made to trademarks, and domain names. These trademarks and domain names are the property of their respective owners, and are referenced only for explanation purposes herein.

In one embodiment of the present invention, an electric test is conducted to detect breaks in electric lines and short circuits between two separate conductive regions of a smart garment 100, as shown in Fig. 1, for example between two electrodes 140. The electric test is conducted, for example, by using a probe board configuration, implemented on a figure-model on which model the fabricated garment is worn. Fig. 2 shows an example of a garment 100 being tested, schematically depicting the front side 110 of garment 100 and the back side 120 of garment 100 (the figure-model is not shown). Test points 130 and 132 are designed to test the integrity of conductive line 131, knitted into garment 100, and test points 134 and 136 are designed to test the integrity of conductive line 135, knitted into garment 100. Hence, when probes are placed, for example, against test points 130 and 132 an electric circuit is closed, into which electric circuit, electric current is conducted. If at least one break exists in line 131, no electric current (or voltage or resistance) will be measured. When probes are placed, for example, against test points 130 and 132, measurable electric current is conducted between the probes and electric current (or voltage or resistance) is measured. If electric current (or voltage or resistance) is indeed measured, it means that there is an electrical shortage between lines 131 and 135.

Reference is also made to Fig. 3, depicting the front side 212 of a figure-model 200, serving as a test-bench, including a non-conductive body 210 and conductive test points 220. Non-conductive body 210 simulates a typically, with no limitations, flattened human torso, wherein test points 220 are disposed onto body 210 at locations where the textile electrodes 140 (see Fig. 2) of a smart garment 100 (of a particular size) are expected to be, when worn onto figure-model 200. Garment 100 further includes conductive wires 150 (see Fig. 1) individually interconnecting each textile electrode 140 to a processing unit (not shown). Conductive wire 150 may be textile based traces or stipes, either integrated or embedded in smart garment 100 or external to smart garment 100. Each conductive wire 150 has one end conductively and securely connected to a respective textile electrode 140, wherein the other end is an open end. Some or all of the open ends of conductive wires 150 may be bundled together by a connecter, wherein each open end maintain its operational individuality. In the example smart garment 100 shown in Fig. 1, the open ends of conductive wires 150 are bundled into an HDMI connector 170.

It should be noted that the present invention is described in terms of the electrodes being textile electrodes, but the present invention is not limited to textile electrodes and the electrodes may be made of any material. Similarly, it should be noted that the present invention is described in terms of the conductive wires being textile based, but the present invention is not limited to textile based wires and the wires may be made of any material.

Reference is also made to Figs. 4a and 4b, depicting an exemplary test point item

220, wherein Fig. 4a is a side view of test point 220, and wherein Fig. 4b is a top view of test point 220. The conductive test points 220 shown in Figs. 4a and 4b include a pad 222 and a connecting pin 224, wherein connecting pin 224 is inserted through a fitted opening form in non-conductive body 210, at a preconfigured location, and wherein pad 222 is protruding outwards of the front surface 212 of non-conductive body 210. Protruding pads 222 are designed to make contact with a designated electrode 140 and connecting pins 224 are configured to operatively connect to the particular conductive wire 150 that is connected to that designated electrode 140 within garment 100, or, when the conductive wires are external to the garment, connecting pins 224 are configured to operatively connect to respective, preconfigured conductive wires.

In some embodiments, pad 222 has a dome form.

In some embodiments, pad 222 is laminated with a highly conductive material such as silver.

In some embodiments, one non-conductive body 210 may have multiple sets of conductive test point 220 embedded therein, wherein each such set is configured to electrically test a different size/form garment. Hence, when a particular size/form garment 100 is placed onto body 210 each of the electrodes 140 of that garment 100 are positioned adjacently against the respective protruding pad 222. Hence, when testing the electrical functionality of a garment 100, each electrode 140 has a respective protruding pad 222 on which pad 222 that electrode 140 is placed against, typically tightly.

Reference is also made to Fig. 5 that illustrates the rear side 214 of body 210 of figure-model 200. Each connecting pin 224 is electrically connect by a respective conductive wire 230 to a test-controller 250, using an interface 252. An example interface 252 is depicted in Figs. 6 and 8.

Reference is also made to Fig. 7 depicting an example figure-model 200, wherein a smart garment 100, designed to monitor ECG, is placed thereon for electrical functionality testing.

Test-controller 250 is configured to test the electrical functionality of a garment 100, to ensure that there is no cut between each electrode 140 and the open end of the respective conductive wire 150, either integrated into a garment 100 or not, and that each conductive wire 150 is connected to the right electrode 140. Test-controller 250 is further configured to test that there are no short-circuits between either of the electrodes 140, for example by using computerized instructions that alternately tests each conductive wire 150 and respective electrode 140. When either an electric cut or short-circuit is detected, and a warning indication is activated.

As described in the aforementioned, test-controller 250 is electrically connected to conductive wires 230 of figure-model 200. Test-controller 250 is also individually connected to conductive wires 150, for example, with no limitations, by providing an HDMI connector 270, as depicted in Fig. 8, wherein a HDMI connector 170 of garment 100 may be interconnected thereto.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the integrity of the lines is analyzed optically. Since the conductive lines, such as lines 131 and 135, have a better reflectivity of light illuminating the garment (being typically made at least partially of metallic materials), an image of the conductive lines can be formed and analyzed to determine whether defects, such as electric shortages and cuts, exists in the fabricated garment.

Reference is now made to Fig. 9 that schematically illustrates an example garment- electrical -testing device 300, in accordance with embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. Garment-electrical-testing device 300 includes a testing unit 320 having a display 322 (not necessarily an electronic display) having a multiplicity of indicators, such as a light indicator 340, wherein each indicator corresponds to a particular electrode 140 of a smart garment 100. Garment-electrical-testing device 300 includes at least one electrical- parameter-measuring device 350, such as, with no limitations, a Fluke® multimeter. Electrical-parameter-measuring device 350, may be a separate unit or integrated with testing device 300. Garment-electrically-testing device 300 further includes a connector interface 370 that is adapted to interconnect with a connector 170 of garment 100, for a non-limiting example.

Reference is also made to Fig. 10 that schematically illustrates an example instance of checking an RA electrode 140^ of a smart garment 100, using testing device 300.

After smart garment 100 come off the fabrication machine, garment 100 includes at least all electrode 140. If the conductive wires 150 are not built into the fabricated smart garment 100, a respective conductive stripe/wire is conductively and securely attached to each electrode 140. Typically, before securely attaching an insulating cover onto the external side (the side that is distal from the skin) of each electrode 140, a first electric test of smart garment 100 is performed. Another electric test of smart garment 100 may be performed before packing smart garment 100 for shipment.

To test smart garment 100, garment 100 is opened up (for example by unzipping a zipper) and spread over a non-conductive surface, alternatively, an insulating board is inserted inside garment 100 to ensure that the inner side (skin side) of a conductive region is not coming in contact with any other conductive region. Reference is also now made to Fig. 11, that depicts an example garment-electrical- testing device 300, as schematically shown in Fig. 9; to Fig. 12 that also depicts garment- electrical-testing device 300, wherein the resistance of an electrode 140 (V2) is checked; to Fig. 13 that depicts garment-electrical -testing device 300, wherein the electrical functionality of an electrode 140 (V7) is checked; and to Fig. 14 that depicts garment- electrical -testing device 300, as shown in Fig. 13, wherein detection of an electrical short between textile electrode 140 (V7) and textile electrode RL is illustrated.

In the example shown in the figures, the electrical-parameter-measuring device 350 used is, with no limitations, a Fluke® multimeter. For the sake of clarity, it is made clear that a variety of electrical connection schemes may be used to electrically check smart garment 100, and the scheme described herein is given by way of example only, with no limitation.

In this example, one probe (354) of electrical-parameter-measuring device 350 is connected to testing unit 320. The second probe (356) of electrical-parameter-measuring device 350 remains free. Connector interface 370, coming out of testing unit 320, is connected to connector 170 of garment 100, thereby connecting each electrode 140 of garment 100 to a corresponding indicator 340, of display 322 of testing unit 320. As shown in Fig. 12, the resistance of an electrode 140 (V2) is checked by placing second probe 356 of electrical-parameter-measuring device 350 on a selected textile electrode 140, being in this example electrode V2. When coming in contact with a selected textile electrode 140 by second probe 356, the multimeter shows the resistance of the selected electrode, allowing the operator to verify the validity of the selected textile electrode 140 electrical functionality.

In order to check for short circuits, another probe, shorts-probe 326, coming out of testing unit 320. As shown in Fig. 13, shorts-probe 326 is placed on a selected electrode, in this example electrode 140v7, and the respective light indicator 340v7 is turned ON. Similarly, shorts-probe 326 is placed in turn on each electrode, expecting the respective light indicator 340 to turn ON. If the respective light indicator 340 is not turned ON, then it means that the selected electrode is cut off. If another light indicator 340 is tuned ON, it means that there is a short circuit between the two respective electrodes. An example short circuit between the electrode 140v7, and the electrode 140RL, is illustrated in Fig. 14, where while shorts-probe 326 is placed on electrode 140v7, both light indicator 340v7 and light indicator 340RL are turned ON. The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.

As used herein, the singular form "a", "an" and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise .

The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance or illustration". Any embodiment described as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments and/or to exclude the incorporation of features from other embodiments. It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination or as suitable in any other described embodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the context of various embodiments are not to be considered essential features of those embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without those elements.

The above-described processes including portions thereof can be performed by software, hardware and combinations thereof. These processes and portions thereof can be performed by computers, computer-type devices, workstations, processors, microprocessors, other electronic searching tools and memory and other non-transitory storage- type devices associated therewith. The processes and portions thereof can also be embodied in programmable non-transitory storage media, for example, compact discs (CDs) or other discs including magnetic, optical, etc., readable by a machine or the like, or other computer usable storage media, including magnetic, optical, or semiconductor storage, or other source of electronic signals.

The processes (methods) and systems, including components thereof, herein have been described with exemplary reference to specific hardware and software. The processes (methods) have been described as exemplary, whereby specific steps and their order can be omitted and/or changed by persons of ordinary skill in the art to reduce these embodiments to practice without undue experimentation. The processes (methods) and systems have been described in a manner sufficient to enable persons of ordinary skill in the art to readily adapt other hardware and software as may be needed to reduce any of the embodiments to practice without undue experimentation and using conventional technique.

Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A garment-electrical -testing device for detecting defects in conductive textile regions in a garment, the garment-electrical-testing device comprising:

a) a testing unit having at least one indicator;

b) at least one probe for selecting a conductive textile region to be electrically checked and closing an electrical circuit with said testing unit, wherein each said conductive textile region is insulated with respect to any other conductive textile region of the smart garment; and wherein each said conductive textile region is individually wired by a conductive wire, wherein each said conductive wire is in electrical communication flow with said testing unit; and wherein said testing unit is configured to activate selective electrical tests to thereby detect defects in said conductive textile regions.

2. The garment-electrical -testing device as in claim 1, wherein said conductive textile regions are laid out in the garment at preconfigured locations, wherein said at least one probe are conductive pads that are positioned at preconfigured positions on a non-conductive body (210); wherein the garment is dressed onto said non-conductive body such that each conductive textile region is placed adjacently to respective said conductive pad forming an electrical contact with said respective conductive pad; and wherein a computerized controller of said testing unit (250) alternately checks each of said conductive wires (150) and respective conductive textile regions (140), to thereby detect electrical related defects, including short circuits and circuit breaks.

3. The garment-electrical -testing device as in claim 1 , wherein said conductive textile regions are laid out in the garment at preconfigured locations, wherein said garment-electrical -testing device (300) further includes at least one electrical- parameter-measuring device (350), operationally connected to said testing unit (320); wherein said electrical-parameter-measuring device is adapted to measure electrical parameters related to said conductive textile regions, and wherein said electrical parameters are selected from the group of electrical parameters including electric current, electric voltage and electric resistance; wherein said garment-electrical -testing device (300) further includes a display having individual indicators, wherein said individual indicators correspond to respective said conductive textile region; wherein said at least one probe includes a first portable probe and a second portable probe; and wherein said first portable probe (356) is used to measure the electrical resistance of a selected said conductive textile region (140) and wherein said second portable probe (326) is used to detect electrical related defects including short circuits and circuit breaks, related to said selected conductive textile region (140).

4. The garment-electrical-testing device as in claim 3, wherein said individual indicators are light indicators.

5. The garment-electrical -testing device as in claim 3, wherein said at least one electrical- parameter-measuring device is a multimeter.

6. The garment-electrical -testing device as in claim 1, wherein the garment is adapted to measure clinical level ECG.

7. A method for detecting defects in conductive textile regions in a smart garment (100), the method comprising the steps of:

a) providing a garment-electrical-testing having:

i) a testing unit having at least one indicator;

ii) at least one probe for selecting a conductive textile region to be electrically checked and closing an electrical circuit with said testing unit,

wherein each said conductive textile region is individually and electrically wired; and wherein each said electrical wire is in electrical communication flow with said testing unit; b) keeping each said conductive textile region insulated with respect to any other conductive textile region of the smart garment;

c) coming in contact with a selected said conductive textile region with said at least one probe in order to close a preconfigured electrical circuit; and

d) determining if a defect exist with respect to said selected conductive textile region as indicated by one or more indicators that react to the state of said preconfigured electrical circuit.

8. The method as in claim 7, wherein said garment-electrical-testing device is a garment- electrical -testing device as in claim 2, further including the steps of: a) dressing the garment onto said non-conductive body such that each conductive textile region is placed adjacently to respective said conductive pad, forming an electrical contact with said respective conductive pad; and

b) activating said computerized controller of said testing unit (250) to alternately check each of said conductive wires (150) and respective conductive textile regions (140), to thereby detect electrical related defects, including short circuits and circuit breaks.

9. The method as in claim 7, wherein said garment-electrical-testing device is a garment- electrical -testing device as in claim 3, wherein said coming in contact with said selected conductive textile region is done by said first portable probe (356) to thereby measure the electrical resistance of said selected conductive textile region (140).

10. The method as in claim 7, wherein said garment-electrical -testing device is a garment- electrical -testing device as in claim 3, wherein said coming in contact with said selected conductive textile region is done by said second portable probe (326) to thereby detect electrical related defects including short circuits and circuit breaks related to said selected conductive textile region (140).