WO2017093921A1 - Réservoir réservoir de carburant avec capteurs de niveau intégrés, notamment pour véhicules aériens - Google Patents

Réservoir réservoir de carburant avec capteurs de niveau intégrés, notamment pour véhicules aériens Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017093921A1
WO2017093921A1 PCT/IB2016/057241 IB2016057241W WO2017093921A1 WO 2017093921 A1 WO2017093921 A1 WO 2017093921A1 IB 2016057241 W IB2016057241 W IB 2016057241W WO 2017093921 A1 WO2017093921 A1 WO 2017093921A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fuel
fuel tank
sensors
tank
capacitive
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2016/057241
Other languages
English (en)
Portuguese (pt)
Inventor
Nelson Jadir MENDES FERREIRA
Joaquim Miguel FONSECA SILVA
Christophe DA SILVA FERNANDES
Pedro DOS SANTOS DUARTE CARVALHO
João Manuel DE CARVALHO GOMES
Miguel Bruno VIEIRA RIBEIRO
Bruno Guilherme Gonçalves de Matos
Ana Rita BENTO MONTES
André Lourenço CALDEIRA PINTO
Pedro Miguel Gonçalves da Costa Pereira
José Manuel GUSMAN CORREIA ARAÚJO BARBOSA
Original Assignee
Centitvc- Centro De Nanotecnologia E Materiais Técnicos, Funcionais E Inteligentes
Critical Materials, S.A.
Ceiia - Centro Para A Excelência E Inovação Na Indústria Automóvel
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Application filed by Centitvc- Centro De Nanotecnologia E Materiais Técnicos, Funcionais E Inteligentes, Critical Materials, S.A., Ceiia - Centro Para A Excelência E Inovação Na Indústria Automóvel filed Critical Centitvc- Centro De Nanotecnologia E Materiais Técnicos, Funcionais E Inteligentes
Publication of WO2017093921A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017093921A1/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D37/00—Arrangements in connection with fuel supply for power plant
    • B64D37/02—Tanks
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
    • G01F23/26—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields
    • G01F23/263—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields by measuring variations in capacitance of capacitors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F25/00—Testing or calibration of apparatus for measuring volume, volume flow or liquid level or for metering by volume
    • G01F25/20—Testing or calibration of apparatus for measuring volume, volume flow or liquid level or for metering by volume of apparatus for measuring liquid level
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K15/00—Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
    • B60K15/03—Fuel tanks
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K15/00—Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
    • B60K15/03—Fuel tanks
    • B60K2015/0321—Fuel tanks characterised by special sensors, the mounting thereof
    • B60K2015/03217—Fuel level sensors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K15/00—Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
    • B60K15/03—Fuel tanks
    • B60K2015/0321—Fuel tanks characterised by special sensors, the mounting thereof
    • B60K2015/03217—Fuel level sensors
    • B60K2015/03223—Fuel level sensors comprising at least two level fuel sensors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
    • B60Y2200/00—Type of vehicle
    • B60Y2200/50—Aeroplanes, Helicopters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
    • B60Y2200/00—Type of vehicle
    • B60Y2200/50—Aeroplanes, Helicopters
    • B60Y2200/51—Aeroplanes

Definitions

  • This description relates to a fuel tank, in particular an aircraft fuel tank, namely made of composite material using embedded or embedded sensing, to read the amount of fuel present.
  • US2015274005 discloses a fuel tank comprising: a fuel tank; a liquid level sensing sensor arranged in a vertical orientation within the fuel tank and configured such that a capacitance of the liquid level sensing sensor varies as a function of the range in which the fuel is in contact with the liquid level detection; a tubular member extending vertically and laterally around the liquid level sensing sensor; a fuel storage member communicating with the interior of the tubular member and the interior of the fuel tank through a fuel inlet / outlet port and configured to store fuel within the fuel tank.
  • GB752699A discloses a fuel tank measuring the fluid content of an irregular container using a condenser, having the fluid as its dielectric, and having an electrode having a shape such that the electrode contact surface level with the fluid is proportional to the fluid surface area at that level, and wherein a linear relationship is obtained between the capacity and amount of fluid.
  • the metering capacitor comprises vertical and coaxial cylindrical members, being covered with conductive material, but with openings to allow fluid to pass into the space between the members and their interior, which has a conductive layer profiled on a rigid insulating member.
  • the voltage measured at the capacitor is compared to a reference, and any voltage imbalance is amplified and fed to a servomotor, balancing the reference and adjusting the voltage between the reference arms, and also by triggering an indicator, which indicates the fluid content of the tank.
  • GB752699A is not suitable for use on vehicles, particularly air vehicles, because it does not measure fuel volume accurately when the tank is not perfectly horizontal, and does not take into account the possibility that the liquid is oscillating due to vehicle movement.
  • the present disclosure comprises an aircraft fuel tank made of composite material utilizing embedded or embedded sensing to read the amount of fuel available.
  • the present disclosure comprises the use of different sensor configurations embedded in composite laminates with composite materials. different. Several laminating sequences and composite fiber orientations are possible, as well as different materials and variation in material stacking order.
  • laminates are described comprising the stacking of epoxy-embedded fiberglass layers. Considering the difficulty of integrating a sensor directly into the carbon fiber composite, a monolithic fiberglass plate was used in one embodiment, allowing the production of custom-made sensor plates to be installed without affecting the production of the tank structure constituent component. of fuel.
  • Figure 1 Schematic representation of a schematic embodiment of an embodiment of an interdigitated sensor.
  • Figure 2 Schematic representation of an embodiment of the configuration of the integrated sensor configuration, namely in fiberglass monolithic plate or laminate where 21 represents sensor (level, temperature, NFC TAG), 22 represents level sensor PET substrate 23 represents fiberglass laminate, 24 represents sensor cable (level, temperature) and 25 represents carbon fiber composite component.
  • FIG. 26 Figure 3A-B: Schematic representation of an embodiment of the geometric arrangement of the sensors in the fuel tank.
  • Figure 4 Schematic representation of a depot realization with sensor numbering identification.
  • FIG. 5 Schematic representation of roll and pitch nomenclature.
  • Figure 6 Schematic representation of one embodiment of the fiberglass composite specimens (yellow center) on the carbon fiber composite surface.
  • Figure 7 Schematic representation of an embodiment of the interdigitated sensor final geometry.
  • Figure 8A-B Schematic representation of an embodiment of a ferrite shielded NFC TAG integration scheme where 51 represents NFC TAG sensor, 52 represents fiberglass, and 53 represents carbon fiber composite structure.
  • Figure 9 Schematic representation of an embodiment of the level and temperature sensor arrangement where 91 represents (level, temperature) sensor, 92 represents level sensor PET substrate, 93 represents fiberglass laminate, 94 represents power cable sensor 95 represents carbon fiber composite component.
  • Figure 10 Schematic representation of an embodiment of the integrated sensor integration in the fiberglass.
  • FIG. 11 Schematic representation of an NFC TAG integration schematisation realization
  • Figure 12 Schematic representation of an embodiment of the data stream.
  • Figure 13 Schematic representation of a fuel tank embodiment where the dark spot represents the geometry of the fuel volume in the tank.
  • Figure 14 Schematic representation of an embodiment of fuel mass filtration.
  • Figure 15 Schematic representation of the measured capacity of the sensor installed on a fiberglass composite substrate for different fuel levels with and without the grounded carbon (conductor) composite.
  • the capacitive sensors used are interdigitated as they have a high sensitivity and allow, through varying their dimensions, to adjust the measured capacitance values.
  • different techniques may be used, while in the course of the task the screen printing technique was used to print the electrodes of conductive material, in this case silver, on the desired substrate.
  • the sensors were printed on PET for geometry definition testing.
  • the construction of the sensors may follow the following steps:
  • the contacts are made for example by crimping, and cables are soldered for handling at higher temperatures.
  • the cables are protected by shielding.
  • the geometric distribution of the level sensors in the tank is one of the major factors determining the accuracy of the fuel quantity metering system.
  • different approaches were analyzed.
  • the distribution considered for the sensors makes the system redundant when coupled with the attitude data of the aircraft, information that can be obtained from independent instrumentation, allowing to improve the robustness and accuracy of the measurements made.
  • This distribution also has the advantage that, for example, for attitudes in which the aircraft's pitch or roll angles are zero, sensors are always fully submerged, thus enabling the measurement of the fuel dielectric constant to be used in system calibration. In other situations, it is not necessary that the pitch or roll angles of the aircraft are both zero, as long as only one sensor is fully submerged to measure. This measurement of the dielectric constant gives an indication of the type of fuel being used.
  • the numbering of the sensors is identified. The determination that a sensor is submerged can be made from the capacitance data itself obtained by reading the sensors, eliminating the use of aircraft attitude data.
  • the compatibility of the various sensors and the tank structure, particularly with regard to structural ribs lead to the existence of maximum and minimum fuel volumes above which sensing is not possible. This limitation is inherent in today's fuel tanks, as under normal operating conditions they always have a residual fuel level that is not sensed or used.
  • the outputs of each sensor can, according to the sensor geometry and position, as well as the deposit geometry, be converted to the coordinates of the vertices formed by the liquid, thereby enabling the calculation of its volume.
  • the tests were carried out on the interdigitated capacitive sensors printed by screen printing, the substrate used was Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and the same material was used as encapsulant of the sensor.
  • PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
  • an aircraft depot is made up of aluminum or composite material, both with conductive properties.
  • the influence of the conductive composite material which would be linked to the ground / mass potential of the aircraft, required the integration of the sensor away from the carbon composite plate in one embodiment of the present disclosure. In this sense a layer of fiberglass composite (electrical and non-grounded / earth insulating) of a well defined thickness was laid.
  • the carbon fiber composite material with glass fiber composite layer is shown in the previous figure. Tests were performed and as in this case the sensor would not be in contact with the carbon fiber composite, due to the existence of a layer of an insulating material of considerable thickness between the two, it was expected that there would be no interference in the measurements of the capacity of the sensor. The results are presented in Figure 15.
  • the fiberglass intermediate layer between the conductive composite and the sensor has reduced the effect of the field produced by the composite 16% reduction, which, despite being greater than the reduction caused by other electronics solutions, is sufficient to be able to operate with the sensors. Furthermore the behavior remains linear and it is concluded that it is not necessary, with the application of the fiberglass layer, to use more complex electronics.
  • the sensors after their integration into fiberglass and subsequent bonding of this layer to the carbon fiber composite were coated with a fuel tank coating material suitable for the aeronautical industry. Due to its oleophobic properties, it ensures that thin layers of fuel do not remain on the surface of the sensors. This coating has a contribution to the sensor capacity and later to its sensitivity. As the sensors have the same linear dependence on the fuel level, the calibration line was calculated and considered in the final system construction.
  • the sensor geometry was changed by considering the parameters: sensor width, tooth distance, and tooth length.
  • the geometry that has adequate sensitivity has a width of 20 mm, a tooth length of 17.2 mm, a tooth width of 0.8 mm and a distance between teeth of 0.4 mm, is shown in Figure 7.
  • One embodiment includes the use of printed signal conduction lanes to reduce the weight of the structure by removing signal conduction wires with their respective complex encapsulations and radiation shielding.
  • the first difficulty encountered was that the printed signal conduction system, such as the level sensor tracks, is susceptible to electromagnetic interference creating eddy currents.
  • the protection of carbon composite printed structures for signal conduction requires the use of extra thicker fiberglass layers, significantly increasing the weight of the entire final composite structure. In this sense, for a correct operation of the whole system, and remembering that there are several level sensors in the use of technology for which the use of this type of carbon fiber composite structure provides a weight aggravation and increased integration cost, against one of the main functional objectives, namely the reduction of weight throughout structure.
  • the use of conventional wiring in the use of carbon fiber composite structures is preferred.
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • the wiring type may have a coaxial presentation composed of 4 layers of material. Inside it has a high electrical conduction metallic material, followed by a layer of PTFE, immediately follows a metallic mesh also of high electrical conductivity and finally has a layer of thicker PTFE material.
  • a cable of high mechanical resistance being at the same time ideal for use in systems of high complexity and subject to different electromagnetic environments.
  • each printed level sensor two cables must be used, one for each electrode, and the cable shielding mesh should have the same potential as the acquisition system and the entire tank structure. .
  • a direct integration of a Resistance Temperature Detector such as a commercial RTD (PT-100) bulk, such as the innovative platinum surface mount device (SMD) sensor, was chosen.
  • RTD Resistance Temperature Detector
  • PT-100 commercial RTD
  • SMD innovative platinum surface mount device
  • Sensor Technology - IST The P0K1.0805.3PB reference sensor is small (2 x 1.2 x 0.4mm) to minimize the impact of direct integration. This sensor meets defined operating specifications, namely the temperature range from -40 ° C to + 55 ° C.
  • the RTD sensor (PT-100) has been integrated into the 4-wire composite structure. It is connected to the data acquisition system using four wires to ensure more accurate data acquisition and an auxiliary PCB for the correct electrical connection of the sensor and its wires.
  • an NFC (or interchangeably RFID) device is integrated in the depot for the purpose of identifying the depot and receiving some information about it.
  • NFC devices or interchangeably RFID
  • this device since this device cannot be glued to a conductive surface, they have been placed on a fiberglass layer which can then be laminated to the deposit.
  • NFC TAG devices need not have any preparation whatsoever for their integration to be as straightforward as possible in the carbon fiber composite structure.
  • conditions have been created for the NFC TAG devices to function by creating a layer of fiberglass material over the structure. carbon so as to create a sufficient distance to eliminate natural interference with the presence of a parasite potential difference.
  • N FC TAGs are used to be coupled to conductive surfaces. Not only do they allow for a more aesthetic solution, given that the positioning of the device is outside the tank, but also because the fiberglass layer will increase the weight of the composite structure.
  • An example of such systems are NFC TAG devices with a ferrite shielding layer between the device antenna and the adhesive layer. This allows the use of the N FC TAG device directly bonded to electrically conductive surfaces such as the carbon fiber composite structure. This eliminates the need for an integration process with the aid of fiberglass, which can be seen in Figure 8 (A-B). In the specific case of using an N FC TAG device with shielding, iterative and complex integration steps are reduced, and the direct weight of the composite structure is reduced by reducing the use of material, namely composite fiberglass.
  • the selected device can be, for example, RapidN FC's NTAG213 29mm Round, with an adhesive layer allowing for quick and immediate integration, and then glued with specific adhesive to provide adequate physical protection, on the outer and conductive surface of the tank.
  • the developed data acquisition and transmission board has different alternatives.
  • the first consisted of an electronic circuit incorporating passive components such as resistors and capacitors, and active components (PIC16LF1829 microcontroller), the IC for capacity measurement (eg AD7746), the IC for temperature measurement (ex.MAX31865), the voltage regulator (MIC5236), an operational amplifier and a transceiver for communication, for example via RS485.
  • the microcontroller used for the design of this acquisition board was for example PIC16LF1829.
  • the purpose of this IC is to collect the data from the measuring devices, using communication eg via I2C to acquire the respective capacity values, and communication via SPI to obtain the temperature values.
  • this IC processes this data and assumes the position of Slave. In this sense, depending on the commands coming from the Master, the processed data is sent through a bus for example RS485, using a transceiver to carry out this information transmission. In one embodiment, to measure the capacity coming from the level sensors, an assembly is performed that combines an operational amplifier and IC AD7746.
  • the AD7746 IC is a "Capacitance-to-Digital-Converter” (CDC) with the ability to perform capacity measurements in an 8 pF range, ie it can measure and convert capacities within ⁇ 4 pF , considering a reference up to 17 pF.
  • CDC Capacitance-to-Digital-Converter
  • an operational amplifier was added for example to increase the range of values accepted by the AD7746. In this sense, the combination of these two components can perform the desired measurements in the system to be developed.
  • the MAX31865 was used to measure resistance variation from PT100.
  • This IC has the ability to convert this variation directly into a digital value corresponding to a temperature, thus eliminating the need to add extra circuits.
  • the board supply level in order to incorporate this electronic board into the final system, in one embodiment it was also necessary to incorporate a regulator that converts the supply voltage commonly used in aeronautical systems (28 V) to the supply voltage. used by all the mentioned components (3.3 V).
  • the board allows shielded cable connections to minimize external interference, both in sensor reading and communication.
  • the data acquisition modules are protected from the outside using a plastic housing made of ABS polymer, coated with a self-adhesive aluminum or copper layer connected to the composite material to create a physical barrier to the elements. external.
  • all hardware contained in the ABS enclosure is encapsulated by an epoxy resin, preferably Flame Retardant, which must be placed during the integration process of all hardware.
  • the fiberglass laminate, sensor bonding component and carbon fiber composite component used in the level and temperature sensors represents an inorganic compound with high stress and moisture resistance as does not alter its physical and / or chemical properties, but also represents a low dielectric constant electrical insulator with a low coefficient of thermal expansion.
  • adhesives were used, namely adhesives in the form of liquid adhesive and film.
  • structural adhesive film was used and in the connections between components, liquid adhesive was used. Due to the nature of the fuel application of treatment to the internal surfaces of the tank is required in order to safeguard the structural strength of the tank's constituent components.
  • 3 types of surface treatments are considered, namely priming, coating and sealing the structure using an adhesive sealant.
  • primer and coating relates to the need to protect the internal surfaces from the corrosive environment in which they are inserted.
  • the sealing of the tank is essential in order to ensure the functionality of the structure.
  • Table 1 shows the laminate configuration used for the fiberglass composite component.
  • the orientation of the fiberglass laminate comprises in one embodiment the alignment of the fibers at 0 ° with the longitudinal length (upper dimension) of the fiberglass laminate of Figure 9 to the level sensor as detailed in schematization.
  • the direction of fiber alignment to be applied is detailed in Figure 9.
  • the configuration of the laminate is not shown as it is dependent on the specifications of the tank structure.
  • the production process comprises the manufacture of the level sensors printed on the PET substrate in a first stage as well as, simultaneously, the production process of the carbon fiber composite components of the final structure.
  • the fiberglass integrated sensors specifically level sensors and temperature sensors, are produced.
  • the components are assembled, comprising the process of integrating the integrated fiberglass sensors into the constituent components of the tank. Due to the specificity of the operation of the sensors, the final phase of the production process comprises the treatment of the internal surfaces where there is contact with the liquid, that is, the fuel. As described, the production process comprises 4 steps, however the production of the composite components, namely carbon fiber and glass fiber prepreg, respectively tank structure components and integrated sensors, will now be addressed.
  • the constituent components of the tank structure are mainly composed of autoclave cured carbon fiber prepregs.
  • the production of integrated fiberglass sensors comprises autoclave lamination adopting a process similar to carbon fiber components. The lamination and curing of the integrated sensors were performed using complex "U" shaped surface molds.
  • the integration of the sensors comprises the joint lamination between sensor (level and temperature) and fiberglass prepreg and proceeding with subsequent bonding to the composite, as shown in Figure 10.
  • Adhesive integration between the integrated fiberglass sensor and tank component is carried out between the rough surface of the carbon fiber laminate and the integrated sensor mold surface to ensure adhesion and between the surfaces.
  • the wiring location comprises its alignment with the part end of the fiberglass laminate. Due to the various constituent layers of the wiring harness used, it is preferable to peel it off so as to avoid weakening of the zone and therefore of the printed grid connectors.
  • the lamination process comprises the following steps: cutting of prepegs, manual lamination of layers on the mold, compaction, preparation procedure for curing, pretesting and testing for curing.
  • the application of the various surface treatments comprises constant control of working conditions, namely temperature and humidity control.
  • all procedures to be applied to the components that make up the tank should preferably be performed between 13 ° C and 35 ° C with a relative humidity of 20% to 85%.
  • Surface coating of the integrated sensors comprises the following phases. 1. Surface preparation for application: cleaning with a clean cloth soaked in solvent. 2. Preparation of component to be applied (coating). 3. Application of the mixture: shake to ensure that there is no solidification at the bottom of the container; apply mixture preferably up to 24 hours after cleaning the surface prepared in the previous points; preferably 1 to 2 layers as required to ensure homogeneous and continuous application of the mixture. 4. Compliance with the cure times of the mixture. After application of the coating, sealant is applied. The described procedure is performed after assembly cure referring to the previous process.
  • Sealing comprises application in the interface areas as well as in the boundaries of part / component joints.
  • the boundary of the integrated fiberglass sensors when integrated into the carbon fiber component should be sealed to ensure a uniform and continuous "bead" of sealant.
  • components and equipment should be free of contaminants (eg dust) and the component must be completely immobilized by the end of the curing process.
  • Cable insulation should include cure temperatures to avoid damage due to handling or high temperatures. After integration of the sensors, cable movement should be restricted for example by applying adhesive. Sensors should be visually inspected and tested for correct functionality prior to the surface treatment application procedure.
  • the integration process developed comprises the use of level and temperature sensors integrated in a fiberglass plate, later integrated in the carbon fiber composite.
  • the adoption of the present 2-phase sensor integration method comes from studies and experiments performed in which the deformation of the carbon fiber composite was verified when the sensors are directly integrated.
  • Capacitive interdigitated sensors have the function of measuring the fuel level in various orientations / positions of the fuel tank. The measured values allow, once processed, to calculate the fuel volume.
  • Temperature sensors allow the acquisition of the fuel temperature that is used to calculate its fuel density and total mass. This information is important as the volume and dielectric constant of the fuel itself varies with temperature.
  • the information from the interdigitated sensors indicates in percentage the sensor area covered by fuel.
  • the information from the interdigitated sensors is transformed into fuel surface coordinate points, which is the input of the fuel plane optimizer module.
  • the sensor system model requires information on the position of the sensors in the fuel tank, as well as the connection between sensors (eg sensors at one vertex or sensor extension).
  • the fuel plane optimizer module In real measurement systems normally four or more points belonging to the same plane will not normally be obtained due to the sloshing phenomenon and errors in the measurements of the sensors. Hence it is necessary to adopt a strategy to obtain an estimated plan.
  • the fuel plane optimizer module's main function is to process the coordinates of four or more points and generate an optimized plane that best represents the coordinates of the points.
  • the cutting plane generated by this module will be used by the tank model module to estimate the volume of liquid in it.
  • This module needs information about the geometry of the tank.
  • the tank geometry is loaded from a file, for example in XML format that contains the information about the tank faces.
  • This module through the tank model and the resulting plane, generates a solid with the fuel fill tank geometry and then its volume is calculated. In Figure 13, the darker is defined the solid equivalent to the part corresponding to the fuel.
  • the fuel volume is converted to mass; Fuel mass is estimated using data processing techniques and fuel leaks are detected and quantified.
  • volume is converted to mass for an invariant quantity with the temperature used in the aeronautical sector for fuel, as this is a more accurate measure than volume. Normally this conversion requires the density given by the fuel temperature at a given time.
  • the moving average filter was implemented with the weight of one for each sample.
  • the number of samples is a filter configuration parameter.
  • the Kalman filter has been implemented using a first-order dynamic system where the control variable ( ⁇ ⁇ is fuel flow and the state variable (3 ⁇ 4) is the mass of fuel.
  • the system output is zk, Wk and Vk are the measurement variance of mass flow and mass measurement in the fuel.
  • Figure 14 is a curved graph of an example of the two filters as well as the mass before filtering.
  • Leakages are calculated based on the sum of the sum of fuel flow time exiting the tank by the mass difference in an initial state and the current mass estimated by the sensors installed in the fuel tank.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Levels Of Liquids Or Fluent Solid Materials (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un réservoir de carburant liquide sensiblement polyèdrique, comprenant : une pluralité de capteurs capacitifs de détection de niveau de liquide, dont chacun est disposé le long d'une arête du réservoir de carburant, de manière que la capacitance desdits capteurs varie selon le volume du carburant présent dans le réservoir de carburant, et comprenant notamment une pluralité de plaques électriquement isolantes disposées chacune entre chacun des capteurs capacitifs et le réservoir de carburant, ces plaques isolantes étant constituées de fibre de verre et les capteurs capacitifs étant intégrés dans les plaques électriquement isolantes par sérigraphie sur PET. L'invention concerne également un procédé destiné à obtenir le volume de carburant, consistant : à obtenir la lecture des capteurs capacitifs de détection de niveau de liquide disposés sur les arêtes du réservoir de carburant ; à calculer le volume correspondant au carburant du solide géométrique défini par le réservoir de carburant et par la surface supérieure du carburant telle que définie par les lectures de niveau de liquide des capteurs capacitifs sur les arêtes du réservoir.
PCT/IB2016/057241 2015-12-01 2016-12-01 Réservoir réservoir de carburant avec capteurs de niveau intégrés, notamment pour véhicules aériens WO2017093921A1 (fr)

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GB752699A (en) 1953-06-11 1956-07-11 Engineering Res Corp Ltd Capacitance-type fluid contents measuring apparatus
US3377861A (en) * 1965-05-06 1968-04-16 Simmonds Precision Products Electronic liquid measuring system
JP2005181165A (ja) * 2003-12-22 2005-07-07 Alps Electric Co Ltd 液面レベルセンサ
DE102004051641A1 (de) * 2004-10-23 2006-04-27 Füner, Thorsten Messvorrichtung zur elektrischen Füllmengenmessung in einem Flüssigkeitsbehälter
EP1722203A2 (fr) * 2005-05-13 2006-11-15 Joma-Polytec Kunststofftechnik GmbH Système de mesure du niveau de remplissage d'un liquide se trouvant dans un récipient
US20070157718A1 (en) * 2006-01-09 2007-07-12 U.S.A. As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration System and method for wirelessly determining fluid volume
KR20120105982A (ko) * 2011-03-17 2012-09-26 (주)하이텍알씨디코리아 모형항공기용 연료잔량측정장치
WO2013188443A2 (fr) * 2012-06-12 2013-12-19 CAPLAN, Jeffrey, Brian Systèmes de mesure de niveau et de volume de fluide et leurs procédés de fabrication et d'utilisation
US20150274005A1 (en) 2012-11-20 2015-10-01 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Fuel tank structure

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2688812C1 (ru) * 2015-09-23 2019-05-22 Зодиак Аэротекник Система для замера жидкости и оборудование для топливного бака

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