WO2017093368A1 - Dispersions aqueuses, cationiques, finement divisées de polymères, procédé pour leur préparation et utilisation correspondante - Google Patents

Dispersions aqueuses, cationiques, finement divisées de polymères, procédé pour leur préparation et utilisation correspondante Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017093368A1
WO2017093368A1 PCT/EP2016/079365 EP2016079365W WO2017093368A1 WO 2017093368 A1 WO2017093368 A1 WO 2017093368A1 EP 2016079365 W EP2016079365 W EP 2016079365W WO 2017093368 A1 WO2017093368 A1 WO 2017093368A1
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Prior art keywords
weight
polymerisation
acrylate
cationic
initiator
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PCT/EP2016/079365
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English (en)
Inventor
Carmen-Elena Cimpeanu
Klaus Moeller
Petra Arnold
Kristina GEORGIEVA
Reinhold Dieing
Christian Jehn-Rendu
Quan WEN
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Basf Se
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Application filed by Basf Se filed Critical Basf Se
Priority to US15/780,279 priority Critical patent/US10975525B2/en
Priority to CN201680080300.2A priority patent/CN108602921B/zh
Priority to ES16805099T priority patent/ES2840649T3/es
Priority to EP16805099.5A priority patent/EP3383929B1/fr
Priority to JP2018528231A priority patent/JP6805251B2/ja
Priority to PL16805099T priority patent/PL3383929T3/pl
Priority to CA3006151A priority patent/CA3006151C/fr
Publication of WO2017093368A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017093368A1/fr

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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
    • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
    • D21H21/16—Sizing or water-repelling agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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    • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
    • C08F2/12—Polymerisation in non-solvents
    • C08F2/16—Aqueous medium
    • C08F2/22—Emulsion polymerisation
    • C08F2/24—Emulsion polymerisation with the aid of emulsifying agents
    • C08F2/28—Emulsion polymerisation with the aid of emulsifying agents cationic
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    • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
    • C08F2/12—Polymerisation in non-solvents
    • C08F2/16—Aqueous medium
    • C08F2/22—Emulsion polymerisation
    • C08F2/24—Emulsion polymerisation with the aid of emulsifying agents
    • C08F2/30—Emulsion polymerisation with the aid of emulsifying agents non-ionic
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    • C08F212/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
    • C08F212/02—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
    • C08F212/04—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
    • C08F212/06—Hydrocarbons
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    • C08F212/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
    • C08F212/02—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
    • C08F212/04—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
    • C08F212/06—Hydrocarbons
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    • C08F212/10—Styrene with nitriles
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    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/10—Esters
    • C08F220/12—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
    • C08F220/14—Methyl esters, e.g. methyl (meth)acrylate
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    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/10—Esters
    • C08F220/34—Esters containing nitrogen, e.g. N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate
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    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
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    • C08F220/44—Acrylonitrile
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    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/42—Nitriles
    • C08F220/44—Acrylonitrile
    • C08F220/46—Acrylonitrile with carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids or salts thereof
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    • C08F226/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
    • C08F226/02—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a single or double bond to nitrogen
    • C08F226/04—Diallylamine
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    • C08F226/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
    • C08F226/06—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
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    • C08F26/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
    • C08F26/06—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
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    • C09D125/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D125/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
    • C09D125/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
    • C09D125/08—Copolymers of styrene
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    • C09D125/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D125/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
    • C09D125/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
    • C09D125/08—Copolymers of styrene
    • C09D125/12—Copolymers of styrene with unsaturated nitriles
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    • C09D125/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D125/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
    • C09D125/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
    • C09D125/08—Copolymers of styrene
    • C09D125/14—Copolymers of styrene with unsaturated esters
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    • C09D133/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D133/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
    • C09D133/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
    • C09D133/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid esters
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    • C09D133/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D133/18—Homopolymers or copolymers of nitriles
    • C09D133/20—Homopolymers or copolymers of acrylonitrile
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    • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
    • C09D5/02—Emulsion paints including aerosols
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/35—Polyalkenes, e.g. polystyrene
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/37—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. polyacrylates
    • D21H17/375—Poly(meth)acrylamide
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
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    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/41—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups
    • D21H17/44—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups cationic
    • D21H17/45—Nitrogen-containing groups
    • D21H17/455—Nitrogen-containing groups comprising tertiary amine or being at least partially quaternised
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    • D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
    • D21H19/10—Coatings without pigments
    • D21H19/14—Coatings without pigments applied in a form other than the aqueous solution defined in group D21H19/12
    • D21H19/20—Coatings without pigments applied in a form other than the aqueous solution defined in group D21H19/12 comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H19/22—Polyalkenes, e.g. polystyrene
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21J—FIBREBOARD; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM CELLULOSIC FIBROUS SUSPENSIONS OR FROM PAPIER-MACHE
    • D21J1/00—Fibreboard
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    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/10—Esters
    • C08F220/12—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
    • C08F220/16—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms
    • C08F220/18—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms with acrylic or methacrylic acids
    • C08F220/1804—C4-(meth)acrylate, e.g. butyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate or tert-butyl (meth)acrylate
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    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2800/00—Copolymer characterised by the proportions of the comonomers expressed
    • C08F2800/20—Copolymer characterised by the proportions of the comonomers expressed as weight or mass percentages

Definitions

  • Finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersions method for the production thereof, and the use thereof Description
  • the invention relates to finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersions which are obtainable by polymerisation of ethylenically unsaturated monomers in a continuous phase containing an aqueous liquid.
  • the invention also relates to a process for the preparation of the polymer dispersions and their use as sizing agents for paper, board and cardboard.
  • US 3174874 describes the surface sizing of paper by employing an aqueous dispersion of a cation active copolymer of 15 to 50% by weight based on the total weight of the copolymer of a heterocyclic compound bearing a single quaternary nitrogen atom in the nucleus in which the heterocyclic compound is selected from N- and C-vinyl substituted derivatives of imidazole, pyridine and quinoline, and 85 to 50% by weight based on the total weight of the copolymer, of difficulty water soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
  • GB 1421597 refers to a process for the superficial sizing of paper involving the application of an aqueous solution of a water soluble copolymer of from 50 to 90% by weight of one or more alpha olefins of 2 to 12 carbon atoms and from 10 to 40% by weight of one or more mono- olefinically unsaturated monomers containing one or more tertiary or quaternary nitrogen atoms and from 0 to 20% by weight of one or more other olefinically unsaturated monomers.
  • the copolymer has a K value of from 20 to 45.
  • US 2012/083563 relates to finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersions which are obtainable by a two-stage polymerisation. Firstly a cationic prepolymer is prepared as a dispersant and thereafter and emulsion polymerisation is carried out in an aqueous solution of this prepolymer in the presence of ethylenically unsaturated monomers. The polymer dispersions are used as sizes for paper, board and cardboard.
  • Chinese published patent application 103103878 describes a cationic surface sizing agent modified Sesbania gum and its method of preparation.
  • Chinese published patent application 102086614 teaches a surface sizing agent prepared employing silicones, cationic monomer, acrylate monomer, cross-linking monomer, and styrene.
  • Chinese published patent application 101871 184 relates to a cationic styrene acrylate surface sizing agent.
  • the preparation method employs styrene, methyl methacrylate, octadecyl acrylate, allyl alcohol and methacryloyl oxy ethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride in an emulsion polymerisation.
  • WO 12/132044 reveals a method for producing a cationic surface sizing agent involving a first step for obtaining a copolymer by solution polymerisation of a monomer mixture containing a monomer that has a tertiary amino group, a (meth) acrylic acid ester, and a styrene.
  • the copolymer obtained in the first step and a non-ionic hydrophilic monomer is polymer- ised in a second step to obtain a further copolymer.
  • this further copolymer is polymerised with a hydrophobic monomer in the presence of a surfactant.
  • the tertiary amino group present in the copolymer is quaternised.
  • Japanese published patent application 2009 242686 provides a cationic surface sizing agent prepared by polymerising a hydrophobic monomer in the presence of a copolymer of a tertiary amino group containing monomer, a (meth) acrylate ester type monomer and a styrene type monomer. The tertiary amino group in the copolymer is converted into a quaternary ammonium salt.
  • Chinese published patent application 102140768 teaches a cationic surface sizing proposition which is prepared by including a natural macromolecule, a natural high molecule modifier, a hard monomer, a soft monomer, and a cationic monomer. Polymerisation is carried out with the aid of initiating agents and molecular control agents.
  • Cationic polymeric sizing agents are well known for providing paper, board and cardboard with good hydrophobicity.
  • cationic surface sizes will often consist of a) a protective colloid which forms the outer hydrophilic shell or hydrophilic outer layer of each particle and b) a hydrophobic core.
  • cationic polymeric sizing agents are made in a two-step process in which a first protective colloid is prepared solution polymerisation followed by an aqueous emulsion polymerisation of hydrophobic monomers in the presence of the protective colloid.
  • a further objective of the present invention is to provide such polymer dispersions which carry a permanent cationic charge.
  • the cationic component of such polymeric sizing agents are formed from amine mono- mers, such as dialkyi amino alkyi (meth) acrylates, dialkyi amino alkyi (meth) acrylamides.
  • amine mono- mers such as dialkyi amino alkyi (meth) acrylates, dialkyi amino alkyi (meth) acrylamides.
  • Such amine groups would be rendered cationic by maintaining an acidic pH such that the amine is protonated.
  • protonated amine polymers will lose their cationic charge in less acidic pH environments. This is disadvantageous because the sizing agent would then be no longer as efficient at sizing the surface of paper, board or cardboard.
  • Quaternary ammonium groups provide a more permanent cationic charge which would not be lost as the pH is raised. Nevertheless, it is generally more difficult to prepare copolymers of quaternary ammonium monomers with hydrophobic monomers and still produce polymer dispersions that are capable of achieving comparable sizing properties as polymer dispersions formed from tertiary amine or other free amine containing monomers.
  • a finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersion which is obtainable by emulsion polymerisation of ethylenically unsaturated monomers in an aqueous liquid containing a cationic prepolymer as a dispersant, wherein the cationic prepolymer is prepared in the presence of at least one polymerisation initiator by polymerisation of
  • the first emulsion polymerisation and/or the second emulsion polymerisation is optionally carried out in the presence of from 0 to 1 0% by weight of at least one polymerisation regulator.
  • the molar amount of the quaternary ammonium group containing monomers (a) incorporated into the prepolymer usually should be higher than the molar amount of the anionic monomers (d), so that the prepolymer has a predominantly cationic charge.
  • the cationic prepolymer is obtainable by the polymerisation of the aforementioned monomer mixtures (a), (b), optionally (c), optionally (d), optionally (e), and optionally (f) in the presence of at least one polymerisation initiator in a first emulsion polymerisation in the presence of at least one non-ionic emulsifier.
  • the prepolymer which is prepared in the first emulsion polymerisation stage comprises, as component (a), at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising at least one quaternary ammonium group.
  • Monomers of group (a) include, for instance, acrylamide-derived cationic monomer (Formula I) or acrylate-derived cationic monomer (Formula II) containing a hydrophobic chain and with the general formula:
  • R1 , R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, independently, can be a hydrogen or an alkyl chain containing 1 to 4 carbons
  • R7 an alkyl or alkenyl or arylalkyl chain containing 6 to 30 carbons
  • X a suitable anion, including methosulphate, phosphate or a halide selected from the group including chloride, bromide, iodide, floride or another counterion with a negative charge.
  • Q is either an ethyl or a propyl group
  • R5 R6 and are either methyl or ethyl moieties
  • substitute R7 preferred structures are hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl or benzyl.
  • Examples of preferred structures for the invention having the formula (I) are N- acrylamidopropyl-N,N,dimethyl-N-dodecyl ammonium chloride, N-methacrylamidopropyl- N,N,dimethyl-N-dodecyl ammonium chloride, N-acrylamidopropyl-N,N,dimethyl-N-dodecyl ammonium bromide, N-methacrylamidopropyl-N,N,dimethyl-N-dodecyl ammonium bromide, N- acrylamidopropyl-N,N,dimethyl-N-octadecyl ammonium chloride, N-methacrylamidopropyl- N,N,dimethyl-N-octadecyl ammonium chloride, N-acrylamidopropyl-N,N,dimethyl-N-octadecyl ammonium bromide
  • N,N,dimethyl-N-benzyl ammonium chloride N-acrylamidopropyl-N,N,dimethyl-N-benzyl ammonium bromide, N-methacrylamidopropyl-N,N,dimethyl-N-benzyl ammonium bromide.
  • Examples of preferred structures for the invention having the formula (II) are N,N- dimethylaminoethyl acrylate-N-dodecyl chloride, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-N- dodecyl chloride, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylaminoethyl acrylate-N-dodecyl bromide, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-N-dodecyl bromide, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylaminoethyl acrylate-N-octadecyl chloride, N,N- dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-N-octadecyl chloride, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylaminoethyl acrylate-N- octadecyl bromide, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-N-
  • Suitable monomers of group (a) include ethylenically unsaturated esters or amides which carry a quaternary ammonium group.
  • esters may have the formula (III)
  • R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , E, R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and X have the meaning as indicated above, R 10 is hydrogen or methyl.
  • C2-3-alkylene examples are ethylene, trimethylene and propylene.
  • Ci-3-alkyl examples are methyl, ethyl, propyl and isopropyl.
  • Preferred monomers include acryloyloxy ethyl trimethyl ammonium salts, including the chloride salt, and methacryloyi oxy ethyl trimethyl ammonium salts, including the chloride salt. Particularly preferred are acryloyloxy ethyl trimethyl ammonium salts, particularly the chloride salt.
  • Rii and R12 independently are hydrogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl, hydroxyl Ci-C 4 alkyl, carboxy Ci-C 4 al- kyl, carboxyamide Ci-C 4 alkyl, alkoxyalkyl group, wherein the alkoxyalkyl group is defined as having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl group;
  • Ri3 and R15 independently are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or halogen
  • Ri 4 and R16 independently are hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, or halogen
  • Y- is an anion
  • Y- is preferably a halide.
  • the diallydialkyl ammonium salt is preferably a halide salt and the diallyldialkyl ammonium is a monomer of formula (V). Most preferably the diallydialkyl ammonium salt is diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC).
  • DADMAC diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
  • a further category of suitable monomers of group (a) include cationic heterocyclic compounds which are substituted by an ethylenically unsaturated moiety.
  • Particularly suitable compounds include N- or C- vinyl substituted heterocyclic compounds which contain only nitrogen atoms as hetero atoms in the nucleus, especially N-vinyl substituted derivatives of imidazole and C-vinyl substituted derivatives of pyridine of the general formula (VI) and general formula (VII):
  • ⁇ ⁇ is an anion, especially halide or alkyl sulphate radical, preferably one of the anions chloride, bromide, iodide, methyl sulphate, ethyl sulphate and propyl sulphate.
  • R is an alkyl, cyclo alkyl or aralkyl radical, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, cyclohexyl or benzyl group
  • Ri to R6 is hydrogen and/or alkyl radicals with 1 to 3 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl and/or isopropyl groups and additionally one of the substituents R 4 to R6 must be a vinyl group.
  • Suitable compounds include 1 -methyl-2 -vinyl pyridinium bromide and methosulphate, 1 ,2- dimethyl-5-vinyl-pyridinium methosulphate, 1 -ethyl-2-vinyl-pyridinium chloride and bromide, 1 - propyl-2 -vinyl pyridinium chloride, 2-vinyl pyridinium ethyl sulphate, 1 -benzyl-4-vinyl pyridinium chloride, N-vinyl-N'-ethyl imidazolium chloride, N-vinyl-N'-isopropyl-imidazolium chloride, 1- vinyl-3-methyl-benz-imidazolium metho sulphate, 1 -methyl-2-vinyl-quinolinium metho sulphate and 1 -benzyl-4-vinyl-quinolinium chloride.
  • N-vinyl-N'-methyl imidazolium salts including the methosulphate salt.
  • Most preferred monomers of group (a) include firstly acryloyloxy ethyl trimethyl ammonium salts, including the chloride salt, also known as the methylchloride quaternary ammonium salt of dimethyl amino ethyl acrylate, and secondly N-vinyl -N'-methyl imidazolium salts particularly the methosulphate salt, also known as 3-methyl-vinyl-1 H-imidazolium methyl sulphate.
  • the monomer of group (a) is acryloyloxy ethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride that monomers of group (d) are included. Nevertheless it is preferred that when the monomer of group (a) is N-vinyl-N'-methyl imidazolium salts, such as the metho sulphate salt, that the monomers of group (d) are absent. It is also preferred that when the monomer of group (a) is a combination of N-vinyl-N'-methyl imidazolium salts, such as the metho sulphate salt, and acry- loyloxy ethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride that the monomers of group (d) are absent.
  • Monomers of group (a) are used in the preparation of the prepolymer in an amount of from 15 to 45% by weight, preferably from 20 to 45% by weight, based on the monomer mixture (a) to (f).
  • styrenes such as styrene, omethylstyrene, ethylstyrene or vinyltoluene
  • monomers of group (b) are present in an amount of from 5 to 80% by weight, preferably from 15 to 75% by weight, and more preferably from 15 to 60% by weight in the monomer mixture comprising (a) to (f).
  • suitable monomers of this group (c) are all esters of acrylic acid and of methacrylic acid which are derived from monohydric Ci-Ci2-alcohols, such as methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl acrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, isopropyl acrylate, isopro- pyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl acrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, sec-butyl acrylate, sec-butyl methacrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, n-pentyl methacrylate, neopentyl acryl
  • Preferably used monomers of this group are esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid with Ci-Cs-alcohols, such as methyl acrylate, me- thyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, sec-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate.
  • Ci-Cs-alcohols such as methyl acrylate, me- thyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, sec-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate,
  • the esters of acrylic acid with Ci-C4-alcohols such as n-butyl acrylate, sec-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate and tert-butyl acrylate are very particularly preferred.
  • at least one Ci-Ci2-alkyl acrylate and/or Ci-Ci2-alkyl methacrylate is used as a monomer of group (c), for example two or more of the abovementioned esters in any desired mixtures with one another.
  • the monomers of group (c) comprises any of the esters of Ci-C4-alcohols with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid.
  • Specifically preferred monomers of group (c) include methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate or mixtures thereof.
  • the monomers of group (c) are optional in the preparation of the cationic prepolymer but may be present in an amount of up to 50% by weight in the monomer mixture (a) to (f). Where monomers of group (c) are included in the monomer mixture, desirably the monomers are included in an amount of from 5% to 45%, suitably from 10% to 40%, and more suitably from 10% to 35%, by weight in the monomer mixture (a) to (f).
  • the monomers of group (d) is an optional component of the monomer mixture in the preparation of the cationic prepolymer.
  • Examples of monomers of group (d) are ethylenically unsaturated C3- to C6- carboxylic acids, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, ethacrylic acid, crotonic acid, monoesters of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, such as mono methyl maleate, mono methyl fumarate, mono ethyl maleate, mono ethyl fumarate, mono propyl male- ate, mono propyl, fumarate, mono-n-butyl maleate, mono-n-butyl fumarate, and styrene carboxylic acids and ethylenically unsaturated anhydrides, such as maleic anhydride and itaconic anhydride.
  • C3- to C6- carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, ethacrylic acid,
  • the anhydride group of monomers may be hydrolysed to carboxyl groups.
  • monomers comprising sulpho- and/or phosphonic acid groups such as 2-acrylamido- 2-methyl propane sulphonic acid and vinyl phosphonic acid, are suitable as monomers (d).
  • the monomers comprising acid groups can be used in the form of free acid groups and in the form of partly or completely neutralised with alkali metal bases, alkaline earth metal bases, ammonia and/or amines.
  • sodium hydroxide solution potassium hydroxide solution, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonia, trimethyl amine, triethyl amine, morpholine, ethano- lamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, or diethylene triamine is used for neutralising the acid groups of the monomers. It is of course possible to use two or more bases as neutralising agents.
  • acrylic acid and methacrylic acid or mixtures of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid in any desired ratio are preferably used.
  • the monomers of group (d) are present in an amount of from 0 to 10% by weight in the reaction mixture comprising (a) to (f). Desirably these monomers may be included in an amount of from 0.5 to 10% by weight, suitably from 1 to 7% by weight, for instance between 1.5 and 6% by weight. In some cases it may be desirable that monomers of component (d) are absent.
  • Suitable monomers may include at least one
  • Such compounds having an amino group include those of the general formula (VIII):
  • A" is O, NH, B" is CnHbn, where n is an integer in the range from 1 to 8,
  • R 21 , R 22 are CmHbm+i , where m is an integer in the range from 1 to 4, and
  • R 23 is H, CHs.
  • the compounds of the formula (VIII) are designated as a rule as basic monomers.
  • Basic, eth- ylenically unsaturated monomers are, for example, acrylates and methacrylates of amino alcohols, e.g.
  • the monomers of group (e) may be present in an amount from 0 to 10% by weight of the monomer mixture (a) to (f) in the preparation of the cationic prepolymer.
  • monomers of this group (e) When monomers of this group (e) are included in the monomer mixture they may be included in an amount from of 0.1 to 9%, for instance from 1 % to 7%.
  • monomers of group (e) are absent from the monomer mixture used in the preparation of the cationic prepolymer.
  • Monomers of group (f) comprise one or more non-ionic, ethylenically unsaturated monomers which are different from the monomers (b), (c) and (e).
  • monomers are amides, such as, for example, acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methyl acrylamide, N-methyl methacrylamide, N-ethyl acrylamide and N-ethyl methacrylamide; vinyl compounds, such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate or vinylformamide; C13-30 alkyl (meth) acrylates.
  • the alkyl moiety of the ester may for instance contain between 13 and 24 carbon atoms.
  • Suitable compounds include tridecyl acrylate, tridecyl methacrylate, tetradecyl acrylate, tetradecyl methacrylate,pentadecyl acrylate, pentadecyl methacrylate, hexadecyl acrylate, hexadecyl methacrylate, heptadecyl acrylate, heptadecyl methacrylate, octadecyl acrylate, such as n-octadecyl acrylate (stearyl acrylate), octadecyl methacrylate, such as n-octadecyl acrylate (stearyl acrylate), nonadecyl acrylate, nonadecyl methacrylate, cosyl acrylate, cosyl methacrylate, eicosyl acrylate, eicosyl methacrylate, docosyl acryl
  • esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid having been prepared by reacting at least one ethylene oxide unit, for example hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate or diethylene glycol monomethacrylate.
  • suitable monomers of this group include acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile. It is of course also possible to use mixtures of said monomers.
  • the monomers group (f) are used, they are present in an amount of up to 20% by weight, and normally no more than 10%, for instance in an amount of up to 5% by weight, based on the total amount of monomers (a) to (f) in the monomer mixture in the preparation of the cationic prepolymer.
  • these monomers may be included in an amount of from 0.5 to 5% by weight, for instance from 0.7 to 3.5% by weight, in the monomer mixture comprising monomers (a) to (f) in the monomer mixture.
  • monomers of group (f) are absent.
  • the sum of the amounts in % by weight for the monomers (a) to (f) is always 100.
  • Preferred finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersions are those wherein the cationic prepolymer is obtainable by polymerisation of
  • More preferred finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersions are those in which the cationic prepolymer is obtainable by polymerisation of (a) from 20 to 45% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising at least one quaternary ammonium group, selected from the group consisting of a quaternary ammonium salt of dialkyl amino alkyl acrylate, a quaternary ammonium salt of dialkyl amino alkyl methacrylate, a diallyl dimethyl ammonium salt and a quaternary ammonium salt of vinyl imidazole;
  • the monomers (a) to (f) are polymerised by aqueous emulsion polymerisation in the presence of at least one non-ionic emulsifier and at least one
  • reaction mixture is stirred or subjected to a mixing during the whole of the first polymerisation stage.
  • the first polymerisation stage can be carried out by providing an initial mixture containing the at least one monomer of group (a), water and at least one non-ionic emulsifier followed by feeding the monomers of groups (b), (c), optionally (d), optionally (e), and optionally (f) into the initial mixture.
  • the monomers of groups (b), (c), optionally (d), optionally (e), and optionally (f) may be fed into the initial mixture separately or as one or more mixtures of the monomers of groups (b), (c), optionally (d), optionally (e), and optionally (f).
  • the monomers of groups (b), (c), optionally (d), optionally (e), and optionally (f) are combined into a single monomer mixture and fed into the initial mixture, containing the at least one monomer of group (a).
  • the monomers (b), (c), optionally (d), optionally (e), and optionally (f) are preferably introduced into the initial mixture over a period of time.
  • this may be over a period of time ranging from 10 min to 6 hours, for instance from 10 min to 4 hours, typically from 20 min to 2 hours, and often from 30 min to 1 hour.
  • the feeding of the monomers for carrying out the first emulsion polymerization can be effected continuously or batchwise.
  • the feeding of the monomers can be effected as a mixture or separately or in the manner of a step or gradient procedure.
  • the addition can be effected uniformly or nonuniformly, i.e. with a changing feeding rate, over the feeding period. This may for instance include adding the mixture of monomers of groups (b), (c), optionally (d), optionally (e), and optionally (f) in any of these ways to the initial mixture contain- ing at least one monomer of group (a).
  • the non-ionic emulsifier, present in the monomer mixture, is necessary for inducing a dispersing effect necessary for the first polymerisation stage to be an emulsion polymerisation.
  • Customary non-ionic emulsifier is may be employed for this purpose.
  • the amounts used are from 0.1 to 10% by weight, based on the weight of the monomers (a) to (f).
  • the amount of monomers are in the range of from 0.2% to 9% by weight, more preferably 0.5% to 8% by weight, still more preferably 1 % to 7% by weight, based on the weight of monomers (a) to (f).
  • customary ionic, nonionic or amphoteric emulsifiers may be added to the polymerization batch.
  • Customary emulsifiers are only optionally used. The amounts used are from 0 to 3% by weight and are preferably in the range from 0.02 to 2% by weight, based on the sum of the monomers (a), (b) and (c) used.
  • Customary non-ionic emulsifiers are described in detail in the literature, cf. for example M. Ash, I. Ash, Handbook of Industrial Surfactants, third edition, Synapse Information Resources Inc.
  • customary emulsifiers are the reaction products of long-chain monohydric alcohols (Cio- to C22-alkanols) with 4 to 50 mol of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide per mole of alcohol or ethoxylated phenols.
  • Preferred emulsifiers may be the emulsifiers used in accordance with the present invention comprise compounds having the formula in which R is an alkyl group of at least 12 carbon atoms, preferably a linear, saturated alkyl group of 16 to 18 carbon atoms, and x is at least 12, and preferably 18 and 80. More preferred emulsifiers include Lutensol® AT 18, Lutensol® AT 25, Lutensol® AT 50 and Lutensol® AT 80 all which are available from BASF SE.
  • an emulsifier which comprises a polymerisable compound.
  • a polymerisable compound may have the formula in which R' is an alkyl group of at least one carbon atom, preferably between 1 and 22 carbon atoms, and M is a polymerisable moiety containing an ethylenically unsaturated group, preferably selected from acryloyloxy, methacryloyloxy, acrylamido, methacrylamido, and allyl ether.
  • Suitable polymerisable emulsifiers include Plex® 6954-0, which is a methacrylic ester of an ethoxylated C16-C18 fatty alcohol, available from Evonik; and Bisomer® MPEG 350 MA, which is a methoxy polyethylene glycol 350 methacrylate, available from GEO Specialty Chemicals.
  • the non-ionic emulsifier is included in the initial mixture.
  • a portion of the non-ionic emulsifier may be included with the monomer (a), and water to form an initial mixture and the remainder of the non-ionic emulsifier may be included with the mixture of monomers (b) to (f).
  • a further emulsifier into the first emulsion polymerisation stage additional to the aforementioned non-ionic emulsifier.
  • this further emulsifier should be either a non-ionic emulsifier or an anionic emulsifier.
  • the further emulsifier is a non-ionic emulsifier it may be any of the non-ionic emulsifiers referred to in this specification.
  • the further emulsifier is an anionic emulsifier, it may be any of the customary anionic emulsifier is described in detail in the literature, cf. for example M. Ash, I. Ash, Handbook of Industrial Surfactants, third edition, Synapse Information Resources Inc.
  • Suitable anionic emulsifiers glue sodium alkanesulfonates, sodium alkylsulfates, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and sulfosuccinic esters.
  • the further emulsifier may also be included in the initial mixture containing monomer (a). However, it is preferred that the further emulsifier be introduced concomitantly during the introduction of the mixture of monomers (b) to (f). More preferably, the further emulsifier should be included in the mixture of monomers (b) to (f), which mixture is introduced into the initial mixture.
  • the amount of further emulsifier included into the first emulsion polymerisation stage may be from 0.05% to 3% by weight, based on the weight of monomers (a) to (f), preferably from 0.1 % to 1 % by weight. It may also be desirable to include one or more acids into the monomer mixture of the first emulsion polymerisation stage. Preferably the one or more acids should be included in the initial mixture comprising monomer (a), water and non-ionic emulsifier. Preferably the one or more acids are organic acids, especially carboxylic acids. Particularly preferred acids are acetic acid and formic acid. The amounts of acid where included may be for instance up to 40% by weight, based on the weight of the monomers (a) to (f), preferably from 10% to 35% by weight.
  • the first emulsion polymerisation stage requires the presence of at least one polymerisation initiator. Any suitable free radical initiator or initiators may be used for initiating the
  • a redox initiator system should be used to effect polymerisation.
  • Said redox initiators are preferably graft-linking, water-soluble redox systems, for example comprising hydrogen peroxide and a heavy metal salt or comprising hydrogen peroxide and sulfur dioxide or comprising hydrogen peroxide and sodium metabisulfite.
  • Further suitable redox sys- terns are combinations of tert-butyl hydroperoxide/sulfur dioxide, sodium or potassium persul- fate/sodium bisulfite, ammonium persulfate/sodium bisulfite or ammonium persulfate/iron(ll) sulfate.
  • hydrogen peroxide is used in combination with a heavy metal salt, such as iron(ll) sulfate.
  • the redox system additionally comprises a further reducing agent, such ascorbic acid, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, sodium disulfite or sodium dithionite.
  • the redox initiators are used, for example, in an amount of from 0.05 to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the monomers (a) to (f).
  • the at least one polymerisation initiator is a redox initiator system, comprising two polymerisation initiators as a redox couple
  • the reducing agent component of the redox couple would be introduced into the initial mixture and the oxidising agent component of the redox couple would be introduced into the mixture of monomers (b) to (f).
  • the first emulsion polymerisation by raising the temperature of the monomer mixture or at least one component of the monomer mixture.
  • the temperature of the monomer mixture or at least one component of the monomer mixture may be desirable to start the first emulsion polymerisation by raising the temperature of the monomer mixture or at least one component of the monomer mixture.
  • the temperature should be raised to at least 60°C, for instance from 60°C to 100°C, preferably from 70°C to 95°C, more preferably from 75°C to 90°C.
  • the temperature of the initial mixture comprising monomer (a), water and non-ionic emulsifier should be raised.
  • the temperature during the first emulsion polymerisation stage should be maintained at the elevated temperature, for instance at a temperature within any of the aforementioned ranges.
  • the temperature during the first emulsion polymerisation stage may be fluctuated within the aforementioned ranges or preferably maintained at substantially a constant temperature.
  • a post polymerisation step This can, for instance, be achieved by continuing to stir or mix the reaction mixture for a period of time. This may be up to 2 hours, but generally will be from 5 min to 90 min, preferably from 10 min to 60 min, and usually from 20 min to 50 min..
  • a post polymerisation step would be carried out by maintaining an elevated temperature, which would normally correspond to the temperature or range of temperatures employed in the main part of the polymerisation process. Typically, the temperature of the main part of the polymerisation process would be maintained during the post polymerisation step.
  • the pH of the reaction mixture is, for example, in the range from 1 to 6, in general from 2 to 5, in the first emulsion polymerization stage.
  • the cationic prepolymers prepared in the first emulsion polymerisation stage have a relatively low molar mass, for example Mw of from 500 to 100,000, preferably from 2000 to 50,000 (determined by light scattering).
  • Mw molar mass
  • the determination of the molecular weight distribution and of the mass average molecular weight can be carried out by methods known to the person skilled in the art, such as, for example, gel permeation chromatography, light scattering or ultracentrifug- ing.
  • the product of the first emulsion polymerisation is an aqueous cationic prepolymer composition comprising the cationic prepolymer dispersed in an aqueous medium.
  • concentration of the cationic prepolymer prepared in the first emulsion polymerization stage is, for example, from 5 to 60, preferably from 10 to 50, for instance from 10 to 35, or from 10 to 30 % by weight.
  • the aqueous cationic prepolymer composition may then be used in the second stage of the polymerization as an initially taken mixture or emulsifier/protective colloid and possibly as a seed for the second emulsion polymerization.
  • the second emulsion polymerisation stage is desirably conducted by introducing the components of the second emulsion polymerisation into the aqueous cationic prepolymer composition.
  • the monomer mixture comprising (i) from 10 to 70% by weight of at least one of an optionally substituted styrene or (meth) acrylonitrile;
  • the monomers of group (i) are at least one of an optionally substituted styrene, acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile.
  • Optionally substituted styrenes are for example styrene, omethylstyrene, ethylstyrene or vinyltoluene.
  • the preferred monomer of group (i) is styrene.
  • the amount of monomers of this group, for instance styrene should be from 10% to 60% by weight, based on the monomer mixture (i) to (iv).
  • the monomers of group (ii) include (meth)acrylates of Ci- to Cis-alcohols.
  • Monomers (ii) are, for example, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, sec-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, ethylhexyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, cy- clohexyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, tetradecyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, sec- butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, ethylhexyl methacrylate, n- octy
  • n-butyl acrylate and tert-butyl acrylate are preferably used, in each case alone or in any desired mixtures.
  • Monomers of group (iii) are vinyl esters of linear or branched Ci-C3o-carboxylic acids.
  • Such car- boxylic acids are saturated and straight-chain, such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid (hexanoic acid), heptanoic acid, caprylic acid (octanoic acid), pelargonic acid, capric acid (decanoic acid), undecanoic acid, lauric acid (dodecanoic acid), tridecanoic acid, myristic acid (tetradecanoic acid), pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, nonadecanoic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid
  • saturated, branched carboxylic acids such as, for example, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid (3- me-thylbutyric acid) and tubercolostearic acid, and strongly branched saturated carboxylic acid are also suitable.
  • the latter are known by the term versatic acids, such as, for example, pivalic acid, neohexanoic acid, neoheptanoic acid, neooctanoic acid, neononanoic acid and neodeca- noic acid.
  • Suitable vinyl esters of linear or branched Ci-C3o-carboxylic acids are, for example, vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate, vinyl propionate, vinyl versatate, vinyl acetate, vinyl propylheptano- ate, vinyl neodecanoate (VeoVa ® 10 from Hexion Specialty Chemicals), vinyl neononanoate (VeoVa ® 9 from Hexion Specialty Chemicals) and vinyl pelargonate.
  • the monomers of group (iii) should be absent from the monomer mixture of the second emulsion polymerisation.
  • Suitable monomers of group (iv) are acrylamide, methacrylamide, N- methylolacrylamide, N-methylolmethacrylamide, N-Ci- to Ci8-alkylacrylamides, N-Ci- to Cie- alkylmethacrylamides, N-vinylamides, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylimidazole, Ci- to Cis-alkyl vinyl ethers, hydroxyalkyi esters and esters of monoethylenically unsaturated mono- and dicarboxylic acids with C2-C4-polyalkylene glycols.
  • the monomers of group (iv) furthermore include the monoethylenically unsaturated monomers which have already been mentioned under (a) and have at least one amino group protonatable in an aqueous medium and/or a quaternary ammonium group.
  • crosslinking monomers can also be used as monomers (iv).
  • crosslinking agents are butanediol diacrylate, butanediol dimethacrylate, hexanediol diacrylate, hexanediol dimethacrylate, glycol diacrylate, glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacry- late, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, pentaerythrityl triacrylate, pentaerythrityl tetraacrylate, diacrylates and dimethacrylates of alkoxylated dihydric alcohols, divinylurea and/or conjugated diolefins, such as butadiene or isoprene.
  • a reactive functional group for example an oxirane group, a reactive carbonyl group, e.g. an acetoacetyl group, an isocyanate group, an N-hydroxymethyl group, an N-alkoxymethyl group, a trialkylsilyl group, a trialkoxysilyl group or another group reactive toward nucleophiles.
  • the monomers of group (iv) should be absent from the monomer mixture of the second emulsion polymerisation.
  • a monomer mixture comprising
  • reaction mixture it is generally preferred to subject the reaction mixture to stirring or mixing during the second emulsion polymerisation stage.
  • (iii) and where employed (iv) should be introduced into the aqueous cationic prepolymer composition.
  • These monomers may be introduced separately or preferably introduced as a mixture.
  • the monomers may be introduced by feeding a stream of the monomers into the aqueous cationic prepolymer composition over a period of time.
  • the feeding of the monomers for carrying out the second emulsion polymerization can be effected continuously or batchwise.
  • the feeding of the mono- mers can be effected as a mixture or separately or in the manner of a step or gradient procedure.
  • the addition can be effected uniformly or nonuniformly, i.e. with a changing feeding rate, over the feeding period.
  • the monomers may be fed over a period of several hours but usually would be fed for a period of time, for instance in the range of from 30 min to 3 hours, preferably from 45 min to 2 hours, especially from 45 min to 90 min.
  • the second emulsion polymerisation stage requires the presence of at least one polymerisation initiator. Any suitable free radical initiator or initiators may be used for initiating the
  • a redox initiator system should be used to effect polymerisation similar to any of the aforementioned redox initiator systems referred to in regard to the first emulsion polymerisation stage.
  • a free radical initiator is an oxidising agent initiator, for instance, a peroxide, such as hydrogen peroxide, tertiary butyl hydroperoxide, etc.
  • the at least one polymerisation initiator may be introduced at the start of the second emulsion polymerisation stage but it is usually preferred to introduce the initiator by feeding it into the reaction mixture of the second emulsion polymerisation stage over a period of time.
  • the time over which the at least one polymerisation initiator is fed into the reaction mixture may be similar to the length of time of feeding the monomer mixture (i) to (iv).
  • the at least one polymerisation initiator feed is commenced at the same time that the monomer feed
  • the initiator feed may be continued for up to several hours, for instance from 30 min to 4 hours, typically from 45 min to 3 hours, often from 60 min to 2.5 hours.
  • first emulsion polymerisation may be desirable to start the first emulsion polymerisation by maintaining the temperature of first emulsion polymerisation stage throughout the second emulsion polymerisation stage.
  • the temperature should be at least 60°C, for instance from 60°C to 100°C, preferably from 70°C to 95°C, more preferably from 75°C to 90°C.
  • the temperature during the second emulsion polymerisation stage should be maintained at a temperature within any of the aforementioned ranges.
  • the temperature during the second emulsion polymerisation stage may be fluctuated within the aforementioned ranges or preferably maintained at substantially a constant temperature.
  • a postpolymerization is expediently carried out after the end of the actual polymeriza- tion.
  • the post polymerisation typically may be carried out after all of the monomer mixture (i) to (iv) and after all of the polymerisation initiators have been introduced into the second emulsion polymerisation stage.
  • additional polymerisation initiators for this purpose, for example, an initiator from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, peroxides, hydroperoxides and/or azo initiators is added to the polymer dispersion after the end of the main polymerization.
  • Suitable reducing agents such as, for example, ascorbic acid, RongalitTM C (Product of BASF SE) (sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate) or sodium bisulfite
  • suitable reducing agents such as, for example, ascorbic acid, RongalitTM C (Product of BASF SE) (sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate) or sodium bisulfite
  • Oil-soluble, sparingly water-soluble initiators are preferably used, for example customary organic peroxides, such as dibenzoyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cumyl hydroperoxide or biscyclohexyl peroxydicarbonate.
  • the reaction mixture is heated, for example, to a temperature which corresponds to the temperature at which the main polymerization was carried out or which is up to 40 °C, preferably up to 20 °C, lower.
  • the main polymerization is complete when the polymerization initiator has been consumed or the monomer conversion is, for example, at least 98%, prefera- bly at least 99.5%.
  • tert-butyl hydroperoxide is preferably used.
  • the pH of the reaction mixture is, for example, in the range from 1 to 6, in general from 2 to 5, in the second emulsion polymerization stage.
  • the cationic prepolymer provides sufficient dispersing effect during the second emulsion polymerisation.
  • Customary emulsifiers are only optionally used. The amounts used are from 0 to 3% by weight and are preferably in the range from 0.02 to 2% by weight, based on the sum of the monomers (a), (b) and (c) used. Customary emulsifiers are described in detail in the literature, cf. for example M. Ash, I. Ash, Handbook of Industrial Surfactants, third edition, Synapse Information Resources Inc.
  • customary emulsifiers are the reaction products of long-chain monohydric alcohols (Cio- to C22-alkanols) with 4 to 50 mol of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide per mole of alcohol or ethoxylated phenols, or alkoxylated alcohols esterified with sulfuric acid which are generally used in a form neutralized with alkali.
  • emulsifiers are, for example, sodium alkanesulfonates, sodium alkylsulfates, sodium dodecylbenzenesul- fonate, sulfosuccinic esters, quaternary alkylammonium salts, alkylbenzylammonium salts, such as dimethyl-Ci2- to Ci8-alkylbenzylammonium chlorides, primary, secondary and tertiary fatty amine salts, quaternary amidoamine compounds, alkylpyridinium salts, alkylimidazolinium salts and alkyloxazolinium salts.
  • Suitable emulsifiers include for example sodium diethyl hexyl sulphosuccinate. This is available from BASF as Lumiten® l-SC.
  • the first emulsion polymerization and/or the second emulsion polymerization is carried out in the presence of polymerization regulators.
  • Suitable regulators are, for example, mercaptans, such as ethyl mercaptan, n-butyl mercaptan, tert-butyl mercaptan, n-dodecyl mercaptan or tert-dodecyl mercaptan, thioglycolic acid or carbon tetrabromide.
  • suitable regulators are from the class consisting of the terpenes, suitably from the class consisting of the monocyclic terpenes for instance from the group consisting of the menthadienes.
  • terpene-containing polymerisation regulators are understood as meaning those hydrocarbons which are composed of isoprene units
  • Terpenes are divided into monoterpenes (Cio), sesquiterpenes (C15) , diterpenes (C20), sesterterpenes (C25), triterpenes (C30) and tetraterpenes (C40) and polyterpenes (> C40), substantially into acyclic, monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic terpenes.
  • Terpenes are known to a person skilled in the art, for example from Rompp Chemie Lexikon, 9th extended and revised edition, 1989-1992, Georg Thieme Ver- lag Stuttgart. In the narrower sense, terpenes are understood as meaning hydrocarbons having a C10H16 skeleton, and the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation derivatives thereof and the alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and esters derived therefrom.
  • monocyclic monoterpenes are preferably used, particularly preferably diunsaturated monocyclic monoterpenes (so-called p-menthadienes).
  • diunsatu- rated monocyclic monoterpenes are ⁇ -, ⁇ - and ⁇ -terpinene, terpinolene, (+)-(S)-a-phellandrene, (-)-(S)-a-phellandrene and limonene.
  • a-terpinene and terpinolene are preferred and terpinolene is particularly preferred.
  • mixtures of said terpene-containing polymerisation regulators can also be used, but suitably only one terpene-containing polymerisation regulator is used, particularly suitably only terpinolene is used.
  • the polymerisation regulators for instance the terpene containing compounds, are used in the polymerization in an amount of at least 0.01 % by weight, based on the monomers.
  • the amounts depend substantially on the efficiency of the chain-transfer agent or chain-transfer agents used in each case. They are usually in the range from 0.01 to 10% by weight, suitably from 0.05 to 5.0% by weight, and preferably between 0.05 and 1 % by weight, based on the monomers (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) and (f) in regard to the first emulsion polymerisation and based on the monomers (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) in regard to the second emulsion polymerisation.
  • the mean particle size of the dispersed particles is, for example, from 5 to 250 nm, preferably ⁇ 200 nm, particularly preferably from 10 to 150 nm.
  • Mean particle size can be determined by means of a high performance particle sizer (HPPS) from Malvern using an He-Ne laser (633 nm) at a scattering angle of 173°.
  • HPPS high performance particle sizer
  • the mean particle size may alternatively be determined by methods known to the person skilled in the art, such as, for example, laser correlation spectroscopy, ultracentrifuging or CHDF.
  • a further measure of the particle size of the dispersed polymer particles is the LT value.
  • the LT value light transmittance
  • the polymer dispersion to be investigated in each case is measured in 0.1 % strength by weight aqueous formulation in a cell having an edge length of 2.5 cm with light of wavelength 600 nm.
  • the mean particle size can be calculated from the measured values, cf. B. Verner, M. Barta, B.
  • the polymer concentration of the aqueous dispersions obtained in the emulsion polymerization is, for example, from 15 to 45, preferably from 25 to 35, % by weight.
  • the invention also relates to a process for the preparation of a finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersion which is obtainable by emulsion polymerisation of ethylenically unsaturated monomers in an aqueous liquid containing a cationic prepolymer as a dispersant, wherein the cationic prepolymer is prepared in the presence of polymerisation initiators by polymerisation of
  • the finely divided, cationic aqueous polymer dispersions described above are used as sizes for paper, board and cardboard. They can be used for the production of all paper varieties, for example of writing and printing papers and packaging papers and papers for the packaging of liq- uids. They are suitable in particular for the surface sizing of paper products.
  • the dispersions according to the invention can be processed by all methods suitable in surface sizing, but they can also be used for engine sizing.
  • the aqueous polymer dispersions are diluted by adding water, generally to a polymer content of, for example, from 0.05 to 5% by weight. The amount of polymer dispersion depends on the desired degree of sizing of the papers or paper products to be finished.
  • Such preparation solutions may comprise further substances, for example starch, dyes, optical brighteners, biocides, paper strength agents, fixing agents, antifoams, retention aids and/or drainage aids.
  • the size dispersion can be applied to paper, board or cardboard by means of a size press or other application units, such as a film press, speedsize or gate roll.
  • the amount of polymer which is applied to the surface of paper products is, for example, from 0.005 to 1 .0 g/m 2 , preferably from 0.01 to 0.5 g/m 2 .
  • the polymer dispersions according to the invention exhibit an excellent sizing effect on all papers produced with different fiber types from unbleached softwood, unbleached deciduous wood, unbleached hardwood, bleached softwood, bleached deciduous wood, bleached hardwood, deinked fibers or mixtures of different fiber types. Furthermore, the dispersions according to the invention exhibit very good compatibility with the customary starches, for example potato starch, corn starch, wheat starch, tapioca starch. Moreover, the dispersions according to the invention exhibit complete development of sizing immediately after the production and drying of the paper web. The invention also provides polymer dispersions which can be stable when used in sizing compositions at neutral pH and ambient temperatures.
  • the particle sizes were determined by means of a high performance particle sizer (HPPS) from Malvern using a He-Ne laser (633 nm) at a scattering angle of 173°.
  • HPPS high performance particle sizer
  • the feed of 8.8 g of tert-butyl peroctanoate in 18.2 g of isopropanol was started and was metered in in the course of 60 min.
  • the reaction mixture was then subjected to postpolymerization at 105°C for 60 min.
  • 870 g of demineralized water were then added to the homogeneous polymer material at 85°C.
  • 1.5 g of 10% strength by weight iron(ll) sulfate solution and 10 g of 10% strength by weight ascorbic acid solution 20 g of 5% strength by weight hydrogen peroxide solution were added in the course of 30 min at 80°C.
  • Example 1 (Preparation of Dispersion 1 ):
  • the batch was further stirred for 30 min (post polymerisation) and afterwards a next initiator feed of 32.00 g (5% by weight) hy- drogen peroxide solution started and fed over 120 min.
  • a feed of 12.00 g of Styrene, 48.00 g of tert-Butyl acrylate, 0.17 g (58% by weight) of emulsifier LumitenTM l-SC (so- dium-di-ethyl-hexyl-sulfosuccinate), available from BASF SE and 60.00 g demineralised water was also started and fed over 120 min.
  • the batch was further stirred for 30 min (post polymerisation) and afterwards a next initiator feed of 32.00 g (5% by weight) hydrogen peroxide solution started and fed over 120 min.
  • a feed of 12.00 g of Styrene, 48.00 g of tert-Butyl acrylate, 0.17 g (58% by weight) of emulsifier LumitenTM l-SC (so- dium-di-ethyl-hexyl-sulfosuccinate) and 60.00 g demineralised water was also started and fed over 120 min.
  • Example 5 (Preparation of Dispersion 5): In a ground-joint 2 I flask equipped with stirrer and internal temperature measurement, 10.00 g (100 % by weight) of Acetic acid, 26.00 g (50% by weight) of 1 -Vinylimidazole dimethyl sulfate quaternary salt, 1 .00 g (100% by weight) of BisomerTM MPEG 350 MA (Methoxypolyethylene glycol 350 methacrylate), available from GEO Specialty Chemicals, and 125.00 g demineralized water were added to the charge and heated up to 85°C under stirring. Then 0.40 g (10% by weight) Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate solution in water was added.
  • Iron (II) Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate solution in water was added.
  • the batch was further stirred for 30 min (post polymerisation) and afterwards a next initiator feed of 32.00 g (5% by weight) hydrogen peroxide solution started and fed over 120 min.
  • a feed of 12.00 g of Styrene, 48.00 g of tert-Butyl acrylate, 0.17 g (58% by weight) of emulsifier LumitenTM l-SC (sodium-di-ethyl-hexyl-sulfosuccinate) and 60.00 g demineralised water was also started and fed over 120 min.
  • Example 7 (Preparation of Dispersion 7): In a ground-joint 2 I flask equipped with stirrer and internal temperature measurement, 10.00 g (100 % by weight) of Acetic acid, 26.00 g (50% by weight) of 1 -Vinylimidazole dimethyl sulfate quaternary salt, 5.00 g (20% by weight) of LutensolTM AT 25, available from BASF SE, and 120.00 g demineralized water were added to the charge and heated up to 85°C under stirring. Then 0.40 g (10% by weight) Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate solution in water was added.
  • the batch was further stirred for 30 min (post polymerisation) and afterwards a next initiator feed of 32.00 g (5% by weight) hydrogen peroxide solution started and fed over 120 min.
  • a feed of 12.00 g of Styrene, 48.00 g of tert-Butyl acrylate, 0.17 g (58% by weight) of emulsifier LumitenTM l-SC (sodium-di-ethyl-hexyl-sulfosuccinate) and 60.00 g demineralised water was also started and fed over 120 min.
  • Example 10 (Preparation of Dispersion 10): In a ground-joint 2 I flask equipped with stirrer and internal temperature measurement, 5.00 g (100 % by weight) of Formic acid, 26.00 g (50% by weight) of 1 -Vinylimidazole dimethyl sulfate quaternary salt, 5.00 g (20% by weight) of LutensolTM AT 25, available from BASF SE, and 125.00 g demineralized water were added to the charge and heated up to 85°C under stirring. Then 0.40 g (10% by weight) Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate solution in water was added.
  • Formic acid 26.00 g (50% by weight) of 1 -Vinylimidazole dimethyl sulfate quaternary salt
  • 5.00 g (20% by weight) of LutensolTM AT 25, available from BASF SE 125.00 g demineralized water were added to the charge and heated up to 85°C under stirring. Then 0.40
  • the batch was further stirred for 30 min (post polymerisation) and afterwards a next initiator feed of 32.00 g (5% by weight) hydrogen peroxide solution started and fed over 120 min.
  • a feed of 12.00 g of Styrene, 48.00 g of tert-Butyl acrylate, 0.17 g (58% by weight) of emulsifier LumitenTM l-SC (sodium-di- ethyl-hexyl-sulfosuccinate) and 60.00 g demineralised water was also started and fed over 120 min.
  • Example 17 (Preparation of Dispersion 17): In a ground-joint 2 I flask equipped with stirrer and internal temperature measurement, 10.00 g (100 % by weight) of Acetic acid, 22.00 g (50% by weight) of 1 -Vinylimidazole dimethyl sulfate quaternary salt, 5.00 g (20% by weight) of LutensolTM AT 25, available from BASF SE, and 120.00 g demineralized water were added to the charge and heated up to 85°C under stirring. Then 0.40 g (10% by weight) Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate solution in water was added.
  • the batch was further stirred for 30 min (post polymerisation) and afterwards a next initiator feed of 32.00 g (5% by weight) hydrogen peroxide solution started and fed over 120 min.
  • a feed of 12.00 g of Styrene, 48.00 g of tert-Butyl acrylate, 0.17 g (58% by weight) of emulsifier LumitenTM l-SC (sodium-di- ethyl-hexyl-sulfosuccinate) and 60.00 g demineralised water was also started and fed over 120 min.
  • the batch was further stirred for 30 min (post polymerisation) and afterwards a next initiator feed of 32.00 g (5% by weight) hydrogen peroxide solution started and fed over 120 min.
  • a feed of 12.00 g of Styrene, 48.00 g of tert-Butyl acrylate, 0.17 g (58% by weight) of emulsifier LumitenTM l-SC (so- dium-di-ethyl-hexyl-sulfosuccinate) and 60.00 g demineralised water was also started and fed over 120 min.
  • Example 20 (Preparation of Dispersion 20): In a ground-joint 2 I flask equipped with stirrer and internal temperature measurement, 10.00 g (100 % by weight) of Acetic acid, 16.00 g (50% by weight) of 1 -Vinylimidazole dimethyl sulfate quaternary salt, 5.00 g (20% by weight) of emulsifier LutensolTM AT 25, available from BASF SE, and 120.00 g demineralized water were added to the charge and heated up to 85°C under stirring. Then 0.40 g (10% by weight) Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate solution in water was added.
  • the batch was further stirred for 30 min (post polymerisation) and afterwards a next initiator feed of 32.00 g (5% by weight) hydrogen peroxide solution started and fed over 120 min.
  • a feed of 12.00 g of Styrene, 48.00 g of tert-Butyl acrylate, 0.17 g (58% by weight) of emulsifier LumitenTM l-SC (so- dium-di-ethyl-hexyl-sulfosuccinate) and 60.00 g demineralised water was also started and fed over 120 min.
  • the batch was further stirred for 30 min (post polymerisation) and afterwards a next initiator feed of 32.00 g (5% by weight) hy- drogen peroxide solution started and fed over 120 min.
  • a feed of 12.00 g of Styrene, 48.00 g of tert-Butyl acrylate, 0.17 g (58% by weight) of emulsifier LumitenTM l-SC (so- dium-di-ethyl-hexyl-sulfosuccinate) and 60.00 g demineralised water was also started and fed over 120 min.
  • the batch was further stirred for 30 min (post polymerisation) and afterwards a next initiator feed of 32.00 g (5% by weight) hydrogen peroxide solution started and fed over 120 min.
  • a feed of 12.00 g of Styrene, 48.00 g of tert-Butyl acrylate, 0.17 g (58% by weight) of emulsifier LumitenTM l-SC (so- dium-di-ethyl-hexyl-sulfosuccinate) and 60.00 g demineralised water was also started and fed over 120 min.
  • Example 23 (Preparation of Dispersion 23): In a ground-joint 2 I flask equipped with stirrer and internal temperature measurement, 10.00 g (100 % by weight) of Acetic acid, 20.00 g (50% by weight) of 1 -Vinylimidazole dimethyl sulfate quaternary salt, 15.00 g (20% by weight) of emulsifier LutensolTM AT 25, available from BASF SE, and 120.00 g demineralized water were added to the charge and heated up to 85°C under stirring. Then 0.40 g (10% by weight) Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate solution in water was added.
  • the batch was further stirred for 30 min (post polymerisation) and afterwards a next initiator feed of 32.00 g (5% by weight) hydrogen peroxide solution started and fed over 120 min.
  • a feed of 12.00 g of Styrene, 48.00 g of tert-Butyl acrylate, 0.17 g (58% by weight) of emulsifier LumitenTM l-SC (so- dium-di-ethyl-hexyl-sulfosuccinate) and 60.00 g demineralised water was also started and fed over 120 min.
  • the batch was further stirred for 30 min (post polymerisation) and afterwards a next initiator feed of 32.00 g (5% by weight) hydrogen peroxide solution started and fed over 120 min.
  • a feed of 12.00 g of Styrene, 48.00 g of tert-Butyl acrylate, 0.17 g (58% by weight) of emulsifier LumitenTM l-SC (so- dium-di-ethyl-hexyl-sulfosuccinate) and 60.00 g demineralised water was also started and fed over 120 min.
  • Example 25 (Preparation of Dispersion 25): In a ground-joint 2 I flask equipped with stirrer and internal temperature measurement, 10.00 g (100 % by weight) of Acetic acid, 18.75 g (80% by weight) of Dimethylaminoethyl acrylate methyl chloride, 2.00 g (100% by weight) of BisomerTM MPEG 350 MA (Methoxypolyethylene gly- col 350 methacrylate), available from GEO Specialty Chemicals, and 240.00 g demineralized water were added to the charge and heated up to 85°C under stirring. Then 0.40 g (10% by weight) Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate solution in water was added.
  • Iron (II) Iron
  • reaction mixture was cooled down to 50°C.
  • 50° C 3.0 g (10% by weight) of a tertiary butyl hydroperoxide solution was added and stirred for 30 minutes (post polymerization).
  • the pH stability tests were carried out by adding a solution of NaOH (25%wt) until pH 7 was reached.
  • the samples which are stable are beeing stored at 25°C for 1 h.
  • the dispersion is then pH stable, when it is not affected after this treatment - this is where no coagulum can be observed.
  • inventive dispersions and the comparative dispersions were applied by means of a laboratory size press to liner paper (100%
  • the so produced size press liquor comprised 60 g/l of a degraded corn starch, 0.3-0.5 g/l of the dispersions (see Table 1 ) in the presence of poly aluminium chloride (PAC) at a dosage of 2 g PAC solid per litre of starch solution of the final size press liquor containing PAC.
  • PAC poly aluminium chloride
  • the respective sizing effects of the dispersions 1 to 25 obtained as described in Examples 1 to 25 and Comparative example 1 were then determined by surface application of the size press liquor to the unsized test paper.
  • the size press liquor was applied at a temperature of 55°C, a speed of 2 m/min, and a pressure of 1 bar. To this end, the paper was passed twice through the size press, an average weight increase of about 65% being achieved.
  • the surface-sized papers were dried on a drying cylinder at 120°C.
  • the papers were subsequently stored overnight in a conditioned room (23°C, 50% relative humidity) before the degree of sizing was determined.
  • Cobb120 values were determined according to DIN 53 132.
  • the Cobb60 value is defined as the water absorption of the paper sheet in g/m2 after contact with water and a contact time of 60 s (or 120 s in the case of the Cobb120 value). The lower the Cobb60 value
  • Polymer Dispersions 26 to 29 and Comparative Polymer Dispersion 1 were evaluated in exactly the same manner as for Polymer Dispersions 1 to 25, except that the test was effected in the absence of PAC and the doses of the polymer dispersions contained in the sizing press liquor were 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g/l.
  • Polymer Dispersions 30 to 38 and Comparative Dispersions 1 and 2 were evaluated in exactly the same manner as for Polymer Dispersions 1 to 25, except that the size press liquor was ap- plied at a speed of 4 m/min, using only one application cycle, and a drying temperature of 95°C.
  • the doses of the polymer dispersions contained in the sizing press liquor were 0.45, 0.6 and 0.9 g/i.
  • Polymer Dispersions 30 to 38 and Comparative Dispersions 1 and 2 were evaluated in the same manner as given above except with the inclusion of alum at a dosage of 1 g alum solid per litre of starch solution such that the final size press liquors containing alum.
  • the sizing results for Polymer Dispersions 30 to 38 in size press liquors containing alum are shown in table 4.
  • the doses of the polymer dispersions contained in the sizing press liquor were 0.3, 0.45 and 0.6 g/l.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne une dispersion aqueuse, cationique, finement divisée de polymères, pouvant être obtenue par polymérisation en émulsion de monomères éthyléniquement insaturés dans un liquide aqueux contenant un prépolymère cationique en tant que dispersant, le prépolymère cationique étant préparé en présence d'au moins un initiateur de polymérisation par polymérisation de (a) 15 à 45 % en poids d'au moins un monomère éthyléniquement insaturé comprenant au moins un groupe d'ammonium quaternaire ; (b) 5 et 80 % en poids d'au moins un styrène éventuellement substitué ; (c) 0 à 50 % en poids d'au moins un (méth)acrylate d'alkyle en C1-12 ; (d) 0 à 10 % en poids d'au moins un monomère éthyléniquement insaturé comprenant un groupe acide ; (e) 0 à 10 % en poids d'au moins un monomère éthyléniquement insaturé comprenant un groupe amine ; et (f) 0 à 20 % en poids d'au moins un monomère éthyléniquement insaturé non ionique différent de (b), de (c) et de (e), la somme de (a) + (b) + (c) + (d) + (e) + (f) valant 100 % en poids, dans une première polymérisation en émulsion en présence d'au moins un émulsifiant non ionique, puis, dans le liquide aqueux contenant le prépolymère cationique, une deuxième polymérisation en émulsion étant effectuée en présence d'au moins un initiateur de polymérisation, d'un mélange de monomères comprenant (i) 10 à 70 % en poids d'au moins un styrène ou (méth)acrylonitrile éventuellement substitué ; (ii) 30 à 90 % en poids d'au moins un (méth)acrylate d'alkyle en C1-16 ; (iii) 0 à 30 % en poids d'au moins un ester vinylique d'acides carboxyliques linéaires ou ramifiés en C1-30 ; et (iv) 0 à 30 % en poids d'au moins un monomère éthyléniquement insaturé non ionique différent de (i), de (ii) et de (iii), la somme de (i) + (ii) + (iii) + (iv) valant 100 % en poids, et la première polymérisation en émulsion et/ou la deuxième polymérisation en émulsion étant éventuellement réalisée(s) en présence de 0 à 10 % en poids d'au moins un régulateur de polymérisation. Les dispersions polymères selon l'invention sont appropriées pour être utilisées comme agents d'encollage pour le papier et le carton.
PCT/EP2016/079365 2015-12-01 2016-12-01 Dispersions aqueuses, cationiques, finement divisées de polymères, procédé pour leur préparation et utilisation correspondante WO2017093368A1 (fr)

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US15/780,279 US10975525B2 (en) 2015-12-01 2016-12-01 Finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersions, method for the production thereof, and the use thereof
CN201680080300.2A CN108602921B (zh) 2015-12-01 2016-12-01 细碎的阳离子含水聚合物分散体、其制备方法及其用途
ES16805099T ES2840649T3 (es) 2015-12-01 2016-12-01 Dispersiones poliméricas acuosas catiónicas finamente divididas, método para la producción de las mismas, y el uso de las mismas
EP16805099.5A EP3383929B1 (fr) 2015-12-01 2016-12-01 Dispersions aqueuses, cationiques, finement divisées de polymères, procédé pour leur préparation et utilisation correspondante
JP2018528231A JP6805251B2 (ja) 2015-12-01 2016-12-01 微細なカチオン性水性ポリマー分散液、その製造方法、およびその使用
PL16805099T PL3383929T3 (pl) 2015-12-01 2016-12-01 Silnie rozdrobnione kationowe, wodne dyspersje polimerowe, metoda ich wytwarzania i ich zastosowanie
CA3006151A CA3006151C (fr) 2015-12-01 2016-12-01 Dispersions aqueuses, cationiques, finement divisees de polymeres, procede pour leur preparation et utilisation correspondante

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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WO2021055512A1 (fr) * 2019-09-20 2021-03-25 Basf Se Revêtements à adhérence améliorée
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US11242423B2 (en) 2017-03-30 2022-02-08 Kemira Oyj Surface sizing composition, method of production, and use thereof
US11673982B2 (en) 2017-03-30 2023-06-13 Kemira Oyj Surface sizing composition, method of production, and use thereof
US11130879B2 (en) 2017-12-28 2021-09-28 Axalta Coating Systems Ip Co., Llc Dispersants, coating compositions including dispersants, and methods of forming the same
WO2021055512A1 (fr) * 2019-09-20 2021-03-25 Basf Se Revêtements à adhérence améliorée

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JP6805251B2 (ja) 2020-12-23
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US10975525B2 (en) 2021-04-13
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