WO2017080475A1 - 一种聚四氟乙烯纤维膜 - Google Patents

一种聚四氟乙烯纤维膜 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017080475A1
WO2017080475A1 PCT/CN2016/105277 CN2016105277W WO2017080475A1 WO 2017080475 A1 WO2017080475 A1 WO 2017080475A1 CN 2016105277 W CN2016105277 W CN 2016105277W WO 2017080475 A1 WO2017080475 A1 WO 2017080475A1
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cavity
mass
fiber membrane
porous material
polytetrafluoroethylene fiber
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PCT/CN2016/105277
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English (en)
French (fr)
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叶雷
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重庆润泽医药有限公司
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Publication of WO2017080475A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017080475A1/zh

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/36—Pervaporation; Membrane distillation; Liquid permeation
    • B01D61/364—Membrane distillation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/36—Pervaporation; Membrane distillation; Liquid permeation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/30—Polyalkenyl halides
    • B01D71/32—Polyalkenyl halides containing fluorine atoms
    • B01D71/36—Polytetrafluoroethene

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a porous material, in particular a polytetrafluoroethylene fiber membrane, which is particularly suitable for membrane distillation.
  • porous material A solid containing a certain number of pores is called a porous material and is a material that forms a network structure by through or closed pores.
  • porous materials Compared with continuous medium materials, porous materials generally have the advantages of low relative density, high specific strength, high specific surface area, light weight, sound insulation, heat insulation and good permeability.
  • the porous material can be divided into microporous (pore size less than 2 nm) material, mesoporous (pore size 2-50 nm) material and macroporous (pore size greater than 50 nm) material.
  • Porous materials are classified according to their materials and can be classified into metal porous materials and non-metallic porous materials.
  • Non-metallic porous materials generally have the characteristics of large specific surface area, small density, small thermal conductivity, small relative density, and high porosity. They are used in catalysts (including carriers), adsorbents, heat preservation, heat insulation, sewage and waste gas treatment, filtration of liquids, and Gas (even bacteria), lightweight building materials, environmental protection, soil improvement, chemical industry and other fields have broad application prospects.
  • the polytetrafluoroethylene porous membrane material has a wide application range due to its temperature stability, chemical stability, electrical insulation, flame retardancy and self-lubricating properties. However, due to the randomness and irregularity of the pore structure, it still cannot satisfy many application properties.
  • the porous material itself needs to be uniform, its pore size and pore distribution are uniform, so that the performance is uniform, but in fact, many porous materials do not meet this requirement, and their uniformity complements; although some materials claim to be self-proclaimed Achieve higher uniformity, but its uniformity is still uniformity on a large volume scale. If it is measured by a small volume scale, for example, if a plurality of three-dimensional bodies having a volume of not more than one cubic centimeter are taken on the material, respectively, The quality, the degree of uniformity is still very large, thus causing various properties of the polytetrafluoroethylene porous membrane material such as strength, elastic modulus, flux and the like, which seriously affect its function.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a porous polytetrafluoroethylene fiber membrane which is structurally suitable, controllable and highly uniform.
  • the object of the invention is achieved by the following measures:
  • a polytetrafluoroethylene fiber membrane comprising a body of polytetrafluoroethylene material, a polytetrafluoroethylene fiber, a fiber diameter of 30-200 nm, a body having a pore diameter of 10 nm to 1000 nm, and a three-dimensional space formed around the cavity
  • the cavity wall has a uniform distribution of pores, and each cavity is three-dimensionally penetrated.
  • the uniform distribution of the cavity means that each cavity has a uniform distribution under arbitrary unit volume on the porous material; the porosity is over 70%.
  • the light transmittance is 50% or more, the tensile strength is 20 N/mm 2 or more, and the water pressure resistance is 4 kg/cm 2 or more.
  • the above polytetrafluoroethylene fiber membrane has a pore cavity with a pore diameter of 30 to 1000 nm and is surrounded by a three-dimensional space.
  • the cavity wall formed by the cavity is provided with a lower cavity of 10 to 100 nm on the cavity wall, and each cavity of each stage is three-dimensionally penetrated and the holes of each stage are also mutually penetrated; the cavity is uniformly distributed, and the cavity is uniform.
  • the sexual distribution means that the pores are uniformly distributed at any unit volume on the porous material.
  • the above unit-level volume means a cubic centimeter-level or cubic millimeter-level or smaller unit-level volume.
  • the uniform distribution of the above-mentioned cavities means that each of the three-dimensional bodies having a volume of not more than one cubic centimeter and the same size on the porous material is substantially equivalent in mass.
  • the above-mentioned mass is substantially equivalent to a plurality of three-dimensional bodies having a volume of not more than one cubic centimeter and the same size, which are respectively referred to as a mass, and an average value of their masses is obtained, and any three-dimensional mass is relatively
  • the absolute value of the deviation from the mass average is not more than 4% of the average of the three-dimensional body mass.
  • the three-dimensional bodies of the same size having a volume of not more than one cubic millimeter on the multi-stage material are substantially equivalent in mass.
  • the mass is substantially equivalent to a plurality of three-dimensional bodies of the same size having a volume of not more than one cubic millimeter on the porous material, respectively referred to as masses, and an average value of their masses is obtained, and any three-dimensional mass is obtained.
  • the absolute value of the deviation from the mass average is not more than 4% of the average of the three-dimensional body mass.
  • the polytetrafluoroethylene fiber membrane is composed of a multi-stage porous material
  • the body is a cavity which is classified by a material pore size, and a cavity wall which surrounds the cavity in a three-dimensional space, and a lower cavity is arranged on the cavity wall, and each The stages of the cavities are each three-dimensionally penetrated and the cavities of the stages are also connected to each other.
  • the next level of porous material constitutes the wall of the cavity of the upper stage.
  • the cavity wall of the upper cavity is composed of a multi-stage porous material of its lower stage or a composite of porous materials of the lower stage, so that the material can meet specific functional requirements.
  • each stage of the porous material of the material body is self-contained as a continuous structure.
  • the maximum outer boundary of each level of porous material is comparable to the entire material body space boundary. That is, each grade of porous material can exist in the bulk as a first-order independent porous material, and has its own physical and chemical properties. Such a structure can make the physical and chemical properties of the porous materials of different levels different, and have different physical and chemical properties in the entire space of the relatively fixed materials, and better meet various functional requirements.
  • the present invention provides a polytetrafluoroethylene fiber membrane having a porous structure, and the structural form thereof is clarified, and the hierarchical structure of the pore cavity and the uniform structure thereof can satisfy various functional requirements.
  • the present invention provides a specific and clear measurement method for the uniform distribution of the pores of the polytetrafluoroethylene fiber membrane, and clarifies that the pore distribution uniformity of the porous material and its multi-stage structure is measured on the scale of the small unit volume.
  • Such a porous structure is highly uniform, thereby ensuring uniformity of the properties of the porous material.
  • the polytetrafluoroethylene fiber membrane of the present invention is three-dimensionally penetrated, including three-dimensional communication of each stage of the hole, and the holes of each level Three-dimensional through, good penetration, can fully meet the functional needs of materials.
  • the polytetrafluoroethylene fiber membrane of the present invention is a hydrophobic surface having a multistage roughness structure.
  • the surface water contact angle can reach 160° or more.
  • Polytetrafluoroethylene film has diffuse reflection phenomenon, polytetrafluoroethylene porous fiber membrane, such as pore distribution, hierarchical structure, porosity, pore shape and other structural characteristics, processes, etc. and transmittance, mechanical strength, water pressure resistance and other films
  • the PTFE fiber membrane of the invention has bright and bright film, bright and bright luster, no support, stable shape and controllable thickness, and is applied to the membrane distillation process, the flux is >42L/m 2 ⁇ h, the rejection rate
  • the tensile strength can be 32 N/mm 2 or more and the water pressure resistance is 7 kg/cm 2 or more at 99.8% or more.
  • the polytetrafluoroethylene fiber membrane of the present invention may be a film of different shapes and specifications such as a flat plate type, a tubular type, a hollow fiber type or a roll type, without support, and has a stable shape and a controllable thickness.
  • the polytetrafluoroethylene fiber membrane of the invention has a secondary pore structure, wherein the cavity wall of the first-stage cavity uniformly distributed and interpenetrating has a second-stage cavity uniformly distributed and mutually penetrating, and the two-stage hole The two are also connected to each other, and the through-holes are three-dimensionally penetrated.
  • Each level of porous material of the material body is self-contained as a continuous structure.
  • the total effective porosity is 75%
  • the fiber diameter is 150 ⁇ 20 nm
  • the macroporous average pore diameter is 0.45 ⁇ m
  • the LCD5200 photoelectric characteristic tester was used to scan the 380-780 nm band according to the distribution characteristics of the solar light bands published by GBT2680-1994, and calculate the light transmittance of the sample to visible light.
  • the preparation method of the polytetrafluoroethylene porous material is:
  • the precursor film is wound up to 5 layers on a cylindrical support mold, sent to a tube furnace for sintering in a vacuum or a protective atmosphere, and sintering is sequentially sintered by program temperature control, and is heated from room temperature at a rate of 5 ° C/min.
  • Incubate at 160 ° C for 30 min at 180 ° C; heat up to 260 ° C at 5 ° C / min, hold at 260 ° C for 60 min; ramp up to 360 ° C at 2 ° C / min, hold at 360 ° C for 30 min; at 6 ° C /
  • the rate of min is raised to 400 ° C, and kept at 400 ° C for 80 min;
  • the PTFE fiber membrane does not need to be supported, has stable shape and controllable thickness, and can be used for gas-liquid separation and liquid-liquid separation to achieve precise grading filtration, for example, it is suitable for filtering of two-component or multi-component gas (liquid) body,
  • the flux is large, the rejection rate is high, and it is not easy to be polluted (such as the contamination of the multi-liquid immersion membrane), and has the advantages of high efficiency and long-term efficiency.
  • the film water has a contact angle of 168°, a light transmittance of 65%, a tensile strength of 32 N/mm 2 or more, and a water pressure resistance of 5 kg/cm 2 or more.
  • Volatile acid/alcohol separation factor [acid / alcohol mass fraction in distillate ⁇ (1 - raw material acid / alcohol mass fraction)] ⁇ [raw material acid / alcohol mass fraction ⁇ (1- distillate acid / alcohol mass fraction)] can reach 10 the above.
  • the polytetrafluoroethylene fiber membrane of the invention has a three-stage pore structure, wherein the cavity wall of the first-stage cavity uniformly distributed and interpenetrating has a second-stage cavity uniformly distributed and mutually penetrating, and the two-stage hole The two are also connected to each other, and the through-holes are three-dimensionally penetrated.
  • Each level of porous material of the material body is self-contained as a continuous structure.
  • the total effective porosity is 85%
  • the fiber diameter is 180 ⁇ 20 nm
  • the macropore has an average pore diameter of 1000 nm
  • there are average secondary pores of 60 nm in the cavity wall of the macropores and there is an average on the pore walls of the second-stage pores.
  • a third-stage hole having a pore diameter of 10 nm.
  • the preparation method of the polytetrafluoroethylene porous material is:
  • the precursor film is wound up to 5 layers to a 2 mm diameter cylindrical support mold, sent to a tube furnace for sintering in a vacuum or a protective atmosphere, and sintered by program temperature control and continuous sintering at a rate of 5 ° C / min.
  • the rate of °C/min is raised to 400 ° C, and the temperature is kept at 400 ° C for 80 min;
  • the program was temperature-controlled and cooled, and a porous polytetrafluoroethylene hollow film having a three-stage pore structure was obtained according to a conventional technique, and the thickness was 160 ⁇ m, and the hollow fiber membrane was 2 mm in diameter.
  • the PTFE fiber membrane does not need to be supported, has stable shape and controllable thickness, and can be used for gas-liquid separation and liquid-liquid separation to achieve precise grading filtration, for example, it is suitable for filtering of two-component or multi-component gas (liquid) body,
  • the flux is large, the rejection rate is high, and it is not easy to be polluted (such as the contamination of the multi-liquid immersion membrane), and has the advantages of high efficiency and long-term efficiency.
  • the film water had a contact angle of 171°, a light transmittance of 70%, a tensile strength of 29 N/mm 2 , and a water pressure resistance of 7 kg/cm 2 .
  • Acid/alcohol separation factor [acid/alcohol mass fraction in distillate ⁇ (1 - raw material acid / alcohol mass fraction)] ⁇ [raw material acid / alcohol mass fraction ⁇ (1-distillate acid / alcohol mass fraction )] can reach more than 10.

Abstract

一种聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，包括聚四氟乙烯材料本体，聚四氟乙烯呈纤维状，纤维直径为30～200nm，本体具有10nm～1000nm孔径的孔腔以及呈三维空间围绕孔腔形成的腔壁，其孔腔呈均匀性分布，各孔腔均三维贯通，孔腔呈均匀性分布是指各孔腔在多孔材料上任意单位级体积下呈均匀性分布；孔隙率70％以上，透光率为50％以上，拉伸强度20N/mm 2以上,耐水压4kg/cm 2以上。对聚四氟乙烯纤维膜的孔腔分布均匀提出了具体而明确的度量方式，明确了是以小单位级体积的尺度下来度量多孔材料以及其多级结构的孔分布均匀性，这样的多孔结构是高度均匀的，从而保证了多孔材料的各个性能的均匀一致性。

Description

一种聚四氟乙烯超细纤维膜 技术领域
本发明涉及一种多孔材料，具体是一种聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，特别适用于膜蒸馏。
背景技术
含一定数量孔洞的固体叫多孔材料，是一种由贯通或封闭的孔洞构成网络结构的材料。相对连续介质材料而言,多孔材料一般具有相对密度低、比强度高、比表面积高、重量轻、隔音、隔热、渗透性好等优点。按照孔径大小的不同，多孔材料又可以分为微孔(孔径小于2nm)材料、介孔(孔径2-50nm)材料和大孔(孔径大于50nm)材料。
多孔材料按其材质区分，可分为金属多孔材料和非金属多孔材料。非金属多孔材料一般具有比表面积大、密度小、热导率小、相对密度小、孔隙率大等特点，在催化剂(包括载体)、吸附剂、保温、绝热、污水和废气处理、过滤液体和气体(甚至细菌)、轻质建筑材料，环保、改良土壤、化工等领域具有广泛的应用前景。其中，聚四氟乙烯多孔膜材料以其温度稳定性、化学稳定性、电绝缘、阻燃、自润滑等性能，其应用范围极广。然而，由于孔结构的随机性、不规则性，其仍然不能满足很多应用性能。
在很多应用中，都需要其多孔材料本身均匀，其孔径大小、孔的分布均匀，使得性能均匀一致，但实际上，很多多孔材料达不到此要求，其均匀性补足；尽管有的材料自称达到了较高的均匀性，但其均匀性仍是大体积尺度下的均匀性，若用小体积尺度进行衡量，比如在材料上任取多块体积不大于一立方厘米的三维体，分别测其质量，其均匀程度差异仍然非常大，因此造成聚四氟乙烯多孔膜材料的各种性能如强度、弹性模量、通量等的不均匀，严重影响其功能。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于给出结构适宜、可控、高度均匀的多孔聚四氟乙烯纤维膜。
本发明的目的是通过以下措施实现的：
一种聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，包括聚四氟乙烯材料本体，聚四氟乙烯呈纤维状，纤维直径为30～200nm，本体具有10nm～1000nm孔径的孔腔以及呈三维空间围绕孔腔形成的腔壁，其孔腔呈均匀性分布，各孔腔均三维贯通，孔腔呈均匀性分布是指各孔腔在多孔材料上任意单位级体积下呈均匀性分布；孔隙率70％以上，透光率为50％以上，拉伸强度20N/mm2以上,耐水压4kg/cm2以上。
具体的，上述聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，具有30～1000nm孔径的孔腔以及呈三维空间围绕 孔腔形成的腔壁，腔壁上设置10～100nm的下级孔腔，各级孔腔均各自三维贯通且各级孔腔相互间也彼此贯通；孔腔均呈均匀性分布，孔腔呈均匀性分布是指各孔腔在多孔材料上任意单位级体积下呈均匀性分布。
具体地，上述单位级体积是指立方厘米级或立方毫米级或更小单位级体积。
更具体地，上述孔腔呈均匀性分布是指在该多孔材料上任取的体积不大于一立方厘米且相同大小的各三维体，它们的质量基本相当。
更具体地，上述质量基本相当是指在多孔材料上任取的多个体积不大于一立方厘米且相同大小的三维体，分别称其质量，得到它们质量的平均值，而任一三维体质量相对于质量平均值的偏差绝对值不大于三维体质量平均值的4％。
进一步地，在该多级材料上任取的体积不大于一立方毫米的相同大小的三维体，它们质量基本相当。
更具体地，所述质量基本相当是指在多孔材料上任取的多个体积不大于一立方毫米的相同大小的三维体，分别称其质量，得到它们质量的平均值，而任一三维体质量相对于质量平均值的偏差绝对值不大于三维体质量平均值的4％。
优选地，上述聚四氟乙烯纤维膜由多级多孔材料构成，本体是以材料孔径大小进行分级的孔腔，及呈三维空间围绕孔腔的腔壁构成，腔壁上设置下级孔腔，各级孔腔均各自三维贯通且各级孔腔相互间也彼此贯通。更具体地，下一级多孔材料构成上一级孔腔的腔壁。上级孔腔的腔壁是由其下级的多级多孔材料复合构成，或是由其下级的各级多孔材料复合构成，可使得材料满足特定的功能需求。
具体地，材料本体的每级多孔材料自为一连续结构体。每一级多孔材料的最大外边界与整个材料本体空间边界相当。即每级多孔材料可以作为一级独立的多孔材料存在于本体中，且具有其独自的物化性能。这样的结构可以使得各级多孔材料的物化性能有所差异，在相对固定的材料整个空间中具有不同的物化性能，更好的满足多方面的功能需求。
有益效果
1.本发明提供了一种具有多孔结构的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，明确了其结构形式，其孔腔的分级结构形式及其均匀性结构使其能满足多种功能需求。
2.本发明对聚四氟乙烯纤维膜的孔腔分布均匀提出了具体而明确的度量方式，明确了是以小单位级体积的尺度下来度量多孔材料以及其多级结构的孔分布均匀性，这样的多孔结构是高度均匀的，从而保证了多孔材料的各个性能的均匀一致性。
3.本发明聚四氟乙烯纤维膜是三维贯通的，包括每级孔三维连通，以及各级孔相互 三维贯通，贯通性好，能充分满足材料的功能需求。
4.本发明的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜是具有多级粗糙结构的疏水表面。表面水接触角可达到160°以上。
5.聚四氟乙烯膜有漫反射现象，聚四氟乙烯多孔纤维膜，如孔分布、分级结构、孔隙率、孔形等结构特性、工艺等与透光率、机械强度、耐水压等膜性能有关，本发明的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，膜色透亮、光泽明亮亮滑，无需支撑，形态稳定，厚度可控，应用于膜蒸馏过程，通量>42L/m2·h，截留率在99.8％以上，拉伸强度可达到32N/mm2以上,耐水压7kg/cm2以上。
6.本发明的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，可以为平板式、管式、中空纤维式或卷式等不同形状和规格的膜，无需支撑，形态稳定，厚度可控。
具体实施方式
具体实施方式以本发明技术方案为前提，给出了详细的实施方式，但本发明的保护范围不仅限于下述实施方式。在不脱离和改变本发明上述技术思想情况下，根据本领域的普通技术知识和/或惯用手段，显然还可以做出多种形式的替换或变更，并均应包括在本发明的范围之内。
实施例1
本发明的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，具有二级孔结构，其中，均匀分布、相互贯通的第一级孔腔的腔壁上有均匀分布、相互贯通的第二级孔腔，且两级孔相互之间也彼此贯通，所述贯通为三维贯通。材料本体的每级多孔材料自为一连续结构体。总有效孔隙率为75％，纤维直径为150±20nm，大孔平均孔径为0.45μm，在大孔的腔壁上有平均孔径30nm的贯通小孔。
用机械加工方法在该多孔材料上任取9件10mm×10mm×10mm的相同尺寸的三维体，用梅特勒-托利多XP26Microbalance天平测试其质量，结果如表1所示，其中，相对于平均值的偏差绝对值用百分比表示，其值为相对于平均值的偏差绝对值除以质量平均值，由表1可知，其质量偏差不大于4％。
透光率测定：采用LCD5200光电特性测试仪，扫描380-780nm波段按照GBT2680-1994公布的太阳光各波段分布特性，计算样品对可见光的透光率。
表1
件号 质量(mg) 相对于平均值的偏差绝对值(％)
1 602.756 1.7％
2 612.334 0.1％
3 606.983 1.0％
4 619.500 1.0％
5 614.902 0.3％
6 620.593 1.2％
7 615.621 0.4％
8 616.164 0.5％
9 609.214 0.6％
质量平均值 613.119  
该聚四氟乙烯多孔材料的制备方法是：
(1)将固含量60％的聚四氟乙烯乳液，粒径30nm壳聚糖、5％(质量比)聚环氧乙烷溶液、20wt％淀粉乳液，均匀混合，按照45：25：3：3的质量比，配成纺丝液；
(2)在真空条件下，在取向静电纺纤维丝装置中采用静电纺丝方法制取聚四氟乙烯前驱膜，在真空条件下100℃处理30min；
(3)将前驱膜缠绕5层到圆筒支撑模上，送入管式炉中在真空或保护气氛中烧结，烧结采用程序控温分段连续烧结，以5℃/min的速率从室温升温到160℃，在180℃保温30min；以5℃/min的速率升温到260℃，在260℃保温60min；以2℃/min的速率升温到360℃，在360℃保温30min；以6℃/min的速率升温到400℃，在400℃保温80min；
(4)烧结后程序控温冷却，按照常规技术后续处理，抽出圆筒后，剪开，得到平板式具有两级孔结构的多孔聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，厚度为167μm。
该聚四氟乙烯纤维膜无需支撑，形态稳定，厚度可控，可用于气液分离和液液分离，实现精确分级过滤，比如其适用于两元或多元气(液)体的滤过，其通量大，截留率高，不易被污染(如多元液体的浸润膜污染)，具有高效长效的优势。膜水接触角168°，透光率为65％，拉伸强度32N/mm2以上,耐水压5kg/cm2以上。
如，应用于酸/醇-水-非挥发溶质体系的膜蒸馏中，总通量可达到42kg/m2·h以上，体系中非挥发溶质截留率在99.8％以上，挥发酸/醇分离因子＝[馏出液中酸/醇质量分数×(1-原料液酸/醇质量分数)]÷[原料液酸/醇质量分数×(1-馏出液酸/醇质量分数)]可达到10以上。
实施例2
本发明的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，具有三级孔结构，其中，均匀分布、相互贯通的第一级孔腔的腔壁上有均匀分布、相互贯通的第二级孔腔，且两级孔相互之间也彼此贯通，所述贯通为三维贯通。材料本体的每级多孔材料自为一连续结构体。总有效孔隙率为85％，纤维直径为180±20nm，大孔平均孔径为1000nm，在大孔的腔壁上有平均孔径60nm的贯通二级孔，在第二级孔的孔壁上有平均孔径10nm贯通的第三级孔。
用机械加工方法在该多孔材料上任取9件10mm×10mm×10mm的相同尺寸的三维体，用梅特勒-托利多XP26Microbalance天平测试其质量，结果如表1所示，其中，相对于 平均值的偏差绝对值用百分比表示，其值为相对于平均值的偏差绝对值除以质量平均值，由表2可知，其质量偏差不大于4％。
表2
件号 质量(mg) 相对于平均值的偏差绝对值(％)
1 501.723 1.8％
2 508.059 0.5％
3 522.278 2.2％
4 503.882 1.4％
5 526.066 3.0％
6 507.165 0.7％
7 510.991 0.0％
8 516.266 1.1％
9 500.929 1.9％
质量平均值 510.818  
该聚四氟乙烯多孔材料的制备方法是：
(1)将PTFE细粉末、分子量为1000的聚乙二醇混合，搅拌加热至380℃，持续搅拌60min，快速冷却至室温进行破碎，在零下摄氏度进行粉碎得到聚四氟乙烯颗粒；
(2)将粒径为200nm聚四氟乙烯颗粒分散配置为固含量60％乳液，将其与粒径100nm壳聚糖、5％(质量比)聚环氧乙烷溶液、20wt％淀粉乳液，均匀混合，按照45：25：3：3的质量比，配成纺丝液；
(3)在真空条件下，在取向静电纺纤维丝装置中采用静电纺丝方法制取聚四氟乙烯前驱膜，在真空条件下100℃处理30min；
(4)将前驱膜缠绕5层到直径2mm圆筒支撑模上，送入管式炉中在真空或保护气氛中烧结，烧结采用程序控温分段连续烧结，以5℃/min的速率从室温升温到160℃，在180℃保温30min；以5℃/min的速率升温到270℃，在270℃保温60min；以2℃/min的速率升温到360℃，在360℃保温30min；以6℃/min的速率升温到400℃，在400℃保温80min；
(5)烧结后程序控温冷却，按照常规技术后续处理，得到具有三级孔结构的多孔聚四氟乙烯中空膜，厚度为160μm，中空纤维膜直径2mm。
该聚四氟乙烯纤维膜无需支撑，形态稳定，厚度可控，可用于气液分离和液液分离，实现精确分级过滤，比如其适用于两元或多元气(液)体的滤过，其通量大，截留率高，不易被污染(如多元液体的浸润膜污染)，具有高效长效的优势。膜水接触角171°，透光率为70％，拉伸强度29N/mm2,耐水压7kg/cm2。
如，应用于多元(或混合)醇/酸-水-非挥发溶质体系的膜蒸馏中，总通量可达到42kg/m2·h以上，体系中非挥发溶质截留率在99.9％以上，挥发酸/醇分离因子＝[馏出液中酸/醇质量分数×(1-原料液酸/醇质量分数)]÷[原料液酸/醇质量分数×(1-馏出液酸/醇质 量分数)]可达到10以上。

Claims (11)

  1. 一种用于膜蒸馏的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，包括聚四氟乙烯材料本体，聚四氟乙烯呈纤维状，纤维直径为30～200nm，本体具有10nm～1000nm孔径的孔腔以及呈三维空间围绕孔腔形成的腔壁，其孔腔呈均匀性分布，各孔腔均三维贯通，孔腔呈均匀性分布是指各孔腔在多孔材料上任意单位级体积下呈均匀性分布；孔隙率70％以上，透光率为50％以上，拉伸强度20N/mm2以上,耐水压4kg/cm2以上。
  2. 如权利要求1所述用于膜蒸馏的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，具有30～1000nm孔径的孔腔以及呈三维空间围绕孔腔形成的腔壁，腔壁上设置10～100nm的下级孔腔，各级孔腔均各自三维贯通且各级孔腔相互间也彼此贯通；孔腔均呈均匀性分布，孔腔呈均匀性分布是指各孔腔在多孔材料上任意单位级体积下呈均匀性分布。
  3. 如权利要求1或2所述的用于膜蒸馏的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，所述单位级体积是指立方厘米级或立方毫米级或更小单位级体积。
  4. 如权利要求1、2或3所述的用于膜蒸馏的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，所孔腔呈均匀性分布是指在该多孔材料上任取的体积不大于一立方厘米且相同大小的各三维体，它们的质量基本相当。
  5. 如权利要求4所述的用于膜蒸馏的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，所述质量基本相当是指在多孔材料上任取的多个体积不大于一立方厘米且相同大小的三维体，分别称其质量，得到它们质量的平均值，而任一三维体质量相对于质量平均值的偏差绝对值不大于三维体质量平均值的4％。
  6. 如权利要求1-5任一所述的用于膜蒸馏的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，在该多级材料上任取的体积不大于一立方毫米的相同大小的三维体，它们质量基本相当。
  7. 如权利要求6所述的用于膜蒸馏的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，所述质量基本相当是指在多孔材料上任取的多个体积不大于一立方毫米的相同大小的三维体，分别称其质量，得到它们质量的平均值，而任一三维体质量相对于质量平均值的偏差绝对值不大于三维体质量平均值的4％。
  8. 如权利要求1-7任一所述的用于膜蒸馏的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，由多级多孔材料构成，本体是以材料孔径大小进行分级的孔腔，及呈三维空间围绕孔腔的腔壁构成，腔壁上设置下级孔腔，各级孔腔均各自三维贯通且各级孔腔相互间也彼此贯通。
  9. 如权利要求1-8任一所述的用于膜蒸馏的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，下一级多孔材料构成上一级孔腔的腔壁。
  10. 如权利要求1-8任一所述的用于膜蒸馏的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，上级孔腔的腔壁是由其下 级的多级多孔材料复合构成。
  11. 如权利要求1-8任一所述的用于膜蒸馏的聚四氟乙烯纤维膜，上级孔腔的腔壁是由其下级的各级多孔材料复合构成。
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