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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
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  • C07C17/25—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by splitting-off hydrogen halides from halogenated hydrocarbons
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
  • A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
  • A62D1/00—Fire-extinguishing compositions; Use of chemical substances in extinguishing fires
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
  • A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
  • A62D1/00—Fire-extinguishing compositions; Use of chemical substances in extinguishing fires
  • A62D1/0071—Foams
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
  • C07C17/093—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens
  • C07C17/20—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens of halogen atoms by other halogen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C21/00—Acyclic unsaturated compounds containing halogen atoms
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  • C07C21/18—Acyclic unsaturated compounds containing halogen atoms containing carbon-to-carbon double bonds containing fluorine
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  • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
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  • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
  • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
  • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
  • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
  • C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
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  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/10—Components
  • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
  • C09K2205/122—Halogenated hydrocarbons
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  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/10—Components
  • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
  • C09K2205/126—Unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons

Definitions

• This disclosure relates in general to the dehydrohalogenation of
• hydrochlorofluorocarbons in the liquid phase to make hydrochlorofluoroolefins (HCFOs) in the absence of dehydrohalogenation catalysts, including phase transfer catalysts.
• HCFOs Hydrochlorofluoroolefins
• HCFOs can be employed in a wide range of applications, including their use as refrigerants, solvents, foam expansion agents, cleaning agents, aerosol propellants, dielectrics, fire extinguishants and power cycle working fluids.
• HCFO-1233xf is also an intermediate in the production of 2,3,3, 3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) which is a refrigerant with zero ozone depletion potential and low global warming potential.
• phase transfer catalysts have been used to prepare HCFOs. Although they accelerate the reactions, they also pose an environmental problem, as it is necessary to dispose of these spent catalysts. Further, the use of phase transfer catalysts increases the costs of dehydrohalogenation reactions.
• dehydrohalogenation reactions since they are expensive. In addition, their elimination would make waste disposal easier and less expensive. Further, the elimination of phase transfer catalysts would simplify dehydrohalogenation reactions by reducing the need of recycling and recovering them from the process. Finally, since catalysts lower the activation energy of the dehydrohalogenation reactions, there is more of a tendency for the
• the present disclosure provides a dehydrohalogenation process in the absence of dehydrohalogenation catalysts, including phase transfer catalysts.
• an amine or ammonia is additionally present.
• the mole ratio of the amine to RCXYCZQT ranges from about 0.02 to about 3. In another embodiment, the mole ratio of amine to caustic agent ranges from about 0.02 to about 3. In a still further embodiment, the mole ratio of caustic agent to halofluoroalkane ranges from about 0.01 to about 5; and in another embodiment, from about 0.02 to about 4, in another embodiment, from about 0.04 to about 2, and in another embodiment, from about 0.05 to about 1.5. In a still further embodiment, the mole ratio of the amine to RCXYCZQT ranges from about 0.02 to about 3, the mole ratio of amine to caustic agent ranges from about 0.02 to about 3, and the mole ratio of
• halofluoroalkane to caustic agent ranges from about 0.01 to about 5.
• Figure 1 is a graphical representation of temperature and pressure versus time with respect to the dehydrochlorination of 2,3-dichloro- l,l,l-trifluoropropane using 12 wt% NaOH in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst in a 200 ml shaker tube reactor at 28°C, as described in Example 1.
• Figure 2 is a graphical representation of temperature and pressure versus time with respect to the dehydrochlorination of 2,3-dichloro- l,l,l-trifluoropropane using 12 wt% NaOH in a 200 ml shaker tube reactor at 55°C in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst, as described in Example 2.
• Figure 3 is a graphical representation of temperature and pressure versus time with respect to the dehydrochlorination of 2,3-dichloro-l,l,l-trifluoropropane using 12 wt% NaOH in a 200 ml shaker tube reactor at 80°C in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst, as described in Example 3.
• Figure 4 is a graphical representation of temperature and varying speeds of agitation versus time with respect to the dehydrochlorination of 2,3-dichloro-l,l,l-trifluoropropane using 12 wt% NaOH in an autoclave at 55°C in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst, as described in Example 5.
• Figure 5 is a graphical representation of temperature versus time at various speeds of agitation with respect to the dehydrochlorination of 2,3-dichloro-l,l,l-trifluoropropane using 12 wt% NaOH in an autoclave at 80°C in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst, as described in Example 7.
• Figure 6 is a graphical representation of temperature versus time at various speeds of agitation with respect to the dehydrochlorination of 2,3-dichloro-l,l,l-trifluoropropane using 12 wt% NaOH in an autoclave at 60°C in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst, as described in Example 10.
• Figure 7 is a graphical representation of pressure versus time at various speeds of agitation with respect to the dehydrochlorination of 2,3-dichloro-l,l,l-trifluoropropane using 12 wt% NaOH in an autoclave at 60°C in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst, as described in Example 10.
• the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion.
• a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
• "or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
• dehydrochlorination refers to a process during which hydrogen and chlorine on adjacent carbons in a molecule are removed to form the corresponding olefin.
• fluoroolefin and “fluoroalkene” are synonymous and are used interchangeably. They are each defined as a molecule containing hydrogen, carbon, fluorine, and a carbon-carbon double bond and optionally chlorine or other halogen atom. Examples are described throughout the instant specification. One example is HCFO-1233xf.
• halofluoroalkane refers to a saturated alkane containing carbon, hydrogen, fluorine and at least one halogen other than fluorine, such as, I, Br, or CI.
• chlorofluoroalkane refers to a saturated alkane containing carbon, hydrogen, fluorine and chlorine and optionally other halogens.
• alkyl as used herein, either alone or in combination or in compound words such as “perfluorinated alkyl group”, includes cyclic or acyclic and straight-chain or branched alkyl groups, such as, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, z ' -propyl, or the different isomers thereof.
• the alkyl group may contain 1-10 carbon atoms.
• the alkyl group may be a lower alkyl which contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• perfluorinated alkyl group means an alkyl group wherein all hydrogens on carbon atoms have been substituted by fluorines. Examples of a
• perfluorinated alkyl group include -CF 3 and -CF 2 CF 3 .
• Aryl refers to an aromatic ring containing 6, 10, 14, or 18 ring carbon atoms. Examples include phenyl, a- naphthyl, ⁇ -naphthyl, anthracenyl and the like.
• arylalkyl it is meant that the alkyl group, as defined herein, is attached to the main chain at one end and aryl group on the other end. Examples include benzyl, phenethyl, phenpropyl and the like.
• heterocyclic when used alone or in combination, refers to an aromatic, partially aromatic, partially saturated or saturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring system containing 3 to 14 ring atoms, in which 1, 2, or 3 of the ring atoms are independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms.
• the heterocyclic may be a fused ring system containing two or three fused rings; at least one of the rings contains at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur.
• the heteroatom ring atom may be located on the ring which is completely saturated, partially saturated or aromatic.
• the heterocyclic ring may be completely heteroaromatic or it may be partially heteroaromatic, in which one of the rings fused to the heterocyclic ring is aromatic or the heteroatom is on a ring atom on the aromatic ring.
• Heterocyclic includes heteroaromatic.
• the heterocyclic ring may contain one or more double bonds, either between two ring carbons, between two ring nitrogen atoms or between a ring nitrogen atom and a ring carbon atom.
• the designation of the aza, oxa or thio as a prefix before heterocyclyl define that at least a ring nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present, respectively, as a ring atom.
• the ring nitrogen atom of a heterocyclic compound may be a basic nitrogen atom.
• the ring nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocyclic compound may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S -oxide or S,S- dioxide.
• a heteroaryl When a heteroaryl is substituted by a hydroxy group, it also includes its corresponding tautomer.
• heterocyclic includes piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl.
• imidazopyridyl benzoazaindolyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, benzothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, and triazolyl and the like.
• heterocyclicalkyl refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, attached at one end to an heterocyclic ring and attached at the other end to the main chain.
• halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
• aqueous solvent refers to a solvent comprised of water or a mixture of one or more solvents mixed with water.
• water is the sole solvent.
• the aqueous solvent may also comprise water mixed with another solvent which is miscible with water, such as methanol, ethanol 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1, 3-butandiol, 1,2- butanediol, acetonitrile, acetaldehyde, acetone, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, tetrahydrofuran, triethylene glycol, 1,3 -propanediol, glycerol, 1,4 dioxane, and the like.
• a halofluoroalkane is mixed with a caustic agent in an aqueous solution with a mixing power ranging from about 0.1 to about 150 horsepower per 1000 gallon to produce a fluoroolefin.
• mixing refers to the process of stirring the reactants, the halofluoroalkane and caustic agent at a particular mixing power of about 0.1 to about 50 horsepower per 1000 gallons of aqueous solution.
• the stirring i.e., mixing can be effected, in an embodiment, by mechanical means, e.g., a stirrer or in a shaker so that the reactants are substantially thoroughly mixed with one another under conditions sufficient to dehydrohalogenate the halofluoroalkane to produce a fluoroolefin.
• mechanical means e.g., a stirrer or in a shaker so that the reactants are substantially thoroughly mixed with one another under conditions sufficient to dehydrohalogenate the halofluoroalkane to produce a fluoroolefin.
• mixing power and “agitating power” or similar terms are synonymous and are used interchangeably.
• present disclosure is intended to include all single configurational isomers, single stereoisomers, or any combination thereof.
• HCFO-1233zd is meant to represent the E-isomer, Z-isomer, or any combination or mixture of both isomers in any ratio.
• a dehydrohalogenation process in the liquid phase comprising contacting a halofluoroalkane of the formula RCXYCZQT with a caustic agent in an aqueous solvent at a temperature ranging from about 20°C to about 100°C while providing mixing with
• the halofluoroalkane is dehydrohalogenated by the caustic base to form the corresponding fluoroolefin.
• either Y or T, but not both, is chlorine.
• the present process is a dehydrochlorination reaction.
• R is -CF 3 or -CF 2 CF 3 .
• CF 2 CHC1 with CFC1H 2 .
• the process of the present reaction in an embodiment, is carried out in the presence of a caustic agent, which comprises a base that would dissociate when placed in water.
• Examples include an alkali metal oxides, hydroxide, or amide, such as sodium or potassium oxide or sodium or potassium hydroxide or sodium or potassium amide; or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, alkaline earth metal oxide or amide, alkali metal carbonate or alkali metal phosphate or alkali metal carboxylate.
• austic agent excludes amines, including ammonia.
• amine includes ammonia
• alkali metal hydroxide we refer to a compound or mixture of compounds selected from lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide and cesium hydroxide.
• alkali metal amide we refer to a compound or mixture of compounds selected from lithium amide, sodium amide, potassium amide, rubidium amide and cesium amide.
• alkaline earth metal hydroxide we refer to a compound or mixture of compounds selected from beryllium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide and barium hydroxide.
• alkaline earth metal amide we refer to a compound or mixture of compounds selected from beryllium amide, magnesium amide, calcium amide, strontium amide and barium amide.
• Caustic agents include NaOH, KOH, LiOH, CsOH, Ca(OH) 2 , Zn(OH) 2 , Na 2 C0 3 , K 2 C0 3 , K PO 4 , Na 3 P0 4 , KF, or CsF and the like dissolved in an aqueous solution or present in an aqueous suspension.
• the caustic agent in the aqueous phase is present in effective amounts for dehydrohalogenation.
• the molar ratio of caustic agent to the halofluoroalkane of formula RCXYCZQT ranges from about 0.01 to about 5. In an embodiment, the molar ratio ranges from about 0.02-to about 4, and in another embodiment, from about 0.04 to about 2, and in still further embodiment, from about 0.05 to about 1.5 Thus, for example, the molar ratio may be 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04. 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10. 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19.
• an amine or ammonia is additionally present.
• dehydrohalogenation reaction in an embodiment, is conducted in the presence of the caustic agent described hereinabove and an amine of the formula R1R2R3N, wherein Rl, R2, and R3 are as defined hereinabove.
• the alkyl group, heterocyclic group, aryl group, aralkyl group, and the heterocyclicalkyl group of Rl, R2 and R3 can be substituted or unsubstituted.
• Substituted alkyl group, substituted heterocyclic group, substituted aryl group, substituted aralkyl group or substituted heterocyclicalkyl herein means that one or more hydrogens on carbon atoms have been substituted by functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups, halogens, amino groups, and the like.
• the amine as defined herein, can be aliphatic amine, aromatic amine, or heterocyclic amine or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments of this invention, the amine is aliphatic amine.
• the amine when present, can be primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, or mixtures thereof.
• the amine is a primary unsubstituted alkyl amine of the formula RNH 2 wherein R is a C 1 -C 16 unsubstituted alkyl group.
• the amine is primary unsubstituted alkyl amine of the formula R1NH 2 wherein Rl is a C 1 -C3
• the amine when present, is secondary unsubstituted alkyl amine of the formula R1R2NH wherein each Rl and R2 is independently a Ci-C 6 unsubstituted alkyl group. In some embodiments of this invention, the amine is secondary unsubstituted alkyl amine of the formula R1R2NH wherein each R is
• secondary unsubstituted alkyl amines include dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, dibutylamine, di-sec-butylamine, diamylamine, dihexylamine, and mixtures thereof.
• the amine is tertiary unsubstituted alkyl amine of the formula R1R2R3N wherein each Rl, R2 and R3 is independently a Ci-C 6 unsubstituted alkyl group.
• the amine when present, is tertiary unsubstituted alkyl amine of the formula R1R2R3N wherein each Rl, R2 and R3 is independently a C 1 -C 3 unsubstituted alkyl group.
• tertiary unsubstituted alkyl amines include trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine, triamylamine, trihexylamine, N,N-dimethylethylamine, N,N-dimethylpropylamine, N,N- dimethylbutylamine, and mixtures thereof.
• the amine when present, is selected from the group consisting of methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine,
• diethylamine triethylamine, propylamine, isopropylamine, dipropylamine,
• the amine has one or two or three substituted alkyl groups thereon, which may be the same or different wherein one or more hydrogens on carbon atoms have been substituted by hydroxyl groups.
• Examples of such amine include ethanolamine (H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 OH), diethanolamine, triethanolamine,
• one of Rl, R2 and R3 of the amine has a Ci-C 6 substituted alkyl group thereon wherein one or more hydrogens on carbon atoms have been substituted by hydroxyl groups, and the remaining groups are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C C 16 unsubstituted alkyl groups.
• Examples of such amine include ethanolamine (H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 OH), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane ((HOCH 2 ) 3 CNH 2 ), 2-(methylamino)ethanol (CH 3 NHCH 2 CH 2 OH), 2-(ethylamino)ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 NHCH 2 CH 2 OH), 2-(propylamino)ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 NHCH 2 CH 2 OH), 2- (isopropylamino)ethanol ((CH 3 ) 2 CHNHCH 2 CH 2 OH), 2-(butylamino)ethanol
• At least one Rl, R2 and R3 group of the amine is a Ci-C 6 substituted alkyl group wherein one or more hydrogens on carbon atoms have been substituted by amino groups, and the rest of the groups, are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C C 16 unsubstituted alkyl groups.
• Examples of such amines include 3- (dimethylamino propylamine ((CH 3 ) 2 N(CH 2 ) 3 NH 2 ), 3-(diethylamino)propylamine
• the amine when present, is polyamine.
• polyamines include ethylene diamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, 1,3- propylenediamine, 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,3-diaminopentane, 1,5-diaminopentane, 1,6- diaminohexane, 2-methyl-l,5-pentanediamine, spermidine (N-(3-aminopropyl)butane-l,4- diamine), spermine (N,N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)butane- l,4-diamine), diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, and mixtures thereof.
• the amine when present is heterocyclic amine.
• heterocyclic amines include pyrrolidine, pyrroline (including 1- pyrroline, 2-pyrroline and 3-pyrroline), piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, pyridine, bipyridine (including 2,2'- bipyridine, 4,4'-bipyridine, 2,3 '-bipyridine, and 3,4'-bipyridine, etc.), and mixtures thereof.
• the amine when present, is hydrazine (NH 2 NH 2 ), hydrazine derivatives, such as alkyl hydrazines or arylhydrazines or aralkyl hydrazines and the like and mixtures thereof.
• hydrazine derivatives include methylhydrazine (CH 3 NHNH 2 ), 1,1-dimethylhydrazine ((CH 3 ) 2 NNH 2 ), 1,2- dimethylhydrazine (CH 3 NHNHCH 3 ), phenylhydrazine, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, and mixtures thereof.
• the amine when present, is an aromatic amine.
• aromatic amines include aniline, o-toluidine, m-toluidine, /?-toluidine, xylidine, 2,4,6-trimethylaniline, o-anisidine, m-anisidine, /?-anisidine, N-methylaniline, N,N- dimethylaniline, N-ethylaniline, N,N-diethylaniline, and mixtures thereof.
• mixtures of any of the aforementioned amines may also be used in this disclosure.
• the amine when present, is selected from the group consisting of heterocyclic amines, hydrazine and its derivatives, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments of this invention, the amine is a heterocyclic amine, and mixtures thereof.
• one of Rl, R2 and R3 is hydrogen and the other of Rl, R2 and R3 are independently lower alkyls.
• R2 and R3 may be the same or different.
• Rl, R2 and R3 are the same or different and other than hydrogen.
• Rl, and R2 and R3 are independently lower alkyls.
• Rl is phenyl, alkyl, pyridine, alkyl substituted pyridine and R2 and R3 are as defined hereinabove.
• the amine is hydrazine.
• the amine when present, is trialkyl or dialkyl amine and preferred amines are trialkylamine.
• the mole ratio of amine, when present, to halofluoroalkane ranges from about 0.02 to about 3. In one embodiment, the mole ratio ranges from about 0.05 to about 0.5, and in another embodiment, the mole ratio ranges from about 0.05 to about 0.25. [0065] In addition, in an embodiment, the mole ratio of amine, when present, to caustic agent ranges from about 0.05 to about 3, and in another embodiment, from about 0.05 to about 1, and in a still further embodiment, from about 0.05 to about 0.5.
• a phase transfer catalyst is a heterogenous catalyst that facilitates the migration of a reactant from one phase into another phase where the reaction occurs.
• a phase transfer catalyst is a catalyst which facilitates the transfer of an ionic compound into an organic phase from, for example, a water phase. If water is used as a solvent, an aqueous or inorganic phase is present as a consequence of the alkali metal hydroxide and an organic phase is present as a result of the fluorocarbon.
• phase transfer catalyst facilitates the reaction of these dissimilar components. While various phase transfer catalysts may function in different ways, their mechanism of action is not determinative of their utility in the present invention provided that they facilitate the dehydrohalogenation reaction.
• the phase transfer catalyst can be ionic or neutral and is typically selected from the group consisting of crown ethers, onium salts, cryptands and polyalkylene glycols and derivatives thereof (e.g. fluorinated derivatives thereof).
• Crown ethers are cyclic molecules in which ether groups are connected by dimethylene linkages. Crown ethers form a molecular structure that is believed to be capable of receiving or holding the alkali metal ion of the hydroxide. Examples include 18-crown-6 (especially in combination with potassium hydroxide), 15-crown-5 (especially in
• Derivatives of the above crown ethers are considered phase transfer catalysts such as dibenzyl-18-crown-6, dicyclohexanyl-18-crown-6, dibenzyl-24-crown-8 and dibenzyl-12- crown-4, are also excluded.
• Other compounds analogous to the crown ethers which differ by the replacement of one or more of the oxygen atoms by other kinds of donor atoms, particularly N or S are also excluded.
• fluorinated derivatives such as compounds in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are substituted by fluorine, are excluded as well.
• Cryptands are another class of compounds that are excluded.
• cryptands which include bicyclic molecules that result from joining nitrogen bridgeheads with chains of (— OCH2CH2-) groups, for example as in [2.2.2]cryptand (4,7,13, 16,21,24-hexaoxa-l, 10- diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane, available under the brand names Kryptand 222 and
• Onium salts of any kind including quaternary phosphonium salts and quaternary ammonium salts, useful as catalysts, are excluded. Specific examples of such phosphonium salts and quaternary ammonium salts which are excluded include tetramethylammonium chloride, tetramethylammonium bromide, benzyltriethylammonium chloride,
• methyltrioctylammonium chloride available commercially under the brands Aliquat 336 and Adogen 464), tetra-n-butylammonium chloride, tetra-n-butylammonium bromide, tetra- n-butylammonium hydrogen sulphate, tetra-n-butylphosphonium chloride,
• triphenylmethylphosphonium bromide and triphenylmethylphosphonium chloride and benzyltriethylammonium chloride are excluded.
• onium salts which exhibit high temperature stabilities (e.g. up to about 200°C), for example, 4-dialkylaminopyridinium salts, tetraphenylarsonium chloride, bis [tris (dimethylamino) phosphine] iminium chloride and tetrakis [tris (dimethylamino) phosphinimino] phosphonium chloride are also excluded.
• polyalkylene glycol compounds useful as phase transfer catalysts are also excluded.
• polyalkylene glycol compounds represented by the formula R 6 0(R 5 0) m R 7 wherein R 5 is a Ci-1 0 alkylene group, each of R 6 and R 7 are, independently H, CM O alkyl group, an aryl group,( i.e., an aromatic group containing 6, 10 or 14 ring carbon atoms or heteroaryl group containing 5 to 14 ring atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and the remainder ring atoms are carbon atoms, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl or pyridinyl) or an arylalkyl group (e.g.
• Such polyalkylene glycols such as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, pentaethylene glycol, hexaethylene glycol, diisopropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol and tetramethylene glycol, monoalkyl glycol ethers such as monomethyl, monoethyl, monopropyl and monobutyl ethers of such glycols, dialkyl ethers such as tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether and pentaethylene glycol dimethyl ether, phenyl ethers, benzyl ethers of such glycols, and polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol (average molecular weight about 300) and polyethylene glycol (average molecular weight about 400) and the dialkyl (e
• the dehydrohalogenation reaction is conducted in an aqueous solvent.
• the dehydrohalogenation reaction in one embodiment, is conducted in water.
• a co-solvent or diluents may also be present to modify the system viscosity, to act as a preferred phase for reaction by products or to increase thermal mass.
• Useful co-solvents or diluents include those that are not reactive with or negatively impact the equilibrium or kinetics of the process and include alcohols such as methanol and ethanol; diols such as ethylene glycol; ethers such as diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, THF, dioxane,; esters, such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and the like; linear, branched and cyclic alkanes, such as cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane; fluorinated diluents such as hexafluoroisopropanol, perfluorotetrahydrofuran; fluorinated diluents, such as
• the dehydrohalogenation reaction described herein, whether in the presence of an amine or absence of an amine is conducted at a temperature ranging from about 20°C to about 100°C and in another embodiment, from about 30°C to about 90°C.
• the dehydrohalogenation reaction in the present process may be conducted at 20°C, 21°C, 22°C, 23°C, 24°C, 25°C, 26°C, 27°C, 28°C, 29°C, 30°C, 31°C, 32°C, 33°C, 34°C, 35°C, 36°C, 37°C, 38°C, 39°C, 40°C, 41°C, 42°C, 43°C, 44°C, 45°C, 46°C, 47°C, 48°C, 49°C, 50°C, 51°C, 52°C, 53°C, 54°C, 55°C, 56°C, 57°C, 58°C, 59°C, 60°C, 61°C, 62°C, 63°C, 64°C, 65°C, 66°C, 67°C, 68°C, 69°C, 70°C, 71°C, 72°C, 73°C, 74°C, 75°C,
• the reaction may be conducted at a lower temperature. More specifically, the dehydrohalogenation reaction, in the presence of an amine, is conducted at a temperature ranging from about 0°C to about 100°C and in another embodiment, from about 15°C to about 90°C.
• the dehydrohalogenation reaction in the present process may be conducted at 0°C, 1°C, 2°C, 3°C, 4°C, 5°C, 6°C, 7°C, 8°C, 9°C, 10°C, 11°C, 12°C, 13°C, 14°C, 15°C, 16°C, 17°C, 18°C, 19°C, 20°C, 21°C, 22°C, 23°C, 24°C, 25°C, 26°C, 27°C, 28°C, 29°C, 30°C, 31°C, 32°C, 33°C, 34°C, 35°C, 36°C, 37°C, 38°C, 39°C, 40°C, 41°C, 42°C, 43°C, 44°C, 45°C, 46°C, 47°C, 48°C, 49°C, 50°C, 51°C, 52°C, 53°C, 54°C, 55°C, 56°C, 57°C, 58°
• the dehydrohalogenation process, in the presence or absence of an amine can be conducted at superatmo spheric, atmospheric, or subatmospheric pressures.
• the pressure for the dehydrohalogenation reaction is conducted at a pressure ranging from about -10 psig to about 150 psig, and in another embodiment, from about 0 psig to about 100 psig and in still another embodiment from about 5 psig to about 100 psig.
• the pressure may be -10 psig, -9 psig, -8 psig, -7 psig, -6 psig, -5 psig, -4 psig, -3 psig, -2 psig, -1 psig, 0 psig, 1 psig, 2 psig, 3 psig, 4 psig, 5 psig, 6 psig, 7 psig, 8 psig, 9 psig, 10 psig, 11, psig, 12 psig, 13 psig, 14 psig, 15 psig, 16 psig, 17 psig, 18 psig, 19 psig, 20 psig, 21 psig, 22 psig, 23 psig, 24 psig, 25 psig, 26 psig, 27 psig, 28 psig, 29 psig, 30 psig, 31 psig, 32 psig, 33 psig, 34 psig, 35 psig, 36 psig, 30 psig
• the dehydrohalogenation reaction in the presence or absence of an amine, is conducted in a reactor constructed from materials which are resistant to the corrosive effects of halide salts such as chloride and caustic agents, and optionally can be TFE or PFA-lined.
• the reactor may have a reflux column and condenser to keep the less volatile starting material in the reactor while allowing the more volatile product to be discharged as a vapor at the top.
• the reactor is comprised of a tank that can hold a liquid and contains an agitator and an integral heating/cooling system.
• the agitator is a stirrer which agitates i.e., mixes, the liquid in the reactor.
• the reactor additionally comprises a controller in communication with the stirrer wherein the controller is configured to control the rotation of the stirrer.
• the stirrer in an embodiment is powered by an electric motor, which controls the speed at which the agitator rotates to agitate i.e., mix, the liquid.
• the reactor has a centrally mounted driveshaft connected to a drive unit.
• impeller blades are mounted on the driveshaft.
• the blades cover about one half to about two thirds of the diameter of the reactor.
• the reactor may also use baffles, i.e., stationary blades which break up flow caused by the rotating agitator. These may be fixed to the vessel cover or mounted on the interior of the side walls.
• Liquids and solids are usually charged via connections in the top cover of the reactor. Vapors and gases also discharge through connections in the top. Liquids are usually discharged out of the bottom or through a dip tube connected at the top.
• the reactor mixes the reaction mixture which comprises RCXYCZQT and the caustic agent, and an amine, when present, by imparting to the agitator the power to mix the liquid in the tank.
• the power input is calculated based on the combination of several parameters, including the geometry of the vessel, design of baffles, if any, design of the impeller, and speed at which the impeller rotates. This calculation is performed by one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the caustic agent, RCXYCZQT, and amine or ammonia are mixed together, generating small bubbles and high interphase surface area.
• Autoclave reactors are examples of reactors that could achieve the above-identified horsepower per gallon of liquid.
• about 0.1 to about 50 horsepower/ 1000 gallon of liquid is imparted to the agitator, making the agitator agitate the reaction mixture, while in another embodiment, about 0.5 to about 40 horsepower/ 1000 gallon of liquid is imparted to the agitator, making the agitator agitate the reaction mixture, and another embodiment, about 1 to about 35 horsepower/ 1000 gallon of liquid is imparted to the agitator, causing the agitator to mix the reaction mixture.
• the examples hereinbelow use mixing provided by a mechanical agitator, however the mixing power input can be provided by other methods. These methods are known in the industry and include using the mixing provided by gas bubbles from gas added to the vessel or generated within the vessel by vaporization of liquid. Mixing can also be provided by withdrawing the liquid from the vessel to a pump and pumping the liquid back into the vessel. A static mixer, rotor stator heads, or other device intended to mix the contents can be present in the circulation path of the liquid to provide additional mixing power input. Mixing can be provided by a single method or by a combination of two or more methods.
• the dehydrohalogenation process in the presence or absence of an amine, may be conducted in the presence of an inert gas such as He, Ar, or N 2 .
• an inert gas such as He, Ar, or N 2 .
• the inert gas is co-fed into the reactor with the starting material.
• the dehydrohalogenation process, described herein, in the presence or absence of an amine is conducted in the liquid phase an aqueous solvent using well-known chemical engineering practice, such as a continuous process, batch process, semi-continuous process or a combination thereof.
• reaction time up to about 4 hours is sufficient.
• the reaction time ranges from about 1 to about 120 minutes, while in another embodiment, the reaction time ranges from about 3 to about 60 minutes and in another embodiment, from about 5 to about 30 minutes.
• 1233xf is 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene
• 1233zd is trans-l-chloro-3,3,3- trifluoropropene
• 1243zf is 3,3,3-trifluoropropene
• 243fa is 3,3-dichloro-l,l,l- trifluoropropane
• 243db is 2,3-dichloro-l,l,l-trifluoropropane
• 233ab is 1,2,2-trichloro- 3 ,3 ,3-trifluoropropane.
• a 250 ml three-neck flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermocouple, and a line connected to a bubbler. Then 30g of 243db was added into the flask and heated to 30°C. Then 7.2g of 30wt% NaOH which was preheated to 30°C was added into 243db. It was mixed at 30°C for one hour at 515 rpm, the mixing in this glass flask was observed to be swirling of two liquid phase. The organic in the reaction pot was analyzed by GC-MS (in Table 4) which shows 2.78% conversion of 243db to 1233xf. TABLE 4
• a 250 ml three-neck flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermocouple, and a line connected to a bubbler. Then 30g of 243db and lOg triethylamine were added into the flask and heated to 30°C. Then 7.2g of 30wt% NaOH which was preheated to 30°C was added into the mixture of 243db and triethylamine. It was mixed for one hour. The organic compounds in the reaction pot were analyzed by GC/MS which shows 27% conversion of
• a 250 ml three-neck flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermocouple, and a line connected to a bubbler. Then 30g of 243db was added into the flask and heated to 30°C. Then 7.2g of 30wt% NaOH which was preheated to 30°C was added into 243db. The contents of the flask were mixed at 30°C for one hour at 515 rpm. The organic compounds in the reaction pot were analyzed by GC/MS which shows 2.78% conversion of 243db to
• a 250 ml three-neck flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermocouple, and a line connected to a bubbler. Then 30g of 243db and lOg toluene were added into the flask and heated to 30°C. Then 7.2g of 30wt% NaOH which was preheated to 30°C was added into mixture of 243db and toluene. The contents of the flask were mixed at 30°C for one hour at 515 rpm. The organic compounds in the reaction pot were analyzed by GC/MS which shows 0.87% conversion of 243db to 1233xf.

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