WO2017000918A1 - 间歇压力流排水系统 - Google Patents

间歇压力流排水系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017000918A1
WO2017000918A1 PCT/CN2016/088240 CN2016088240W WO2017000918A1 WO 2017000918 A1 WO2017000918 A1 WO 2017000918A1 CN 2016088240 W CN2016088240 W CN 2016088240W WO 2017000918 A1 WO2017000918 A1 WO 2017000918A1
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pressure
drainage
flow
intermittent
water
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PCT/CN2016/088240
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French (fr)
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涂程光
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厦门市宜景环境工程有限公司
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Publication of WO2017000918A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017000918A1/zh

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
    • E03F1/00—Methods, systems, or installations for draining-off sewage or storm water

Definitions

  • the present invention is an innovative invention of a fluid transfer system for the water supply and drainage industry.
  • the invention proposes a new "intermittent pressure flow drainage system" solution from the technical point of pressure flow and the characteristics of the drainage system.
  • the used sewage wastewater is often gravitational potential energy.
  • the sewage water is discharged sporadically and dispersedly through the gravity flow pipeline, so that each drainage is limited due to the gravitational potential energy, the water flow velocity is small, and the drainage process often has the problem of siltation and blockage.
  • This type of pressureless gravity flow drainage method does not well organize the wastewater and uses its gravitational potential energy.
  • the intermittent pressure flow drainage system uses this principle to collect the gravitational potential energy of the water flow through a closed pipe system. When the energy is sufficient, the lower valve is opened to form an intermittent, periodic, Short-term continuous and often the pressure flow of the head. Thereby, the flow rate of the water is greatly increased, and the low-carbon energy-saving effect of reducing the pipe diameter, improving the self-cleaning ability of the pipeline, and reducing the maintenance amount of the pipeline are achieved.
  • the basic composition of an intermittent pressure flow drainage system The basic composition of an intermittent pressure flow drainage system.
  • the core components of the intermittent pressure flow drainage system are pressure pipelines, automatic exhaust valves and valves that can be automatically opened at a certain pressure or water level (also required to automatically close after completion of drainage, hereinafter referred to as constant pressure drain valve).
  • Intermittent pressure flow drainage systems require a number of different ancillary facilities depending on the environment in which they are used. In sewage drainage systems, containers are generally added. In rainwater systems, it is generally necessary to increase the amount of rainwater buckets and the like.
  • the intermittent pressure flow drainage system divides the drainage process into two phases, one is the water collection phase. At this stage, only the sewage is collected, so that the water level is continuously increased and the energy is stored. The entire collection stage is not drained externally, but it needs to be vented externally.
  • the second is pressure Force drainage stage.
  • the system enters the pressure drainage stage after the water level rises to the set pressure or water level. At this time, the valve is automatically opened, and the water flow is mostly quickly discharged in the form of a variable head pressure flow. When the amount of water in the pipeline is insufficient to support the pressure flow, the inertia of the water flow is continued, and the rapid discharge is continued in the form of non-full flow.
  • This stage is not only a process of simple drainage, but also a process of continuously inhaling through the water inlet.
  • the rainwater of the building roof is collected through the roof and then enters the pressure pipeline through the large flow rainwater bucket.
  • the lower outdoor valve well is in the middle.
  • the constant pressure drain valve is closed. Therefore, the water level in the rainwater pipe continuously rises, and the rainwater bucket and the automatic exhaust valve having the lower pressure and the exhaust function continuously discharge the air in the pipeline until the valve is set to the opening pressure or the liquid level, and the valve is opened.
  • a pressure flow is formed.
  • the incoming water reaches and stabilizes at the design flow
  • a continuous pressure flow can be formed.
  • the valve is automatically closed (the closing timing is adjustable), and then the system enters the next cycle working cycle.
  • the design flow of the system refers to the maximum flow that the system can achieve during the drainage phase.
  • the mode of short intermittent pressure drainage will be converted into a mode of continuous pressure drainage for a longer period of time.
  • the flow of this continuous pressure drainage for a long period of time is also the maximum drainage capacity of the system, which is the design flow of the system.
  • the constant pressure drain valve in the system is opened and closed once every operating cycle. If the operating cycle is too large, there will be more sediment in the pipeline and it will be fouled. The operating cycle is too small, the valve opens and closes frequently, directly affecting the life of the valve. A suitable work cycle can bring stable and safe operation. When the intermittent pressure flow drainage system is used in the rainwater system, since the continuous working time is generally not long, the operation cycle has little influence on it. This parameter is especially important when used in sewage systems that require continuous operation throughout the year.
  • the working head of the system is the head of the fixed pressure drain valve that opens the valve.
  • the power source of the system work is the potential energy of the fluid itself. Under the condition that the head of the constant pressure drain valve is small, the valve may not open normally. Even if it can be turned on, the water flow speed may be low. Therefore, sufficient working water head is a prerequisite for the normal operation of the system.
  • the capacity of the system refers to the total volume upstream of the intermittent pressure flow drainage system valve. It is a parameter that is closely related to the average duty cycle of the system.
  • the single duty cycle of the system consists of two parts: the catchment time and the drain time, both of which are closely related to the pipe capacity. In the case of the same pipe diameter and working head: capacity of the system and water collection The relationship between drainage and drainage time is positive. To achieve system cycle adjustments, you need to change the system's capacity.
  • the pressure flow system allows the pipeline to be flat or even sloped.
  • the ratio of the pipeline capacity of the horizontal section or the partial slope section to the total capacity of the upstream section should be controlled.
  • the purpose is to ensure the sedimentation of the horizontal discharge section or the partial slope section. Impurities.
  • the smaller the ratio of the capacity of the horizontal section or the partial upslope section to the capacity of the system the less likely it is to block and the safer the system. It is recommended here that the capacity of at least the horizontal section or the local small slope downslope cannot exceed 40% of the total capacity.
  • the pressure setting accuracy of the constant pressure drain valve should meet the requirements. In the case that the pressure or liquid level setting does not meet the accuracy requirements, it often causes problems of early discharge or delayed discharge. Once the lag emissions exceed the limit, it may bring serious economic losses.
  • the constant pressure drain valve should meet the requirements of regulation. Adjustment is not only the adjustment of the pressure setpoint, but also the timing of closing the valve. The adjustment of the pressure setpoint is well understood to meet certain working heads or average duty cycle requirements.
  • the purpose of shutting down the valve timing is to ensure that the hydration water flow does not affect the periodic continuous operation of the valve. If the flow of the hydration water is large, if the valve cannot be closed in time, the exhaust time will be insufficient, which may result in exhaust. Incomplete, the water flow may also maintain a large flow of gas carrying gravity flow. When the system flow is further increased and the gas in the system cannot be eliminated, the system may not be converted into a pressure flow, thereby failing to achieve design flow and possibly causing a drainage safety accident.
  • the constant pressure drain valve should meet the requirements of energy saving and environmental protection.
  • the significance of this innovative system lies in energy conservation and environmental protection. If the overall cost of the system is higher than the combined cost of traditional gravity flow, the meaning of its existence is lost. Therefore, a constant pressure drain valve as a core device needs to have a lower construction cost and a lower cost of use.
  • the system's exhaust and suction processes are somewhat different: the exhaust process in the catchment phase can be vented through an exhaust valve or top opening at any location, and the suction process can only be performed by the top inlet or dedicated pass of the system.
  • the trachea inhales.
  • Most of the automatic exhaust valves on the market can only be said to be “breathing valves” because they are not only positively pressurized inside the pipe. Exhaust will also inhale when the tube is under negative pressure.
  • the automatic exhaust valve required by this system should be only exhausted and not inhaled. Automatic venting valves with "breathing valve” characteristics do not meet the requirements of this system. The characteristics of the top inhalation are also the reason why the system often needs to connect or set the vent pipe at the top.
  • the rapid elimination of gas in the pipeline is also the key to the short-term intermittent pressure flow to a continuous flow of pressure for a longer period of time.
  • the performance of the automatic exhaust valve for large flow and rapid exhaust is particularly important.
  • pressure pipes should be used in intermittent pressure flow drainage systems to meet their anti-scouring performance requirements.
  • the short-term maximum flow rate of the intermittent pressure flow drainage system tends to reach 7-8 meters or more, so the anti-scour performance of the pipe can not be ignored.
  • the use of intermittent flow pressure drainage systems in rainwater systems is somewhat similar to the siphon rainwater system from Europe.
  • the common feature is that the flow rate is large, and the service area of a single rainwater bucket greatly exceeds the gravity water bucket.
  • the pipe network can be designed by using multiple buckets in series and single pipe discharge.
  • the difference from the siphon rainwater system is that the intermittent pressure flow system does not require complicated installation measures.
  • the process of siphoning due to siphon rain is continuous switching between multiple fluid states (foam flow, water plug flow, pressure flow), in which the foam flow and the water plug flow are all gas-carrying processes, which are prone to pipe vibration and often require
  • the installation of a resilient bracket with high vibration resistance makes the installation of the pipeline very high.
  • the intermittent pressure flow rainwater system has only one flow state of the pressure flow when it is drained, and the exhaust process does not discharge externally, or there is a case of carrying air and drainage only in a short time, generally no vibration is generated, and the technology according to the ordinary pressure flow pipeline Construction is required.
  • the intermittent pressure flow drainage system can greatly reduce the number of sewage risers and bottom discharge pipes of the lower layers, thereby saving a large amount of pipes, reducing the construction cost and improving the use effect.
  • a delivery system that can be used for water, other liquid or gaseous media.
  • intermittent pressure flow drainage system Although this system is called intermittent pressure flow drainage system, it is also suitable for other liquid or gaseous media with less impurities and better conditions. Such as water, petroleum, liquid chemical raw materials, liquefied gas, steam, etc.
  • the system can also be modified and varied in many ways. All drainage systems characterized by intermittent flow and pressure flow based on the working principle of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention.
  • the system operates in parallel.
  • Two or more drainage systems can be used to connect two or more systems in parallel through the lower connection pipe, or can be operated alternately by connecting (overflow) pipes at the upper part.
  • the same discharge pressure water pipe can also be used one by one, and two fixed pressure drain valves are set in parallel (the pressure setting value of the standby constant pressure drain valve is slightly higher), thereby further enhancing the system safety.
  • a cutting blade (hereinafter referred to as a pipe cutter) capable of cutting can be provided on the pipe wall (including the gravity flow drainage system) for pulverizing large impurities.
  • This practice can also be used before sewage can enter the system.
  • simple filter filtration can be performed.
  • the need for larger system piping capacity and average duty cycle can be achieved by increasing the diameter of the pipe or adding a small energy storage container. Where the addition of the container is used, the position of the container should be set at the water inlet to increase the total potential energy of the system water flow and to facilitate the removal of gas entrained in the water flow.
  • Intermittent pressure flow drainage systems have the following beneficial effects compared to conventional gravity flow drainage systems.
  • the intermittent pressure flow drainage system greatly reduces the amount of pipe used, which greatly reduces the construction cost. Due to the large flow rate of the pressure flow, the diameter of the pressure pipe is smaller and less than that of the gravity flow drainage pipe, which is more energy-saving and low-carbon.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the system of the second embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the third embodiment of the present invention.
  • pressure pipe 1 constant pressure drain valve 2, elbow 3, inspection port 4, automatic exhaust valve 5, valve well 6, energy dissipating device 7, connecting pipe 8, rainwater bucket 9, container 10, pipe cutter 11.
  • the vent pipe 12 the reservoir 13, the water turbine 14, and the flow passage 15.
  • this example is the application of an intermittent pressure flow drainage system in a building rainwater system.
  • the design and calculation process is as follows: firstly, the flow rate of the system is determined according to the roof area and the rainfall intensity, and the rainwater bucket and the pipe diameter are selected according to the flow rate, wherein the rainwater bucket must be a large flow, gas-water separation type. Then lay out the system according to the characteristics of the building. After the system layout is completed, check whether the system design flow meets the requirements, check whether the maximum flow rate in the drainage stage is within the flow rate that the pipe can withstand, and then select the appropriate energy dissipation measures according to the flow rate. Systems that have horizontal slopes or slopes also need to review the proportion of capacity in the horizontal section.
  • the design flow rate of this system is twice the average flow rate in the drainage stage (see the analysis process below). If the water is replenished in time (drainage reaches the design flow rate) during the drainage period, the intermittent drainage mode can be converted into a continuous pressure drainage mode for a long period of time. At this time, the working water head is allowed to shift upward and rise to the roof rainwater bucket.
  • FIG. 1 The system diagram of this example is shown in Figure 1.
  • the basic components used in the rainwater system are: pressure pipe 1, constant pressure drain valve 2, elbow 3, inspection port 4, automatic exhaust valve 5, valve well 6, energy dissipating facility 7, connecting pipe 8, large flow Rain bucket 9. It is characterized in that two separate systems are connected by a horizontal (overflow) connecting pipe 8 to form a mutually alternate whole. The following focuses on the calculation and review process.
  • the drainage phase is a non-constant flow of the variable head
  • a simplified calculation process is provided here. Firstly, the system is simplified into the long tube outflow of the variable head, and the influence of the inertia head and the water supply on the system is not considered first, so that the long tube outflow of the non-constant flow can be converted into a constant flow long tube outflow, which is convenient for analysis.
  • the emptying time of the long head outflow of the variable head is twice the time that the constant flow discharges a considerable volume of water. If the effect of the inertia head is added (equivalent to the addition of a certain head to the system), the long tube outflow time must be less than 2 times the constant flow outflow time. That is to say, the average flow rate when the system is drained is not less than Q/2, and the average flow rate is not less than Q/2 ⁇ .
  • This flow is the maximum flow of the system, and is also the design flow of a single system to meet the requirements of rainwater discharge, and the corresponding flow rate is 7.22 m / s.
  • the average flow rate is 28.3 liters / sec.
  • the average flow rate is 3.61 m / s, which meets the flow rate requirement of less than 10 m / s for metal pipes.
  • the horizontal section has a length of 5 meters and a total length of 35 meters.
  • the capacity ratio is 14.3% and less than 40%, which meets the requirements.
  • this example is the application of intermittent pressure flow drainage system in the construction sewage system.
  • the design flow rate of the system should be no less than twice the daily maximum hourly drainage flow rate (two times the maximum hourly drainage flow rate is close to the design second flow rate of the building).
  • the diameter of the pipe as a domestic sewage pipe is generally not recommended to be less than DN100.
  • the diameter of the pipe cannot be less than DN75.
  • the system is provided with a container 10 which is required to be of a closed low pressure type and to be provided with a dedicated vent pipe (a vent pipe with a sufficient ventilation capacity can also be connected nearby).
  • the average flow rate is 25.0 liters/second, the maximum flow rate is 6.36 m/s, and the average flow rate is 3.18 m/s, thus meeting the flow rate requirements of the metal pipe. In view of the large average flow rate, it may be considered to add a small hydro-generator as an energy-saving measure in the inspection well.
  • this example is the application of intermittent pressure flow drainage system in hydraulic engineering.
  • the inflow flow during the dry season is less than the minimum flow requirement of the generator. In this case, it is necessary to generate electricity when the daytime load is low, and to start generating electricity when the night load is high. To achieve this functional requirement, it is a conventional choice to manage the incoming water by means of automatic liquid level control, but this can also be achieved with an intermittent pressure flow drainage system.
  • the solid water level of the reservoir is the highest water level in the case of undrained power generation
  • the dashed water level is the stop water generation level.
  • the minimum water level difference that can be utilized in this example is 2 meters, and the power generation time is 6 hours.
  • the effect is that there is no need to manage the influent water all year round (just need to adjust the water level once a year).

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Abstract

间歇压力流排水系统包括压力管道（1）、定压泄水阀（2）和自动排气阀（5），在不同的使用环境下，间歇压力流排水系统需要增设不同的辅助设施。间歇压力流排水系统先收集废水，使水位不断升高并蓄能；整个收集阶段不对外排水，但需要对外排气；水位升高到设定的压力后定压泄水阀（2）自动开启，系统进入压力排水阶段，水流以压力流的形式快速排出。本系统无需另外增设动力装置，仅利用水流本身的重力势能就可实现压力排水，水流速度大而实现了管道不淤不堵的自净功能。

Description

间歇压力流排水系统 技术领域
本发明为给排水行业流体传输系统的创新发明。
背景技术
目前，常规的排水系统一般为间歇的无压重力流系统。不采用压力流的原因往往是因为排水的无规律性，排水的过程中时常出现断流的情况，因而无法实现连续或短时连续的压力流排水。按无压重力流系统设计的排水管一般按非满流设计，加上某些污废水的杂质较多，较大，往往重力流排水管道和压力流对比，管径大了许多，数量也多了许多。在建筑排水系统中此现象尤为明显。一栋建筑的底层排出水管道往往多达几十甚至上百条，管径而且均在DN100以上，排水管线的建设成本远远大于给水管线的建设成本。
发明内容
本发明从压力流的技术角度出发，结合排水系统的特点，提出了全新的“间歇压力流排水系统”的解决方案。
间歇压力流排水系统的工作原理。
对排放点的高程来说，经使用过的污废水往往都是具有重力势能的。污废水通过重力流管道零星地、分散地排出，使得每次的排水由于重力势能有限，水流速度小，排水过程往往存在淤积阻塞的问题。这种无压重力流的排水方式没有很好的组织污废水并运用其重力势能。“人多力量大”，从根本上来说，间歇压力流排水系统就是利用这个原理，先通过封闭的管道系统收集水流的重力势能，在能量足够时开启下部阀门，形成间歇的、周期性的、短时连续并且往往是变水头的压力流。从而大大提高水的流速，达到缩小管径、提高管道的自洁能力、减少管道维护量的低碳节能效果。
间歇压力流排水系统的基本组成。
间歇压力流排水系统的核心组成要件为压力管道、自动排气阀和能在一定压力或水位下自动开启的阀门(还要求完成排水后能自动关闭，下称定压泄水阀)。因使用环境的不同，间歇压力流排水系统需要些不同的辅助设施。在污水排水系统中，一般会增加容器。在雨水系统中，一般需要增加大流量雨水斗等等。
间歇压力流排水系统的工作过程。
间歇压力流排水系统将排水的过程分成了两个阶段，一是水量收集阶段。此阶段仅收集污废水，使水位不断升高并蓄能。整个收集阶段不对外排水，但需要对外排气。二是压 力排水阶段。水位升高到设定的压力或水位后系统进入压力排水阶段。此时阀门自动开启，水流大多先以变水头压力流的形式快速排出，在管道中的水量不足以支持压力流时，依靠水流的惯性，以非满流的形式继续快速排出。此阶段不仅仅是单纯的排水的过程，还是一个通过进水口不断吸气的过程。
以比较典型的间歇压力流排水系统在建筑雨水系统中的运用为例来说明该系统的工作过程：建筑屋面的雨水经屋面收集后通过大流量雨水斗进入压力管道中，此时下部室外阀门井中的定压泄水阀处于关闭状态。因此，雨水管内的水位不断上升，同时雨水斗和具有较低压力即能排气功能的自动排气阀不断排出管道内的空气，直至达到阀门设定的开启压力或液位时，阀门开启，形成压力流。在来水量达到并稳定在设计流量的情况下，可形成连续的压力流。在来水量未达到设计流量的情况下，水位先不断下降，直至达到非满流的状态时，阀门自动关闭(关闭时机可调)，然后系统进入到下一个循环工作周期。
安全稳定运行的间歇压力流排水系统需要控制好以下几个重要的性能参数。
1)系统的设计流量。
系统的设计流量是指系统在排水阶段能达到的最大流量。系统在补水量充分的情况下，短暂间歇压力排水的模式会转变成较长时间连续压力排水的模式。而这个较长时间的连续压力排水的流量也就是系统的最大排水能力，也就是系统的设计流量。
2)系统的平均运行周期。
系统中的定压泄水阀在每个运行周期都会启闭一次。运行周期过大，管道内的沉淀物会更多，容易淤塞。运行周期过小，阀门启闭频繁，直接影响阀门的寿命。合适的工作周期才能带来稳定、安全的运行效果。间歇压力流排水系统在雨水系统中运用时，由于持续工作时间一般不长，运行周期对其影响较小。但运用在常年均需不停工作的污水系统中时，此参数尤其重要。
3)系统工作水头。
系统工作水头即定压泄水阀开启阀门的水头。系统工作的动力来源就是流体自身的势能，在定压泄水阀上游水头很小的情况下，阀门可能无法正常开启，即使可以开启，也可能水流速度很低。因此，足够的工作水头是系统正常工作的先决条件。
4)系统的容量。
系统的容量是指间歇压力流排水系统阀门上游的总容积。它是和系统的平均工作周期密切相关的一项参数。系统的单个工作周期包括集水时间和排水时间两部分组成，而这两个时间段均和管道容量密切相关。在管径和工作水头不变的情况下：系统的容量和集水时 间、排水时间均成正变的关系。要实现系统工作周期的调整，就需要改变系统的容量。
5)下部水平段的容量比例。
压力流系统允许管道平坡甚至倒坡。系统的排出管道存在水平段或局部倒坡段时，应控制水平段或局部倒坡段管道容量占其上游全部容量的比例，其目的是确保一次性排出水平段或局部倒坡段的已沉淀杂质。一般来说，水平段或局部倒坡段管道的容量占系统的容量的比例越小越不容易淤塞，系统越安全。这里建议至少水平段或局部小坡度倒坡段的容量不能超过总容量的40％。
核心设备“定压泄水阀”的性能要求。
对于间歇压力流排水系统而言，作为核心部件的定压泄水阀的可靠性是本系统的成败关键所在。其性能必须满足以下要求。
1)首先，定压泄水阀应能适应各种复杂工作环境。这一点很好理解，复杂的工作环境往往会造成阀门失灵(关闭不严或无法关闭、开启不够及时或不开启)、迅速腐蚀等问题。市场上能用于污废水系统的阀门不多就是这个原因。
2)其次是定压泄水阀的压力设定精度要满足要求。在压力或液位设定达不到精度要求的情况下，往往造成提前排放或滞后排放的问题。一旦滞后排放超过限度，可能会带来严重的经济损失。
3)再其次是定压泄水阀应满足调节的要求。调节不仅仅是指压力设定值的调节，还包括关闭阀门时机的调整。压力设定值的调节很好理解，是为了满足一定的工作水头或平均工作周期的要求。关阀时机调整的目的是确保补水水流不至于对阀门的周期性的连续工作造成影响，因为补水水流量很大的情况下，如果阀门不能及时关闭，将造成排气时间不足，可能导致排气不完全，水流也就可能保持大量携气重力流的流态。在系统流量进一步增加仍然不能排除系统内的气体时，系统就可能无法转换成压力流，从而达不到设计流量并可能造成排水安全事故。
4)最后是定压泄水阀应满足节能环保的要求。本创新系统的意义就在于节能环保。如果系统的综合成本高于传统重力流的综合成本的话，就失去了其存在的意义。因此作为核心设备的定压泄水阀需要具有较低的建设成本和较低使用成本的特点。
自动排气阀的性能要求。
系统的排气和吸气过程是有些区别的：集水阶段的排气过程可通过任意位置设置的排气阀或顶部开口进行排气，而吸气过程只能由系统顶部进水口或专用通气管吸气。市场上大多数的自动排气阀从其工作过程来说，只能说是“呼吸阀”，因为他们不仅在管内正压时 排气，还会在管内负压时吸气。本系统要求的自动排气阀应该是只排气，不吸气。具有“呼吸阀”特点的自动排气阀是不符合本系统要求的。顶部吸气的特点也是系统往往需要在上部连接或设置通气管的原因。另外快速排除管道内的气体，也是短时间歇压力流转换成较长时间连续压力流的关键。间歇压力流排水系统在雨水系统中运用时，自动排气阀大流量快速排气的性能尤为重要。
压力管材的性能要求。
压力管材在间歇压力流排水系统中使用除应满足耐腐蚀的要求外，还应满足其防冲刷的性能要求。间歇压力流排水系统的短时最大流速往往会达到7-8米甚至更大，因此管材的防冲刷的性能也不可忽视。
间歇压力流系统的典型应用场合。
系统的创新是为了能更好的运用到工程实践，此系统具有很广泛的运用空间，其中较典型的应用场合归纳如下。
1)可用于工业与民用建筑中的雨水系统。
间歇流压力排水系统在雨水系统中的运用有点类似来源于欧洲的虹吸雨水系统。其共同特点是流量大，单个雨水斗服务面积大大超过重力流的雨水斗，可采用多斗串联，单管排放的方式设计管网。和虹吸雨水系统不同点在于：间歇压力流系统无需复杂的安装措施。因虹吸雨水产生虹吸的过程是在多个流态(泡沫流、水塞流、压力流)之间不停转换，其中泡沫流、水塞流都是携气过程，容易发生管道振动，往往需要安装抗振能力强的弹性支架，因此对管道安装的要求非常高。但间歇压力流雨水系统排水时只有一个压力流的流态，其排气过程不对外排水，或仅在短时间内存在携气排水的情况，一般不会产生振动，按普通压力流管道的技术要求施工即可。
2)可用于工业与民用建筑中的污水系统。
工业与民用建筑中，往往存在上部有大量的排水设施，但裙房或下部几层较少或没有排水设施的情况，通过将原重力流排水系统在下部较少或没有排水设施的楼层转换成间歇压力流排水系统，可大量减少下部几层的污水立管及底层排出管的数量，从而大量节省管材，降低工程造价，并提升使用效果。
3)可用于是某些农业、水利市政工程。
定压排放的特点往往也意味着每次的排水为定量排放，往往符合某些农业及某些水利市政工程的需求，可起到定时泄压或水量调配的作用。
4)可用于给水、其他液体或气体介质的输送系统。
虽然本系统名为间歇压力流排水系统，但同样适用于杂质更少、条件更好的其他液体或气体介质。如给水、石油、液体化工原料、液化气、蒸汽等的输送。本系统还可以做许多改进及变化，以本发明工作原理为基础的所有以间歇流和压力流为特征的排水系统均在本发明的权利保护之内。
间歇压力流排水系统的辅助技术措施。
1)系统并联运行。两个或两个以上的排水系统可通过下部设置连接管使两套或多套系统并联运行，也可通过在上部设置(溢流)连接管互为备用运行。在非常重要的场合，同一根排出压力水管上还可一用一备，并联设两台定压泄水阀(备用定压泄水阀压力设定值略高)，从而进一步加强系统安全性。
2)套用国家现行设计规范对压力雨水系统的要求，应设置消能设施。由于存在排气过程并可能存在管道淤塞，套用国家现行设计规范对污水重力流排水系统的要求应设通气管和检查口。
3)在含大量较大杂质的情况下，可在管壁(含重力流排水系统中)上设置能起切割作用的刀片(下称管刀)，用于粉碎较大杂质。该做法也可在污水可进入本系统前使用。除了切割粉碎的办法外还可以进行简单的滤网过滤。
4)套用国家现行设计规范对污水重力流排水系统的要求，立管和排出水平横管连接处设4倍管径以上曲率半径的弯管，以便使沉淀物更好通过。
5)需要较大系统管道容量及平均工作周期时可通过增大管径或增设小型蓄能容器的做法实现。其中如果采用增设容器的做法时，容器的位置宜设置在进水口，以增加系统水流具有的总势能，并利于排除水流夹带的气体。
和传统重力流排水系统相比，间歇压力流排水系统具有以下有益效果。
1)间歇压力流排水系统极大地降低了管材的使用量，极大地降低了工程造价。由于压力流的流速大，压力管道的管径相对重力流排水管道更小也更少，更加节能低碳。
2)压力流管道安装条件好。间歇压力流排水系统从根本上来说是压力传输系统，需要平铺的管段往往无需坡度甚至可局部设倒坡。且系统排气阶段不排水，避免了共振的产生，可按一般压力管道要求安装系统。
3)由于压力流管道内水流速度大，因此不同于重力流，管道淤积堵塞的情况基本不会发生，大大减少了管道维护的工作量。
附图说明
以下为三个具体实施例的图纸说明。
图一是本实用新型实施例一的系统示意图。
图二是本实用新型实施例二的系统示意图。
图三是本实用新型实施例三的剖面示意图。
图中：压力管1、定压泄水阀2、弯头3、检查口4、自动排气阀5、阀门井6、消能设施7、连接管8、雨水斗9、容器10、管刀11、通气管12、水库13、水轮机14、流道15。
具体实施方式
如附图图一所示，本例一为间歇压力流排水系统在建筑雨水系统中的运用。
先简述其设计及计算过程为：先根据屋面面积及降雨强度确定系统的流量，根据流量选定雨水斗和管径，其中雨水斗必须是大流量、气水分离型。然后根据建筑的特点布局系统。系统布局完成后复核系统设计流量是否满足要求，复核排水阶段的最大流速是否在管材能承受的流速范围内，再然后根据流速的大小选择合适的消能措施。存在平坡水平段或倒坡的系统还需复核水平段的容量比例。
需要重点指出的是：本系统的设计流量为排水阶段平均流量的2倍(见以下分析过程)。排水期间如果补水及时(雨量达到设计流量)，间歇排水的模式可以转换成一段较长时间的连续压力排水模式，此时的工作水头允许发生上偏移，提升至屋面雨水斗。
本例一系统图见图一。在雨水系统中运用的基本构成是：压力管1、定压泄水阀2、弯头3、检查口4、自动排气阀5、阀门井6、消能设施7、连接管8、大流量雨水斗9。其特点是：两个单独的系统通过一个水平的(溢流)连接管8相连，形成一个互为备用的整体。下面着重分析一下计算及复核过程。
计算系统设计流量和平均流速是否满足要求。
由于排水阶段是一个变水头的非恒定流，这里提供一个简化的计算过程。首先将系统简化成为变水头长管出流，且先不考虑惯性水头及补水对系统的影响，这样非恒定流的长管出流就可转化为恒定流的长管出流，便于进行分析。
长管出流的计算公式为：H＝ALQ2即：Q＝(H/AL)1/2对其积分(过程类似孔口的变水头出流)
Qdt＝-ΩdL
dt＝-ΩdL/Q
t＝∫0L-ΩdL/(H/AL)1/2
t＝2ΩL/(H/AL)1/2
t＝2V/Q.
式中：Q---在变水头时，开始出流的最大流量，也为设计流量。
t---时间
Ω---管道截面积
H---水位差(工作水头)
A---管道比阻
L---管道长度
V---系统容积。
不考虑惯性水头的情况下，变水头长管出流的排空时间是恒定流排出相当体积水时间的两倍。如果再加入惯性水头的影响(相当于系统另外附加了一定的水头)，长管出流的时间肯定小于2倍的恒定流的出流时间。也就是说系统排水时的平均流量不小于Q/2，平均流速不小于Q/2Ω。
具体实施例一中采用的钢管比阻为267.4，单个系统管长35米，设定进出水位差30米，因此Q＝(30/267.4*35)1/2＝0.0566(立方米/秒)，即56.6升/秒。此流量为系统最大流量，也为单个系统的设计流量，满足雨水排放要求，相应其流速为7.22米/秒。平均流量为28.3升/秒平均流速为3.61米/秒，满足金属管材需小于10米/秒的流速需求。鉴于平均流速远大于经济流速，可考虑检查井内增设小型水轮发电机作为消能措施。由于雨水杂质少，也可考虑在立管内设微型水轮发电机。
复核水平段的容量比例。
水平段长度为5米，总长度为35米，容量比例为14.3％，小于40％，符合要求。
如附图图二所示，本例二为间歇压力流排水系统在建筑污水系统中的运用。
简述其设计及计算过程为：先根据最高日用水量及平均工作周期确定系统的容量，根据系统容量来选定管径并确定是否需要设置容器。接着根据建筑的特点布局系统。布局完成后可以复核设计流量及最大流速是否符合要求，并根据流速的大小选择合适的消能措施。存在平坡水平段的系统还需复核水平段的容量比例。需要指出的是：出于排水安全考虑，间歇压力流排水系统在污水系统中运用时的工作水头不允许偏移。鉴于此要求，建议系统的设计流量应不小于日最大小时的排水流量的2倍(最大小时的排水流量的2倍和建筑的设计秒流量接近)。并且由于存在较大杂质，作为生活污水管的管径建议一般不宜小于DN100。特殊杂质较少、淤塞可能性不大的情况下，管径也不能小于DN75。
本例特点如下。
1)由于需要达到适合的排水周期，系统增设容器10，要求容器10为封闭承低压型并为其设置专用通气管(也可就近连接有足够通气能力的通气管)。
2)两个单独的系统通过一个底部的水平的连接管8相连，形成一个互为备用的整体。其结果是：定压泄水阀在压力设定一致时，两个系统同时启闭，周期一致。定压泄水阀在压力设定有细微差别时，小流量时仅一个系统工作，大流量时两个系统才同时工作。
下面着重分析一下计算及复核过程。
1)容器大小计算。按最高日用水量(去除了绿化、道路喷洒、管网漏失、中央空调补水等水量)确定排水量，为240立方米/日，平均工作周期为10分钟，则每个系统单次排水量即为：240/24/6/2＝0.83立方米，管道容积为：30*0.00785＝0.23立方米，所以还需设置0.83-0.23＝0.6立方米的容器。
2)计算设计流量是否满足系统要求及最大流速是否满足管材要求。本例中铸铁管比阻为267.4，单个系统压力管道长30米，设定系统工作水头20米(开启定压泄水阀水位位于容器顶部)，因此Q＝(20/267.4*30)1/2＝0.0499(立方米/秒)，两个单独系统合计最大流量为99.8升/秒，也为设计流量，其远大于日最大小时排水量25立方米/小时的2倍，满足要求。平均流量为25.0升/秒，最大流速为6.36米/秒，平均流速为3.18米/秒，因此满足金属管材的流速需求。鉴于平均流速较大，可考虑检查井内增设小型水轮发电机作为消能措施。
3)复核水平段的容量比例。水平段长度为10米，因此水平段容量比例为：10*0.00785/0.83＝9.5％，小于40％，符合要求。
如附图图三所示，本例三为间歇压力流排水系统在水利工程中的运用。
某无人值守的小型的水电站，枯水期的进水流量小于发电机的最小流量要求，这时需要白天用电负荷较低时不发电，到晚上用电负荷较高时才开始发电。要实现这一功能要求，采用液位自动控制的方式对来水进行管理是常规的一种选择，但采用间歇压力流排水系统也同样能实现这一目标。
图中水库的实线水位为不排水发电的情况下的枯水期最小来水量日的最高水位，虚线水位为停止发电水位。先确定最小来水量并折算成水位，再确定能够发电的时长。本例可利用的最小水位高差为2米，可发电时长为6小时。设置本系统开启压力至最小来水量日的最高水位，并在来水量最小的几天调整一次水位，使下午5点(即将天黑时)水位达到开启压力并开始发电。其效果是全年都无需再管理进水了(每年只需调整一次水位)。

Claims (10)

  1. 优选的，间歇压力流排水系统的核心组成要件为压力管道、自动排气阀和定压泄水阀，在不同的使用环境，间歇压力流排水系统需要增设不同的辅助设施。
  2. 优选的，根据权利要求书1所述：以间歇和压力流为特征的单个排水过程分两个阶段，第一阶段是水量收集(蓄能)阶段，此阶段仅收集水量不对外排水但排气；第二阶段是压力排水阶段，此阶段往往以变水头对外压力排水并吸气。
  3. 优选的，根据权利要求书2所述的间歇压力流排水系统，其特征在于：有工作压力上偏移条件时，压力排水阶段的工作压力允许上偏移，其结果是：如果补水量足够，短周期的间歇压力流排水可转换为较长周期的间歇压力流排水。
  4. 根据权利要求书1所述的间歇压力流排水系统，其特征在于：使用在污水排水系统中，一股会在进水口增加容器，其大小由平均排水周期决定。
  5. 根据权利要求书1所述的间歇压力流排水系统，其特征在于：使用在雨水排水系统中，一股会在进水口增加具有流量大和水气分离特点的雨水斗。
  6. 根据权利要求书1所述的间歇压力流排水系统，其特征在于：间歇压力流排水系统还适用于其他所有流体环境。
  7. 根据权利要求书1所述的间歇压力流排水系统，其特征在于：核心组成要件压力管道为普通压力管道，按常规要求设置即可。
  8. 根据权利要求书2所述的间歇压力流排水系统，其特征在于：排气过程的核心要件自动排气阀只排气不吸气。
  9. 根据权利要求书2所述的间歇压力流排水系统，其特征在于：压力排水阶段核心要件定压控制阀的设定压力可调，在设定压力下开启阀门，完成排水后关闭阀门且关闭时机可调。
  10. 根据权利要求书2所述的间歇压力流排水系统，其特征在于：系统排气可通过进水口和任意位置的自动排气阀进行排气，系统吸气只通过进水口吸气。
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