Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
  • D21H27/002—Tissue paper; Absorbent paper
  • D21H27/004—Tissue paper; Absorbent paper characterised by specific parameters
  • D21H27/005—Tissue paper; Absorbent paper characterised by specific parameters relating to physical or mechanical properties, e.g. tensile strength, stretch, softness
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
  • A47K—SANITARY EQUIPMENT NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; TOILET ACCESSORIES
  • A47K10/00—Body-drying implements; Toilet paper; Holders therefor
  • A47K10/16—Paper towels; Toilet paper; Holders therefor
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
  • D21H11/12—Pulp from non-woody plants or crops, e.g. cotton, flax, straw, bagasse
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
  • D21H27/002—Tissue paper; Absorbent paper
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
  • D21H27/30—Multi-ply
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
  • D21H27/30—Multi-ply
  • D21H27/38—Multi-ply at least one of the sheets having a fibrous composition differing from that of other sheets

Definitions

• Tissue paper comprising pulp fibers originating from Miscanthus and method for manufacturing the same
• the present invention relates to a soft and strong tissue paper comprising fibers originating from a plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus, in particular from Miscanthus Gigantheus.
• the present invention also pertains to a process for the manufacture of said tissue paper as well as to products, e.g. toilet paper, hand towels, household towels etc., obtained by this process.
• Tissue paper-based materials find extensive use in modern society.
• Toilet paper, paper towels such as hand towels or household (kitchen) towels, facial tissues and tissue handkerchiefs are staple items of commerce.
• These products are typically made from papermaking pulp comprising fibers of both hardwood and softwood types.
• Tissue paper products are often exposed to extremely varied strength requirements in the wet and the dry state, respectively. For instance, it must be ensured, in the case of household paper (paper towels) that they retain their strength at least for a specific period of time when exposed to aqueous liquids or moisture-containing food.
• toilet paper should dissolve in water, sometime after use, in order to prevent the sewage systems from clogging up.
• toilet paper must not immediately lose its strength properties during use for apparent reasons.
• tactile properties such as softness are extremely important as tissue paper-based products are intended to come in intimate contact with the body and skin. Therefore, tissue paper-based products must exhibit sufficient softness in order to ensure consumer's comfort.
• the prior art describes many processes for achieving a good balance between strength and softness, or increasing one property without detrimentally affecting another.
• EP 0 029 269 A1 discloses a multi-layered tissue paper, and tissue paper-based products made thereof, such as toilet tissue and facia! tissues, having a smooth and soft top surface.
• the tissue paper comprises a velutinous top layer being the outwardly facing surface formed from at least 60% by weight of short hardwood fibers, such as Northern Hardwood Sulfite and/or Eucalyptus Hardwood, united to a furnish comprising long softwood fibers.
• the short papermaking fibers disposed on the outer layer exhibit sufficient free end portions to achieve softness, whereas the long-fiber furnish ensures strength.
• this tissue paper does not exhibit sufficient strength, primarily in the dry state.
• Another common measure for modifying the strength and softness properties of tissue papers consists in adding strengthening and/or softening compositions to tissue-based materials.
• the prior art describes strengthening resins, such as polyamidoamine-epichlorine resins.
• strengthening resins generally provides a tissue paper which is fairly stiff and has almost the haptic properties of normal paper. Consequently, strengthening resins are often used in combination with softening compositions which, in turn, reduce strength since softeners also interact with inter-fiber hydrogen bonds.
• WO 94/10381 A1 discloses soft and strong tissue paper webs which can be used in toweling, napkin, facial tissue, and toilet tissue products.
• the tissue paper webs generally comprise a cellulose-based furnish, such as a mixture of Northern softwood kraft and eucalyptus fibers, and a chemical softening composition comprising a cationic surfactant as softener.
• surfactants weaken the bonds between fibers in the tissue webs.
• the tissue paper webs do not exhibit sufficient strength.
• the !oss of strength due to the surfactant is hence compensated by the addition of a binding resin, such as a polyamidoamine- epichlorohydrin resin.
• US 5,397,435 and US 5,312,522 disclose tissue paper-based products such as paper towels, facial tissues and toilet tissues, comprising a combination of a chemical softening composition containing a surfactant such as a quaternary ammonium compound, and a strengthening resin such as a polyamide- epichlorohydrin resin.
• a chemical softening composition containing a surfactant such as a quaternary ammonium compound
• a strengthening resin such as a polyamide- epichlorohydrin resin.
• softening and strengthening chemical compositions in combination generally does not provide a significant improvement, because the effect of one composition (e.g. softening or strengthening) is often compromised by the opposite effect caused by the other.
• tissue paper it can be desirable to reduce the amount of chemicals such as softening and/or strengthening chemical compositions in tissue paper. This applies primarily to cases where these chemical compositions tend to irritate the skin or trigger allergic reactions in some users. Furthermore, the biological degradability of some softening and/or strengthening chemical compositions in the environment has raised concerns.
• WO 96/06223 A1 proposes a tissue sheet composed of northern softwood kraft and eucalyptus hardwood kraft, comprising a combination of "debonding" agents and strengthening agents added in a layer-wise fashion, in order to maximize the effectiveness of each additive while minimizing the interaction of the additives with each other.
• the addition of different chemical compositions in a layer- wise fashion significantly increases the complexity of the manufacturing process.
• tissue paper making processes the primary (embryonic) fibrous webs containing eucalyptus pulp fibers sometimes do not show the desired strong adhesion to the Yankee cylinder when the web is subjected to the final drying and creping steps.
• tissue paper webs and products having improved properties, in particular improved strength and good softness.
• a process for manufacturing such tissue paper webs is provided which involves an improved adhesion of the "primary" fibrous webs to the Yankee cylinder during the final drying and creping steps of the process.
• the present invention relates to a soft and strong tissue paper web composed of one or more layers wherein at least one of these !ayers comprises pulp fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus, in particular from Miscanthus Gigantheus.
• the present invention also relates to tissue paper products such as toi!et paper, hand towels, household towels, handkerchiefs, napkins and facial tissues manufactured from said tissue paper web.
• the present invention also relates to a process for the manufacture of a tissue paper web comprising the steps of
• the pulp fibers are selected from chemical pulp fibers, mechanical pulp fibers subjected to a chemical pretreatment, and mixtures thereof.
• the tissue paper web and tissue paper products of the present invention are distinguished by their excellent strength and good softness.
• the present invention includes the following embodiments ("Items"):
• Tissue paper web composed of one or more layers wherein at least one layer comprises pulp fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus wherein the pulp fibers are selected from chemical pulp fibers, mechanical pulp fibers subjected to a chemical pretreatment and mixtures thereof.
• Tissue paper web according to any of Items 1 , 2 or 3 wherein the web is composed of two or three layers made from different pulps wherein at least one of these layers is made from pulp comprising the pulp fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus, preferably from Miscanthus Gigantheus.
• Tissue paper web according to any of Items 1 , 2, 3 or 4 wherein the remaining fibers present in said tissue paper web are selected from pulp fibers comprising hardwood fibers, such as eucalyptus, beech, aspen, acacia or birch fibers; softwood fibers such as pine, spruce, red cedar, hemlock, and larch fibers; and non-wood fibers such as cotton, bagasse, hemp, linen, sisal, straw or flax fibers.
• hardwood fibers such as eucalyptus, beech, aspen, acacia or birch fibers
• softwood fibers such as pine, spruce, red cedar, hemlock, and larch fibers
• non-wood fibers such as cotton, bagasse, hemp, linen, sisal, straw or flax fibers.
• Tissue paper web according to Item 4 or 5 wherein the web is composed of two layers wherein
• the first layer is made from pulp fibers (i-a) consisting of fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus, preferably from Miscanthus Gigantheus, and optionally hardwood fibers, or from pulp fibers (i-b) comprising, or consisting of, fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus, preferably from Miscanthus Gigantheus, softwood fibers, and optionally hardwood fibers, and
• a second layer is made from pulp fibers comprising or consisting of softwood fibers
• the first layer is made from pulp fibers (i-a), wherein the weight ratio of fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus, preferably from Miscanthus Gigantheus, to hardwood fibers, if present, is 100/0 to 10/90, preferably 100/0 to 20/80, and
• the second layer is made from pulp comprising, or consisting of, softwood fibers
• the weight proportion of pulp fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus, preferably from Miscanthus Gigantheus, based on the total weight of the tissue paper web is preferably 10 to 90 wt.-%, more preferably 10 to 80 wt.-%, in particular 25 to 75 wt.-%, such as 40 to 70 wt.-%.
• the first layer is made from pulp fibers (i-b) consisting of fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus and preferably from Miscanthus Gigantheus (MG), softwood fibers (SW), and optionally hardwood fibers (HW), wherein the weight ratio MG / HW / SW in %, based on the total weight of pulp fibers (i-b), is 1 0 to 90 / 0 to 50 / 10 to 90, preferably 20 to 80 / 0 to 50 / 20 to 80, and
• the second layer is made from pulp fibers comprising, or consisting of, softwood fibers, and wherein the weight proportion of pulp fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus, preferably from Miscanthus Gigantheus, based on the total weight of the tissue paper web is preferably 10 to 50 wt.-% , such as 10 to 30 wt.-%.
• Tissue paper web according to any of Items 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, wherein the pulp fibers originating from Miscanthus Gigantheus are obtained in a chemical, chemo-mechanical or high yield chemical pulping process, preferably the soda process or the CTMP process (Chemo-Thermo- Mechanical Pulping).
• a chemical, chemo-mechanical or high yield chemical pulping process preferably the soda process or the CTMP process (Chemo-Thermo- Mechanical Pulping).
• Tissue paper web according to any of Items 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, wherein the hardwood pulp fibers originate from eucalyptus and/or the softwood pulp fibers are Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK) fibers, wherein the NBSK fibers are preferably refined to a degree of fineness of 19 to 35°SR.
• NBSK Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft
• Tissue paper web according to any of Items 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 wherein (i) all fibers present in the web are primary pulp fibers, or (ii) a mixture of primary and secondary (recycled) pulp fibers wherein the proportion of secondary (recycled) pulp fibers does not exceed 90 wt.-% based on the tissue paper web.
• Tissue paper web according to any of items 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 1 1 which is composed of one or more layers wherein the pulp fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus fulfill the following requirements:
• Tissue paper product comprising at least one ply made from the tissue paper web according to any of Item 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 or 12.
• tissue paper product according to Item 13, wherein the tissue paper product is selected from toilet paper, hand towel, household towel, handkerchiefs, napkins and facial tissues.
• Tissue paper product according to Item 13 or 14 wherein the tissue paper product is a toilet paper composed of 2 to 4 plies, wherein preferably at least one outer ply, more preferably both outer plies, is/are made from the tissue paper web of Item 7, and the outer ply/plies is/are arranged such that, in the toilet paper, the first layer thereof (i), which comprises the pulp fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus, preferably from Miscanthus Gigantheus, is located on the outer surface of the toilet paper.
• the first layer thereof (i) which comprises the pulp fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus, preferably from Miscanthus Gigantheus
• Tissue paper product according to any of Items 13, 14, 15 or 16 wherein the tissue paper product is free of a softener and/or is free of a strengthening resin.
• FIG. 1 Schematic drawing showing the creping process on a Yankee cylinder with a creping blade.
• Figure 1 gives a survey on the terminology used for the various angles influencing the creping process.
• the following reference numbers represent:
• tissue paper web of the present invention is composed of one or more layers wherein at least one layer comprises pulp fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus.
• tissue paper as used herein covers the "base (raw) tissue paper”
• tissue paper web as obtained from the tissue paper machine as well as one- ply or multi-ply final products (“tissue paper products”) made of base tissue, and tailored to the end user's needs by further converting steps.
• tissue paper web we understand the one-ply base tissue as obtained from the tissue machine.
• the tissue paper web is a sheet of paper made by a process comprising the steps of: forming an aqueous suspension of pulp fibers i.e. the so- called "furnish”, depositing said aqueous suspension onto a wire to form a wet web, dewatering, drying and creping the web.
• the tissue paper web has a basis weight of 8 to 50 g/m 2 , in particular 10 to 30 g/m 2 especially 12 to 25 g/m 2 .
• the tissue paper web of the present invention is composed of one or more layers (i.e. single-layered web or multi-layered web).
• layer refers to a stratum within the web having a defined fiber composition.
• the one or more layers is/are formed by depositing one or more streams of pulp furnishes onto a wire with a pressurized single- or multi-layered headbox. This technique is well-known to those skilled in the art. It renders possible the use of different kinds of fibers in each layer of the web.
• the "multi-layered" tissue paper web of the present invention may have 2 to 5, typically 2 or 3 layers.
• tissue paper refers to the one or more plies of tissue paper in the final tissue paper product as are obtained after processing ("converting") one or more base tissue paper webs.
• Each individual ply consists of a tissue paper web comprising one or more layers, e.g. one, two, three or four layers.
• tissue production is counted among the papermaking techniques.
• the production of tissue is distinguished from paper production by its extremely low basis weight and its much higher tensile energy absorption index.
• the tensile energy absorption index is arrived at from the tensile energy absorption in which the tensile energy absorption is related to the test sample volume before inspection (length, width, thickness of sample between the clamps before tensile load). Paper and tissue paper also differ in general with regard to the modulus of elasticity that characterizes the stress-strain properties of these planar products as a material parameter.
• a tissue's high tensile energy absorption index results from the outer or inner creping.
• the former is produced by compression of the paper web adhering to a dry cylinder as a result of the action of a crepe doctor or in the latter instance as a result of a difference in speed between two wires ("fabrics"). This causes the still moist, plastically deformable paper web to be internally broken up by compression and shearing, thereby rendering it more stretchable under load than an uncreped paper.
• a high tensile energy absorption index can also be achieved by imparting to the tissue a 3D structure by means of the wires themselves. Most of the functional properties typical of tissue and tissue products result from the high tensile energy absorption index (see DIN EN 12625-4 and DIN EN 12625-5).
• tissue paper Typical properties include the ready ability to absorb tensile stress energy, their drapability, good textile-like flexibility, properties which are frequently referred to as bulk softness, a high surface softness, a high specific volume with a perceptible thickness, as high a liquid absorbency as possible and, depending on the application, a suitable wet and dry strength as well as an interesting visual appearance of the outer product surface.
• tissue paper to be used, for example, as cleaning cloths (e.g. household towels), sanitary products (e.g. toilet paper, hand towels), paper handkerchiefs, cosmetic wipes (facial tissues) or as serviettes/napkins.
• tissue paper web of the invention and the tissue paper products made therefrom are characterized by their content of pulp fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus.
• the "Miscanthus” genus includes about 15 perennial rhizomatous grasses. Miscanthus grasses are usually found throughout a wide climatic range, from the tropics and subtropics to the temperate regions of Northern Asia and Europe.
• the fibers can be selected from fibers originating from the species Miscanthus Floridulus, Miscanthus Sacchariflorus, Miscanthus Sinensis, Miscanthus Gigantheus, Miscanthus Tinctorius, and Miscanthus Transmorrisonensis.
• pulp fibers originate from Miscanthus Sacchariflorus, Miscanthus Sinensis, and Miscanthus Gigantheus, It is even more preferred that the pulp fibers originate from Miscanthus Gigantheus,
• the resulting tissue paper web/product exhibits improved properties, in particular improved strength and good softness.
• pulp fibers originating from Miscanthus Gigantheus are used, the improvement of strength is even more pronounced while good softness is maintained.
• the resulting tissue paper web/product exhibits excellent absorption for aqueous systems.
• tissue paper web/product of the present invention comprising pulp fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus, can exhibit antimicrobial / antibacterial properties which are natural attributes of plants belonging to the genus Miscanthus.
• the tissue paper web of the present invention contains the aforementioned pulp fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus in an amount of at least 5 wt.-%, preferably in an amount of 10 wt.-%, more preferably in an amount of from 10 wt.-% to 80 wt.-%, and even more preferably 20 wt.-% to 70 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the tissue paper web.
• the "pulp fibers" used in the present invention are selected from chemical pulp fibers, mechanical pulp fibers subjected to a chemical pretreatment and mixtures thereof.
• “Chemical pulps” are, according to DIN 6730, fibrous materials obtained from plant raw materials of which most non-cellulosic components have been removed by chemical pulping without substantial mechanical post treatment.
• CMP pulp chemo-mechanical pulp
• CMP pulp chemo-thermo- mechanical pulp
• the claimed tissue paper web and tissue paper products do not include fibrous material made from wood entirely by mechanical means, i.e. purely mechanical pulps such as groundwood pulp and refined mechanical pulp.
• the pulp fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus are preferably obtained in a chemical, chemo-mechanical (CMP) or high yield chemical pulping process.
• CMP chemical, chemo-mechanical
• the use of alkaline chemical pulping or pretreatment processes is preferred.
• the pulp fibers are preferably obtained by employing the soda pulping process or the CTMP process (Chemo-Thermo- Mechanical Pulping) as described e.g. by P. Cappeltto et al. in Industrial Crops and Products, 1 1 (2000) 205-210.
• the pulp fibers are more preferably obtained by the soda pulping process. Kraft cooking could be used as well.
• the pulp fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus can be prepared and/or treated by common techniques.
• said pulp fibers can be bleached by using chlorine-free bleaching steps in view of the production of environmentally sound products and process steps.
• the pulp fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus preferably from Miscanthus Gigantheus
• the fiber dimensions are mean (average) values, which can be determined by techniques well-known in the art such as described by C. Verve ris et al. in Industrial Crops and Products 19 (2004) 245-254,
• the tissue paper web is composed of two or three layers made from different pulps wherein at least one of these layers is made from pulp comprising MG pulp fibers.
• the remaining fibers present in the tissue paper web of the invention are selected from pulp fibers comprising hardwood fibers, such as eucalyptus, beech, aspen, acacia or birch fibers; softwood fibers such as pine, spruce, red cedar, douglas fir, hemlock, and larch fibers; and non-wood fibers such as cotton, bagasse, hemp, linen, sisal, straw or flax fibers.
• hardwood fibers we understand fibrous pulp derived from the woody substance of deciduous trees (angiosperms). Typically, hardwood fibers are “short” fibers having a length of from 1 to 2 mm, a diameter of from 15 to 30 pm, and a wall thickness of from 2 to 3 pm. Hardwood such as Eucalyptus is normally pulped by the Kraft process.
• the hardwood fibers usable in the present invention preferably originate from eucalyptus, beech, aspen, acacia and birch, more preferably from eucalyptus.
• softwood fibers we understand fibrous pulp derived from the woody substance of coniferous trees (gymnosperms).
• softwood fibers are "long" fibers having a length of from 3 to 4 mm, a diameter of from 30 to 40 pm, and a wall thickness of from 3 to 4 pm. They are normally pulped by the Kraft process.
• the softwood fibers usable in the present invention preferably originate from pine, spruce, red cedar, douglas fir, hemlock, and larch. More preferably, the softwood fibers usable in the present invention are Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK) fibers. Preferably, at least part of the NBSK fibers to be used is refined, more preferably to a degree of fineness of 19 to 35°SR, e.g. 19 to 26°SR.
• NBSK Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft
• tissue paper web is composed of two layers wherein
• (i-a) pulp fibers consisting of MG pulp fibers, and optionally hardwood fibers, or
• the second layer is made from pulp fibers consisting (only) of softwood (“SW") fibers
• this layer is made from pulp fibers comprising softwood fibers and other pulp fibers such as MG pulp fibers and/or hardwood fibers and/or non-wood fibers such as bagasse fibers or the other fibers mentioned hereinbefore.
• These other pulp fibers are then preferably used in an amount of up to 60 wt.-% based on the total weight of pulp fibers being present in the second layer.
• MG pulp fibers in total
• the second layer consists of 30% MG pulp fibers plus 20% SW pulp fibers, each based on the total weight of the tissue paper web.
• 50% MG pulp fibers are used in first layer and 30% Eucalyptus plus 20% SW pulp fibers in the second layer.
• the second layer is made from pulp comprising, or consisting of, softwood fibers.
• the tissue paper web is composed of two layers wherein (i) the first layer is made from pulp fibers consisting of MG pulp fibers, and optionally hardwood fibers,
• the weight ratio of MG pulp fibers to hardwood fibers, if present, is 100/0 to 20/80
• the second layer is made from pulp comprising, or consisting of, softwood fibers, and wherein the weight proportion of MG pulp fibers based on the total weight of the tissue paper web is preferably 10 to 80 wt.-%, in particular 25 to 75 wt.-%, such as 40 to 70 wt.-%.
• the tissue paper web is composed of two layers wherein
• (i-b) pulp fibers consisting of MG pulp fibers, softwood fibers (SW), and optionally hardwood fibers (HW), wherein the weight ratio MG / HW / SW in %, based on the total weight of pulp fibers (i-b), is 10 to 90 / 0 to 50 / 10 to
• the second layer is made from pulp fibers comprising, or consisting of, softwood fibers, and wherein the weight proportion of MG pulp fibers based on the total weight of the tissue paper web is preferably 10 to 50 wt.-%, such as 10 to 30 wt.-%.
• the MG pulp fibers used in the present invention can be refined fibers and are preferably unrefined.
• the remaining fibers present in the tissue paper web of the invention i.e. the fibers being not MG pulp fibers
• the hardwood fibers ⁇ i.e. short fibers) to be used are unrefined.
• the hardwood pulp fibers originate from eucalyptus and/or the softwood pulp fibers are Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK) fibers, wherein the NBSK fibers are preferably refined to a degree of fineness of 19 to 35°SR, in particular 19 to 26°SR, e.g. 19 to 24°SR.
• NBSK Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft
• unrefined fibers we understand fibers as naturally occurring or being obtained by their respective preparation process (chemical or mechanical pulping, recycling etc.). Although being dependent on the fiber source, unrefined hardwood and softwood pulp fibers typically have a freeness value of about 12 to 15°SR.
• unrefined MG pulp fibers can have a SR value in the range of 34 to 36°SR, typically about 35°SR.
• the unrefined fibers used in the tissue paper web and product of the invention usually stem from hardwood. Also MG pulp fibers are typically used as they come from the paper mill without further refining. However, the unrefined fibers to be used can also stem from softwood, e.g. softwood like spruce digested by sulfite processes.
• the softwood fibers are preferably refined to a degree of fineness of 19 to 35°SR, in particular 19 to 26°SR, such as 19 to 24°SR.
• the refined fibers usually stem from softwood.
• long refined fibers and unrefined fibers are to be combined, be it in a single- layered ply as a true mixture or in multi-layered plies based on separate pulp streams, they are preferably used in a ratio of from 90/10 to 10/90, more preferably 80/20 to 20/80, most preferably from 75/25 to 40/60.
• the pulp fibers present in the tissue paper web of the invention can be a primary fibrous material, a secondary fibrous material (recycled pulp) and mixtures thereof.
• all fibers present in the tissue paper web are primary pulp fibers, or (ii) a mixture of primary and secondary (recycled) pulp fibers.
• the proportion of secondary (recycled) pulp fibers, if present, does not exceed 90 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the tissue paper web. It is more preferred that the proportion thereof is 70 wt.-% or less, e.g. 50 wt.-% or less.
• primary pulp fibers we understand fibers as obtained from the pulping process of woody substances (e.g. hardwood, softwood) and non-woody substances (e.g. cotton, bagasse, hemp, Miscanthus etc.) which have not previously been used in a manufacturing process.
• woody substances e.g. hardwood, softwood
• non-woody substances e.g. cotton, bagasse, hemp, Miscanthus etc.
• Secondary pulp fibers we understand fibers that have previously been used in a manufacturing process (e.g. paper- or tissue-making), and have been reclaimed (recycled) as raw material for the process of the present invention. Secondary pulp fibers can be recycled from e.g. waste paper by common techniques in the art.
• the tissue paper web of the present invention may include softening and/or strengthening chemical compositions.
• the tissue paper web of the present invention is free of softener (debonder). In one further embodiment, the tissue paper web of the present invention is free of strengthening chemical additives, such as strength resins, for instance free of the water-soluble cationic or anionic polymers described below.
• the tissue paper web of the present invention can also be free of both softener (debonder) and strengthening chemical additives.
• the tissue paper web includes a softener and/or a strengthening resin, a water-soluble cationic polymer, a water soluble anionic polymer and/or a cationic surfactant-based softener as described, e.g. in European patent EP 1 583 869 B1 can be used.
• a water-soluble cationic polymer When a water-soluble cationic polymer is used, it is possible to add the same to the pulp fibers in such an amount that 0.01 to 5 wt.-%, in particular 0.01 to 3 wt.-%, such as 0.5 to 2 wt.-% (e.g. 0.5 to 1.5 wt.-%), based on the total amount of fibers (dry weight, EN 20638:1993) is retained.
• the cationic polymer to be used contains cationic groups, such as positively charged quaternary nitrogen atoms in sufficient amounts to impart the molecuie water solubility.
• water-soluble means solubility in water (at 20°C) of at least 1 g/l, in particular at least 10 g/l, more particularly at least 20 g/l.
• the cationic water-soluble polymer is a wet strength agent. It can be selected from, but is not limited to, urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine- formaldehyde resins, polyvinylamine, polyureide-formaldehyde resins, glyoxal- acrylamide resins and cationic materials obtained by the reaction of polyalkylene polyamines with polysaccharides such as starch and various natural gums, as well as 3-hydroxyazetidinium ion-containing resins, which are obtained by reacting nitrogen-containing polymers with epichlorohydrine. Suitable materials are described in further detail in US 3,998,690 and EP 1 583 869 B1 .
• cationic polymer are 3-hydroxy azetidinium ion- containing resins. They include, but are not limited to, neutral or alkaline-curing thermosetting wet strength resins which can be selected from polyaminoamide- epichlorohydrine resins, polyamine-epichlorohydrine resins and aminopolymer- epichlorohydrine resins. Examples of these are the well-known Kymene ® resins available from Ashland.
• a water soluble anionic polymer When a water soluble anionic polymer is used, it can be added to the cellulosic fibers in such an amount that 0.01 to 3 wt.-%, in particular 0.1 to 2 wt.-%, such as 0.2 to 1 wt.-%, based on the total amount of untreated celluiosic fibers (dry weight according to DIN EN 20638) is retained by the fibers.
• water-soluble anionic polymers we understand those polymers having a sufficient amount of anionic groups, such as carboxy groups to be water soluble.
• water-soluble we understand solubility in water (at 20°C) of at least 1 g/l, in particular at least 10 g/l, and more particularly at least 20 g/l.
• the water soluble anionic polymer can be selected among known anionic dry strength agents. Suitable dry strength agents are described in European patent EP 1 583 869 B1 .
• the water soluble anionic polymer can be selected from polycarboxylic acids and anhydrides such as starch-based polymers, (meth)acrylic acid-derived polymers and copolymers, maleic-anhydride-derived copolymers, vinyl copolymers of carboxylic acids and cellulose-based polymers.
• starch-based polymers, vinyl copolymers of carboxylic acids and cellulose-based polymers are preferred.
• carboxyalkylated polysaccharides in particular carboxyalkylated cellulose, is most preferred.
• the water-soluble carboxyalkylated polysaccharides include carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), carboxymethyl hydroxycellulose (CMHEC), carboxymethyl hydroxypropylcellulose (CMHPC), carboxymethylguar (CMG), carboxymethylated locust bean gum, carboxymethyl starch and the like, and their alkali metal salts or ammonium salts.
• anionic polymers also include anionic polymers of acrylamide. These can be made by hydrolysis of an acrylamide polymer or copolymer by means known to the art, or by copolymerizing acrylamide with acrylic acid or sodium acrylate and optionally another monomer under radical initiation, again by means known to the art. Also operable are poly(acrylic acid) or its salts such as sodium polyacrylate or ammonium poylacrylate. Other operable polymers in this group are poly(acrylic acid) and its salts, and poly(sodium acrylate). Use can be made of commercially available anionic polymers, having carboxyl (or carboxylate salt) contents of about 0.5 to about 14 millequivalents per gram such as CMC.
• the above-explained water soluble cationic polymer is used in higher amounts than the water soluble anionic polymer.
• the weight ratio cationic polymer/anionic polymer is from 1/1 to 10/1 , more preferably 2/1 to 7/1 , most preferably 3/1 to 5/1.
• the tissue paper web/product of the present invention is free of softening chemical additives (e.g. softener / debonder).
• a cationic surfactant-based softener in the prior art sometimes referred to as "debonder" can be added to the cellulosic fibers in such an amount that 0.005 to 3 wt.-%, in particular 0.01 to 2.5 wt.-%, such as 0.5 to 2 wt.-%, based on the total amount of untreated cellulosic fibers (dry weight according DIN EN 20638) are retained by the fibers.
• the softener may be selected from quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g. quaternized protein compounds, silicone quaternaries or quaternized protein compounds) or cationic phospholipids of the type as described in WO 97/04171. All suitable surfactant-based softeners have the presence of a cationic unit (preferably quaternary ammonium unit) and a long chain aliphatic group having preferably 8 to 24, more preferably 14 to 22 carbon atoms in common. The long chain aliphatic group is preferably directly linked to the cationic group.
• quaternary ammonium compounds e.g. quaternized protein compounds, silicone quaternaries or quaternized protein compounds
• cationic phospholipids e.g. quaternized protein compounds, silicone quaternaries or quaternized protein compounds
• All suitable surfactant-based softeners have the presence of a cationic unit (preferably quaternary ammonium unit) and a long chain aliphatic group having
• the quaternary ammonium compounds can also be selected from those conforming to Formula I, II, III, IV or V disclosed in [0079] to [0091] of EP 1 583 869 B1.
• the present Invention also relates to a tissue paper product comprising at least one ply made from the tissue paper web.
• the one ply base tissues with typical basis weights from 12 g/m 2 to 38 g/m 2 are combined in a subsequent converting step to the final ply count which may be 2 to 5 depending on the targeted properties of the final tissue paper product.
• the total basis weight of multiple-ply tissue products preferably does not exceed 75 g/m 2 and more preferably is lower than 65 g/m 2 , e.g. lower than 55 g/m 2 .
• tissue paper web of the invention i.e. one comprising MG pulp fibers
• outer plies of the final tissue product since these come in contact with the body and skin of the user.
• the outer layer(s) of the outer ply/plies i.e. the layers which come into contact with the user's body and skin, comprise MG pulp fibers.
• a tissue paper product distinguished by its excellent strength and good softness is thus produced.
• the tissue paper product of the present invention is preferably selected from toilet paper, hand towel, household towel, handkerchiefs, serviettes/napkins and facial tissues.
• the tissue paper product is a toilet paper composed of 2 to 5 plies, e.g. 2 to 4 plies, wherein preferably at least one outer ply, more preferably both outer plies, is/are made from the tissue paper web of the invention.
• tissue paper web having a first layer (i) and a second layer (ii), which was stated to be especially suitable for the manufacture of toilet tissue paper and can be used in least one outer ply, more preferably both outer plies of a toilet paper having e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5 plies.
• the outer ply/plies is/are arranged such that, in the toilet paper, the first layer thereof (i), which comprises the MG pulp fibers is located on the outer surface of the toilet paper.
• the tissue paper product is a hand towel or household towel composed of 2 to 5, e.g. 2 to 4 plies.
• at least one ply, optionally all plies, is/are made from the tissue paper web of the present invention.
• the tissue paper product of the present invention e.g. toilet paper, hand towel and household towel
• a softener e.g. a softener
• a strengthening additive e.g. resin
• the present invention also relates to a process for the manufacture of a tissue paper web as described before and below, the process comprising the steps of; (a) providing pulp fibers comprising fibers originating from at least one plant belonging to the genus Miscanthus, preferably from Miscanthus Gigantheus i.e. MG pulp fibers;
• the pulp fibers to be used in the aforementioned process can be prepared by common techniques known in the art, for instance, fractionating, sorting, washing, floating, cleaning, thickening and/or fiberizing.
• refined pulp fibers When refined pulp fibers are to be used in the aforementioned process, said fibers can be refined by using techniques well-known in the art.
• the fibrous material to be refined is transported to a refiner unit. Fibrillation of fibers during refinement (beating) occurs either by the fibers themselves or by the refining bars.
• the fibers are subjected to a variety of physical loads. Axial and tangential shearing and compressive forces acting upon the fiber play a particular role as regards fiber refining.
• the associate change in fiber morphology involves, but is not limited to, tearing open and removing the fibrous materials' outer wall layer (primary wall) and/or exposing the fibers and fibrillation out of the wall layers and/or partially shorting the total fiber unit and/or shearing off fibrils.
• an aqueous suspension is produced therefrom.
• the aqueous suspension preferably contains the pulp fibers in an amount of from 3 to 4 wt.-% » based on the wafer content.
• the aqueous suspension is then diluted to consistencies in the order of 0.5 to 1.5 wt.- %, preferably of 0.8 to 1 .2 wt.-%.
• the aqueous suspension can be treated with the anionic and cationic water soluble polymer described before.
• aqueous solutions are used for adding these chemicals but it is also possible to add them in substance.
• the anionic polymer first (prior to the cationic polymer) in order to ensure an optimal interaction with the cellulosic fibers, if these chemicals are to be added.
• the cationic polymer is also given to the aqueous slurry.
• a different order of addition can also be used as described in EP 1 583 869 B1.
• step (c) the suspension is fed to a tissue-making headbox in line with methods known in the art.
• a low consistency pulp furnish is provided in a pressurized (e.g. multi-layered) headbox.
• the headbox has an opening for delivering a thin deposit of pulp furnish onto the Fourdrinier wire to form a wet web in the following step (d) in which the suspension is deposited onto a wire to form a wet web.
• softness and strength of the base tissue are influenced by producing a multi-layer tissue paper web if a specifically constructed headbox (i.e. multi-layered headbox) is used to form the primary fibrous web having physically different layers of fibrous material.
• Tissue paper can be formed by placing the fibers on one or between the two continuously revolving wires of the paper-making machine while simultaneously removing the main quantity of water of dilution until dry-solids contents of 8 to 35% are obtained.
• the forming wire is often referred to in the art as a Fourdrinier wire. Once the furnish is deposited on the forming wire, it is referred to as a web. The particular techniques and equipment for making webs according to the process just described are well-known to those skilled in the art.
• the web is then typically dewatered to a fiber consistency of between about 8% and about 35% (total web weight basis) by gravity or vacuum dewatering, and further dewatering the web by pressing operations wherein the web is subjected to pressure developed by opposing mechanical members, for example cylindrical rolls.
• a shoe press such as the NipcoFlex-T available from Voith can be used for the pressing operations.
• the formed primary fibrous web is dried in one or more steps by mechanical and thermal means until a final dry- solids content of usually about 93 to 97% is obtained.
• the drying is followed by the crepe process which crucially influences the properties of the finished tissue product.
• the creping step involves creping on a usually 4.5 to 6 m diameter drying cylinder, the so-called Yankee cylinder, by means of a crepe doctor with the aforementioned final dry-solids content of the base tissue paper (wet creping can be used if lower demands are made of the tissue quality).
• the creped, finally dry base tissue paper (base tissue) is then available for further processing into the tissue paper product according to the invention.
• the blade holder angle (reference number (4) in Figure 1 ) is preferably determined to be from 10 to 35°. In conventional tissue making processes, values of from 1 1 to 13° are typically employed. If through-air-drying (TAD) technology as explained below is used, the blade holder angle preferably ranges from 20 to 35°, in particular 22 to 30°.
• the geometry of the doctor blade relative to the tissue surface may a!so have an impact on the properties of the product obtained.
• thickness and relative wet strength may increase, when the bevel angle is increased from 20° over 25° to 30°.
• level angle we understand the angle (3) given in Figure 1 .
• the inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found that in the present tissue paper making processes, the primary (embryonic) fibrous webs containing MG pulp fibers strongly adheres to the Yankee cylinder in the final drying and creping steps. Furthermore, the inventors have observed that due to the strong adhesion of the web to the Yankee cylinder, finer creping is achieved and a smoother tissue surface is obtained.
• the strong and controlled adhesion of the web to the Yankee cylinder generally facilitates the tissue paper making process.
• the invention can aiso make use of a modified technique in which an improvement in specific volume is achieved through wet-shaping of the still wet primary (embryonic) fibrous web by means of a 3D-structured fabric or plastic belt and/or by a special kind of drying as in TAD processes. In this way an improvement in the bulk softness of the thus made tissue paper is achieved as well.
• the TAD (through-air- drying) technique is characterized by the fact that the "primary" fibrous web that leaves the sheet-making stage is pre-dried to a dry-solids content of e.g. about
• the fibrous web is supported by an air-permeable wire or belt and during its transport is guided over the surface of an air-permeable rotating cylinder drum. Structuring the supporting wire or belt makes it possible to produce any pattern of compressed zones broken up by deformation in the moist state, resulting in increased mean specific volumes and consequently leading to an increase in bulk softness without decisively decreasing the strength of the fibrous web.
• Such a pattern is fixed in the area of the TAD-cylinder. Thereafter the pattern is further imprinted between the TAD-fabric and the Yankee-cylinder.
• Creping may be conducted also during transfer of the paper sheet from the forming wire directly to the TAD-fabric or via a transfer fabric. For this creping the forming fabric runs faster than the following fabric receiving the sheet (rush transfer).
• the so-called inner sheet-forming screen can thus be operated at a speed that is up to 40% faster than that of the next fabric or that of the subsequent felt, the initially formed and already pre-drained paper web being transferred to the next TAD fabric.
• the following procedural steps are normally used individually or in combination: cutting to size (longitudinally and/or cross cutting), producing a plurality of plies, producing chemical and/or mechanical (e.g. by embossing) ply adhesion, volumetric and structural embossing, laminating, folding, imprinting, perforating, application of lotions, smoothing, stacking, rolling up.
• Chemical ply adhesion can be performed by using an adhesive such as Kappasil and Kappaflex adhesives available from Kapp-Chemie GmbH.
• an intermediate step preferably occurs with so-called doubling in which the base tissue in the finished product's desired number of plies is usually gathered on a common multiply master roll.
• the processing step from the base tissue, which has already been optionally wound up in several plies, to the finished product occurs in processing machines which include operations such as repeated smoothing of the tissue, edge embossing, to an extent combined with full area and/or local application of adhesive to produce ply adhesion of the individual plies (base tissue) to be combined together, as well as longitudinal cut, folding, cross cut, placement and bringing together a plurality of individual tissues and their packaging as well as bringing them together to form larger surrounding packages or bundles.
• the individual paper ply webs can also be pre-embossed and then combined in a roll gap according to the foot -to-foot or nested methods. These converting techniques are known in the art.
• test samples were conditioned for at least 12 hours at 50% relative humidity and 23 °C prior to testing.
• the basis weight was determined according to EN ISO 12625-6:2005, Tissue Paper and Tissue Products, Part 6: Determination of grammage.
• the measurement is made by a precision micrometer (precision 0.001 mm) according to a modified method based on EN ISO 12625-3:2014, Part 3.
• precision micrometer precision 0.001 mm
• the diameter of the pressure foot is 35,7 + 0.1 mm (10.0 cm 2 nominal area).
• the pressure applied is 2.0 kPa + 0.1 kPa.
• the pressure foot is movable at a speed rate of 2.0 + 0.2 mm/s.
• a usable apparatus is a thickness meter type L & W SE050 (available from Lorentzen & Wettre, Europe).
• the base tissue (web) to be measured is cut into pieces of 20 x 25 cm and conditioned in an atmosphere of 23°C, 50 % RH (Relative Humidity) for at least 12 hours.
• a stack of 10 base tissue paper sheets is prepared and placed beneath the pressure plate, which is then lowered.
• the thickness value for the stack is then read off 5 seconds after the pressure has been stabilized.
• the thickness measurement is then repeated nine times with further samples treated and prepared in the same manner.
• the mean value of the 10 values is taken as thickness of 10 base tissue sheets measured (in the following referred to as "10-ply caliper").
• the finished product to be measured i.e. a one-ply or multi-ply tissue paper product
• the finished product to be measured is cut into pieces of 20 x 25 cm and conditioned in an atmosphere of 23X, 50 % RH for at least 12 hours.
• the mean value of the 10 values obtained is taken as thickness of one sheet ( one-sheet caliper") of the finished product (e.g. a two-ply hand towel) measured. 4.3. Bulk in cm 3 /g
• the dry strength was determined according to EN ISO 12625-4: 2005, Tissue Paper and Tissue Products, Part 4: Determination of width-related breaking strength, elongation at break and tensile energy absorption.
• the tensile tester used for the measurement featured two clamps of 50 mm width. Each clamp can grip the test piece firmly, but without damage, along a straight line across the full width of the test piece (the clamping line). The distance between the clamping lines was set at 100 mm. For special tests, the distance is reduced if the available length of the sample is lower than 100 mm (e.g. toilet tissue in cross direction).
• the tissue paper product to be measured i.e. two sheets of a single-ply or multiply product, was cut into test pieces of 50 mm wide with parallel edges. Each sheet was cut into two different types of test pieces by cutting in the machine direction and in the cross direction. The obtained test pieces were then conditioned in an atmosphere of 23°C, 50 % RH (Relative Humidity) for at least 12 hours.
• the test piece to be measured was placed between the clamps without any strain, and such that any observable slack is eliminated.
• a pre-tensile force of 25 cN is applied (zero of stretch) then the elongation rate between the clamps was kept constant at 5 cm/min.
• the maximum tensile force required to break the test piece was obtained.
• the measurement was repeated with six test pieces and the values obtained were averaged.
• the dry tensile strength was calculated by means of the following formula:
• the apparatus used for the measurement was a vertical tensile strength tester featuring one clamp of 50 mm width, capable of gripping the test piece firmly without slippage. Below the clamp a thin metal bar and further below a vertically movable Finch Cup soaking device filled with water was arranged as is well known in the art.
• To prepare the test pieces two sheets of a single-ply or multi-ply paper were each cut into test "strips" of 5 x 15 cm with parallel edges. From each sheet two types of test pieces were prepared by cutting in the machine direction (MD) and in the cross direction (CD).
• the samples to be tested were artificially aged before conducting the tensile test measurement. Aging was achieved by heating the samples in an air-circulating drying cabinet to 80°C for a period of 30 min according to the ISO standard.
• the strip-shaped test piece was wound once around the metal bar in the Finch Cup soaking device in order to form a loop followed by fixing both ends of the test piece loop in the clamp arranged above the soaking device.
• the two ends of the test piece were fixed in the clamp without any strain, and such that the test span was set at 4.5 cm.
• the Finch cup filled with water was raised so that the bar and the strip are fully immersed in the water.
• the test piece was soaked for 15 seconds followed by immediately initiating the tensile test.
• the wet tensile force required to break the immersed test piece was determined at an elongation rate of 5 cm/min. The measurement was repeated with six test pieces and the values obtained were averaged.
• Mean wet tensile strength [N/m] (mean maximum tensile force [N] / initial width of the test piece [mm]) x 10 3
• the geometrical mean tensile index was calculated in accordance with EN ISO 12625-4:2005 by the following formula:
• the freeness value (in °SR) was measured according to DIN-ISO 5267/1 ; March 1999.
• Softness was rated by a panel composed of at least five qualified persons.
• the final tissue paper product i.e. three-ply toilet paper, two-ply hand towel or two-ply household towel
• the evaluation procedure consists in assessing surface and bulk softness, grip and drapability. By judgment of the panelist the tested products are ranked against standards with a known softness value. The results of the individual panelists are averaged into a final softness value for the respective finished product.
• tissue softness can thus be quantified by comparison with tissue references to which softness values ranging from 1 .5 to 4.0 had been previously allocated. Softness ratings were averaged across all panelists.
• the absorption (in g/g) was determined in accordance with PrENV 12625-8 Tissue Paper and Tissue Products, Part 8: Determination of water-absorption time and water-absorption capacity, in accordance with the basket-immersion test method described in EP 1 362 143 B1 , item 5 - test method and Figur 1 ).
• the "MG pulp” was produced using the soda pulping process. Soda pulping uses NaOH as the active cooking chemical to achieve the delignification which occurs at elevated temperatures. After the cooking the pulp was bleached using conventional bleaching agents and dried.
• Kappasil 260-4410, Kappaflex binder 72-0004. and Kappaflex grau 65-0012 were each purchased from Kapp-Chemie GmbH, Germany.
• weight proportions (kg/t) always refer to the amount of treated cellulosic fibers (dry weight).
• a conventional tissue paper making machine was adapted to make a three-ply toilet paper (Example 1 ), a two-ply hand towel (Example 2) and a two-ply household towel (Example 3).
• the machine was equipped with a Dry Crepe configuration and involved a two-layer headbox; a Crescent Former; a Suction Turning Roll; a NipcoFlex-T shoe press; a Yankee dryer with a drying hood; and a reel section to wind up the tissue paper.
• the machine settings were kept throughout the trials in the following range(s):
• Hood temperature 190 - 330 °C
• the first furnish stream was prepared from unrefined HW pulp.
• SW pulp was refined to a freeness value of 21 °SR to prepare a second furnish stream.
• the embryonic web was dewatered in the shoe press to a dryness of about 42 to 48% and then led over the Yankee cylinder such that the HW pulp layer was in contact with the surface of the Yankee cylinder ("Y") and the SW pulp layer was opposite the Hood ("H").
• the adhesive used for bonding the three paper webs together was composed of 49 wt.-% water (452.16 kg), 46 wt.-% Kappasil (260-4410) (422.40 kg), 4.5 wt.-% Kappaflex binder (72-0004) (43.20 kg), and 0.5 wt.-% Kappaflex grau (65-0012) (4.42 kg), based on the total weight (922.18 kg) of the adhesive.
• the three webs were fed to the embossing station and bonded in such a manner that the HW pulp layers (produced from the first furnish) of the two outer webs (plies) were located each on the outside of the three-ply toilet paper.
• Example 1 -2 (Toilet paper with 12% MG pulp)
• a three-ply toilet paper was produced in the same manner as set forth in Example 1 -1 apart from the following differences.
• the first furnish stream was a 1/4 mixture of unrefined MG pulp and unrefined HW pulp, respectively.
• the SW pulp layer (40%) was located on the hood side, while the layer on the Yankee side included 12%MG pulp and 48% HW pulp, each based on the total weight of the web.
• These three paper webs were bonded to each other by decor laminating / embossing and cut to size in the same manner as described in Example 1 -1 . They were bonded in such a manner that the MG pulp-containing layers (produced from the first furnish stream) of the two outer webs (plies) were located each outside of the three-ply toilet paper.
• Example 1-3 Toilet paper with 60% MG pulp
• a three ply toilet paper was produced in the same manner as set forth in Example 1-1 apart from the following difference: ⁇
• the first furnish stream contained only unrefined MG pulp.
• the SW pulp layer (40%) was located on the Hood side ("H"), while the layer on the Yankee side ( ⁇ ") included 60% MG pulp, each based on the total weight of the web.
• Example 2-1 (Reference hand towel)
• the first furnish stream was a 1/1 mixture of refined SW pulp and unrefined HW pulp, respectively,
• the two webs were fed through the nip of an embossing station including an embossing roll with protrusions forming a micro background and design elements (leaf and Tork® logo) and a rubber roll arranged opposite thereto.
• an embossing roll with protrusions forming a micro background and design elements (leaf and Tork® logo) and a rubber roll arranged opposite thereto.
• adhesive was selectively applied to those areas thereof that are joined together in the nip with the corresponding areas of the other web (ply) by means of the protruding design elements of the embossing roll.
• the adhesive used for bonding the two paper webs together was the same as used in Example 1 -1.
• the webs were superimposed and fed to the embossing station in such a manner that the layers containing only softwood pulp contacted each other and were located inside the two-ply hand towel ⁇ as shown in the table below).
• a two-ply hand towel was produced in the same manner as set forth in Example 2-1 apart from the following difference:
• the first furnish stream contained a 2/3/5 mixture of unrefined MG pulp, unrefined HW pulp and refined SW pulp, respectively.
• the second furnish stream contained only refined SW pulp.
• the two webs constituting the two plies of a two ply hand towel were produced as described below.
• a first web and a second web were produced in the same manner as explained in Example 2-1 apart from the following differences:
• the first furnish stream was a 1/1 mixture of refined SW pulp and unrefined MG pulp, respectively.
• the SW pulp layer (50%) was on the Hood side, while the layer on the Yankee side included 25% SW + 25% MG, each based on the total weight of the web.
• the first and second base tissue paper web each had a basis weight of about 21 g/rri2 and a 10-ply caliper of about 1 .20 mm and were wound up separately on jumbo rolls.
• the first paper web and the second paper web were bonded together by decor lamination / embossing, cut to size and wound on a dispenser hand towel reel in the same manner as described in in Example 2-1 ,
• the layers containing only softwood pulp contacted each other and the MG pulp-containing layers were located on the outside (as shown in the table below).
• Example 3-1 (Reference household towel)
• Example 2-1 The same tissue paper webs as produced in Example 2-1 were used for manufacturing a two-ply household towel.
• the two tissue paper webs were superimposed and bonded (laminated) to each other by embossing in a nested configuration.
• the two webs were fed through the nip of an embossing station including an embossing roll with protrusions forming a graphical pattern and a rubber roll arranged opposite thereto.
• an embossing roll with protrusions forming a graphical pattern and a rubber roll arranged opposite thereto.
• the same adhesive as described in Example 1 -1 was selectively applied to those areas of the web that are joined together in the nip with the corresponding areas of the other web (ply) by means of the protruding elements of the embossing roll.
• Example 3-2 Household towel with 10% MG pulp
• Example 2-2 The same tissue paper webs as produced in Example 2-2 were used for manufacturing a two-ply household towel.
• the two tissue paper webs were laminated and embossed in the same manner as described in Example 3-1 .
• Example 3-3 Household towel with 25% MG pulp
• the same tissue paper webs as produced in Example 2-3 were used for manufacturing a two-ply household towel.
• the two tissue paper webs were laminated and embossed in the same manner as described in Example 3-1.

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