Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1266—Inorganic compounds nitrogen containing compounds, (e.g. NH3)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
  • C10L1/125—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof water
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
  • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/2227—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond urea; derivatives thereof; urethane
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/23—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites
  • C10L1/231—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites nitro compounds; nitrates; nitrites
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/02—Inorganic or organic compounds containing atoms other than C, H or O, e.g. organic compounds containing heteroatoms or metal organic complexes
  • C10L2200/0254—Oxygen containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
  • C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
  • C10L2270/026—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for diesel engines, e.g. automobiles, stationary, marine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/24—Mixing, stirring of fuel components

Definitions

• ENHANCED FUELS METHODS OF PRODUCING ENHANCED FUELS, AND ADDITIVES FOR MITIGATING CORROSION
• the present disclosure relates to enhanced fuels suitable for use in internal combustion engines. Moreover, the present disclosure is concerned with methods of producing such enhanced fuels. Furthermore, the present disclosure is concerned with compounds as additives for alcohol-based fuels to mitigate corrosion.
• Combustion systems such as internal combustion engines are well known.
• combustible hydrocarbon fuels such as diesel oil are oxidized by air to generate hot gases that are used to generate mechanical power, for example for transportation purposes.
• combustion in air generates as by-products carbonaceous soot particles and Nitrogen oxides (NOx).
• soot particles and Nitrogen oxides (NOx) reduce and/or filter such soot particles and Nitrogen oxides (NOx) in exhaust gases from combustion systems, for example by spraying Urea solution, namely "AdBlue", into vehicle engine exhaust systems.
• Urea solution namely "AdBlue
• Contemporary combustion fuels are derived, namely manufactured, from geological fossil reserves. Such fossil reserves are of finite capacity and are being gradually exhausted, as the present World consumption of oil is in an order of 100 million barrels of oil per day. More recently, there is a growing interest in biofuels derived from contemporary biota. The use of biofuel as a motor fuel has been studied in detail already since the 20 th Century. In a recent period, alternative fuels, in contradistinction to conventional fossil-reserve-derived fuels, is used as a motor fuel, or an addition to basic fuel, in many countries, such as Brazil, Germany, Sweden and USA [1 ]. Technologies have been developed for producing motor fuels including plain ethanol, as well as its blends with regular gasoline and diesel fuel to be used in internal combustion engines. Significant innovations relating to alternative fuels are described in patent documents WO2009/106647, US5628805 and DE10339355.
• Methanol as a combustion fuel provides various advantages, as follows:
• 5. can be made from a vast variety of biomasses and mixed with methanol made from fossil fuels.
• methanol as an alcohol-based fuel is corrosive. Therefore, use of methanol as a combustion fuel can cause wear and tear in an internal combustion engine due to its poor anti-corrosive property.
• the corrosion promoting compounds present in the crankcase are principally weak organic acids which may result from nitration and/or oxidation due to contamination by blow-by gases and exposure of the lubricant to high temperatures.
• dispersants, detergents, and corrosion inhibitors in the lubricating oil or fuel composition.
• Corrosion inhibitors are known in the prior art. In spite of much advancement in the field of corrosion science and technology, the phenomenon of corrosion (mainly of Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, Mg and their alloys) remains a major concern to industries around the world. Though the serious consequences of corrosion can be controlled to a great extent by selection of highly corrosion resistant materials, the cost factor associated with the same, favours the use of cheap metallic materials along with efficient corrosion prevention methods in many industrial applications. In this aspect, corrosion inhibitors have ample significance as individual inhibitors or as a component in chemical formulations.
• U.S. Pat. No. 4,214,876 discloses a corrosion inhibitor for hydrocarbon fuels comprising a polymerized unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having about 1 6- 18 carbon atoms and a monoalkenyl succinic acid wherein the alkenyl group contains 8-18 carbon atoms.
• U.S. Pat. No. 4,426,208 discloses a corrosion inhibitor for gasohol comprising at least one polymerized unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having from about 16 to 18 carbon atoms per molecule and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having from 2 to about 10 carbon atoms.
• U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,545 discloses a corrosion inhibitor for gasohol comprising a hydrocarbyl succinic acid or anhydride having from about 8-30 carbon atoms.
• the present disclosure seeks to provide an enhanced fuel, for example an enhanced fuel which is based upon methanol.
• the present disclosure seeks to provide alcohol-based fuel, such as methanol- based fuel, with improved anti-corrosive property.
• the present disclosure seeks to provide a method of producing the aforesaid enhanced fuel.
• a fuel for use in internal combustion engines wherein the fuel includes a mixture of at least one alcohol, water and Ammonium Nitrate and urea, wherein the at least one alcohol is methanol included in a concentration having a range of 90-97 weight %, wherein the urea is included in a concentration having a range of 1 -10 weight %, wherein the Ammonium Nitrate is included in a concentration having a range of 0.5-10 weight %, and wherein the water is included in a quantity which renders the Ammonium Nitrate and urea dissolved in the at least one alcohol.
• the fuel based on above aspects, is of advantage is that an addition of water renders Ammonium Nitrate and/or urea co-soluble in at least one alcohol, for example methanol, thereby providing a solution which is stable in storage, and also useable directly as a substitute for fuels such as diesel, petrol, kerosene and other heavy fuel oils.
• the methanol is included in a concentration of 95 weight %.
• the urea is included in a concentration having a range of 1 -10 weight % relative to methanol.
• the Ammonium Nitrate is included in a concentration having a range of 1 -5 weight %.
• a method of producing a fuel wherein the method includes:
• the Ammonium Nitrate is included in a concentration having a range of 1 -5 weight %.
• a fuel additive including a mixture of Ammonium Nitrate, urea and water, for use in at least one alcohol based fuel, wherein the at least one alcohol is methanol included in a concentration having a range of 90-97 weight %, wherein the urea is included in a concentration having a range of 1 -10 weight %, wherein the Ammonium Nitrate is included in a concentration having a range of 0.5-10 weight %, and wherein the water is included in a quantity which renders the Ammonium Nitrate and urea dissolved in the at least one alcohol.
• Figs. 1 and 2 are graphical illustration of enhanced fuel pursuant to the present disclosure.
• the present disclosure is concerned with an enhanced fuel which is based upon an alcohol, for example ethanol and/or methanol, which is economical to produce, and which can be used as a diesel fuel substitute, with only minor changes being necessary to an internal combustion diesel fuel engine.
• an alcohol for example ethanol and/or methanol
• urea is employed as a corrosion inhibitor for methanol or any other alcohol, together with AN as an ignition enhancer.
• Enhanced fuel Methanol + water + AN +urea Eq. 1
• ammonia released, mitigates the corrosive effect of carbon dioxide.
• ammonia is corrosive by itself the formed ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonates retard and inhibit corrosion. The possible reactions being
• Ammonium nitrate has a significant potential as a cetane enhancer for alcohols, such as methanol.
• the cetane enhancement capability effectively allows AN to be used as an ignition improver for such alcohol fuels.
• AN is not very soluble in methanol for example, but both methanol and AN are soluble in water. Therefore, there is disclosed a fuel including a mixture of an alcohol, for example ethanol and/or methanol, AN, urea and water (Eq. 1 )
• Such fuels are beneficially manufactured from a method including:
• step (i) of the method the range in which AN needs to be added is defined by a ratio N/C (namely, Nitrogen to Carbon), wherein Nitrogen atoms come from the AN additive and Carbon atoms, mostly, comes from the fuel, for example methanol.
• N/C Nitrogen to Carbon
• step (ii) of the method water needs to be added to an extent that solubilises the required amount of AN and urea, or just urea.
• the ranges provided are preferentially by volume.
• the mixture of water, methanol, AN and urea (Eq. 1 ) and the mixture of water, methanol and urea (Eq. 2) are of advantage in that it can be easily stored over a long-term period without separating out into individual components parts, and does not form an emulsion and does not need to be emulsified.
• the enhanced fuels pursuant to Eqs.1 and 2 only contain fully soluble compounds and, thus, are considered to be more stable and more reliable in operating conditions. Further, the enhanced fuels pursuant to Eqs.
• Methanol can be generated from a variety of sources, for example from fermenting biological waste, form processing wood by-products, from fossil fuel reserves, from coal, from coal liquefaction, from hydrates and so forth; mutatis mutandis ethanol is similarly derivable.
• Embodiments of the present disclosure are concerned with an introduction of a new additive which increases the efficiency of a given fuel, for example methanol-based fuel, by acting as a cetane enhancer and/or anti-corrosion agent.
• the additives can be water, urea and AN ; or water and urea.
• the new additive provides at least one of following benefits:
• the new additive has a potential for application in petrol engines; and (d) The new additive could reduce corrosion by methanol.
• cetane is a measure of an ignition quality of a diesel fuel. The higher the cetane measure of a given diesel fuel, the easier it is to start a standard (direct injection) diesel engine using the given diesel fuel.
• the cetane measure is defined by a percentage, by volume, of cetane, with a chemical name " hexadecane" ' , in a combustion mixture, containing cetane and 1 - methylnaphthalene, whose ignition characteristics match those of a given diesel fuel being tested. Comparisons with other additives and fuels can be made by way of "equivalent cetane measure", for example as employed when describing embodiments of the present disclosure.
• Benefits of the enhanced fuels in Eqs. (1 and 2) include:
• the enhanced fuel results in a significant reduction in cost in comparison to PEG-dinitrate-based additives, namely AN cost approximately less than 1 /20 th of PEG-based additives;
• systems and methods are disclosed for the use of an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate (AN) as an ignition improver and urea as a corrosion inhibitor, directly injected into the engine cylinder.
• systems and methods are disclosed for the injection of urea into methanol for corrosion inhibition.
• the term fuel can be any substance suitable for use as a diesel fuel.
• methanol plus lubricity additive can be used directly in spark-ignited petrol engines, so providing a "universal fuel”.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Emergency Medicine (AREA)
• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

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• 2015
  • 2015-02-15 GB GB1502524.0A patent/GB2535235B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2016
  • 2016-02-15 EP EP16710922.2A patent/EP3256549A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2016-02-15 US US15/551,090 patent/US20180030361A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2016-02-15 WO PCT/EP2016/025013 patent/WO2016128148A1/en active Application Filing

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