WO2016127486A1 - 一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量装置及方法 - Google Patents

一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量装置及方法 Download PDF

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WO2016127486A1
WO2016127486A1 PCT/CN2015/076169 CN2015076169W WO2016127486A1 WO 2016127486 A1 WO2016127486 A1 WO 2016127486A1 CN 2015076169 W CN2015076169 W CN 2015076169W WO 2016127486 A1 WO2016127486 A1 WO 2016127486A1
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stripe
target
vibration
stripe target
module
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PCT/CN2015/076169
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English (en)
French (fr)
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钟舜聪
钟剑锋
张秋坤
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福州大学
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
    • G01H9/00—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M7/00—Vibration-testing of structures; Shock-testing of structures
    • G01M7/02—Vibration-testing by means of a shake table

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  • the invention relates to a high-speed multi-dimensional vibration measuring device and method based on a stripe target, in particular to a device and a method for high-speed measurement of micron and millimeter amplitude vibrations by a non-contact method, belonging to the field of optical measurement vibration technology .
  • Vibration is a basic form of motion of objects. It is widely used in nature and people's life production fields, such as earthquakes, speaker vibrations, engine vibrations of various machines, and forced vibration of large infrastructure such as railways and bridges. Wait. As an effective means to solve engineering vibration problems, vibration measurement technology has made great progress in vibration theory and vibration measurement technology and application after years of exploration by people from all walks of life. Combined with advanced electronic technology and sensing technology, vibration measurement in the past is difficult, such as extremely high frequency or very low frequency vibration, micro vibration, small or lightweight structure vibration, high speed rotor vibration.
  • Mechanical vibration is a kind of destruction source and interference source in some fields, which has a destructive effect on the structure, such as causing wear, fatigue and deformation of some components, noise, and environmental pollution.
  • vibration measurement technology is mainly divided into the following three methods: mechanical vibration measurement, electrical vibration measurement, optical vibration measurement.
  • Conventional mechanical vibration measurements mostly use contact-type measurements, such as acceleration sensors, piezoelectric ceramics, and strain gauges. These measurement methods have certain advantages and measurement accuracy when the quality and contact effects of these sensor components can be neglected; however, when measuring some relatively lightweight structures, the quality of these sensor components themselves cannot be ignored or detected.
  • the influence of the object For example, when the acceleration sensor measures a lighter structure, the quality of the sensor itself has a certain degree of influence on the mode of the structure at different positions of the structure, and finally the measured modal parameters are changed, thereby affecting the accuracy and reliability of the structural defect detection.
  • Non-contact vibration detection becomes a very important detection method when it is not possible to use sensors or contact measurements.
  • eddy current sensors are used for vibration measurement, and their measurement is nonlinear and can only be used for non-contact measurement of metal objects;
  • other optical non-contact measurement methods are basically based on optical interference technology for detection.
  • Accuracy can reach a relatively high level, but such non-contact methods such as laser or white light interferometry need to ensure that the reference light and the detected light can always be in a condition capable of generating interference, and often the interference signal is often subject to the surface of the detected object.
  • the influence of roughness or spatial position most of these detection methods can only measure one point or a few points at the same time, and require additional hardware investment when performing multi-point and large-scale measurement.
  • the synchronous vibration measuring device and method are significant.
  • the object of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a high-speed multi-dimensional vibration measuring device and method based on a stripe target, which can realize vibration measurement of points, lines and surfaces within a certain range, and the measuring speed is fast. ,High precision.
  • a high-speed multi-dimensional vibration measuring device based on a stripe target comprising:
  • a stripe target disposed on a surface of the vibration structure to be tested for encoding a spatial position of the vibration structure to be tested
  • An imaging module configured to continuously image and record the stripe target on the vibration structure to be tested, and transmit the acquired stripe target image to the signal control and processing module;
  • the signal control and processing module is configured to control the imaging module and the display module, and is further configured to perform data communication with the imaging module and perform image processing on the transmitted striped target image, and the image processing result may be in the display module. Display or perform further data processing and analysis operations;
  • a display module configured to display image processing results sent by the signal control and processing module.
  • the stripe target is a stripe target lightweight patch
  • the stripe target lightweight patch has a black and white stripe image on the front side, an adhesive layer on the back surface, and is adhered to the surface of the vibration structure to be tested.
  • stripe target is designed as follows:
  • the stripe target adopts a single-frequency sinusoidal stripe whose stripe density is smaller than the second set value
  • the stripe target adopts a single-frequency sinusoidal stripe whose stripe density is greater than the third set value, and is superimposed on the basis of the adopted single-frequency sinusoidal stripe.
  • the low-frequency signal whose frequency difference is different from the single-set sinusoidal signal is greater than the fourth set value, and the low-frequency signals superimposed at different positions are different, thereby positioning the stripe target at different positions of the vibration structure to be tested.
  • one of the shapes of the stripe target is an elongated strip; for a rotating object, the stripe target is designed as a stripe-shaped stripe target whose sinusoidal variation or period is fixed, and the length is equal to the circumference of the surface of the rotating object.
  • the elongated stripe target ring is attached to the circumferential surface of the rotating object to measure the vibration of the rotating object.
  • the imaging module is mainly composed of an area array imaging sensor and an optical imaging lens.
  • the imaging module is a high-speed camera with an adjustable frame rate, and the high-speed camera is disposed directly in front of the surface of the vibration structure to be tested to which the stripe target is attached, so that the stripe target can be clearly imaged in the area array image. On the sensor.
  • the invention also provides a high-speed multi-dimensional vibration measuring method based on a stripe target, comprising the following steps:
  • the stripe target attached to the surface is also vibrated, and the imaged module is used for continuous imaging and recording of the stripe target;
  • the imaging module transmits the acquired stripe target image to a signal control and processing module for image processing;
  • the signal control and processing module performs Fourier transform on the stripe at the same position on the same stripe target in each frame of the image and uses a certain peak frequency correction method to accurately correct the peak frequency;
  • the signal control and processing module obtains a time domain curve of the structural vibration at the stripe target by imaging the mathematical relationship and the corrected peak frequency, that is, recovering the vibration signal of the vibration structure to be tested;
  • the peak frequency correction method is a discrete spectrum time-shift phase difference correction method, and the mathematical relationship is:
  • ⁇ is the phase difference obtained by two-stage continuous fringe signal after translation and adding different window functions
  • ⁇ and ⁇ 0 are the phases of the two-stage signal
  • T is the length of the added symmetric window
  • the continuous signal shifts a 1 T to obtain another a signal, where a 1 >0
  • ⁇ is the peak frequency of the discrete spectrum of the signal before correction
  • ⁇ is the frequency correction amount, which is obtained by the above formula:
  • ⁇ Z(n,t) Z 1 (n)[ ⁇ 2 (n,t)/ ⁇ 1 (n)–1]
  • n is the number of the stripe target
  • ⁇ Z(n, t) is the calculated relative displacement
  • Z 1 (n) is the initial distance between the nth stripe target and the lens
  • ⁇ 1 (n) is the nth stripe
  • the target is located at the initial frequency after stripe correction at Z 1 (n)
  • ⁇ 2 (n, t) is the frequency after stripe correction of the nth stripe target at displacement ⁇ Z; by calculating the relative of each stripe on the vibration structure to be tested The frequency is changed, and then the time domain curve of the structural vibration at the stripe target is obtained by the displacement calculation formula.
  • the present invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) rapid measurement of vibration of the surface of the object can be realized, that is, complicated sensor arrangement and system parameter adjustment such as contact measurement system are not required, nor It is necessary to perform interference signal adjustment as in the optical interference method. (2) It can realize the displacement or vibration measurement of multi-dimensional (micron and millimeter vibration amplitude), and the vibration data at any position of the stripe target can be obtained for analysis, that is, the measured object can be simultaneously measured at multiple points and Modal analysis is available for speed, accuracy and stability in other measuring devices that can only detect one point.
  • the detection range of the present invention may be on the order of micrometers or millimeters, for Large-scale deformation and vibration measurements do not require further phase expansion methods to extend the range of detection amplitudes like other optical methods.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG 2 is an imaging geometric relationship diagram of an imaging module in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the shape of a stripe target in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing the shape and position layout of a stripe target for measuring vibration of a beam structure in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic view showing the shape and position layout of a stripe target for measuring vibration of a board structure in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 6 is a flow chart showing the measurement steps of the method of the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a flow chart of data processing steps of a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a three-dimensional time domain curved surface diagram of a line vibration for detecting a thin plastic cantilever beam structure in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a three-dimensional spectrogram of a line vibration time domain curved surface for detecting a thin plastic cantilever beam structure in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 10 is a first three-order modal curve for detecting a thin plastic cantilever beam structure in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the present invention is based on a stripe target high-speed multi-dimensional vibration measuring apparatus, including a stripe target 9, an imaging module 3, a signal control and processing module, and a display module.
  • the stripe target 9 is disposed on the surface of the vibration structure 8 to be tested for encoding the spatial position of the vibration structure 8 to be tested.
  • the imaging module 3 is configured for continuous imaging and recording of the stripe target 9 on the vibration structure 8 to be measured, and transmits the acquired stripe target image to the signal control and processing module through the data transmission line 2.
  • the signal control and processing module is configured to control the imaging module 3 and the display module, and is also used for data communication with the imaging module 3 and performing image processing on the transmitted stripe target image, and the image processing result can be performed in the display module. Display or for further data processing and analysis operations.
  • the signal control and processing module and the display module are integrated on the computer 1.
  • the vibration structure 8 to be tested is a cantilever beam
  • the vibration exciter 5, the power amplifier 6 and the signal generator 7 are additional vibration experimental instruments of the present embodiment for exciting the vibration structure 8 to be tested.
  • Signal generator 7 when working The vibration control signal is generated and amplified by the power amplifier 6, and then input to the exciter 5 to drive the vibration of the exciter.
  • the driving signal in this embodiment is a sweep signal of 0-80 Hz to perform sweep excitation on the cantilever beam.
  • the imaging module 3 is a high-speed camera with an adjustable frame rate, which is mainly composed of an area array imaging sensor 10 and an optical imaging lens 4.
  • the high speed camera is placed directly in front of the surface of the vibration structure to be tested to which the stripe target is attached, so that the stripe target can be clearly imaged on the area array imaging sensor. Adjust the optical imaging lens to make the stripe target clear, and set the acquisition frame rate of the high-speed camera for image acquisition and recording.
  • the stripe target 9 in this embodiment is a stripe target lightweight patch
  • the front side of the stripe target lightweight patch is a black and white stripe image
  • the back side is an adhesive layer, and can be adhered to the vibration structure to be tested of engineering plastics, metals, and the like.
  • the imaging module parameters are set and the vibration fringe target image is acquired.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the shape of a stripe target according to an embodiment of the present invention. In the figure, the shape of the stripe target is elongated.
  • the stripe target is designed as a stripe-shaped stripe target with a sinusoidal variation or periodic period, and a stripe-shaped target ring of the same length as the surface of the rotating object is attached to the circumferential surface of the rotating object to measure the rotation. The vibration of the object.
  • the stripe target is designed as follows: 1. For the vibration structure to be measured in which the number of measurement points and the measurement range are smaller than the first set value, the distance between the camera and the stripe target is relatively close, and the single stripe target is on the imaging sensor. The imaging resolution is large, and the designed stripe target adopts simple single-frequency sinusoidal stripe, and the stripe density can be smaller, such as less than the second set value; 2.
  • the distance between the camera and the stripe target is far, the imaging resolution of the single stripe target on the imaging sensor is small, and the stripe target adopts a single-frequency sinusoidal stripe whose stripe density is greater than the second set value, and is in the range distinguishable by the camera.
  • the stripe density of the inner single-frequency sinusoidal stripe may be larger, such as greater than the third set value, but in order to facilitate the positioning processing of the distributed stripe target, superimposing a single-frequency sinusoidal stripe on the basis of the single-frequency sinusoidal fringe
  • the low frequency signals with different sinusoidal signal frequencies (such as the fourth set value), and the low frequency signals superimposed at different positions are different, so as to locate different positions of the vibration structure to be tested.
  • Figures 4 and 5 are schematic views of the shape of a stripe target for measuring beam and plate structure vibrations in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • different stripe targets can be designed according to different shapes of the structure. Not all of the various structures are listed in this patent, but the measurements made based on the method of the present invention are all within the scope of the present invention.
  • the invention also provides a high-speed multi-dimensional vibration measuring method using the above device, as shown in Figures 6 and 7, comprising the following steps:
  • A As shown in FIG. 6, select a suitable stripe target, arrange a stripe target on the vibration structure to be tested, and set the imaging module.
  • the stripe target attached to the surface is also vibrated, and the imaged module is used to continuously image and record the stripe target.
  • the imaging module transmits the acquired stripe target image to the signal control and processing module through the data transmission line for image processing.
  • the signal control and processing module performs Fourier transform on the stripe at the same position on the same stripe target in each frame of image and uses a certain peak frequency correction method to accurately correct the peak frequency.
  • the signal control and processing module obtains the time domain curve of the structural vibration at the stripe target by the imaging mathematical relationship and the corrected peak frequency, that is, the vibration signal of the vibration structure to be tested is restored.
  • the peak frequency correction method is a discrete-spectrum time-shift phase difference correction method. Due to the limited image resolution of the imaging sensor, energy leakage occurs on the collected fringes, and the frequency obtained after Fourier transform of the fringe signal has an error.
  • the discrete-spectrum time-shift phase difference correction method corrects it to improve the spatial frequency resolution of the fringes.
  • the mathematical relationship is:
  • ⁇ is the phase difference obtained by two-stage continuous fringe signal after translation and adding different window functions
  • ⁇ and ⁇ 0 are the phases of the two-stage signal
  • T is the length of the added symmetric window
  • the continuous signal shifts a 1 T to obtain another a signal, where a 1 >0
  • ⁇ is the peak frequency of the discrete spectrum of the signal before correction
  • ⁇ is the frequency correction amount, which is obtained by the above formula:
  • ⁇ Z(n,t) Z 1 (n)[ ⁇ 2 (n,t)/ ⁇ 1 (n)–1]
  • n is the number of the stripe target
  • ⁇ Z(n, t) is the calculated relative displacement
  • Z 1 (n) is the initial distance between the nth stripe target and the lens
  • ⁇ 1 (n) is the nth stripe
  • the target is located at the initial frequency after stripe correction at Z 1 (n)
  • ⁇ 2 (n, t) is the frequency after stripe correction of the nth stripe target at displacement ⁇ Z; by calculating the relative of each stripe on the vibration structure to be tested The frequency is changed, and then the time domain curve of the structural vibration at the stripe target is obtained by the displacement calculation formula.
  • FIG. 8 is a three-dimensional time domain vibration surface of a stripe beam in the longitudinal direction of the cantilever beam recorded by the high-speed multi-dimensional vibration measuring device under the excitation of the frequency sweeping signal in the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a three-dimensional spectrogram obtained after FFT transformation of the time domain vibration plane of FIG. 8, and the first three-order resonance frequency of the cantilever beam structure can be obtained from the figure.
  • Figure 10 is a diagram The mode shape curve of the cantilever beam structure corresponding to the resonance frequency in 9 is: the solid line is the first-order mode, the dotted line is the second-order mode, and the dotted line is the third-order mode.
  • the detection precision of the vibration of the invention can reach the micrometer level, and the influence of the sensor on the measurement result under the traditional measurement vibration method or the single point measurement can be avoided.

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)

Abstract

一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量装置，该装置包括条纹靶（9）、成像模块（3）、信号控制及处理模块和显示模块，以及一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量方法，该方法包括以下步骤：在待测振动结构（8）上布置好条纹靶（9）；采用成像模块（3）对条纹靶（9）进行连续成像和记录；成像模块（3）将条纹靶（9）图像传输到信号控制及处理模块；信号控制及处理模块对每帧图像中同一条纹靶上同一位置的条纹进行傅立叶变换并采用一定的峰值频率校正方法对峰值频率进行精确校正，然后通过成像数学关系及校正的峰值频率获得贴覆有条纹靶处结构振动的时域曲线，即还原出结构振动信号；通过显示模块显示图像处理结果或通过振动信号作进一步数据处理。该装置及方法可实现对一定范围内点、线和面的振动测量，测量速度快，精度高。

Description

一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量装置及方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量装置及方法，特别是一种利用非接触式方法对微米级和毫米级幅度的振动进行高速测量的装置及方法，属于光学测量振动技术领域。
背景技术
振动是物体存在的一种基本的运动形式，广泛地存在于大自然和人们的生活生产领域，如地震、扬声器振动、各种机器的发动机运转振动和铁路和大桥等大型基础设施的受迫振动等。振动测量技术作为解决工程振动问题的一种有效手段，经过社会各界人士多年的探索，振动理论和振动测量技术及应用都取得了很大的进步。结合先进的电子技术和传感技术，使得过去难度较大的振动测量得以实现，譬如极高频或极低频的振动、微振动、小型或轻质型结构的振动、高速转子的振动等。
机械振动在一些领域属于一种破坏源和干扰源，对结构具有破坏作用，如造成一些元件的磨损、疲劳和变形等，也会产生噪音，造成环境的污染等。目前，振动测量技术主要分为以下三种方法：机械式振动测量、电气式振动测量、光学振动测量。传统的机械式振动测量大多采用接触式的测量，如采用加速度传感器、压电陶瓷、电阻应变片等。在可以忽略这些传感器件的质量和接触影响的情况下，这些测量方法具有一定的优点和测量精度；但是在测量某些比较轻质的结构时，就不能够忽略这些传感器件本身质量或者对检测物体的影响。例如加速度传感器测量较轻的结构时，传感器本身质量在结构不同位置对结构的模态有一定程度的影响，最终导致所测模态参数有所变化，从而影响结构缺陷检测的精度和可靠性。
对于不能用传感器或者接触测量的场合，非接触振动检测就成为了非常重要的检测方法。如涡流传感器用于振动的测量，其测量具有非线性性且只能对金属物体才能进行非接触式测量；其他一些光学的非接触式测量方法基本都是基于光的干涉技术进行检测的，检测精度可以达到比较高的水平，但是此类非接触式方法如激光或白光干涉测量方法都需要保证参考光与检测光线能够一直处于能够产生干涉的条件中，而往往干涉信号经常会受到检测物体表面粗糙度或者空间位置的影响；这些检测方法大多只能对一个点或者同时少数几个点进行测量，在进行多点、大范围测量时就需要额外的硬件投入。
因此设计出一种精确、简单、并可以在不增加硬件成本的情况下可实现单点到多点 的同步振动测量装置和方法意义重大。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的不足，提供一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量装置及方法，该装置及方法可实现对一定范围内点、线和面的振动测量，测量速度快，精度高。
为了实现上述目的，本发明的技术方案是：一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量装置，包括：
条纹靶，设置于待测振动结构表面，用于编码所述待测振动结构的空间位置；
成像模块，用于对所述待测振动结构上的条纹靶进行连续成像和记录，并将采集到的条纹靶图像传输到信号控制及处理模块；
信号控制及处理模块，用于对所述成像模块和显示模块进行控制，还用于与所述成像模块进行数据通信并对其传输来的条纹靶图像进行图像处理，图像处理结果可在显示模块中进行显示或作进一步的数据处理和分析操作；
显示模块，用于显示所述信号控制及处理模块发来的图像处理结果。
进一步的，所述条纹靶为条纹靶轻质贴片，所述条纹靶轻质贴片的正面为黑白条纹图像，背面为粘性层，并黏贴于所述待测振动结构表面。
进一步的，所述条纹靶按如下方法进行设计：
对于测量点数和测量范围小于第一设定值的待测振动结构，条纹靶采用条纹密度小于第二设定值的单频正弦条纹；
对于测量点数和测量范围不小于第一设定值的待测振动结构，条纹靶采用条纹密度大于第三设定值的单频正弦条纹，且在所采用的单频正弦条纹的基础上，叠加与单频正弦信号频率相差大于第四设定值的低频信号，不同位置叠加的低频信号不同，以此来定位待测振动结构不同位置的条纹靶。
进一步的，所述条纹靶的形状之一为长条形；对于旋转物体，将条纹靶设计成条纹周期成正弦变化或周期固定的长条形条纹靶，将长度与旋转物体表面周长相等的所述长条形条纹靶环贴于旋转物体圆周表面，以测量所述旋转物体的振动。
进一步的，所述成像模块主要由面阵成像传感器和光学成像镜头组成。
进一步的，所述成像模块为采集帧率可调的高速摄像机，所述高速摄像机设置于所述贴覆有条纹靶的待测振动结构表面正前方，以使条纹靶能够清晰成像于面阵成像传感器上。
本发明还提供了一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量方法，包括以下步骤：
A.在待测振动结构上布置好条纹靶，并设置好成像模块；
B.随着待测振动结构的振动，贴覆其表面的条纹靶也随之振动，采用成像模块对条纹靶进行连续成像和记录；
C.成像模块将采集到的条纹靶图像传输到信号控制及处理模块，以进行图像处理；
D.信号控制及处理模块对每帧图像中同一条纹靶上同一位置的条纹进行傅立叶变换并采用一定的峰值频率校正方法对峰值频率进行精确校正；
E.信号控制及处理模块通过成像数学关系及校正的峰值频率获得贴覆有条纹靶处结构振动的时域曲线，即还原出待测振动结构的振动信号；
F.通过显示模块显示图像处理结果或通过所计算的时域振动信号作进一步的数据处理和分析。
进一步的，所述峰值频率校正方法为离散频谱时移相位差校正方法，其数学关系式为：
Δφ＝φ–φ0＝-2πa1T(ω-Δω)
其中，Δφ为两段连续条纹信号经过平移和加不同窗函数后得到的相位差，φ和φ0为两段信号的相位，T为所加对称窗的长度，连续信号平移a1T得到另一信号，其中a1>0；ω为校正前信号离散频谱的峰值频率，Δω为频率修正量，由上述公式得到：
Δω＝(2πa1Tω-Δφ)/2πa1T
待测振动结构的实际位移计算公式为：
ΔZ(n,t)＝Z1(n)[ω2(n,t)/ω1(n)–1]
其中，n为条纹靶的序号，ΔZ(n,t)为计算的相对位移，Z1(n)为第n个条纹靶与镜头之间的初始距离，ω1(n)为第n个条纹靶位于Z1(n)处条纹校正后初始频率，ω2(n,t)为第n条条纹靶在位移为ΔZ时条纹校正后的频率；通过计算待测振动结构上每帧条纹的相对频率变化，再经位移计算公式计算获得贴覆有条纹靶处结构振动的时域曲线。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下有益效果：(1)可以实现对物体表面的振动进行快速测量，即不需要进行如接触式测量系统那种复杂的传感器布置和系统参数调节，也不需要如光学干涉方法那样进行干涉信号调节。(2)可实现多维度(微米级和毫米级振动幅度)的位移或振动测量，可获得任何条纹靶位置处的振动数据进行分析，即可以一次性对所测物体进行多点的同步测量并可进行模态分析，对于其他只能检测一点的测量装置来说具有速度、精度和稳定性等多方面的优势。另外，本发明的检测范围可以是微米级或毫米级，对于 大尺度形变和振动的测量不需要像其它光学方法利用相位调制的方法进一步拓展检测幅值范围。
下面结合附图及具体实施例对本发明作进一步的详细说明。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施例的装置结构示意图。
图2是本发明实施例中成像模块的成像几何关系图。
图3是本发明实施例中一种条纹靶的形状示意图。
图4是本发明实施例中一种用于测量梁结构振动的条纹靶的形状及位置布局示意图。
图5是本发明实施例中一种用于测量板结构振动的条纹靶的形状及位置布局示意图。
图6是本发明实施例的方法的测量步骤流程图。
图7是本发明实施例的方法的数据处理步骤流程图。
图8是本发明实施例中检测薄塑料悬臂梁结构的线振动三维时域曲面图。
图9是本发明实施例中检测薄塑料悬臂梁结构的线振动时域曲面三维频谱图。
图10是本发明实施例中检测薄塑料悬臂梁结构的前三阶模态曲线。
图中，1-计算机，2-数据传输线，3-成像模块(高速摄像机)，4-光学成像镜头，5-激振器，6-功率放大器，7-信号发生器，8-待测振动结构，9-条纹靶，10-面阵成像传感器。
具体实施方式
图1是本发明实施例的装置结构示意图。如图1所示，本发明基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量装置，包括条纹靶9、成像模块3、信号控制及处理模块和显示模块。条纹靶9，设置于待测振动结构8表面，用于编码待测振动结构8的空间位置。成像模块3，用于对待测振动结构8上的条纹靶9进行连续成像和记录，并将采集到的条纹靶图像通过数据传输线2传输到信号控制及处理模块。信号控制及处理模块，用于对成像模块3和显示模块进行控制，还用于与成像模块3进行数据通信并对其传输来的条纹靶图像进行图像处理，图像处理结果可在显示模块中进行显示或作进一步的数据处理和分析操作。显示模块，用于显示信号控制及处理模块发来的图像处理结果。在本实施例中，信号控制及处理模块和显示模块集成于计算机1上。
在本实施例中，待测振动结构8为悬臂梁，激振器5、功率放大器6和信号发生器7为本实施例附加的振动实验仪器，用于对待测振动结构8产生激振。工作时，信号发生器7 产生振动控制信号经过功率放大器6进行功率放大，再输入激振器5驱动激振器振动。本实施例中的驱动信号为0-80Hz的扫频信号，以对悬臂梁进行扫频激励。实际测量过程中可去除这些设备，直接对带有条纹靶的待测振动结构8进行测量即可。
图2为本发明实施例中成像模块的成像几何关系图。本实施例中，成像模块3为采集帧率可调的高速摄像机，其主要由面阵成像传感器10和光学成像镜头4组成。高速摄像机设置于贴覆有条纹靶的待测振动结构表面正前方，以使条纹靶能够清晰成像于面阵成像传感器上。调节光学成像镜头使条纹靶清晰成像，设置好高速摄像机的采集帧率以进行图像采集记录。
本实施例中的条纹靶9为条纹靶轻质贴片，条纹靶轻质贴片的正面为黑白条纹图像，背面为粘性层，并可黏贴于工程塑料、金属等材质的待测振动结构表面；进行振动测量时将条纹靶轻质贴片黏贴于待测振动结构的相应位置，可进行点、线和面范围内的振动的同步测量，布置好条纹靶后根据实际环境和振动情况进行成像模块参数的设置并进行振动条纹靶图像的采集。图3为本发明实施例中一种条纹靶的形状示意图。图中，条纹靶的形状为长条形。对于旋转物体，将条纹靶设计成条纹周期成正弦变化或周期固定的长条形条纹靶，将长度与旋转物体表面周长相等的长条形条纹靶环贴于旋转物体圆周表面，以测量旋转物体的振动。
本发明中条纹靶按如下方法进行设计：1、对于测量点数和测量范围小于第一设定值的待测振动结构，相机和条纹靶之间的距离较近，单个条纹靶在成像传感器上的成像分辨率大，设计的条纹靶采用简单的单频正弦条纹，条纹密度可以小些，如小于第二设定值；2、对于测量点数和测量范围不小于第一设定值的待测振动结构，相机和条纹靶之间的距离较远，单个条纹靶在成像传感器上的成像分辨率小，条纹靶采用条纹密度大于第二设定值的单频正弦条纹，且在相机可分辨的范围内单频正弦条纹的条纹密度可以大些，如大于第三设定值，但是为了便于对分布的条纹靶进行定位处理，在所采用的单频正弦条纹的基础上，叠加一个与单频的正弦信号频率相差较大(如第四设定值)的低频信号，不同位置叠加的低频信号不同，以此来定位待测振动结构不同位置的条纹靶。
比如，图4和5是本发明实施例中一种用于测量梁和板结构振动的条纹靶的形状示意图。在实际的工程测量中，可以根据结构的不同形状设计不同的条纹靶，本专利未列出所有各种不同结构，但是基于本发明的方法进行的测量均属于本发明的保护范围。
本发明还提供了采用上述装置的高速多维度振动测量方法，如图6、7所示，包括以下步骤：
A.如图6所示，选择合适的条纹靶，在待测振动结构上布置好条纹靶，并设置好成像模块。
B.随着待测振动结构的振动，贴覆其表面的条纹靶也随之振动，采用成像模块对条纹靶进行连续成像和记录。
C.成像模块通过数据传输线将采集到的条纹靶图像传输到信号控制及处理模块，以进行图像处理。
D.如图7所示，信号控制及处理模块对每帧图像中同一条纹靶上同一位置的条纹进行傅立叶变换并采用一定的峰值频率校正方法对峰值频率进行精确校正。
E.信号控制及处理模块通过成像数学关系及校正的峰值频率获得贴覆有条纹靶处结构振动的时域曲线，即还原出待测振动结构的振动信号。
F.通过显示模块显示图像处理结果或通过所计算的时域振动信号作进一步的数据处理和分析操作。
其中，峰值频率校正方法为离散频谱时移相位差校正方法，由于成像传感器有限的图像分辨率，会对采集的条纹产生能量泄露，对条纹信号作傅里叶变换之后得到的频率存在误差，采用离散频谱时移相位差校正方法对其进行校正，提高条纹的空间频率分辨率，其数学关系式为：
Δφ＝φ–φ0＝-2πa1T(ω-Δω)
其中，Δφ为两段连续条纹信号经过平移和加不同窗函数后得到的相位差，φ和φ0为两段信号的相位，T为所加对称窗的长度，连续信号平移a1T得到另一信号，其中a1>0；ω为校正前信号离散频谱的峰值频率，Δω为频率修正量，由上述公式得到：
Δω＝(2πa1Tω-Δφ)/2πa1T
待测振动结构的实际位移计算公式为：
ΔZ(n,t)＝Z1(n)[ω2(n,t)/ω1(n)–1]
其中，n为条纹靶的序号，ΔZ(n,t)为计算的相对位移，Z1(n)为第n个条纹靶与镜头之间的初始距离，ω1(n)为第n个条纹靶位于Z1(n)处条纹校正后初始频率，ω2(n,t)为第n条条纹靶在位移为ΔZ时条纹校正后的频率；通过计算待测振动结构上每帧条纹的相对频率变化，再经位移计算公式计算获得贴覆有条纹靶处结构振动的时域曲线。
图8为本发明实施例中薄塑料悬臂梁结构在扫频信号激励下利用该高速多维度振动测量装置所记录的悬臂梁长度方向各条纹靶处的三维时域振动曲面。图9为图8中时域振动面FFT变换后得到的三维频谱图，从图中可得到悬臂梁结构的前三阶共振频率。图10为图 9中对应共振频率时悬臂梁结构的振型模态曲线：实线为一阶振型，虚线为二阶振型，点划线为三阶振型。本发明对于振动的检测精度可达到微米级别，避免了传统测量振动方法下传感器对测量结果的影响或只能进行单点测量的情况。
以上是本发明的较佳实施例，凡依本发明技术方案所作的改变，所产生的功能作用未超出本发明技术方案的范围时，均属于本发明的保护范围。

Claims (8)

  1. 一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量装置，其特征在于，包括：
    条纹靶，设置于待测振动结构表面，用于编码所述待测振动结构的空间位置；
    成像模块，用于对所述待测振动结构上的条纹靶进行连续成像和记录，并将采集到的条纹靶图像传输到信号控制及处理模块；
    信号控制及处理模块，用于对所述成像模块和显示模块进行控制，还用于与所述成像模块进行数据通信并对其传输来的条纹靶图像进行图像处理，图像处理结果可在显示模块中进行显示或作进一步的数据处理和分析操作；
    显示模块，用于显示所述信号控制及处理模块发来的图像处理结果。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量装置，其特征在于，所述条纹靶为条纹靶轻质贴片，所述条纹靶轻质贴片的正面为黑白条纹图像，背面为粘性层，并黏贴于所述待测振动结构表面。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量装置，其特征在于，所述条纹靶按如下方法进行设计：
    对于测量点数和测量范围小于第一设定值的待测振动结构，条纹靶采用条纹密度小于第二设定值的单频正弦条纹；
    对于测量点数和测量范围不小于第一设定值的待测振动结构，条纹靶采用条纹密度大于第三设定值的单频正弦条纹，且在所采用的单频正弦条纹的基础上，叠加与单频正弦信号频率相差大于第四设定值的低频信号，不同位置叠加的低频信号不同，以此来定位待测振动结构不同位置的条纹靶。
  4. 根据权利要求2所述的一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量装置，其特征在于，所述条纹靶的形状之一为长条形；对于旋转物体，将条纹靶设计成条纹周期成正弦变化或周期固定的长条形条纹靶，将长度与旋转物体表面周长相等的所述长条形条纹靶环贴于旋转物体圆周表面，以测量所述旋转物体的振动。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量装置，其特征在于，所述成像模块主要由面阵成像传感器和光学成像镜头组成。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量装置，其特征在于，所述成像模块为采集帧率可调的高速摄像机，所述高速摄像机设置于所述贴覆有条纹靶的待测振动结构表面正前方，以使条纹靶能够清晰成像于面阵成像传感器上。
  7. 一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
    A.在待测振动结构上布置好条纹靶，并设置好成像模块；
    B.随着待测振动结构的振动，贴覆其表面的条纹靶也随之振动，采用成像模块对条纹靶进行连续成像和记录；
    C.成像模块将采集到的条纹靶图像传输到信号控制及处理模块，以进行图像处理；
    D.信号控制及处理模块对每帧图像中同一条纹靶上同一位置的条纹进行傅立叶变换并采用一定的峰值频率校正方法对峰值频率进行精确校正；
    E.信号控制及处理模块通过成像数学关系及校正的峰值频率获得贴覆有条纹靶处结构振动的时域曲线，即还原出待测振动结构的振动信号；
    F.通过显示模块显示图像处理结果或通过所计算的时域振动信号作进一步的数据处理和分析。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的一种基于条纹靶的高速多维度振动测量方法，其特征在于，所述峰值频率校正方法为离散频谱时移相位差校正方法，其数学关系式为：
    Δφ＝φ–φ0＝-2πa1T(ω-Δω)
    其中，Δφ为两段连续条纹信号经过平移和加不同窗函数后得到的相位差，φ和φ0为两段信号的相位，T为所加对称窗的长度，连续信号平移a1T得到另一信号，其中a1>0；ω为校正前信号离散频谱的峰值频率，Δω为频率修正量，由上述公式得到：
    Δω＝(2πa1Tω-Δφ)/2πa1T
    待测振动结构的实际位移计算公式为：
    ΔZ(n,t)＝Z1(n)[ω2(n,t)/ω1(n)–1]
    其中，n为条纹靶的序号，ΔZ(n,t)为计算的相对位移，Z1(n)为第n个条纹靶与镜头之间的初始距离，ω1(n)为第n个条纹靶位于Z1(n)处条纹校正后初始频率，ω2(n,t)为第n个条纹靶在位移为ΔZ时条纹校正后的频率；通过计算待测振动结构上每帧条纹的相对频率变化，再经位移计算公式计算获得贴覆有条纹靶处结构振动的时域曲线。
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